Introduction of Organic Chemistry - 211-M-2
Introduction of Organic Chemistry - 211-M-2
(PHC 211)
By
Dr. Manal Alossaimi
Assistant Professor,
Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry
Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University
Introduction of organic
chemistry
Organic chemistry
- is the chemistry of compounds containing carbon.
- Because carbon has four valence electrons, it can form four
covalent bonds.
- Carbon forms single, double, and triple bonds to achieve a
filled octet.
C C C C
H H
H C H H C H Ne
H H Neon
methane
H C
lowest energy
state
2 1 1 1 1
C(6) - 1s , 2s , 2px , 2py , 2pz
Excited state
4 sp3 Hybridization
+ + +
2s 2py 2px 2pz 4 X sp3
Methane is Tetrahedral
0
109.5
H
C H
H
H
Sp3 hybridized carbon
4 equivalent C-H bonds (s-bonds)
All purely single bonds are called s-bonds
H H
120o C C Flat molecule – “Planar”
H H
C(6) - 1s2, 2s , 2px1, 2py1, 2pz0
2
Hybridization
2 1 1 1 1
C(6) - 1s , 2s , 2px , 2py , 2pz
H H 3 sp2
C C p-bond
H H
Three s-bonds
p-bond s-bonds – One C-C, two C-H bonds per carbon atom
s-orbital s-bond
p-orbitals
Spherical Symmetry
end to end overlap of orbitals leads to s-bond
When a single bond is
present between atoms, that
bond is always s-bond
p-bond Double bond(DB) contains one
side ways overlap s-bond and one p-bond
cis- trans-
H3C CH3 H3C H
H H H CH3
cis-(Z)-2-butene trans-(E)-2-butene
Chemical bond: Force that holds groups of two or more atoms together.
Or
It is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that
contain two or more atoms.
Example: H-O-H
Ionic Bond: Attractions between oppositely charged ions. Bond formed between two ions
by the transfer of electrons. Ionic compounds result between atoms of metals and nonmetals
with very different electronegativity
Examples; NaCl, CaCl2, K2O
Na+ Cl-
Covalent Bond: bond formed by the sharing of electrons by nuclei.
Example: H-H, H-F
If the difference between the electronegativities of two elements is greater, the bond is
ionic.
Cleavage of Covalent Bonds
Homolytic cleavage: each atom involved in the covalent bond
receives one electron, resulting in formation of free radical