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Periodic Shobhit Nirwan
Periodic Shobhit Nirwan
DESIGNED
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
&
PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
1. Basic Fundamentals
2. Dobernier Law
3. De – Chancourtis
4. Newlands Law of Octaves
5. Lother Meyer Atomic Volume Curves
6. Mendeleev Classification of Elements
7. Moseley Equations
8. Modern Periodic Law
9. Long form of Periodic Table
10. IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements
11. Classification of Elements on the basis of their electronic configuration.
(i) s – block Elements
(ii) p – block Elements
(iii) d – block Elements
(iv) f – block Elements
12. Classification on based on chemical properties
(i) Inert Gas
(ii) Representative Elements
(iii) Transition Elements
(iv) Inner Transition Elements
13. Classification: Metals, Non – metals & Metalloids
14. Trends in Physical Properties
(a) Atomic Radius
(b) Ionic Radius
(c) Ionization Energy/ Ionization Potential
(d) Electron gain Enthalpy/ Electron Affinity
(e) Electronegativity
15. Valency, Covalency & Oxidation State
16. Diagonal Relationship
17. Anomalous Properties of Second Period Elements
1.Basic Fundamentals:
3.De-Chancourtois Classification:
अब होगी असली हीरो की एं ट. ी नाम Mendeleev, पूरा नाम Mr. Dimitri Mendeleev
Dobernier ने start की थी कहानी और पूरी Mendeleev ने की l
चलो Mendeleev classification समजते चलो समाजते
6.Mendeleev Classification of Elements:-
Statement:-
“The properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic weights”
1. Also known as short form of periodic table.
2. he relied on the similarities in the empirical formulas and properties of the
compounds formed by the elements.
3. He not only followed the order of atomic weights but also placed elements
with similar properties.
(a) Almost same atomic weights
Ex: Fe(56), Co(59), Ni(59)
(b) Atomic weights increasing constantly
Ex: K(39), Rb(85), Cs(133)
4. Vertical columns – groups (9 groups)
Horizontal rows – periods (7 periods)
4. First 3 periods are short periods & remaining are long periods.
5. Each long period has 2 rows of elements or 2 series of elements.
6. Leaving O and VIII, each group is subdivided into subgroups known as A & B
groups.
7. Group VIII of Mendeleev’s table consists of 3 triads known as transition triads.
(i) Iron, Cobalt, Nickel
(ii) Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium
(iii) Osmium, Iridium, Platinum
8. Zero group elements were not known at the time of Mendeleev & later
introduced by Ramsay.
9. Mendeleev left some gaps for some undiscovered elements
(i) Eka boron presently known as scandium
(ii) Eka silicon – Germanium
(iii) Eka aluminium – gallium
10. He corrected the weights of Beryllium, Iridium and Osmium
Merits:-
1. Gave an elaborate system of classification based on physical and chemical
properties.
2. Broadly left some gaps for undiscovered elements like Ge , Sc.
Demertis:-
1. Some elements with higher atomic weight were placed before lower atomic
weight elements.
Ex: (i) Ar - K (ii) Co – Ni (iii) Te – I (iv) Th – Pa
2. Position of hydrogen is not specified.
3. No place for noble gas.
4. Isotope are not included.
5. Cause of periodicity is not known.
7.Moseley Equation:-
• The frequency ν of characteristic X-rays is related to atomic number Z by
Moseley's law,
√ν=a(Z−b), where a , b are constants.
• Atomic number increases, frequency of x-rays increases.
Groups:
• Contains 18 vertical columns which are divided into main groups &
subgroup at I A & to VII A, 0 groups and VIII B, IV B, VB, VI B, VIIB, VIII B, IB
and II B groups.
10.IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements(z>100)
• The roots are put together in order 9 digits which make up the atomic no.
and ‘ium’ is added at the end.
Q2)How would you justify the presence of 18 elements in the 5th period
of the Periodic Table?
Solution
When n = 5, l = 0, 1, 2, 3. The order in which the energy of the available
orbitals 4d, 5s and 5p increases is 5s < 4d < 5p. The total number of
orbitals available are 9. The maximum number of electrons that can be
accommodated is 18; and therefore 18 elements are there in the 5th
period.
Elements are classified into four blocks based on the orbital into which the
differentiating e- enters.
a) s- block elements b) p – block elements
c) d - block elements d) f – block elements
(i) S – block Elements:
Q3) Helium belongs to S block group elements but still it is placed in p block.
Why?
Ans : It is because it has completely filled valence shell ( 1 s2) ans therefore
exhibits
(iii) nobleElements:
d – Block gas properties.
Q4) The elements Z = 117 and 120 have not yet been discovered. In which
family /group would you place these elements and also give the electronic
configuration in each case.
Solution: the element with Z = 117, would belong to the halogen family
(Group 17) and the electronic configuration would be [Rn] 5f 146d107s 27p5
.The element with Z = 120, will be placed in Group 2 (alkaline earth metals),
and will have the electronic configuration [Uuo]8s2 .
1. He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn are called as inert gases (18th group)
2. Except He(1s2) all other elements have ns2 np6 configuration.
3. Due to the stable inert gas configuration they are chemically inert and have
high ionization enthalpy.
4. All are monoatomic gases.
5. They all are also called as rare and noble gases.
Type 2: Representative Elements
1. In these elements the ultimate and penultimate shells are incompletely filled.
2. Elements which have incomplete or partially filled ‘d’ orbital are called as
transition elements.
3. General electronic configuration is (n-1)d1-9 ns0-2
4. They exhibits some special properties like variable oxidation states, form
coloured ions, from alloys and etc.
1. In these elements, 3 outermost shells are incompletely filled n, (n-1) & (n-2)
2. The f-block elements are called as inner transition elements.
3. General configuration : (n-2)f1-14 (n-1)0 (or)1 ns2
4. They are placed separately at the bottom of periodic table
5. Most of them are radioactive elements
4f series → lanthanoids
5f series → actinoids
KK3B:
3B:
Pseudo
PseudoInert
InertGas
GasElectronic
ElectronicConfiguration:
Configuration:
Presence
Presenceofof18e
18ein
- -
inoutermost
outermostshell
shellisiscalled
calledpseudo
pseudoinert
inertgas
gasconfiguration
configuration
Ex: Palladium.
Ex: Palladium.
Elements के बारे म' तो एक idea आगया… हम लोग का next step उनके properties
जानने का है . दे र 8कस बात क: चलो सीखे l
There are numerous physical properties of elements such as Melting point and
Boiling point, heat of fusion and vapourisation etc.
a) Atomic Radius:
• The distance between the centre of the nucleus & the electron cloud of
most energy level is called as atomic radius.
• It refers to both covalent or metallic radius depending on the element.
• It depends on:
1. Nature of bonding
2. Number of bonds
3. Oxidation Number
4. Coordination number
5. Bond character
• Measured in angstrom, nanometer, picometer units.
1 Å = 10-1nm 1 Å = 102pm
1 Å = 10-10m 1 Å = 10-7mm
• Atomic radius across period decreases.
• Atomic radius increases with increase in atomic number down the group
due to the addition of shells as number of outer electrons increases.
• Atomic radius of noble gases should not be considered here, being
monoatomic their radius are very large.
• It is the distance between the nucleus and the electron in the outer most
shell of its ion.
• Removal of electrons from atom → cation
Gain of electrons from atom → anion
• In cation → size is smaller than parent atom because it has fewer
electrons, while nuclear charge remains constant.
• In anion → size is larger than parent atom, due to addition of electrons,
results in increase in repulsion among electrons and decrease in nuclear
charge.
Q6)Considering the atomic number and position in the periodic table, arrange the
following elements in the increasing order of metallic character : Si, Be, Mg, Na,
P.
Ans: Metallic character increases down a group and decreases along a period as
we move from left to right. Hence the order of increasing metallic character is:
P < Si < Be < Mg < Na.
Q9) Which of the following species will have the largest and the smallest size? Mg,
Mg2+, Al, Al3+ .
Solution: Atomic radii decrease across a period. Cations are smaller than their
parent atoms. Among isoelectronic species, the one with the larger positive nuclear
charge will have a smaller radius. Hence the largest species is Mg; the smallest one
is Al3+ .
Basic strength of hydroxides : as the size of the lanthanide ion decreases from
Ce+3 to Lu+3 , the covalent character of M-OH bond increases and hence the basic
strength decreases. Thus, Ce(OH)3 is the most basic while Lu(OH)3 is least basic.
+2
M+(g) + I.E2 → M(g) + 1e-
• I.E depends on
1. atomic size
2. nuclear charge
3. screening effect
4. electronic configuration
• IE1 <IE2<IE3… This is because it is most difficult to remove electron from
positively charged ion than from neutral atom.
• Atomic Size α 1/ ionization potential
Due to decrease in nuclear charge
• I.P α nuclear charge
• +ve charge on cation increases, I.P increases
-ve charge on anion increases, I.P decreases
• Inert gases have high I.P values due to completely filled orbitals.
• In the graph b/w I.P & atomic number inert gas are at maxima & alkali
metals appear at minima position.
• Left to right side of periodic table I.P decreases.
→ I.P ↑
• In groups from top to bottom I.P ↓
Q10) The first ionization enthalpy (∆f H ) values of the third period elements,
Na, Mg and Si are respectively 496, 737 and 786 kJ mol–1. Predict whether
the first ∆i H value for Al will be more close to 575 or 760 kJ mol–1 ? Justify
your answer.
Solution: It will be more close to 575 kJ mol –1. The value for Al should be
lower than that of Mg because of effective shielding of 3p electrons from the
nucleus by 3s-electrons.
X(g) + e- → X- + EA1
e) Electronegativity:
(ii)Covalency:
• The number of covalent bonds formed by an element.
Ex: in NH3 , covalency of ‘N’ is 3.
(iii)Oxidation State:
16.Diagonal Relationship:
• In the periodic table the 1st element of a group has similar properties with
2nd element of next group. This is called diagonal relationship.
(i) Li, Mg (ii) Be, Al (iii) B, Si
Q16) Show by a chemical reaction with water that Na2O is a basic oxide
and Cl2O7 is an acidic oxide.
Solution : Na2O with water forms a strong base whereas Cl2O7 forms
strong acid. Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH Cl2O7 + H2O → 2HClO4 .Their basic or
acidic nature can be qualitatively tested with litmus paper.