SHOBHIT NIRWAN's

DESIGNED

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
&
PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

NEW NOTES FOR CLASS 11 2022 EXAMS

 OVERVIEW OF THE CHAPTER

1. Basic Fundamentals
2. Dobernier Law
3. De – Chancourtis
4. Newlands Law of Octaves
5. Lother Meyer Atomic Volume Curves
6. Mendeleev Classification of Elements
7. Moseley Equations
8. Modern Periodic Law
9. Long form of Periodic Table
10. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements
11. Classification of Elements on the basis of their electronic configuration.
(i) s – block Elements
(ii) p – block Elements
(iii) d – block Elements
(iv) f – block Elements
12. Classification on based on chemical properties
(i) Inert Gas
(ii) Representative Elements
(iii) Transition Elements
(iv) Inner Transition Elements
13. Classification: Metals, Non – metals & Metalloids
14. Trends in Physical Properties
(a) Atomic Radius
(b) Ionic Radius
(c) Ionization Energy/ Ionization Potential
(d) Electron gain Enthalpy/ Electron Affinity
(e) Electronegativity
15. Valency, Covalency & Oxidation State
16. Diagonal Relationship
17. Anomalous Properties of Second Period Elements
1.Basic Fundamentals:

• At present there are 118 elements

• Recently discovers elements are not natural but synthetic.
• Elements coming after 92 are known as “Trans Uranic Elements” or
synthetic elements and they are radioactive.

2.Dobereiner Law of Triads:-

• A triad is certain group of 8 elements with similar properties.

• According to him, the atomic weight of the middle element was
approximately the arithmetic mean of the other 2.
• Also the properties of middle element were in b/w those of the other two.
• Dobereiner’s relationship, referred to as the “Law Of triads”.
Ex: (i) Li, Na, K (ii) S, Se, Te
(iii) Cl, Br, I (iv) Ca, Sr, Ba

3.De-Chancourtois Classification:

• De-Chancourtois arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic

weights.
• Made cylindrical table of elements displaying recurrence of properties.
4.Newland’s Law of Octaves:

• Arranged elements in increasing order of atomic weight.

• Every 8th element had similar properties with 1st element.
• The relationship was just like every eighth note that resembles the first in
octaves of music.

Drawbacks: It seemed to be true only for elements up to Calcium.

5.Lother Meyer Atomic Volume Curves:

Plotted a graph b/w atomic volume against atomic weight.

Atomic weight = at.Volume × density
Finding of Lother Meyer Curves:-
1. alkali metals ( Na, K , Rb , Cs , Fr ) are at peaks of curves.
2. alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) are at descending part of curve.
3. Halogens are ascending part of curve (F,Cl, Br,I)
4. Transition elements are in the broad minimas of the curve.

अब होगी असली हीरो की एं ट. ी नाम Mendeleev, पूरा नाम Mr. Dimitri Mendeleev
Dobernier ने start की थी कहानी और पूरी Mendeleev ने की l
चलो Mendeleev classification समजते चलो समाजते
6.Mendeleev Classification of Elements:-
Statement:-
“The properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic weights”
1. Also known as short form of periodic table.
2. he relied on the similarities in the empirical formulas and properties of the
compounds formed by the elements.
3. He not only followed the order of atomic weights but also placed elements
with similar properties.
(a) Almost same atomic weights
Ex: Fe(56), Co(59), Ni(59)
(b) Atomic weights increasing constantly
Ex: K(39), Rb(85), Cs(133)
4. Vertical columns – groups (9 groups)
Horizontal rows – periods (7 periods)
4. First 3 periods are short periods & remaining are long periods.
5. Each long period has 2 rows of elements or 2 series of elements.
6. Leaving O and VIII, each group is subdivided into subgroups known as A & B
groups.
7. Group VIII of Mendeleev’s table consists of 3 triads known as transition triads.
(i) Iron, Cobalt, Nickel
(ii) Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium
(iii) Osmium, Iridium, Platinum
8. Zero group elements were not known at the time of Mendeleev & later
introduced by Ramsay.
9. Mendeleev left some gaps for some undiscovered elements
(i) Eka boron presently known as scandium
(ii) Eka silicon – Germanium
(iii) Eka aluminium – gallium
10. He corrected the weights of Beryllium, Iridium and Osmium
Merits:-
1. Gave an elaborate system of classification based on physical and chemical
properties.
2. Broadly left some gaps for undiscovered elements like Ge , Sc.

Demertis:-
1. Some elements with higher atomic weight were placed before lower atomic
weight elements.
Ex: (i) Ar - K (ii) Co – Ni (iii) Te – I (iv) Th – Pa
2. Position of hydrogen is not specified.
3. No place for noble gas.
4. Isotope are not included.
5. Cause of periodicity is not known.

7.Moseley Equation:-
• The frequency ν of characteristic X-rays is related to atomic number Z by
Moseley's law,
√ν=a(Z−b), where a , b are constants.
• Atomic number increases, frequency of x-rays increases.

8.Modern Periodic Law:

Physical & chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their
atomic number.
Note : Atomic no. is the number of protons or the number of electrons in a
neutral atom.
9.Long Form of Periodic Table:
• Bohr constructed the long form of periodic table.
• Based on electronic configurations of elements.
• There are 18 groups ( vertical columns) and 7 periods ( horizontal rows) .
Periods:
• In periods, elements are arranged in increasing order of ‘z’.
• The electron by which an element differ from its previous element is
called “differentiating electron”.
• In each period, the differentiating electron enters in ‘s’ orbital in 1st
element and ‘p’ orbital in last element.
• Followed by Afbau- Rule (n+l) order values.
• Period no. corresponds to the highest principal quantum number (n) of
elements in the period.
Ex: 1st period contains 2 elements, the subsequent periods contains of 8
,8, 18 ,18 ,32 elements.
• The 7th period is incomplete and like the 6th period would have a
theoretical maximum of 32 elements .
 • In this form, 14 elements of both sixth and seventh period (lanthanoids
and actinoids) are placed in separate panels at bottom.

Groups:
• Contains 18 vertical columns which are divided into main groups &
subgroup at I A & to VII A, 0 groups and VIII B, IV B, VB, VI B, VIIB, VIII B, IB
and II B groups.
10.IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements(z>100)
• The roots are put together in order 9 digits which make up the atomic no.
and ‘ium’ is added at the end.

Digit Latin Word

0 Nil n
1 Un u
2 bi b
3 Tri t
4 Quad q
5 Pent p
6 Hex h
7 Sept s
8 Oct o
9 enn e
 Q1)What would be the IUPAC name and symbol for the element with
atomic number 120?
Ans: The roots for 1, 2 and 0 are un, bi and nil, respectively. Hence, the
symbol and the name respectively are Ubn and unbinilium .

Q2)How would you justify the presence of 18 elements in the 5th period
of the Periodic Table?
Solution
When n = 5, l = 0, 1, 2, 3. The order in which the energy of the available
orbitals 4d, 5s and 5p increases is 5s < 4d < 5p. The total number of
orbitals available are 9. The maximum number of electrons that can be
accommodated is 18; and therefore 18 elements are there in the 5th
period.

11.Classification of Elements on the Basis of their Electronic

Configuration:

• The Aufbau principle and the electronic configuration of atoms provide

theoretical foundation for the periodic classification.
• This similarity arises because these elements have the same number of
electrons in their outermost shells.

Elements are classified into four blocks based on the orbital into which the
differentiating e- enters.
a) s- block elements b) p – block elements
c) d - block elements d) f – block elements
(i) S – block Elements:

• Differentiating electron enters into s – orbtial.

• Contains two groups:
I A – alkali metals (ns1)
IIA – alkaline Earth metals (ns2)
• Highly reactive metals with low ionization enthalpy.
• Readily lose outermost electron and form +1 ion or +2 ion.
• Metallic character & reactivity increases down the group.
• Never found in free state due to high reactivity.
• Compounds of s-block elements are ionic except, (lithium & Berullium)

(ii) P- Block Elements:

• Differentiating electron enters into p-orbital

• General outer shell configuration ns2np1-6
• Together with s block elements called as representative elements.
• Arranged in 6- groups they are form III A to VII A and 0 – groups (or)
13-18 groups.
• Some group have special names:
16 – chalcogens
17 – halogens
18 – noble gas
• Noble gas elements are least reactive and inert.
• Outer most orbital is completely filled in noble gases.
• Halogens and chalcogens have high negative electron gain enthalpy and
readily add one or 2 electron to attain stable electronic configuration.

Q3) Helium belongs to S block group elements but still it is placed in p block.
Why?
Ans : It is because it has completely filled valence shell ( 1 s2) ans therefore
exhibits
(iii) nobleElements:
d – Block gas properties.

• Differentiating electron enters into inner d orbitals (n-1)d subshell.

• Also called as transition metals .
• General electronic configuration (n-1)d1-10 ns1-2 .
• d – block elements are placed between s – block and p – block elements
• They all are metals.
 • Show variable valencies , from coloured ions, para magnetism, and also
used as catalysts.
• Zn, Cd, Hg are not transitions elements. They do not show properties of
transition elements and have (n-1)d10 ns2.

(iv) f – Block Elements:

• Also called as inner transition elements.

• Differentiating electron enters into f – subshell of anti – penultimate i.e
(n-2) shell
• General electronic configuration (n-2)f1-14 (n-1)d0 (or) 1 ns2
• Placed at the bottom of periodic table in two rows.
4f series → lanthanoids
5f series → actinoids
• Actinoids elements are radioactive.
• They all are metals.
• They have properties similar to d – block elements.
• The elements after uranium are called as Transuranium elements.

Q4) The elements Z = 117 and 120 have not yet been discovered. In which
family /group would you place these elements and also give the electronic
configuration in each case.
Solution: the element with Z = 117, would belong to the halogen family
(Group 17) and the electronic configuration would be [Rn] 5f 146d107s 27p5
.The element with Z = 120, will be placed in Group 2 (alkaline earth metals),
and will have the electronic configuration [Uuo]8s2 .

12.Classification Based on Chemical Properties:

Type 1: Inert Gases

1. He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn are called as inert gases (18th group)
2. Except He(1s2) all other elements have ns2 np6 configuration.
3. Due to the stable inert gas configuration they are chemically inert and have
high ionization enthalpy.
4. All are monoatomic gases.
5. They all are also called as rare and noble gases.
Type 2: Representative Elements

1. Outermost shell is incompletely filled.

2. Excluding 18th group, remaining ‘S’ & ‘P’ block elements (IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA,
VI A, VII A) are called as representative elements.
3. Most of these elements are abundant and active.
4. Outer electronic configuration ns-1 np1-5
5. Metals, Non-metals and metalloids are present.

Type 3: Transition Element

1. In these elements the ultimate and penultimate shells are incompletely filled.
2. Elements which have incomplete or partially filled ‘d’ orbital are called as
transition elements.
3. General electronic configuration is (n-1)d1-9 ns0-2
4. They exhibits some special properties like variable oxidation states, form
coloured ions, from alloys and etc.

Type 4: Inner Transition Elements:

1. In these elements, 3 outermost shells are incompletely filled n, (n-1) & (n-2)
2. The f-block elements are called as inner transition elements.
3. General configuration : (n-2)f1-14 (n-1)0 (or)1 ns2
4. They are placed separately at the bottom of periodic table
5. Most of them are radioactive elements
4f series → lanthanoids
5f series → actinoids

13.Classification: Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids

Metals Metalloids Non – Metals
Comprise 78% of known Some elements like Located at top right
elements silicon, germanium, hand side of periodic
arsenic, antimony, table.
tellurium.
Present at left side of Bordering this line and Usually solids or gases at
periodic table(usually) running diagonally room temperature.
across periodic table
Usually solid at room Show properties of both With low melting and
temperature (except metals and non- metals boiling points. (except
mercury) called as metalloids carbon and boron)
 High melting and boiling Poor conductor of heat
point and electricity.
Good conductor of heat Brittle neither ductile
& electricity not malleable.
Malleable Non – metallic character
(can be flattened into increases as we from left
thin sheets ) to right.
Ductile (can be drawn
into wires)

KK3B:
3B:
Pseudo
PseudoInert
InertGas
GasElectronic
ElectronicConfiguration:
Configuration:
Presence
Presenceofof18e
18ein
- -
inoutermost
outermostshell
shellisiscalled
calledpseudo
pseudoinert
inertgas
gasconfiguration
configuration
Ex: Palladium.
Ex: Palladium.

Elements के बारे म' तो एक idea आगया… हम लोग का next step उनके properties
जानने का है . दे र 8कस बात क: चलो सीखे l

14.Trends In Physical Properties:

There are numerous physical properties of elements such as Melting point and
Boiling point, heat of fusion and vapourisation etc.

a) Atomic Radius:
• The distance between the centre of the nucleus & the electron cloud of
most energy level is called as atomic radius.
• It refers to both covalent or metallic radius depending on the element.
• It depends on:
1. Nature of bonding
2. Number of bonds
3. Oxidation Number
4. Coordination number
5. Bond character
 • Measured in angstrom, nanometer, picometer units.
1 Å = 10-1nm 1 Å = 102pm
1 Å = 10-10m 1 Å = 10-7mm
• Atomic radius across period decreases.
• Atomic radius increases with increase in atomic number down the group
due to the addition of shells as number of outer electrons increases.
• Atomic radius of noble gases should not be considered here, being
monoatomic their radius are very large.

Q5) Why atomic radius decreases across period??

Answer:- it is due to the increase in nuclear charge increases with increase
in atomic number and the outer electrons, within the period are in the same
valence shell. Resulting in the increased attractions of electrons to the
neutrons.
 b) Ionic Radius:

• It is the distance between the nucleus and the electron in the outer most
shell of its ion.
• Removal of electrons from atom → cation
Gain of electrons from atom → anion
• In cation → size is smaller than parent atom because it has fewer
electrons, while nuclear charge remains constant.
• In anion → size is larger than parent atom, due to addition of electrons,
results in increase in repulsion among electrons and decrease in nuclear
charge.

K3B: Isoelectric Species :

• Species having same number of e-.
• In isoelectric species, the size increases with increase of negative charge
& decreases with increase in positive charge.
Ex: C- > N-3 > O-2 > F- > Ne > Na+ > Mg+2 > Al+2 > Si+4

Q6)Considering the atomic number and position in the periodic table, arrange the
following elements in the increasing order of metallic character : Si, Be, Mg, Na,
P.
Ans: Metallic character increases down a group and decreases along a period as
we move from left to right. Hence the order of increasing metallic character is:
P < Si < Be < Mg < Na.

Q7)Identify isoelectronic species

a) Mg+2 & Al+3 c) N-3 & C-5
b) Al+2 & Mg+2+ d) N-3 & C-4
Answer:- (a) & (d) are isoelectronic species.

Reason (a) Mg+2 → atomic number of Mg = 12

No. of electron = 12 – 2 = 10 e-
Al+3 → atomic number of Al = 13
No. of electron = 13 – 3 = 10 e-

(d) N-3 → atomic number of N = 7

No. of electron = 7 – (-3) = 10 e-
C-4 → atomic number of C = 6
No. of electron = 6 – (-4) = 10 e-
Q8)What is lanthanoide contraction??
Answer:- The decrease in the size of atoms or ions (M+3) with increase in the atomic
number among lanthanoides due to dispersed shape and poor screening effect of
f – orbital electron clouds is called as lanthanoid contraction.
Consequences:- 1. Properties of elements are close and similar.
2. Zr ≈ HF ( atomic size)
Mo ≈ w
Nb ≈ Ta

Q9) Which of the following species will have the largest and the smallest size? Mg,
Mg2+, Al, Al3+ .
Solution: Atomic radii decrease across a period. Cations are smaller than their
parent atoms. Among isoelectronic species, the one with the larger positive nuclear
charge will have a smaller radius. Hence the largest species is Mg; the smallest one
is Al3+ .

Basic strength of hydroxides : as the size of the lanthanide ion decreases from
Ce+3 to Lu+3 , the covalent character of M-OH bond increases and hence the basic
strength decreases. Thus, Ce(OH)3 is the most basic while Lu(OH)3 is least basic.

c)Ionization Enthalphy / Ionization Energy:

• The minimum amount of energy required to remove the loosely bonded

electron from the outermost shell form an isolated neutral gases is called
as ionization potential.
+1
M(g) + I.E1 → M(g) + 1e-

• It is an endothermic process , energy is always required to remove

electrons from an atom hence ionization enthalpies are always positive.
• Expressed in KJ/mol .
• Energy required to remove an e- form unipositive gaseous ion to convert
into dipositive gaseous is called second ionization potential.

+2
M+(g) + I.E2 → M(g) + 1e-

• I.E depends on
1. atomic size
2. nuclear charge
3. screening effect
4. electronic configuration
• IE1 <IE2<IE3… This is because it is most difficult to remove electron from
positively charged ion than from neutral atom.
• Atomic Size α 1/ ionization potential
Due to decrease in nuclear charge
• I.P α nuclear charge
• +ve charge on cation increases, I.P increases
-ve charge on anion increases, I.P decreases
• Inert gases have high I.P values due to completely filled orbitals.
• In the graph b/w I.P & atomic number inert gas are at maxima & alkali
metals appear at minima position.
• Left to right side of periodic table I.P decreases.
→ I.P ↑
• In groups from top to bottom I.P ↓
Q10) The first ionization enthalpy (∆f H ) values of the third period elements,
Na, Mg and Si are respectively 496, 737 and 786 kJ mol–1. Predict whether
the first ∆i H value for Al will be more close to 575 or 760 kJ mol–1 ? Justify
your answer.
Solution: It will be more close to 575 kJ mol –1. The value for Al should be
lower than that of Mg because of effective shielding of 3p electrons from the
nucleus by 3s-electrons.

d) Electron Gain Enthalphy/ Electron Affinity:

• The amount of energy released when an e- is added to neutral isolated

gaseous atom of an element is called Electron Affinity (or) Electron Gain
Enthalpy.

X(g) + e- → X- + EA1

X(g) + e- → X-g Δ H = -EA1

• It is an exothermic process. (heat is released)

• When an electron is added to uni-negative ion, energy is absorbed to
overcome the repulsive forces. Thus energy is called as second electron
affinity EA2 .

X(g) + e- → X2- (g)

• EA is measured in ev/atom, kcal/mol, KJ mole

• Depends on size, nuclear charge, shielding effect & electronic
configuration of an element.
• Group 17 elements have very high E.A values as they attain stable gas
configuration after accepting an e- .
• Noble gases have large positive electron gain enthalpies because the
electron has to enter the next higher principle quantum level leading to a
very unstable electronic configuration.
• EA decreases from top to bottom in groups as atomic size increases.
• In period from left to right, EA increases due to decrease in size of atom
& increase in nuclear charge.
Q11)Which of the following will have the most negative e- gain enthalpy & least
negative ?? P, S, Cl, F
Answer:- 1. Most of the electron gain enthalpy – Cl across the period EA increases.
2. least electron gain enthalpy – P

e) Electronegativity:

• The tendency to attract shared pair of electron towards itself in a

molecule is called as Electro negativity (E.N).
• E.N is relative property. It has no unit.
• Highest EN value is for fluorine .(4.0)
• As oxidation number increases, the attraction for e- increases & E.N also
increases.
• A number of numerical scales of elements Pauling scale, Mulikan scale,
Taffee scale etc are developed.
• EN increases across period from left to right & decreases down the group
• Non – metallic elements have strong tendency to gain electron.
• EN α Non – metallic properties.
 15.(i)Valency:
• Valency of an element is the number of H – atoms (or) double the no. of
oxygen atoms that can combine with one atom of that element.
• It is equal to the number of electrons in the outermost orbitals or equal
to 8 – the number of outermost e-.
• More than one valency then it is called as variable valencies.
• Highest valency shown by Os, Ru, Xe.

(ii)Covalency:
• The number of covalent bonds formed by an element.
Ex: in NH3 , covalency of ‘N’ is 3.

Q12)Predict the formula of component formed b/w an element X of group 13

& Y of group 16.
Answer:- valency of X (grp 13) = 3
valency of Y (grp 16) = 8 – 6 = 2
compound → X Y
→ X2 Y3
3 2
Q13)Using the Periodic Table, predict the formulas of compounds which might be formed
by the following pairs of elements; (a) silicon and bromine (b) aluminium and sulphur.
Solution:
(a) Silicon is group 14 element with a valence of 4; bromine belongs to the halogen family
with a valence of 1. Hence the formula of the compound formed would be SiBr4.
(b) Aluminium belongs to group 13 with a valence of 3; sulphur belongs to group 16
elements with a valence of 2. Hence, the formula of the compound formed would be Al2 S3.

(iii)Oxidation State:

• The positive charge with which an atom appears in a compound is called

oxidation state.
• It can be +ve, -ve (or) zero

Q14)What is the oxidation number of nitrogen peroxide??

Answer:- N2O5 → 2x + 5(-2) = 0
→ 2x = 10 → x = 5
Nature of Oxides:

(a) Acidic : metal oxides, ex: Na2O, BaO, MgO

(b) Basic : non – metal oxides, SO2, NO2, P2O5 , CO2
(c) Amphoteric: oxides of metalloids, ex: Al2O3, Sb2O3, GeO2
(d) Neutral: CO, N2 o , NO, etc .

16.Diagonal Relationship:

• In the periodic table the 1st element of a group has similar properties with
2nd element of next group. This is called diagonal relationship.
(i) Li, Mg (ii) Be, Al (iii) B, Si

17.Anamoulous Properties of Second Period Elements:

Reasons:- 1. Small size

2. large (charge/ radius) ratio
3. High electronegativity
4. Absence of vacant orbitals
 Effect: Ex (i) lithium, Beryllium forms covalent compounds, rest of group
memebers form ionic compounds.
(ii) In III A group, maxiumum covalency of boron is 4 but other elements ‘6’
etc.

Q15) Are the oxidation state and covalency of Al in [AlCl(H2O)5 ] 2+ same

? Solution: No. The oxidation state of Al is +3 and the covalency is 6.

Q16) Show by a chemical reaction with water that Na2O is a basic oxide
and Cl2O7 is an acidic oxide.
Solution : Na2O with water forms a strong base whereas Cl2O7 forms
strong acid. Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH Cl2O7 + H2O → 2HClO4 .Their basic or
acidic nature can be qualitatively tested with litmus paper.