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INTRODUCTION
College campuses pride themselves in being leaders in promoting innovation in both
technical and theoretical aspects of all fields of study, including sustainability. The
drive for sustainability in higher education has become institutionalized in many
college campuses in the form of offices of sustainability, as well as membership in
the American Association for Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE). In par-
allel, but not always in concert, are more grass-roots efforts by students to promote
sustainability through recycling programs, urban agriculture, and similar initiatives.
Students are often frustrated between the classroom lessons they learn about sustain-
ability and the slow adoption of sustainable practices in the “real-world,” including
on campus. In order to address this issue, faculty have begun to engage students in
the sustainability challenges facing their own campuses. The Journal of Green Building
showcases these projects in the New Directions in Teaching and Research section of the
journal. As part of this series, this article will highlight a course at the University of
Massachusetts–Amherst in which students engage in green infrastructure planning
projects for the campus.
KEYWORDS
green infrastructure, sustainable campus planning, curriculum design, student
projects
The course, Sustainable Green Infrastructure Planning and Design (Regional Planning 591I/
Landscape Architecture 591I) is a graduate-level course that is also open to upper-division
undergraduates. In a department with many studio-based courses, this course is designed as a
seminar course with an applied project that is designed to serve as an entre for both design and
non-design students to learn about green infrastructure. Reflecting the need to take an interdis-
ciplinary approach to sustainability, the course attracts students from a range of fields, including
landscape architecture, regional planning, sustainable community development, architecture,
building construction technology, sustainability science and natural resources. The course has
been offered for five years and averages 20–25 students per semester.
1. Professor and Chair, Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003,
[email protected].
TABLE 1. Example of Resources for Campus Planning and Green Infrastructure Case Studies.
1. Literature review: After completing their scope of work, the teams develop a literature
review that synthesizes the state-of-the art planning and design literature as it relates
to their green infrastructure topic. The idea is to draw from their previous research in
the campus case studies, as well as to find new literature that goes beyond the course
readings. Students are required to have at least one meeting with our University sus-
tainability librarian to help them with their research. Students begin their work by
describing the major findings of each article in bullet point form to create an annotated
bibliography. They then write a literature review essay that will be included in their
final report along with a reference list. Surprisingly, for many of the students, especially
undergraduates, this is the first time they have had to do a literature review, so I provide
examples for them to follow. By having this part of the project submitted early in the
semester, students get feedback and revise their literature review for the final report.
2. University planning to date: For many of their projects, students work on areas or topics
that have already received attention from campus planners or other student projects. In
this next phase, students research the planning work to date on their particular green
infrastructure topic and/or geographic area of campus. They also meet and correspond
with University campus planning and sustainability experts to learn what issues still
need to be explored. The teams gather relevant plans from previous University reports
(with proper credit/references) to include in their final report. This section includes a
review of campus planning efforts and the University’s current AASHE STARS rating
Green Infrastructure Plan Examples: The final projects span a range of locations on campus
as well as topics, including redesigning a campus plaza, transforming a busy street into a com-
plete street with multi-modal transportation, and developing an urban forestry plan for carbon
sequestration and energy savings.
FIGURE 1. Redesign of a major campus plaza at the University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Haigis
Mall enhances a multi-modal transportation hub and creates human-scaled areas with an outdoor
classroom, café, and seating areas. Urban stormwater is treated in a series of bioswales along tree
lined walkways. (Image Credit: Sean Fitzsimmons, Jacquelyn Spade, and Seth Taylor, 2018).
Our Goals: 1. Transform Haigis Mall into a more attractive gathering space for all campus
users. 2. Implement green infrastructure design elements to support campus resiliency and connectivity.
FINE ARTS CENTER GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE OUR PROPOSAL reflects themes and goals stated ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS
FEATURES: in the Campus Master Plan: building a beautiful pedes-
trian friendly campus; completing the bicycle network; 1 FAC Plaza: Make the sunken garden accessible;
Bioretention cells collect and demonstrating New England sustainability; creating a reinforce human scale with smaller pavers that con-
filter runoff from parking lot. sense of place; and creating appropriately programmed trast in color to the FAC; consider green facades on
1 New trees in parking lot
collaborative learning spaces. the inner panels of the FAC’s triangular columns.
provide shade and intercept We believe that with future plans to begin campus tours 2 Presidents Drive: During daytime hours restrict
stormwater.
HERTER
at a new Admissions Center adjacent to Haigis Mall, this access to the top of the Mall to buses only; change Google Earth
area has unique potential to be a vibrant, active space pavement color where access is restricted as a visual
New sheltered bike parking
that demonstrates the character of the University and cue to automobile drivers. See complete street concept below.
and expanded bus shelter with
green roofs. attracts future students. By implementing green infra-
structure projects, the Mall could be a showcase for sus- 3 Outdoor Cafe: Create an outdoor cafe in the area between Whitmore and Herter with
Permeable paving on plaza tainable landscape practices and provide experiential food trucks and moveable tables and chairs. This would also be a great location for a bike
and pedestrian pathways learning opportunities that integrate with curriculum. In- share station.
2 terpretive signage could enhance community understand-
increase stormwater
infiltration. ing of green infrastructure and its value to both the cam- Campus Precedent Studies
pus and the greater community.
services provided by
increased tree canopy.
Separated bike lanes increase Presidents Drive- Existing Presidents Drive- Proposed
- Architecture and BCT: design and
connectivity between the Mall,
build outdoor classrooms
Mass. Ave., and the rest of
campus. - Land Arch and Stockbridge: de-
sign and plant rain and pollinator
gardens
Rain gardens collect and filter
runoff. Native flowering plants
support pollinators.
AASHE STARS
Program
MASS AVE. UMASS currently has a gold
rating with 68.18 points (2015).
85 points are needed for a
OUTDOOR CLASSROOM CONCEPT
platinum rating.
Areas of Opportunity:
-Academic Courses: 6.09/14
-Community Service: 1.4/5
-Greenhouse Emissions: 5.36/10
-Renewable Energy: 0/4
-Landscape Management: 0/2
-Wastewater Management: 0/1 All images by Fitzsimmons/Spade/Taylor unless otherwise noted.
Crossing at Lederle
Crossing at ILC
One intriguing aspect of this project is that it could be tested out on a trial basis with
simple road paint and signage to determine the effects of temporary road closures on
surrounding traffic, as well as improved pedestrian safety. These efforts could be part of
the larger campus circulation study that is recommended by this project team
3. Urban Forestry for Carbon Sequestration and Energy Savings: This final project example
took a topical approach with a focus on the campus urban forestry planning as a means
to improve carbon sequestration and climate change resiliency (Azuela and de la Parra,
2018). This team of two students, included a graduate student in sustainable science
(Lauren de la Parra) and undergraduate natural resource conservation student (Lauren
Azuela). This project proposed to improve the campus’s AASHE STARS score in the
air and climate category and help achieve the campus goal of reducing and mitigating
carbon emissions (Figure 3).
The existing core campus urban forest as part of the Frank A. Waugh Arboretum had
already been inventoried and found to have an existing 35% canopy cover with a goal of 45%
canopy cover by 2030. The team noted that to achieve this goal, the campus must protect exist-
ing trees, limit removal of trees during campus construction, and replace trees by a factor of
Frank A. Waugh Arboretum and Prexy’s Ridge Campus Urban Forestry Resiliency Planning Guidelines Planting 4 additional trees would
decrease Dickinson Hall’s energy
ARBORETUM PREXY’S RIDGE * Retain and protect existing street trees and forested areas consumption, facilitate pedestrian
flow and contribute to improved
800 acres of campus urban forest 24-acre old growth forest * Replace trees slated for removal by factor of three microclimate.
12,178 trees inventoried and counting Steep slope has kept development at bay
* Integrate new plantings with new construction
848 MTCO2e sequestered annually Historic and ecological significance Economic Benefits
35% canopy cover + goal to reach No tree inventory conducted to-date * Maximize open space tree planting potential (calculated using iTree)
$7,000 over 35 years of
45% canopy cover by 2030 Carbon sequestration unknown * Target buildings for energy load reduction co-benefits
realized growth
Left:
Master Plan open
Conclusions
space opportunities As a highly urbanized campus, and a Tree Campus USA, UMass Amherst stands to
for additional tree benefit from the incorporation of climate adaptation and mitigation strategies into campus
planting around the urban forest planning. Complementary consideration of the multiple climate benefits of
campus academic campus trees using the holistic framework of green infrastructure planning can help UMass
core (in yellow). Amherst prepare for climate change.
Right: References
GIS analysis Ordóñez Barona, C. & Duinker, P.N. (2014). Assessing the vulnerability of urban forests to cli-
identifying buildings mate change. Environmental Review, 22 (2014), 311-321.
suitable for perimeter Small, E. (2012). Climate Action Plan 2.0. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/csi/3/
With the help of Campus Tree Inventory Manager Chris Copeland, we
planting to increase
conducted a sample sequestration analysis of Prexy’s Ridge in order to better energy efficiency
understand the benefits a mature forest can offer in the urban campus setting. (see criteria below). Thank you to Dr. Brian Kane and Campus Tree Inventory Manager Chris Copeland their his in-
We estimate that Prexy’s Ridge provides 43 MTCO2e in valuable help in completing our preliminary inventory of Prexy’s Ridge, and for championing the
carbon sequestration benefits to our campus each year! ideas behind this project to campus decision-makers.
three since new trees are much smaller than existing trees. Moreover, the students undertook a
forest inventory of the 24 acre Prexy’s Ridge forest on a wooded hillside on the east side of the
campus. Their analysis showed that this existing forest could sequester 43 metric tons of carbon
per year. Protection of this mature forest needs to be part of future campus planning efforts.
This team also looked at opportunities to use urban trees to reduce energy use in existing
buildings, therefore reducing carbon output and saving money. They used a GIS analysis and
the campus master plan to identify older existing buildings that were likely to remain and be
renovated rather than removed. Older buildings were targeted, since they were likely to be the
least energy efficient. They also identified buildings with minimal existing plantings. Once they
had developed a plan that identified campus buildings that met these criteria, they took one
building as an example project, Dickinson Hall. Dickinson Hall is slated for a future addition
and removal of an existing parking lot. Using the I-Tree calculator, the team showed that plant-
ing four new trees would potentially save $7,000 over a 35-year period (REF).
This urban forestry project is a great example of a multi-scalar approach to green infra-
structure that looked at the entire university campus for potential buildings that could benefit
from tree plantings for energy savings, then focusing down to the site scale with an individual
building study to demonstrate this application. The project is unique in that it combines carbon
sequestration work with an urban forestry initiative for energy savings.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to the University of Massachusetts–Amherst Campus Planning professionals who
have graciously shared their time with this class including Ludmilla Pavlova-Gillham, AIA,
LEED AP, Senior Campus Planner; Simon Raine, Campus Designer/Planner; and Niels la
Cour, Senior Physical Planner. Ezra Small, Sustainability Manager at the University has been
extremely helpful as a guest critic and advocate for sustainability on campus. Thanks also to
all the students in the course who have enthusiastically engaged in green infrastructure plan-
ning and design.