Name: Crizzle Elivera

Section: PMG-G08

A. Determinants of morality
1. What factors determine the moral quality of an act?
 There are factors that determine the quality of an act they are (1) the end of the
act itself, (2) the end of the doer, and (3) the circumstances of the act.
The End of the Act is the natural termination or completion of an act. The end of the
act of eating is appeasing hunger, the end of playing basketball is scoring a point, and
the end of medication is curing illness.
The End of the doer is the purpose or motive which the doer wishes to accomplish by
his action. Without a motive, an act is accidental and involuntary. A good motive is
truthful, prudent, tem perate, and just. It is the most equitable for the most number of
people, or in the words of the existentialist " the most loving of all in a given situation".
Circumstances of the Act are the historical elements surround in the commission of
an act, such as the status of the doer, the place, the time, or the intensity of an act. The
circumstances are hinted by the interrogative pronouns - who, what, where, with whom,
why, how, and where.
2. When an action a "just act"?
 A morally good act is that which sound in all aspect, in its nature, motivate, and
circumstances, In the Scriptures, the morally upright is just a man, one who
weighs his actions in relation to what the law demands, to what the
circumstances would allow, and to what fits his stature as a rational being A
morally good action, therefore, is a just act "makatarungan”. That means when you
did unjust thing, it becomes unjust action but before doing your unjust action the unjust
thing is already present as an unjust thing to do. action if this action is not done
voluntarily. When a person acts voluntarily then only we can say that this particular
action is just or unjust.

3. Explain "the end does not justify the means".

 The End does not justify the Means" is a fundamental moral principle. It affirms
that one should not do wrong (means) in order to attain a good purpose (end).
The motive of a person, no matter how noble, does not excuse an act which is
intrinsically evil. The desire to pass a subject does not justify a student who for
cheats in the examination. Likewise, the need to feed a family does not justify
stealing. The desire to know the truth does not justify torture of a suspect by the
police. The rule is - don't do wrong even if this will result in something good. In
other words, a positive outcome isn’t, well, a good thing if the methods used were
dishonest or harmful to others. If a team won a big game (of which winning is
good), but used dishonest means (perhaps by deflating footballs), the outcome
itself is tarnished. If people gave gifts to the underprivileged, but did so by
stealing them from others, stealing would undermine the charitable act.
4. Why do we need laws?
 Laws mandate some actions as prohibited and others as permit ted and required.
We may therefore consider laws as determinants of human behavior. Some
people do not do what is good unless they a forced to. St. Thomas points out that
laws are made for those who are weak in character. Society adopts laws to
protect its members from themselves or from those who might want to hurt them.
By prescribing punishments for transgressions, laws encourage and compel
people to act for the good of all. Everyone should obey the law or risk being
punished. As authorities would put it - "dura lex, sed lex", the law is harsh, but it
is the law - and everyone must obey. We need laws to protect our general safety,
and ensure our rights as citizens against abuses by other people, organizations,
and by the government itself, it is very important because its acts as a guideline
that is accepted in society. The purpose of law is the general welfare of the
people. it is important that we follow the law which allows changes in society to
be easily adopted.

B. Norms of morality
1.What is the basis of moral judgment?
 Moral judgment is based on of norms of morality law, natural law, and
conscience. Eternal law is the ultimate norm, - the eternal Natural law is the
remote norm, and Conscience is proximate norm of morality. Since both natural
law and conscience are derived from Eternal Law, there is only one and ultimate
basis of morality - God who created all creatures.
2. What is the difference between formal and material norm?
 Formal norms relate to formation of character, what kind of per son we ought to
be. These consist of such directives towards character development, such as "be
honest", "be direct", "be respectful". etcetera. On the other hand, Material norms
relate to actions, what actions we ought to do. Material norms determine are
whether an act on account of its nature conforms or does not conform with the
formal norms.
3. What is the meaning of right reason?
 Right reason, or "recta ratio, is the dynamic tendency in the human person to
know the truth, to grasp the whole reality as it is. Right reason is more properly
thought of as an excellent, good, perfected, right, or virtuous state of the faculty involved,
i.e., as an intellectual virtue, as. it was by Aristotle and Aquinas. Then it is that state of
reason or intellect in. which it apprehends or grasps the truth, has knowledge or at least
true or.
4.What are the functions of conscience?
 Conscience has two functions. Before the commission of an act, conscience
directs towards that which is good. After the commission of an act, conscience
either approves or reproves the act. A reproaching conscience punishes the doer
with remorse. An approving con science rewards the doer with "peace of mind".
C. Human Values
1. How are values related to the ultimate purpose of life?
 Our ultimate happiness in this life, says Aristotle, consists in the sum of earthly goods
essential to us. Accordingly, values relate to our ultimate purpose, to that which would
make us completely happy. In this respect, our actions are significant because they are
the means by which we attain happiness. Good actions are those that bring happiness.
For example, helping other people. It will make you as well as the person you helped
with. However, Evil actions are those that bring unhappiness.
2. Why is the implication of our choice of values?
 Values relate to our ultimate purpose, to that which would make us completely
happy. They are the means by which we attain happiness.
3. In what sense are values altruistic?
 The nature of intellectual value is also altruistic. People find it easy to talk, to
communicate, and to share news with one another. Knowledge lends itself to
sharing. Thus, thinkers share their thoughts, inventors share their inventions,
teachers share their skill, and artists share their artworks.
4. What is the relevance of the hierarchy of values?
 The hierarchy of values refers to the ranking of values from lowest to highest. A
triangle, with its summit and middle and base, illustrates how values are ranked.
The biological values occupy the base, and the moral values, the summit. The
psychological and intellectual values occupy respectively the mid-section.

D. Filipino Values
1. What is the strength of the Filipino character?
 Filipino possesses a beautiful soul. We is religious, helpful, diligent, and honest.
Anywhere in the world today, the Filipino is admired for his honesty, competence,
and dedication to work.
 Filipino Values are described as ambivalent, because they are either
advantageous or disadvantageous to the person. For instance, the value of
family closeness promotes love and mutual care, but at the same time promotes
dependence, lack of self-confidence and initiative among its members. Also,
Filipino are the strongest people, they will make away to be happy in the midst of
struggles. That is why the strength of Filipino character define Filipinos.
2. Identify a moral weakness in the Filipino character
 The weaknesses of the Filipino character as cited in the Report are as follows:
Extreme family centeredness, Extreme personalist, Lack of discipline, Passivity
and lack of initiative, Colonial Mentality, Kanya-kanya syndrome, talangka
mentality, Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection, Emphasis on porma rather
than substance.
3. What is rationalization and how can you correct it?
 Inventing excuses for his mistakes, one must accept and correct them. He
must assume responsibility over his actions, and not blame others.
 Rationalization is making "palusot" or lame excuses. You rationalize to make
yourself feel better and not feel guilty. To fix this, you have to remove emotion
from your decision making. Your decisions need to be based on logic rather than
emotion because emotions will sway your decisions toward ones that aren't
beneficial.

4. What is the basis of social justice?

 Social Justice is more than just the act of charity. It is founded on the truth which
holds all earthly goods as belonging to all men and to be shared equally by them,
not in the mathematical sense of equality but in the prudential sense, so that
everyone has access to a decent life. This is the basis of land reform program of
the Philippines which, however, remains ineffective, causing endless conflict
between land owners and tenants. On personal level, Social Justice urges one to
help the poor in every way possible, not because it is the "pious" thing to do, but
because it is the duty of every capable individual to do so. Social justice
demands that we share our good fortune with the less fortunate. The idea of
social justice is that all people should have equal access to wealth, health, well-
being, justice, privileges, and opportunity regardless of their legal, political,
economic, or other circumstances.

E. Rights and duties

1. Explain how rights are limited?
 All the rights enumerated by the Bill of Rights are not absolute. They have limits,
such as when they encroach on the rights of others. It is limited by the state's
own right to impose justice and hold accountable those who have committed
wrongs. However, Natural limits or boundary beyond which a right may not be
insisted without violating the right of another. Example, one may not turn loud his
radio when it is time for everyone to be sleeping in the dormitory.
2. What is the meaning of a positive and a negative duty?
 Positive duties are imposed by a human positive law, such as the duty to pay
taxes, the duty to observe traffic rules, and the duty to vote.
 Negative duties are those which require the omission of an act, such as the duty
not to kill another person and that of not carrying deadly weapon
3. What is the difference between civil and political rights?
 Civil rights are those enjoyed by persons as private individuals in pursuit of their
personal activities and in their dealings with others. These include among others
the right to life, the right to privacy, the right to own a property, the right to
education, and the right to worship. Civil rights are enjoyed by citizens and non-
citizens. While Political rights are those enjoyed by persons as citizens in their
participation in government affairs. These include among others the right to run
for public office, the right to vote, the right to be informed of public issues, and
the right to public services.
4. Is citizenship is an inalienable right? Explain
 Your citizenship in the country of your birth is part of your package of God-given
inalienable rights. Inalienable rights are those which cannot be surrendered,
renounced, or removed - such as the right to life, the right to marry and the right
to education.
5. What is the meaning of coaction?
 Coaction is the power inherent in rights to prevent their being violated and to
exact redress for their unjust violation. Under normal circumstances, coaction is
exercised by the courts of justice. In unusual situation, however, coaction may be
enforced by the subject person himself whose right is endangered, such as in the
case of self-defense against an unjust aggressor.