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ANSYS Mechanical APDL Material Reference 18.2
ANSYS Mechanical APDL Material Reference 18.2
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Material Reference
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Material Reference
4.5.5.2.4.3. Rational Polynomial Creep Equation with English Units (C4 = 2) .................... 73
4.5.5.2.5. Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 10 ........................................................... 74
4.5.5.2.5.1. Double Exponential Creep Equation (C4 = 0) ................................................. 74
4.5.5.2.5.2. Rational Polynomial Creep Equation with Metric Units (C4 = 1) ...................... 74
4.5.5.2.5.3. Rational Polynomial Creep Equation with English Units (C4 = 2) .................... 74
4.5.5.2.6. Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 11 ........................................................... 74
4.5.5.2.6.1. Modified Rational Polynomial Creep Equation (C4 = 0) .................................. 74
4.5.5.2.6.2. Rational Polynomial Creep Equation with Metric Units (C4 = 1) ...................... 75
4.5.5.2.6.3. Rational Polynomial Creep Equation with English Units (C4 = 2) .................... 75
4.5.5.2.7. Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 12 ........................................................... 75
4.5.5.2.8. Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 Equals 13 ................................................... 76
4.5.5.2.9. Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 14 ........................................................... 77
4.5.5.2.10. Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 15 ......................................................... 77
4.5.5.2.11. Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 100 ....................................................... 77
4.5.5.2.12. Secondary Explicit Creep Equation for C12 = 0 ..................................................... 77
4.5.5.2.13. Secondary Explicit Creep Equation for C12 = 1 ..................................................... 78
4.5.5.2.14. Irradiation Induced Explicit Creep Equation for C66 = 5 ........................................ 78
4.6. Hyperelasticity ................................................................................................................................ 78
4.6.1. Arruda-Boyce Hyperelasticity .................................................................................................. 79
4.6.2. Blatz-Ko Foam Hyperelasticity ................................................................................................. 79
4.6.3. Extended Tube Hyperelasticity ............................................................................................... 80
4.6.4. Gent Hyperelasticity ............................................................................................................... 80
4.6.5. Mooney-Rivlin Hyperelasticity ................................................................................................ 81
4.6.6. Neo-Hookean Hyperelasticity ................................................................................................. 82
4.6.7. Ogden Hyperelasticity ............................................................................................................ 83
4.6.8. Ogden Compressible Foam Hyperelasticity ............................................................................. 84
4.6.9. Polynomial Form Hyperelasticity ............................................................................................. 85
4.6.10. Response Function Hyperelasticity ....................................................................................... 86
4.6.11. Yeoh Hyperelasticity ............................................................................................................. 86
4.6.12. Special Hyperelasticity .......................................................................................................... 87
4.6.12.1. Anisotropic Hyperelasticity .......................................................................................... 87
4.6.12.2. Bergstrom-Boyce Material ............................................................................................ 89
4.6.12.3. Mullins Effect ............................................................................................................... 90
4.6.12.4. User-Defined Hyperelastic Material .............................................................................. 90
4.7. Viscoelasticity ................................................................................................................................. 90
4.7.1. Viscoelastic Formulation ......................................................................................................... 91
4.7.1.1. Small Deformation ......................................................................................................... 91
4.7.1.2. Small Strain with Large Deformation .............................................................................. 93
4.7.1.3. Large Deformation ........................................................................................................ 94
4.7.1.4. Dissipation .................................................................................................................... 94
4.7.2. Time-Temperature Superposition ........................................................................................... 95
4.7.2.1. Williams-Landel-Ferry Shift Function .............................................................................. 96
4.7.2.2. Tool-Narayanaswamy Shift Function ............................................................................... 96
4.7.2.3. User-Defined Shift Function ........................................................................................... 98
4.7.3. Harmonic Viscoelasticity ......................................................................................................... 98
4.7.3.1. Prony Series Complex Modulus ...................................................................................... 98
4.7.3.2. Experimental Data Complex Modulus ............................................................................ 99
4.7.3.3. Frequency-Temperature Superposition ........................................................................ 100
4.7.3.4. Stress .......................................................................................................................... 100
4.8. Microplane ................................................................................................................................... 100
4.8.1. Microplane Modeling ........................................................................................................... 101
4.8.1.1. Discretization .............................................................................................................. 102
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Material Reference
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Material Reference
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Material Reference
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List of Figures
4.1. Stress-Strain Curve for an Elastic-Plastic Material .................................................................................... 25
4.2.Yield Surface in Principal Stress Space .................................................................................................... 28
4.3. Plastic Strain Flow Rule .......................................................................................................................... 28
4.4. Isotropic Hardening of the Yield Surface ................................................................................................ 29
4.5. Kinematic Hardening of the Yield Surface .............................................................................................. 30
4.6.Yield Surface for von Mises Yield Criterion .............................................................................................. 34
4.7. Stress vs. Total Strain for Bilinear Isotropic Hardening ............................................................................. 37
4.8. Stress vs. Total Strain for Multilinear Isotropic Hardening ........................................................................ 38
4.9. Stress vs. Plastic Strain for Voce Hardening ............................................................................................. 40
4.10. Stress vs. Total Strain for Bilinear Kinematic Hardening ......................................................................... 43
4.11. Stress vs. Total Strain for Multilinear Kinematic Hardening .................................................................... 45
4.12. Power Law Criterion in the Meridian Plane ........................................................................................... 51
4.13. Hyperbolic and Linear Criterion in the Meridian Plane .......................................................................... 52
4.14. Yield Surface for the Cap Criterion ....................................................................................................... 56
4.15. Growth, Nucleation, and Coalescence of Voids at Microscopic Scale ...................................................... 59
4.16. Cast Iron Yield Surface ......................................................................................................................... 64
4.17. Generalized Maxwell Solid in One Dimension ...................................................................................... 91
4.18. Sphere Discretization by 42 Microplanes ............................................................................................ 103
4.19. Damage Parameter d Depending on the Equivalent Strain ................................................................. 104
4.20. Stress-strain Behavior at Uniaxial Tension ........................................................................................... 104
4.21. Modified Cam-clay Yield Surface Plotted in Principal Stresses ............................................................. 109
4.22. Modified Cam-clay Yield Surface in the Octahedral Plane ................................................................... 110
4.23. Modified Cam-clay Yield Surface in the q-p Plane ............................................................................... 111
4.24. Linear Relationship Between Void Ratio and Natural Log of Pressure .................................................. 112
4.25. Hardening and Softening Behavior ................................................................................................... 112
4.26. Mohr-Coulomb Yield Surface as Shear vs. Mean Stress ........................................................................ 114
4.27. Mohr-Coulomb Yield Surface in Principal Stresses .............................................................................. 115
4.28. Mohr-Coulomb with Tension-Failure Yield Surface in Principal Stress .................................................. 117
4.29. Joint Failure Surface Superimposed on Mohr-Coulomb with Tension-Cutoff Yield Surface ................... 120
4.30. Composite Yield Surface of Jointed Rock with Mohr-Coulomb Base Material ....................................... 121
4.31. Reorienting the Failure Plane ............................................................................................................. 122
4.32. Composite Surface with Drucker-Prager Compression and Drucker-Prager Tension Yield Surfaces ....... 128
4.33. 2-D Yield Surfaces Showing Drucker-Prager and Rankine Surfaces ...................................................... 129
4.34. Exponential Softening in Compression and Tension ........................................................................... 132
4.35. Steel Reinforcement Softening in Compression and Tension .............................................................. 133
4.36. Steel Reinforcement Dilatancy in Tension ........................................................................................... 134
4.37. Fracture Energy Softening in Compression and Tension ..................................................................... 136
4.38. Linear Softening in Compression and Tension .................................................................................... 137
4.39.Yield Surface for the Menetrey-Willam Model ..................................................................................... 142
4.40. Linear Softening in Compression and Tension .................................................................................... 144
4.41. Exponential Softening in Compression and Tension ........................................................................... 145
4.42. Pseudoelasticity (PE) and Shape Memory Effect (SME) ........................................................................ 158
4.43. Typical Superelasticity Behavior ......................................................................................................... 159
4.44. Idealized Stress-Strain Diagram of Superelastic Behavior .................................................................... 161
4.45. Admissible Paths for Elastic Behavior and Phase Transformations ....................................................... 165
9.1. Evaluating Interpolation for Linear Data with a 6x6x6 Grid ................................................................... 272
9.2. Evaluating Interpolation for Quadratic Data with a 6x6x6 Grid ............................................................. 273
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List of Tables
3.1. Linear Material Property Descriptions .................................................................................................... 13
4.1. Porous Elasticity Model Constants ......................................................................................................... 24
4.2. Implicit Creep Equations ....................................................................................................................... 69
4.3. Cam-clay Model Constants .................................................................................................................. 113
4.4. Mohr-Coulomb Model Constants ......................................................................................................... 117
4.5. Tension Rankine Yield Surface Constants (Optional) ............................................................................. 118
4.6. Residual Strength Coupling Constants (Optional) ................................................................................. 118
4.7. Jointed Rock Constants for the Base Material ....................................................................................... 123
4.8. Tension Yield Surface for the Base Material (Optional) .......................................................................... 123
4.9. Residual Strength Coupling for the Base Material (Optional) ................................................................. 123
4.10. Jointed Rock Constants for the Joint .................................................................................................. 124
4.11. Tension Yield Surface for the Joint (Optional) ..................................................................................... 124
4.12. Orientation of the Joint Failure Plane (Optional) ................................................................................. 124
4.13. Drucker-Prager Concrete Model Constants ........................................................................................ 129
4.14. Rankine Surface Constant .................................................................................................................. 130
4.15. Drucker-Prager Dilatancy Parameters ................................................................................................ 130
4.16. Exponential HSD Constants ............................................................................................................... 132
4.17. Steel Reinforcement HSD Constants .................................................................................................. 134
4.18. Fracture Energy HSD Constants ......................................................................................................... 136
4.19. Linear HSD Constants ........................................................................................................................ 137
4.20. Jointed Rock Constants for the Joint .................................................................................................. 138
4.21. Tension Yield Surface for the Joint (Optional) ..................................................................................... 138
4.22. Orientation of the Joint Failure Plane (Optional) ................................................................................. 139
4.23. Superelastic Option Constants ........................................................................................................... 162
4.24. Shape Memory Effect Option Constants ............................................................................................ 165
4.25. Support for Rayleigh Material Damping Defined using MP and TB Commands ................................... 198
4.26. Comparison: Structural Damping Coefficient Options ......................................................................... 199
7.1. Experimental Details for Case 1 and 2 Models and Blatz-Ko .................................................................. 224
7.2. Experimental Details for Case 3 Models ............................................................................................... 224
7.3. Hyperelastic Curve-Fitting Model Types ............................................................................................... 226
7.4. Viscoelastic Data Types and Abbreviations ........................................................................................... 231
7.5. Creep Data Types and Abbreviations ................................................................................................... 241
7.6. Creep Model and Data/Type Attribute ................................................................................................. 241
7.7. Creep Models and Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 243
8.1. Material Model Combination Possibilities ............................................................................................ 257
9.1. Predefined Field Variables and Supported Material Data Tables ............................................................ 261
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Material Models
Material models (also called constitutive models), are the mathematical representation of a material's
response to an applied load.
Typical model classes include the relationships between stress-strain, heat flux-temperature gradient,
voltage-strain, and current-voltage, but also include more general behaviors such as friction and
bonding, and response due to changes in the physical environment such as thermal expansion and
swelling.
This reference provides information about material model behavior and application, including details
about the load-response relationship and the necessary information required to use the material models
in an analysis. The models are grouped based on the degrees of freedom that, directly or indirectly,
give the loading function that serves as the input for the material model.
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Introduction to Material Models
Type Description
Magnetic Gives the magnetomotive force in response to the magnetic
flux.
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How Material Properties Are Evaluated
Type Description
Conductivity For electric and magnetic current conductivities that model
the relationship between the respective field and its flux.
Permittivity and Gives the energy storage in a material in response to an
Permeability electromagnetic field.
Loss Represents the energy lost in electromagnetic and dielectric
materials in response to changes in electromagnetic fields.
Although the models are coupled, they remain distinct and give the same load-response behavior.
However, the piezoelectric and piezoresistive materials are electromechanical coupled models that give
a strain in response to a voltage and also produce a voltage in response to straining.
In some cases, the parameters can be a function of physical field quantities such as temperature, fre-
quency or time or interaction quantities such as normal pressure, relative distance, or relative velocity.
Matching the model to the actual behavior can be challenging; therefore, some built-in curve-fitting
methods are available that use minimization to select a set of parameters that give a close fit to measured
material behavior. The curve-fitting methods help you to select material parameters for creep, hypere-
lastic, viscoelastic, and some plastic models.
• Heat-transfer elements: All properties are evaluated at the centroid (except for the specific heat or enthalpy,
which is evaluated at the integration points).
If the temperature of the centroid or integration point falls below or rises above the defined temperature
range of tabular data, ANSYS assumes the defined extreme minimum or maximum value, respectively,
for the material property outside the defined range.
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Chapter 2: Material Model Element Support
Following is a list of available material models and the elements that support each material.
Material models are specified via the TB,Lab command, where Lab represents the material model label
(shortcut name).
For a list of elements and the material models they support (Lab value), see Element Support for Mater-
ial Models in the Mechanical APDL Element Reference.
Hill plasticity:
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Material Model Element Support
Hill plasticity:
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Label (Lab) Material Model Elements
Concrete damage Explicit dynamic elements SOLID164 or SOLID168
(TB,CONCR,,,,2)
Drucker-Prager PLANE182 (excluding plane stress), PLANE183 (excluding
concrete plane stress), SOLID185 (excluding layered structural solid),
(TB,CONCR,,,,DP) SOLID186 (excluding layered structural solid), SOLID187,
Mentrey-Willam CPT212, CPT213, CPT215, CPT216, CPT217
(TB,CONCR,,,,MW)
CREEP Creep Implicit creep with von Mises or Hill potential:
Explicit creep:
SOLID65
CTE Coefficient of LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185,
thermal expansion SOLID186, SOLID187, BEAM188, BEAM189, SOLSH190,
SHELL208, SHELL209, CPT212, CPT213, CPT215, CPT216,
CPT217, REINF263, REINF264, REINF265, SOLID272,
SOLID273, SHELL281, SOLID285, PIPE288, PIPE289,
ELBOW290
CZM Cohesive zone CONTA171, CONTA172, CONTA173, CONTA174, CONTA175,
CONTA176, CONTA177, INTER202, INTER203, INTER204,
INTER205
DENS Mass density LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185,
SOLID186, SOLID187, BEAM188, BEAM189, SOLSH190,
SHELL208, SHELL209, CPT212, CPT213, CPT215, CPT216,
CPT217, REINF263, REINF264, REINF265, SHELL281,
SOLID285, PIPE288, PIPE289, ELBOW290
DISCRETE Explicit COMBI165
spring-damper
(discrete)
DMGE Damage evolution Progressive damage evolution (MPDG option):
law
LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183,
SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, BEAM188,
BEAM189, SOLSH190, SHELL208, SHELL209,
SOLID272, SOLID273, SHELL281, SOLID285,
PIPE288, PIPE289, ELBOW290
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Material Model Element Support
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Label (Lab) Material Model Elements
PLANE222, PLANE223, SOLID226, SOLID227, SOLID272,
SOLID273, SOLID285
HFLM Film coefficient data FLUID116
HILL Hill anisotropy LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185,
SOLID186, SOLID187, BEAM188, BEAM189, SOLSH190,
SHELL208, SHELL209, PLANE222, PLANE223, SOLID226,
SOLID227, REINF263, REINF264, REINF265, SOLID272,
SOLID273, SHELL281, SOLID285, PIPE288, PIPE289,
ELBOW290
HONEY Honeycomb Explicit dynamic elements PLANE162, SOLID164, SOLID168
HYPER Hyperelasticity SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186,
SOLID187, SOLSH190, CPT212, CPT213, CPT215, CPT216,
CPT217, SHELL208, SHELL209, PLANE222, PLANE223,
SOLID226, SOLID227, SOLID272, SOLID273, SHELL281,
SOLID285, PIPE288, PIPE289, ELBOW290,
INTER Contact interaction User-defined contact interaction:
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Material Model Element Support
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Label (Lab) Material Model Elements
SHELL181 (except plane stress), PLANE182
(except plane stress), PLANE183 (except plane
stress), SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187,
SOLSH190, SOLID272, SOLID273, SOLID285,
PIPE288, PIPE289
SDAMP (TB- Material-Dependent SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186,
OPT = STRU) Structural Damping SOLID187, SOLSH190, SHELL208, SHELL209, PLANE222,
PLANE223, SOLID226, SOLID227, SOLID272, SOLID273,
SHELL281, SOLID285, ELBOW290
SDAMP (TB- Material-Dependent SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186,
OPT = ALPD Alpha and Beta SOLID187, SOLSH190, SHELL208, SHELL209, SHELL281,
/ BETD) Damping (Rayleigh SOLID285
Damping)
SHIFT Shift function for LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185,
viscoelastic SOLID186, SOLID187, BEAM188, BEAM189, SOLSH190,
materials SHELL208, SHELL209, PLANE222, PLANE223, SOLID226,
SOLID227, PIPE288, PIPE289, ELBOW290, REINF263,
REINF264, REINF265, SOLID272, SOLID273, SHELL281,
SOLID285
SMA Shape memory alloy PLANE182, PLANE183, PLANE222, PLANE223 (with plane
strain or axisymmetric stress states), SOLID185, SOLID186,
SOLID187, BEAM188, BEAM189, SOLSH190, SHELL208,
SHELL209, SOLID226, SOLID227, SOLID272, SOLID273,
SHELL281, SOLID285, PIPE288, PIPE289
SOIL Cam-clay PLANE182 (not applicable for plane stress), PLANE183 (not
applicable for plane stress), SOLID185 (not applicable for
layered structural solid), SOLID186 (not applicable for
layered structural solid), SOLID187, CPT212, CPT213, CPT215,
CPT216, CPT217
STATE State variables FLUID116, SOLID65, LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182,
(user-defined) PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, BEAM188,
BEAM189, SOLSH190, SHELL208, SHELL209, REINF263,
REINF264, REINF265, SOLID272, SOLID273, SOLID278,
SOLID279, SHELL281, SOLID285, PIPE288, PIPE289,
ELBOW290
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Material Model Element Support
1. For this material model, the CPTnnn elements are supported only when TB,Lab,MAT,NTEMP,NPTS,TBOPT
= MISO.
2. For this material model, the CPTnnn elements do not support the EDP cap yield function
(TB,Lab,MAT,NTEMP,NPTS,TBOPT = CYFUN).
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Chapter 3: Linear Material Properties
Material properties (which may be functions of temperature) are described as linear properties because
most non-thermal analyses with these properties require only a single iteration. Material properties for
a single-solution analysis are typically input via the MP command.
Conversely, if properties needed for a thermal analysis (such as KXX) are temperature-dependent, the
problem is considered to be nonlinear. Properties such as stress-strain data (p. 24) are nonlinear because
an analysis with these properties requires an iterative solution.
Linear material properties required by an element but which are not defined use default values. (The
exceptions are EX and KXX, which must be input with a nonzero value where applicable.) The program
ignores any additional material properties.
The X, Y, and Z portions of the material property labels refer to the element coordinate system. In
general, if a material is isotropic (p. 15), only the “X” and possibly the “XY” term is input.
The following table describes all available linear material properties, defined via the Lab value on the
MP command:
MP,
Lab Units Description
Value
EX Elastic modulus, element x direction
EY Force/Area Elastic modulus, element y direction
EZ Elastic modulus, element z direction
PRXY Major Poisson's ratio, x-y plane
None
PRYZ Major Poisson's ratio, y-z plane
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Linear Material Properties
MP,
Lab Units Description
Value
PRXZ Major Poisson's ratio, x-z plane
NUXY Minor Poisson's ratio, x-y plane
NUYZ Minor Poisson's ratio, y-z plane
NUXZ Minor Poisson's ratio, x-z plane
GXY Shear modulus, x-y plane
GYZ Force/Area Shear modulus, y-z plane
GXZ Shear modulus, x-z plane
ALPX Secant coefficient of thermal expansion, element x direction
ALPY Strain/Temp Secant coefficient of thermal expansion, element y direction
ALPZ Secant coefficient of thermal expansion, element z direction
Instantaneous coefficient of thermal expansion, element x
CTEX
direction
Instantaneous coefficient of thermal expansion, element y
CTEY Strain/Temp
direction
Instantaneous coefficient of thermal expansion, element z
CTEZ
direction
THSX Thermal strain, element x direction
THSY Strain Thermal strain, element y direction
THSZ Thermal strain, element z direction
REFT Temp Reference temperature (as a property) (see also TREF)
MU None Coefficient of friction (or, for FLUID29, boundary admittance)
ALPD None Mass matrix multiplier for damping (also see ALPHAD)
BETD None Stiffness matrix multiplier for damping (also see BETAD)
DMPR None Constant material damping coefficient
DENS Mass/Vol Mass density
KXX Thermal conductivity, element x direction
Heat*Length/
KYY Thermal conductivity, element y direction
(Time*Area*Temp)
KZZ Thermal conductivity, element z direction
C Heat/Mass*Temp Specific heat
ENTH Heat/Vol Enthalpy ( DENS*C d(Temp))
Heat /
HF Convection (or film) coefficient
(Time*Area*Temp)
EMIS None Emissivity
Heat/Time Heat generation rate for thermal mass element MASS71
QRATE Fraction of plastic work converted to heat (Taylor-Quinney
None coefficient) for coupled-field elements PLANE222, PLANE223,
SOLID226, and SOLID227
VISC Force*Time/ Length2 Viscosity
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Stress-Strain Relationships
MP,
Lab Units Description
Value
Sonic velocity (FLUID29, FLUID30, FLUID129, and FLUID130
SONC Length/Time
elements only)
MURX Magnetic relative permeability, element x direction
MURY None Magnetic relative permeability, element y direction
MURZ Magnetic relative permeability, element z direction
MGXX Magnetic coercive force, element x direction
MGYY Current/Length Magnetic coercive force, element y direction
MGZZ Magnetic coercive force, element z direction
RSVX Electrical resistivity, element x direction
RSVY Resistance*Area/Length Electrical resistivity, element y direction
RSVZ Electrical resistivity, element z direction
PERX Electric relative permittivity, element x direction
PERY None Electric relative permittivity, element y direction
PERZ Electric relative permittivity, element z direction
LSST None Dielectric loss tangent
SBKX Seebeck coefficient, element x direction
SBKY Voltage/Temp Seebeck coefficient, element y direction
SBKZ Seebeck coefficient, element z direction
DXX Diffusion coefficient, element x direction
2
DYY Length /Time Diffusion coefficient, element y direction
DZZ Diffusion coefficient, element z direction
3
CREF Mass/Length Saturated concentration
3
CSAT Mass/Length Reference concentration
BETX Coefficient of diffusion expansion, element x direction
3
BETY Length /Mass Coefficient of diffusion expansion, element y direction
BETZ Coefficient of diffusion expansion, element z direction
• Poisson's ratio (PRXY or NUXY) defaults to 0.3. If a zero value is desired, input PRXY or NUXY with a zero
or blank value. Poisson's ratio should not be 0.5 nor -1.0.
• The shear modulus (GXY) defaults to EX/(2(1+NUXY)). If GXY is input, it must match EX/(2 (1+NUXY)).
The GXY value ensures consistency with the other two properties.
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Linear Material Properties
• EX, EY, EZ, (PRXY, PRYZ, PRXZ, or NUXY, NUYZ, NUXZ), GXY, GYZ, and GXZ must all be input if the element
type uses the material property. There are no defaults. For example, if only EX and EY are input (with
different values) to a plane stress element. The program generates an error message indicating that
the material is orthotropic and that GXY and NUXY are also needed.
• Poisson's ratio may be input in either major (PRXY, PRYZ, PRXZ) or minor (NUXY, NUYZ, NUXZ) form,
but not both for a particular material. The major form is converted to the minor form during the solve
operation (SOLVE). Solution output is in terms of the minor form, regardless of how the data was input.
If zero values are desired, input the labels with a zero (or blank) value.
• For axisymmetric analyses, the X, Y, and Z labels refer to the radial (R), axial (Z), and hoop (θ) directions,
respectively. Orthotropic properties given in the R, Z, θ system should be input as follows: EX = ER, EY
= EZ, and EZ = E θ. An additional transformation is required for Poisson's ratios. If the given R, Z, θ
properties are column-normalized (see the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference), NUXY = NURZ, NUYZ =
NUZ θ = (ET/EZ) *NU θZ, and NUXZ = NUR θ. If the given R, Z, θ properties are row-normalized, NUXY =
(EZ/ER)*NURZ, NUYZ = (E θ/EZ)*NUZ θ = NU θZ, and NUXZ = (E θ/ER)*NUR θ.
• For all other orthotropic material properties (including ALPX, ALPY, and ALPZ), the X, Y, and Z part of
the label (as in KXX, KYY, and KZZ) refers to the direction (in the element coordinate system) in which
that particular property acts. The Y and Z directions of the properties default to the X direction (for ex-
ample, KYY and KZZ default to KXX) to reduce the amount of input required.
The full 6 x 6 elastic coefficient matrix [D] relates terms ordered x, y, z, xy, yz, xz via 21 constants as
shown below.
For 2-D problems, a 4 x 4 matrix relates terms ordered x, y, z, xy via 10 constants (D11, D21, D22, D31,
D32, D33, D41, D42, D43, D44). The order of the vector is expected as {x, y, z, xy, yz, xz}, whereas for some
published materials the order is given as {x, y, z, yz, xz, xy}. This difference requires the "D" matrix terms
to be converted to the expected format. The "D" matrix can be defined in either "stiffness" form (with
units of Force/Area operating on the strain vector) or in "compliance" form (with units of the inverse
of Force/Area operating on the stress vector), whichever is more convenient. Both forms use the same
data-table input.
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Damping
1. Initialize the constant table (TB,ANEL or TB,ELAS,,,,AELS/AELF). Select the stiffness or flexibility form
via the appropriate TBOPT value.
2. Define the temperature (TBTEMP), or issue the TBFIELD command with TB,ELAS to input temperature
or other supported field variables.
Constant Meaning
C1-C6 Terms D11, D21, D31, D41, D51, D61
C7-C12 Terms D22, D32, D42, D52, D62, D33
C13-C18 Terms D43, D53, D63, D44, D54, D64
C19-C21 Terms D55, D65, D66
You can define up to six temperature-dependent sets of constants (NTEMP = 1 through 6 on the TB
command). Matrix terms are linearly interpolated between temperature points. For coupled-field elements,
temperature-dependent matrix terms are invalid.
For a list of the elements that support this material model, see Material Model Element Support (p. 5).
3.4. Damping
Material-dependent mass and stiffness damping (MP,ALPD and MP,BETD) is an additional method of
including damping for dynamic analyses and is useful when different parts of the model have different
damping values.
ALPD and BETD are not assumed to be temperature dependent and are always evaluated at T = 0.0.
Special-purpose elements, such as MATRIX27 and FLUID29, generally do not require damping. However,
if material property ALPD and BETD are specified for these elements, the value will be used to create
the damping matrix at solution time.
For composite elements (such as SHELL, REINF, and Layered SOLID elements), the MAT command specifies
a single material (the element material) and the SECDATA command defines additional composite
materials. The program considers only element material damping (MP,ALPD, MP,BETD, or MP,DMPR)
defined with the element material and applies it to the element as a whole (and ignores element ma-
terial damping defined with additional composite materials).
If you require different Rayleigh damping coefficients for different composite materials, use the corres-
ponding data-table commands (TB,SDAMP,,,,ALPD, TB,SDAMP,,,,BETD). For more information, see Mater-
ial Damping (p. 194).
See Damping Matrices in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference for more details about the damping
formulation.
See Damping in the Structural Analysis Guide for more information about DMPR.
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Linear Material Properties
The effects of thermal expansion can be accounted for in one of three different ways:
• Secant coefficient of thermal expansion (ALPX, ALPY, ALPZ via the MP or TB,CTE command)
• Instantaneous coefficient of thermal expansion (CTEX, CTEY, CTEZ via the MP command)
When you use ALPX to enter values for the secant coefficient of thermal expansion (α se), the program
interprets those values as secant or mean values, taken with respect to some common datum or defin-
ition temperature.
For example, suppose you measured thermal strains in a test laboratory, starting at 23°C, and took
readings at 200°, 400°, 600°, 800°, and 1000°. When you plot this strain-temperature data, you could
input this directly via THSX. The slopes of the secants to the strain-temperature curve would be the
mean (or secant) values of the coefficient of thermal expansion, defined with respect to the common
temperature of 23° (To).
You can also input the instantaneous coefficient of thermal expansion (α in, using CTEX). The slopes of
the tangents to this curve represent the instantaneous values. The following figure shows how alternate
ways of inputting coefficients of thermal expansion relate to each other:
where:
If the material property data is in terms of instantaneous values of α, then the program will convert
those instantaneous values into secant values as follows:
where:
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18 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Temperature Dependency
se
Tn = temperature at which an α value is being evaluated
se
To = definition temperature at which the α values are defined (in this case, same as TREF)
in
α (T) = instantaneous coefficient of thermal expansion at temperature T (CTEX )
If the material property data is in terms of thermal strain, the program will convert those strains into
secant values of coefficients of thermal expansion as follows:
where:
If necessary, the data is shifted so that the thermal strain is zero when Tn = Tref. If a data point at Tref
se
exists, a discontinuity in α may be generated at Tn = Tref. This can be avoided by ensuring that the
ith
slopes of ε on both sides of Tref match.
If the α se values are based upon a definition temperature other than TREF, it is necessary to convert
those values to TREF (MPAMOD).
Thermal expansion is assumed to be isotropic when used with any hyperelasticity material model. The
program uses the first secant coefficient (ALPX), instantaneous coefficient (CTEX), or thermal strain
coefficient (THSX).
3.6. Emissivity
EMIS defaults to 1.0 if not defined. However, if EMIS is set to zero or blank, EMIS is taken to be 0.0.
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20 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Chapter 4: Nonlinear Material Properties
Material properties are described as nonlinear because analyses using those properties require multiple
solution iterations. Nonlinear material properties require data-table input, defined via the TB command.
4.1. Understanding Material Data Tables
4.2. Experimental Data
4.3. Porous Elasticity
4.4. Rate-Independent Plasticity
4.5. Rate-Dependent Plasticity (Viscoplasticity)
4.6. Hyperelasticity
4.7. Viscoelasticity
4.8. Microplane
4.9. Geomechanics
4.10. Porous Media
4.11. Gasket
4.12. Swelling
4.13. Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)
4.14. MPC184 Joint
4.15. Contact Friction
4.16. Contact Interaction
4.17. Cohesive Material Law
4.18. Contact Surface Wear
4.19. Custom Material Models
4.20. Material Strength Limits
4.21. Material Damage
4.22. Material Damping
For related information, see Nonlinear Structural Analysis in the Mechanical APDL Structural Analysis
Guide.
For information about multiphysics material models (which can have linear or nonlinear material prop-
erties), see Multiphysics Material Properties.
For information about explicit dynamic material models, see Material Models in the ANSYS LS-DYNA
User's Guide.
For a list of the elements that support each material model, see Material Model Element Support (p. 5).
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Nonlinear Material Properties
For some element types, the data table is used for special element input data other than material
properties. The form of the data table depends upon the data being defined:
• Where the form is peculiar to only one element type, the table is described with the element in Element
Library.
• If the form applies to more than one element, it is described here and referenced in the element description.
Important
Although linear material data are typically input via the MP command, the TB command can
also be used to input some linear material properties (such as anisotropic elasticity, material
structural damping, piezoelectric matrix, and piezoresistivity).
Initiate the experimental data table, then specify the appropriate experimental data type (TBOPT), as
follows:
Enter the data (TBPT) for each data point. Each data point entered consists of the independent variable
followed by one or more dependent variables. The specific definition of the input points depends on
the requirements of the material model associated with the experimental data.
You can also define experimental data as a function of field variables. Field-dependent data are entered
by preceding a set of experimental data (TBFIELD) to define the value of the field.
Compared to the solid portion of the material, voids are relatively compressible, and the effect on the
bulk modulus varies according to void proportions. During hydrostatic loading, voids compress or dilate;
however, the solid portion of the material remains comparatively stiff, exhibiting little volumetric de-
formation. As the void ratio of the material changes, the bulk modulus also changes.
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22 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Porous Elasticity
where is the linearized elastic stiffness tensor, which can be given as a function of the bulk and shear
moduli:
where is the bulk modulus, is the shear modulus, is the second-order identity tensor, and is
the fourth-order deviatoric projection tensor.
For elastic loading, the change in void ratio is proportional to the change in logarithmic pressure:
where is the swell index, is the elastic void ratio and is the pressure. If the material has a non-
zero elastic tensile strength, the relationship is:
(4.1)
where is the elastic volume ratio. Integrating the porous elasticity relationship from Equa-
tion 4.1 (p. 23), substituting into Equation 4.2 (p. 23) and rearranging gives the pressure as a function
of the elastic volumetric strain:
(4.3)
where is the initial pressure. If the initial pressure is zero, then the model requires a non-zero elastic
tensile strength.
The bulk modulus depends on the pressure and the elastic volumetric strain:
Caution
Ensure small volumetric strain increments to prevent significant errors in the bulk modulus
value used in the incremental stress update. This safeguard can be especially important when
defining an initial stress that causes large volumetric deformation in the first solution substep.
The shear modulus does not depend on the void ratio or pressure directly, but Poisson's ratio is constant,
resulting in the following relationship for the shear modulus:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
C3 Poisson's ratio
C4 Initial void ratio
TB,PELAS,1,,,POISSON
TBDATA,1, Kappa, pt_el, NU0, E0
/solu
!define initial stress state
INISTATE,set,dtyp,stre
INISTATE,defi,all,,,,-p0,-p0,-p0,0,0,0
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24 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Rate-Independent Plasticity
Unloading recovers the elastic portion of the total strain, and if the load is completely removed, a per-
manent deformation due to the plastic strain remains in the material. Evolution of the plastic strain
depends on the load history such as temperature, stress, and strain rate, as well as internal variables
such as yield strength, back stress, and damage.
To simulate elastic-plastic material behavior, several constitutive models for plasticity are provided. The
models range from simple to complex. The choice of constitutive model generally depends on the ex-
perimental data available to fit the material constants.
• The yield criterion that defines the material state at the transition from elastic to elastic-plastic behavior.
• The flow rule that determines the increment in plastic strain from the increment in load.
• The hardening rule that gives the evolution in the yield criterion during plastic deformation.
The following topics concerning plasticity theory, behavior and model definition are available:
4.4.1.1. Nomenclature
4.4.1.2. Strain Decomposition
4.4.1.3.Yield Criterion
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Nonlinear Material Properties
4.4.1.1. Nomenclature
Following are the common symbols used in the rate-independent plasticity theory documentation:
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26 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Rate-Independent Plasticity
For a general model of plasticity that includes arbitrary load paths, the flow theory of plasticity decom-
poses the incremental strain tensor into elastic and plastic strain increments:
The increment in stress is then proportional to the increment in elastic strain, and the plastic constitutive
model gives the incremental plastic strain as a function of the material state and load increment.
where represents a set of history dependent scalar and tensor internal variables.
Equation 4.4 (p. 27) is a general function representing the specific form of the yield criterion for each
of the plasticity models. The function is a surface in stress space and an example, plotted in principal
stress space, as shown in this figure:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
Stress states inside the yield surface are given by and result in elastic deformation. The ma-
terial yields when the stress state reaches the yield surface and further loading causes plastic deformation.
Stresses outside the yield surface do not exist and the plastic strain and shape of the yield surface
evolve to maintain stresses either inside or on the yield surface.
where is the magnitude of the plastic strain increment and is the plastic potential.
When the plastic potential is the yield surface from Equation 4.4 (p. 27), the plastic strain increment is
normal to the yield surface and the model has an associated flow rule, as shown in this figure:
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28 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Rate-Independent Plasticity
These flow rules are typically used to model metals and give a plastic strain increment that is propor-
tional to the stress increment. If the plastic potential is not proportional to the yield surface, the model
has a non-associated flow rule, typically used to model soils and granular materials that plastically deform
due to internal frictional sliding. For non-associated flow rules, the plastic strain increment is not in the
same direction as the stress increment.
Non-associated flow rules result in an unsymmetric material stiffness tensor. Unsymmetric analysis can
be set via the NROPT command. For a plastic potential that is similar to the yield surface, the plastic
strain direction is not significantly different from the yield surface normal, and the degree of asymmetry
in the material stiffness is small. In this case, a symmetric analysis can be used, and a symmetric mater-
ial stiffness tensor will be formed without significantly affecting the convergence of the solution.
4.4.1.5. Hardening
The yield criterion for many materials depends on the history of loading and evolution of plastic strain.
The change in the yield criterion due to loading is called hardening and is defined by the hardening
rule. Hardening behavior results in an increase in yield stress upon further loading from a state on the
yield surface so that for a plastically deforming material, an increase in stress is accompanied by an in-
crease in plastic strain.
Two common types of hardening rules are isotropic and kinematic hardening. For isotropic hardening,
the yield surface given by Equation 4.4 (p. 27) has the form:
Plastic loading from to increases the yield stress and results in uniform increase in the size
of the yield surface, as shown in this figure:
This type of hardening can model the behavior of materials under monotonic loading and elastic un-
loading, but often does not give good results for structures that experience plastic deformation after
a load reversal from a plastic state.
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Nonlinear Material Properties
As shown in the following figure, the back stress tensor is the center (or origin) of the yield surface,
and plastic loading from to results in a change in the back stress and therefore a shift in
the yield surface:
Kinematic hardening is observed in cyclic loading of metals. It can be used to model behavior such as
the Bauschinger effect, where the compressive yield strength reduces in response to tensile yielding.
It can also be used to model plastic ratcheting, which is the buildup of plastic strain during cyclic
loading.
Many materials exhibit both isotropic and kinematic hardening behavior, and these hardening rules
can be used together to give the combined hardening model. Other hardening behaviors include
changes in the shape of the yield surface in which the hardening rule affects only a local region of the
yield surface, and softening behavior in which the yield stress decreases with plastic loading.
4.4.1.7. Output
Output quantities specific to the plastic constitutive models are available for use in the POST1 database
postprocessor (/POST1) and in the POST26 time-history results postprocessor (/POST26).
The equivalent stress (label SEPL) is the current value of the yield stress evaluated from the hardening
model.
The accumulated plastic strain (label EPEQ) is a path-dependent summation of the plastic strain rate
over the history of the deformation:
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30 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Rate-Independent Plasticity
The stress ratio (label SRAT) is the ratio of the elastic trial stress to the current yield stress and is an in-
dicator of plastic deformation during an increment. If the stress ratio is:
>1
A plastic deformation occurred during the increment.
<1
An elastic deformation occurred during the increment.
1
The stress state is on the yield surface.
Alternatively, the output quantities can have special meanings specific to the given material model. For
example, the extended Drucker-Prager model's accumulated plastic strain (EPEQ) is the summation of:
where is the magnitude of the deviatoric plastic strain increment and is the magnitude of the
volumetric plastic strain increment.
4.4.1.8. Resources
The following list of resources offers more information about plasticity:
1. Hill, R. The Mathematical Theory of Plasticity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
2. Prager, W.“The Theory of Plasticity: A Survey of Recent Achievements.” Proceedings of the Institution of
Mechanical Engineers. 169.1 (1955): 41-57.
3. Besseling, J. F.“A Theory of Elastic, Plastic, and Creep Deformations of an Initially Isotropic Material Showing
Anisotropic Strain-Hardening, Creep Recovery, and Secondary Creep.” ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics.
25 (1958): 529-536.
6. Chaboche, J. L.“Constitutive Equations for Cyclic Plasticity and Cyclic Viscoplasticity.” International Journal
of Plasticity. 5.3 (1989): 247-302.
7. Chaboche, J. L.“On Some Modifications of Kinematic Hardening to Improve the Description of Ratchetting
Effects.” International Journal of Plasticity. 7.7 (1991): 661-678.
8. Shih, C. F., D. Lee.“Further Developments in Anisotropic Plasticity.” Journal of Engineering Materials and
Technology. 100.3 (1978): 294-302.
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates. 31
Nonlinear Material Properties
9. Valliappan, S., P. Boonlaulohr, I. K. Lee.“Non-Linear Analysis for Anisotropic Materials.” International Journal
for Numerical Methods in Engineering. 10.3 (1976): 597-606.
10. Drucker, D. C., W. Prager.“Soil Mechanics and Plastic Analysis or Limit Design.” Quarterly of Applied Math-
ematics. 10.2 (1952): 157-165.
11. Sandler, I. S, F. L. DiMaggio, G. Y. Baladi.“A Generalized Cap Model for Geological Materials.” Journal of the
Geotechnical Engineering Division. 102.7 (1976): 683-699.
12. Schwer, L. E., Y. D. Murray.“A Three-Invariant Smooth Cap Model with Mixed Hardening.” International
Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics. 18.10 (1994): 657-688.
13. Foster, C., R. Regueiro, A. Fossum, R. Borja.“Implicit Numerical Integration of a Three-Invariant, Isotropic/Kin-
ematic Hardening Cap Plasticity Model for Geomaterials.” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and En-
gineering. 194.50-52 (2005): 5109-5138.
14. Pelessone, D.“A Modified Formulation of the Cap Model.” Technical Report GA-C19579. San Diego: Gulf
Atomics, 1989.
15. Fossum, A.F., J. T. Fredrich.“Cap Plasticity Models and Compactive and Dilatant Pre-Failure Deformation.”
Pacific Rocks 2000: Rock Around the Rim. Proceedings of the Fourth North American Rock Mechanics Sym-
posium. Eds. J. Girard, M. Liebman, C. Breeds, T. Doe, A. A. Balkema. Rotterdam, 2000: 1169-1176.
16. Gurson, A. L.“Continuum Theory of Ductile Rupture by Void Nucleation and Growth: Part I--Yield Criteria
and Flow Rules for Porous Ductile Media.” Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology. 99.1 (1977): 2-
15.
17. Needleman, A. V. Tvergaard.“An Analysis of Ductile Rupture in Notched Bars.” Journal of the Mechanics and
Physics of Solids. 32.6 (1984): 461-490.
18. Arndt, S., B. Svendsen, D. Klingbeil. “Modellierung der Eigenspannungen an der Riβspitze mit einem
Schädigungsmodell.” Technische Mechanik. 4.17 (1997): 323-332.
19. Besson, J., C. Guillemer-Neel.“An Extension of the Green and Gurson Models to Kinematic Hardening.”
Mechanics of Materials. 35.1-2 (2003): 1-18.
20. Hjelm, H. E.“Yield Surface for Grey Cast Iron Under Biaxial Stress.” Journal of Engineering Materials and
Technology. 116.2 (1994): 148-154.
21. Chen, W. F., D. J. Han. Plasticity for Structural Engineers. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
22. M hlich, U. and W. Brocks. "On the Numerical Integration of a Class of Pressure-Dependent Plasticity Models
Including Kinematic Hardening." Computational Mechanics. 31.6 (2003): 479-488.
where is a scalar function of stress and is the yield stress that evolves as a function of the
set of material internal variables . This type of hardening can model the behavior of materials under
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32 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Rate-Independent Plasticity
monotonic loading and elastic unloading, but often does not give good results for structures that ex-
perience additional plastic deformation after a load reversal from a plastic state.
Three general classes of isotropic hardening models (p. 36) are available: bilinear, multilinear, and
nonlinear. Each of the hardening models assumes a von Mises yield criterion (p. 33), unless an aniso-
tropic Hill yield criterion is defined, and includes an associated flow rule.
Isotropic hardening can also be combined with kinematic hardening (p. 42) and the Extended Drucker-
Prager (p. 50) and Gurson (p. 58) models to provide an evolution of the yield stress. For more information,
see Material Model Combinations (p. 257).
The following topics concerning the isotropic hardening material model are available:
4.4.2.1.Yield Criteria and Plastic Potentials
4.4.2.2. General Isotropic Hardening Classes
where is the von Mises effective stress, also known as the von Mises equivalent stress,
and is the yield strength and corresponds to the yield in uniaxial stress loading.
In principal stress space, the yield surface is a cylinder with the axis along the hydrostatic line
and gives a yield criterion that is independent of the hydrostatic stress, as shown in the fol-
lowing figure:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
For an associated flow rule, the plastic potential is the yield criterion in Equation 4.5 (p. 33) and the
plastic strain increment is proportional to the deviatoric stress
In a coordinate system that is aligned with the anisotropy coordinate system, the Hill yield criterion
given in stress components is:
(4.6)
The coefficients in this yield criterion are functions of the ratio of the scalar yield stress parameter and
the yield stress in each of the six stress components:
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34 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Rate-Independent Plasticity
where the directional yield stress ratios are the user-input parameters and are related to the isotropic
yield stress parameter by:
where is the yield stress in the direction indicated by the value of subscript i. The stress directions
are in the anisotropy coordinate system which is aligned with the element coordinate system (ESYS).
The isotropic yield stress is entered in the constants for the hardening model.
The Hill yield criterion defines a surface in six-dimensional stress space and the flow direction is normal
to the surface. The plastic strain increments in the anisotropy coordinate system are:
The Hill surface, used with a hardening model, replaces the default von Mises yield surface.
After defining the material data table (TB,HILL), input the required constants (TBDATA):
The constants can be defined as a function of temperature (NTEMP on the TB command), with temper-
atures specified for the table entries (TBTEMP).
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Nonlinear Material Properties
This capability is reserved for use with the material combination of Chaboche nonlinear kinematic
hardening with implicit creep.
To define separated Hill potentials for the plastic yielding and the creep flow (TB,HILL,,,,PC), issue two
TBDATA commands, one to set constants C1-C6 defining the Hill yield surface for plasticity, the other
to set constants C7-C12 defining the Hill potential for the creep direction.
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Rate-Independent Plasticity
Figure 4.7: Stress vs. Total Strain for Bilinear Isotropic Hardening
Define the isotropic or anisotropic elastic behavior via MP commands. After defining the material data
table (TB,BISO), input the following constants (TBDATA):
The constants can be defined as a function of temperature (NTEMP on the TB command), with temper-
atures specified for the table entries (TBTEMP).
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Nonlinear Material Properties
The multilinear hardening behavior is described by a piece-wise linear stress-total strain curve, starting
at the origin and defined by sets of positive stress and strain values, as shown in this figure:
Figure 4.8: Stress vs. Total Strain for Multilinear Isotropic Hardening
The first stress-strain point corresponds to the yield stress. Subsequent points define the elastic plastic
response of the material.
Define the isotropic or anisotropic elastic behavior via MP commands. After defining the material data
table (TB,PLASTIC,,,,MISO), input the following constants (TBDATA):
The stress-plastic strain data points are entered into the table via the TBPT command.
Temperature-dependent data can be defined (NTEMP on the TB command), with temperatures specified
for the table entries (TBTEMP). Interpolation between temperatures occurs via stress-vs.-plastic-strain.
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Rate-Independent Plasticity
TBPT,DEFI,5.91E-3,60E3
TBPT,DEFI,1.06E-2,65E3
TBTEMP,500 ! Temperature = 500
TBPT,DEFI,0,27.33E3 ! Plastic strain, stress at temperature = 500
TBPT,DEFI,2.02E-3,37E3
TBPT,DEFI,3.76E-3,40.3E3
TBPT,DEFI,6.48E-3,43.7E3
TBPT,DEFI,1.12E-2,47E3
The power law equation has a user-defined initial yield stress and exponent N. The current yield
stress is given by solving the following equation:
where G is the shear modulus determined from the user-defined elastic constants and is the accu-
mulated equivalent plastic strain.
For the power law hardening model, define the isotropic or anisotropic elastic behavior via MP com-
mands. After defining the material data table (TB,NLISO,,,,POWER), input the following constants (TB-
DATA):
Temperature-dependent data can be defined (NTEMP on the TB command), with temperatures specified
for the subsequent set of constants (TBTEMP).
The Voce hardening model is similar to bilinear isotropic hardening, with an exponential saturation
hardening term added to the linear term, as shown in this figure:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
The evolution of the yield stress for this model is specified by the following equation:
where the user-defined parameters include , the difference between the saturation stress and the
initial yield stress, , the slope of the saturation stress and, , the hardening parameter that governs
the rate of saturation of the exponential term.
Define the isotropic or anisotropic elastic behavior via MP commands. After defining the material data
table (TB,NLISO,,,,VOCE), input the following constants (TBDATA):
The constants can be defined as a function of temperature (NTEMP on the TB command), with temper-
atures specified for the subsequent set of constants (TBTEMP).
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Rate-Independent Plasticity
where the first term on the right side of the equation represents the rate of work hardening, and the
second defines the rate of static recovery where , and are material parameters, is the temper-
ature, and is the current yield stress. A lower limit yield stress can be defined for static recovery such
that:
An approximate solution for the static recovery of the yield stress over a time step is to integrate the
static recovery rate and incorporate the work hardening rate into the initial condition. The yield stress
is then given by the solution to:
where is the yield stress at the end of the previous increment and is the increment in yield
stress due to work hardening over the current time step.
Static recovery of the isotropic yield stress can be used with the combined creep and Chaboche nonlinear
hardening material. The material parameters are defined via a TB material table with Lab = PLASTIC
and TBOPT = ISR.
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Nonlinear Material Properties
The constants can be defined as a function of temperature (NTEMP on the TB command), with temper-
atures specified for the table entries (TBTEMP).
mp,ex,1,YOUNGS
mp,prxy,1,NU
where is a scalar function of the relative stress and is the yield stress. The relative stress is:
(4.7)
where the back stress is the shift in the position of the yield surface in stress space and evolves during
plastic deformation.
The general classes of kinematic hardening models (p. 43) are bilinear, multilinear, and nonlinear. The
hardening models assume a von Mises yield criterion (p. 33), unless an anisotropic Hill yield criterion
is defined, and includes an associated flow rule.
Kinematic hardening can also be combined with isotropic hardening (p. 32) and the Gurson (p. 58)
model to provide an evolution of the yield stress. For more information, see Material Model Combina-
tions (p. 257).
The following topics concerning the kinematic hardening material model are available:
4.4.3.1.Yield Criteria and Plastic Potentials
4.4.3.2. General Kinematic Hardening Classes
4.4.3.3. Kinematic Hardening Static Recovery
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Rate-Independent Plasticity
For more information about von Mises and Hill yield surfaces, see Yield Criteria and Plastic Poten-
tials (p. 33).
For uniaxial tension followed by uniaxial compression, the magnitude of the compressive yield stress
decreases as the tensile yield stress increases so that the magnitude of the elastic range is always ,
as shown in this figure:
Figure 4.10: Stress vs. Total Strain for Bilinear Kinematic Hardening
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Nonlinear Material Properties
where G is the elastic shear modulus and the shift strain is numerically integrated from the incremental
shift strain which is proportional to the incremental plastic strain:
where
and is Young's Modulus and is the user-defined tangent modulus [2]. The incremental plastic
strain is defined by the associated flow rule for the von Mises or Hill potential given in Yield Criteria
and Plastic Potentials (p. 33) with the stress given by the relative stress .
Define the isotropic or anisotropic elastic behavior via MP commands. After defining the material data
table (TB,BKIN), input the following constants (TBDATA):
The constants can be defined as a function of temperature (NTEMP on the TB command), with temper-
atures specified for the table entries (TBTEMP).
• For TBOPT ≠ 1, no stress relaxation occurs with an increase in temperature. This option is not recom-
mended for non-isothermal problems.
• For TBOPT = 1, Rice's hardening rule [5] is applied, which takes stress relaxation with temperature in-
crease into account.
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Rate-Independent Plasticity
Figure 4.11: Stress vs. Total Strain for Multilinear Kinematic Hardening
The model formulation is the sublayer or overlay model of Besselling and Owen, Prakash and Zienkiewicz
in which the material is assumed to be composed of a number of sublayers or subvolumes, all subjected
to the same total strain. The number of subvolumes is the same as the number of input stress-strain
points, and the overall behavior is weighted for each subvolume where the weight is given by:
The behavior of each subvolume is elastic-perfectly plastic, with the uniaxial yield stress for each sub-
volume given by:
For plane stress, is used to calculate the weights and subvolume yield stresses. The resulting
stress-strain behavior is exact for uniaxial stress states but can deviate from the defined stress-strain
values for general deformations.
The default yield surface is the von Mises surface, and each subvolume yields at an equivalent stress
equal to the subvolume uniaxial yield stress. A Hill yield criterion can be used in which each subvolume
yields according to the Hill criterion with the subvolume uniaxial yield as the isotropic yield stress and
the subvolume anisotropic yield condition determined by the Hill surface.
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Nonlinear Material Properties
The subvolumes undergo kinematic hardening with an associated flow rule and the plastic strain incre-
ment for each subvolume is the same as that for bilinear kinemtatic hardening (TB,BKIN). The total
plastic strain is given by:
For more information, see Specialization for Multilinear Kinematic Hardening in the Mechanical APDL
Theory Reference.
Define the isotropic or anisotropic elastic behavior via MP commands. To specify the hardening beha-
vior, define the material data table (TB,PLAS,,,,KINH) and input the constants (TBPT) as stress vs. total
strain points or as stress vs. plastic strain points.
The constants can be defined as a function of temperature (NTEMP on the TB command), with temper-
atures specified for the table entries (TBTEMP).
When entering temperature-dependent stress-strain points, the set of data at each temperature must
have the same number of points. Thermal softening for the multilinear kinematic hardening model is
the same as that for bilinear kinematic hardening (TB,BKIN) with Rice's hardening rule.
After defining the material data table (TB,PLASTIC,,,,KINH), enter the stress-strain points (TBPT).
No segment slope can be larger than the slope of the previous segment.
Example 4.10: Multilinear Kinematic Hardening with Stress vs. Plastic Strain
/prep7
TB,PLASTIC,1,2,3,KINH ! Define the material data table
TBTEMP,20.0 ! Temperature = 20.0
TBPT,,0.0,1.0 ! Plastic Strain = 0.0000, Stress = 1.0
TBPT,,0.1,1.2 ! Plastic Strain = 0.1000, Stress = 1.2
TBPT,,0.2,1.3 ! Plastic Strain = 0.2000, Stress = 1.3
TBTEMP,40.0 ! Temperature = 40.0
TBPT,,0.0,0.9 ! Plastic Strain = 0.0000, Stress = 0.9
TBPT,,0.0900,1.0 ! Plastic Strain = 0.0900, Stress = 1.0
TBPT,,0.129,1.05 ! Plastic Strain = 0.1290, Stress = 1.05
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Rate-Independent Plasticity
The model uses an associated flow rule with either the default von Mises (p. 33) yield criterion or the
Hill (p. 34) yield criterion if it is defined. The relative stress given by Equation 4.4 (p. 27) is used to
evaluate the yield function, and the back stress tensor is given by the superposition of a number of
evolving kinematic back stress tensors:
The evolution of each back stress model in the superposition is given by the kinematic hardening rule:
where and are user-input material parameters, is the plastic strain rate, and is the magnitude
of the plastic strain rate.
During a solution, if there is a change in temperature over an increment (non-isothermal loading), the
back stress terms are scaled in a manner similar to that of bilinear kinematic hardening (p. 43) with
Rice's hardening rule [5].
Define the material data table (TB,CHABOCHE) and input the following constants (TBDATA):
Temperature-dependent data can be defined (NTEMP on the TB command), with temperatures specified
for the table entries (TBTEMP).
Set the TB command’s NPTS value equal to n, the number of superimposed kinematic hardening
models.
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Nonlinear Material Properties
where the last term on the right side of the equation is the rate of static recovery of the kinematic back
stress component with and the material parameters for kinematic static recovery, and is the
von Mises effective back stress component.
The material parameters are defined via a TB material table with Lab = PLASTIC and TBOPT = KSR. The
number of material parameter sets should correspond to the number of superimposed Chaboche back
stress terms. Undefined values default to 0.0.
The constants can be defined as a function of temperature (NTEMP on the TB command), with temper-
atures specified for the table entries (TBTEMP).
mp,ex,1,YOUNGS
mp,prxy,1,NU
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Rate-Independent Plasticity
4.4.4. Drucker-Prager
The following topics concerning to Drucker-Prager plasticity are available:
4.4.4.1. Classic Drucker-Prager
4.4.4.2. Extended Drucker-Prager (EDP)
4.4.4.3. Extended Drucker-Prager Cap
• Dilatancy angle
The amount of dilatancy (the increase in material volume due to yielding) can be controlled via the
dilatancy angle. If the dilatancy angle is equal to the friction angle, the flow rule is associative. If the
dilatancy angle is zero (or less than the friction angle), there is no (or less of an) increase in material
volume when yielding and the flow rule is non-associated.
For more information about this material model, see Classic Drucker-Prager Model in the Mechanical
APDL Theory Reference.
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Nonlinear Material Properties
The model is defined via one of the three yield criteria (p. 50) combined with any of the three flow
potentials (p. 52) and an optional hardening model.
The following topics for defining the EDP material model are available:
4.4.4.2.1. EDP Yield Criteria Forms
4.4.4.2.2. EDP Plastic Flow Potentials
4.4.4.2.3. Plastic Strain Increments for Flow Potentials
4.4.4.2.4. Example EDP Material Model Definitions
where the user-defined parameters are the pressure sensitivity and the uniaxial yield stress .
After initializing the extended Drucker-Prager linear yield criterion (TB,EDP,,,,LYFUN), enter the following
constants (TBDATA):
The constants can be defined as a function of temperature (NTEMP on the TB command), with temper-
atures specified for the table entries (TBTEMP).
where the exponent , pressure sensitivity , and uniaxial yield stress are the user-defined parameters.
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Rate-Independent Plasticity
After initializing the extended Drucker-Prager power law yield criterion (TB,EDP,,,,PYFUN), enter the
following constants (TBDATA):
The constants can be defined as a function of temperature (NTEMP on the TB command), with temper-
atures specified for the table entries (TBTEMP).
where the constant , pressure sensitivity , and uniaxial yield stress are the user-defined parameters.
In the following figure, the hyperbolic yield criterion is plotted and compared to the linear yield criterion
shown in the dashed line:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
After initializing the extended Drucker-Prager hyperbolic yield criterion (TB,EDP,,,,HYFUN), enter the
following constants (TBDATA):
The constants can be defined as a function of temperature (NTEMP on the TB command), with temper-
atures specified for the table entries (TBTEMP).
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Rate-Independent Plasticity
After initializing the material data table (TB,EDP,,,,LFPOT), enter the following constant (TBDATA):
The material behavior can be defined as a function of temperature (NTEMP on the TB command), with
temperatures specified for the table entries (TBTEMP).
where the exponent and the pressure sensitivity are user-defined parameters.
After initializing the material data table (TB,EDP,,,,PFPOT), enter the following constants (TBDATA):
The material behavior can be defined as a function of temperature (NTEMP on the TB command), with
temperatures specified for the table entries (TBTEMP).
After initializing the material data table (TB,EDP,,,,HFPOT), enter the following constants (TBDATA):
The material behavior can be defined as a function of temperature (NTEMP on the TB command), with
temperatures specified for the table entries (TBTEMP).
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Nonlinear Material Properties
Associated flow is obtained if the plastic potential form and parameters are set equal to the yield criterion.
For the extended Drucker-Prager model, the accumulated plastic strain (EPEQ) is the summation of:
where is the magnitude of the deviatoric plastic strain increment and is the magnitude of the
volumetric plastic strain increment.
Example 4.15: EDP -- Power Law Yield Criterion and Flow Potential
/prep7
!!! Define linear elasticity constants
mp,ex,1,2.1e4
mp,nuxy,1,0.45
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Rate-Independent Plasticity
The criterion is a function of the three stress invariants , , and , given by:
Three functions define the surfaces that make up the yield criterion. The shear envelope function is
given by:
where is the cohesion related yield parameter and is a user defined material parameter along with
, , and . This function reduces to the Drucker-Prager criterion for . For positive values of ,
the shear failure envelope is evaluated at = 0, which gives the constant value .
The compaction function is itself a function of the shear envelope function and is given by:
where is the Heaviside step function, is a user-input material parameter, and defines the inter-
section of the compaction surface with the shear envelope, given by:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
where is the user-defined value of at the intersection of the compaction cap with , as shown
in the following figure:
The expansion function is a function of the shear envelope function and is given by:
where is a user-input material parameter. The expansion function defines the material yield surface
when . The expansion cap function reaches peak value at .
where is the Lode angle function. The Lode angle is given by:
where is a user-defined material parameter, a ratio of the extension strength to compression strength
in triaxial loading.
Two methods of isotropic hardening can be used to evolve the yield criterion due to plastic deformation.
Hardening of the compaction cap is due to evolution of , which is the intersection of the cap surface
with shown in Figure 4.14: Yield Surface for the Cap Criterion (p. 56). This value evolves due to
plastic volume strain , and the relationship is given by [15]:
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Rate-Independent Plasticity
where is the initial value of , and the user-defined parameters are , , and . The restriction
is enforced so that the material does not soften.
Evolution of the yield surface at the intersection of the shear envelope with the expansion cap occurs
by combining the cap model with an isotropic hardening model (p. 32) to evolve the value of . The
bilinear, multilinear, or nonlinear isotropic hardening function can be used, and the yield stress from
the isotropic hardening model must be consistent with the value of calculated from the cap material
parameters given by .
The following topics for defining the EDP Cap material model are available:
4.4.4.3.1. Defining the EDP Cap Yield Criterion and Hardening
4.4.4.3.2. Defining the EDP Cap Plastic Potential
4.4.4.3.3. Example EDP Cap Material Model Definition
The yield criterion and hardening behavior can be defined as a function of temperature (NTEMP on the
TB command), with temperatures specified for the table entries (TBTEMP).
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Nonlinear Material Properties
The plastic flow potential can be defined as a function of temperature (NTEMP on the TB command),
with temperatures specified for the table entries (TBTEMP).
If the plastic flow potential is not defined, the yield surface is used as the flow potential, resulting in
an associated flow model.
4.4.5. Gurson
Use the Gurson model to represent plasticity and damage in ductile porous metals [16][17]. When
plasticity and damage occur, ductile metal undergoes a process of void growth, nucleation, and coales-
cence. The model incorporates these microscopic material behaviors into macroscopic plasticity beha-
vior based on changes in the void volume fraction, also known as porosity, and pressure. A porosity
increase corresponds to an increase in material damage, resulting in a diminished load-carrying capacity.
The yield criterion and flow potential for the Gurson model is:
where is the von Mises equivalent stress, is the yield stress, , , and are user-input Tvergaard-
Needleman constants, and is the modified void volume fraction. The hydrostatic pressure is defined
as:
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Rate-Independent Plasticity
For more information, see Gurson's Model in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.
(a): Existing voids grow when the solid matrix is in a hydrostatic-tension state. The solid
matrix is assumed to be incompressible in plasticity so that any material volume growth
is due to the void volume expansion.
(b): Void nucleation occurs, where new voids are created during plastic deformation due
to debonding of the inclusion-matrix or particle-matrix interface, or from the fracture of
the inclusions or particles themselves.
(c): Voids coalesce. In this process, the isolated voids establish connections. Although
coalescence may not discernibly affect the void volume, the load-carrying capacity of
the material begins to decay more rapidly at this stage.
The void volume fraction is the ratio of void volume to the total volume. A volume fraction of 0 indicates
no voids and the yield criterion reduces to the von Mises criterion. A volume fraction of 1 indicates all
the material is void. The initial void volume fraction, , is a user-defined parameter, and the rate of
change of void volume fraction is a combination of the rate of growth and the rate of nucleation:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
From the assumption of isochoric plasticity and conservation of mass, the rate of change of void volume
fraction due to growth is proportional to the rate of volumetric plastic strain:
Void nucleation is controlled by either the plastic strain or the stress, and is assumed to follow a normal
distribution of statistics.
In the case of strain-controlled nucleation, the distribution is described by the mean strain, , and
deviation, . The void nucleation rate due to strain control is given by:
where is the maximum void fraction for nucleated voids, is the effective plastic strain, and the
rate of effective plastic strain, , is determined by equating the microscopic plastic work to the mac-
roscopic plastic work:
In the case of stress-controlled nucleation, void nucleation is determined by the distribution of maximum
normal stress on the interfaces between inclusions and the matrix, equal to . Stress-controlled
nucleation takes into account the effect of triaxial loading on the rate of void nucleation. The void-
nucleation rate for stress control is given by:
The modified void volume fraction, , is used to model the loss of material load carrying capacity as-
sociated with void coalescence. When the current void volume fraction reaches a critical value , the
material load carrying capacity decreases rapidly due to coalescence. When the void volume fraction
reaches , the load-carrying capacity of the material is lost completely. The modified void volume
fraction is given by:
4.4.5.2. Hardening
The Gurson model can be combined with one of the isotropic hardening models (p. 36) to incorporate
isotropic hardening of the yield stress in the Gurson yield criterion.
To combine the Gurson model with Chaboche kinematic hardening (p. 46) [22], the yield criterion is
modified to:
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Rate-Independent Plasticity
where is the von Mises equivalent modified relative stress, and is the effective hydrostatic pressure
defined as:
where is the modified relative stress, which itself is a function of the modified back stress :
For more information, see Gurson Plasticity with Isotropic/Chaboche Kinematic Hardening in the
Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.
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Nonlinear Material Properties
To define stress-controlled nucleation, initialize the material data table (TB,GURSON,,,,SSNU), then input
the following constants (TBDATA):
To define strain-controlled nucleation, initialize the material data table (TB,GURSON,,,,SNNU), then input
the following constants (TBDATA):
Initialize the material data table (TB,GURSON,,,,COAL), then input the following constants (TBDATA):
C2 Failure porosity
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Rate-Independent Plasticity
! Strain-controlled nucleation
tb,gurson,1,,3,snnu
tbdata,1,f_N,strain_N,s_N
! Coalescence
tb,gurson,1,,2,coal
tbdata,1,f_c,f_F
The model is isotropic elastic with the same elastic behavior in tension and compression. The yield
strength and isotropic hardening behavior may be different in tension and in compression. Different
yield criteria and plastic flow potentials are used for tension and compression.
A composite yield surface is used to model different yield behavior in tension and compression. The
tension behavior is pressure-dependent and the Rankine maximum stress criterion is used:
where is the uniaxial tension yield stress. The hydrostatic pressure , the von Mises equivalent stress
, and the Lode angle are defined as:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
In compression, the pressure-independent von Mises (p. 33) yield criterion is used:
The yield surfaces are plotted in the meridional plane in which the ordinate and abscissa are von Mises
equivalent stress and pressure, respectively.
The evolution of the yield stress in tension and compression follows the piecewise user-defined linear
stress-strain curves for compression and tension. The tension yield stress evolves as a function of the
equivalent uniaxial plastic strain, . The evolution of the equivalent uniaxial plastic strain is defined
by equating the uniaxial plastic work increment to the total plastic work increment:
The compression yield stress evolves as a function of the equivalent plastic strain, , which is calculated
from the increment in plastic strain determined by consistency with the yield criterion and the flow
potential.
The plastic flow potential is defined by the von Mises yield criterion in compression and results in an
associated flow rule. The flow potential in compression is:
In tension, the Rankine cap yield surface is replaced by an ellipsoidal surface defined by:
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Rate-Independent Plasticity
The plastic Poisson's ratio is the absolute value of the ratio of the transverse to the longitudinal plastic
strain under uniaxial tension. It determines the amount of volumetric expansion during tensile plastic
deformation. The tensile flow potential gives a nonassociated flow model and results in an unsymmetric
material stiffness tensor.
Enter the tensile multilinear hardening stress-strain points into a data table (TB,UNIAXIAL,,,,TENSION).
Do the same for the compressive multilinear hardening stress-strain points (TB,UNIAXIAL,,,,COMPRESSION).
Enter the tension and compression stress-strain points into their respective tables via the TBPT command,
with the compression points being entered as positive values:
Enter tension and compression stress-strain points into their respective tables (TBPT), with the compres-
sion points entered as positive values.
The plastic Poisson's ratio and stress-strain points can be defined as a function of temperature (NTEMP
value on the TB command), with individual temperatures specified for the table entries (TBTEMP).
TB,UNIAXIAL,1,1,5,TENSION
TBTEMP,10
TBPT,,0.550E-03,0.813E+04
TBPT,,0.100E-02,0.131E+05
TBPT,,0.250E-02,0.241E+05
TBPT,,0.350E-02,0.288E+05
TBPT,,0.450E-02,0.322E+05
TB,UNIAXIAL,1,1,5,COMPRESSION
TBTEMP,10
TBPT,,0.203E-02,0.300E+05
TBPT,,0.500E-02,0.500E+05
TBPT,,0.800E-02,0.581E+05
TBPT,,0.110E-01,0.656E+05
TBPT,,0.140E-01,0.700E+05
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Nonlinear Material Properties
For further information about rate-dependent plastic (viscoplastic) material options, see Rate-Dependent
Plasticity in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference and Viscoplasticity in the Structural Analysis Guide.
In both cases, is the effective stress, is the equivalent plastic strain rate, is the strain rate
hardening parameter, is the material viscosity parameter, and is the static yield stress of material.
is a function of some hardening parameter and can be defined via isotropic plasticity (for example,
TB,BISO). As approaches , or approaches zero, or approaches zero, the solution approaches
the static (rate-independent) solution.
When is very small, the Peirce model has less difficulty converging as compared to the Perzyna
model.
For details, see Rate-Dependent Plasticity in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.
The two material constants for the Perzyna and Peirce models (defined by the TBDATA) are:
Constant Meaning
C1 - Material strain rate hardening parameter
C2 - Material viscosity parameter
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Rate-Dependent Plasticity (Viscoplasticity)
The EVH option can be combined with nonlinear (Chaboche) kinematic hardening (p. 46) using von
Mises (p. 33) or Hill (p. 34) yield criterion.
The six material constants in the EVH option are input (TBDATA) in the order shown:
Constant Meaning
C1 Ko = Material strain hardening
parameter
C2 Ro = Material strain hardening
parameter
C3 R∞ = Material strain hardening
parameter
C4 b = Material strain hardening
parameter
C5 m = Material strain rate hardening
parameter
C6 K = Material viscosity parameter
Details for the Anand option appear in Anand Viscoplasticity Option in the Mechanical APDL Theory
Reference.
This option requires nine material constants input via the data-table command (TBDATA) in the order
shown:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
The Anand model supports plane strain, axisymmetric and full three-dimensional element behavior.
1. Initialize the data table via TB,RATE and specify the model option (TBOPT) as described above (p. 66).
You can define up to nine material constants via TBDATA commands, but only six constants per
command. For the Anand model, therefore, you must issue the TBDATA command more than once.
The data-table command (TBDATA) must be defined for the same material number to specify the
static hardening behavior of the materials (rate-independent and isotropic).
4.5.5. Creep
The creep strain rate, , can be a function of stress, strain, temperature, and neutron flux level. Libraries
of creep strain rate equations are included under the Implicit Creep Equations (p. 69) and Explicit Creep
Equations (p. 71) sections. Enter the constants shown in these equations using TB,CREEP and TBDATA
as described below. These equations (expressed in incremental form) are characteristic of materials
being used in creep design applications (see the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference for details).
For a list of the elements that support creep behavior, see Material Model Element Support (p. 5).
• Primary creep
• Secondary creep
• Irradiation induced creep
You can define the combined effects of more than one type of creep using the implicit equations specified
by TBOPT = 11 or 12, the explicit equations, or a user-defined creep equation.
The program analyzes creep using the implicit and the explicit time-integration method. The implicit
method is robust, fast, accurate, and recommended for general use, especially with problems involving
large creep strain and large deformation. It has provisions for including temperature-dependent constants.
The program can model pure creep, creep with isotropic hardening plasticity, and creep with kinematic
hardening plasticity, using both von Mises and Hill potentials. See Material Model Combinations (p. 257)
for further information. Because the creep and plasticity are modeled simultaneously (no superposition),
the implicit method is more accurate and efficient than the explicit method. Temperature dependency
can also be incorporated by the Arrhenius function. (See the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.)
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Rate-Dependent Plasticity (Viscoplasticity)
The explicit method is useful for cases involving very small time steps, such as in transient analyses.
There are no provisions for temperature-dependent constants, nor simultaneous modeling of creep
with any other material models such as plasticity. However, there is temperature dependency using the
Arrhenius function, and you can combine explicit creep with other plasticity options using non-simul-
taneous modeling (superposition). In these cases, the program first performs the plastic analysis, then
the creep calculation.
The terms implicit and explicit, as applied to creep, have no relationship to “explicit dynamics,” or any
elements referred to as “explicit elements.”
Creep
Model
Name Equation Type
(TB-
OPT)
Strain
1 C1>0 Primary
Hardening
Time
2 C1>0 Primary
Hardening
Generalized C1>0,
3 , Primary
Exponential C5>0
Generalized
4 C1>0 Primary
Graham
C1>0,
Generalized
5 C3>0, Primary
Blackburn
C6>0
Modified Time
6 C1>0 Primary
Hardening
Modified Strain
7 C1>0 Primary
Hardening
Generalized
8 C1>0 Secondary
Garofalo
Exponential
9 C1>0 Secondary
form
10 Norton C1>0 Secondary
Combined Primary
C1>0,
11 Time +
C5>0
Hardening Secondary
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Nonlinear Material Properties
Creep
Model
Name Equation Type
(TB-
OPT)
Primary
Rational
12 C2>0 +
polynomial
Secondary
Generalized
13 Time Primary
Hardening
where:
You can define the user creep option by setting TBOPT = 100, and using TB,STATE to specify the
number of state variables for the user creep subroutine. See the Guide to User-Programmable Features
in the Mechanical APDL Programmer's Reference for more information. The RATE command is necessary
to activate implicit creep for specific elements (see the RATE command description for details). The
RATE command has no effect for explicit creep.
For temperature-dependent constants, define the temperature using TBTEMP for each set of data. Then,
define constants C1 through Cm using TBDATA (where m is the number of constants, and depends on
the creep model you choose).
The following example shows how you would define the implicit creep model represented by TBOPT
= 1 at two temperature points.
TB,CREEP,1,,,1 !Activate creep data table, specify creep model 1
TBTEMP,100 !Define first temperature
TBDATA,1,c11,c12,c13,c14 !Creep constants c11, c12, c13, c14 at first temp.
TBTEMP,200 !Define second temperature
TBDATA,1,c21,c22,c23,c24 !Creep constants c21, c22, c23, c24 at second temp.
Coefficients are linearly interpolated for temperatures that fall between user defined TBTEMP values.
For some creep models, where the change in coefficients spans several orders of magnitude, this linear
interpolation might introduce inaccuracies in solution results. Use enough curves to accurately capture
the temperature dependency. Also, consider using the curve fitting subroutine to calculate a temperature
dependent coefficient that includes the Arrhenius term.
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Rate-Dependent Plasticity (Viscoplasticity)
When a temperature is above or below the range of defined temperature values, the coefficients for
the nearest temperature are used with no extrapolation.
For a list of elements that can be used with this material option, see Material Model Element Sup-
port (p. 5).
See Creep in the Structural Analysis Guide for more information on this material option.
Specify primary creep with constant C6. Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 0 (p. 72), through
Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 100 (p. 77), show the available equations. You select an
equation with the appropriate value of C6 (0 to 15). If C1 0, or if T + Toffset 0, no primary creep
is computed.
Specify secondary creep with constant C12. Secondary Explicit Creep Equation for C12 = 0 (p. 77) and
Secondary Explicit Creep Equation for C12 = 1 (p. 78) show the available equations. You select an
equation with the appropriate value of C12 (0 or 1). If C7 0, or if T + Toffset 0, no secondary creep
is computed. Also, primary creep equations C6 = 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, and 15 bypass any secondary creep
equations since secondary effects are included in the primary part.
Specify irradiation induced creep with constant C66. Irradiation Induced Explicit Creep Equation for C66
= 5 (p. 78) shows the single equation currently available; select it with C66 = 5. This equation can be
used in conjunction with equations C6 = 0 to 11. The constants should be entered into the data table
as indicated by their subscripts. If C55 0 and C61 0, or if T + Toffset 0, no irradiation induced
creep is computed.
A linear stepping function is used to calculate the change in the creep strain within a time step (Δ εcr
= ( )(Δt)). The creep strain rate is evaluated at the condition corresponding to the beginning of the
time interval and is assumed to remain constant over the time interval. If the time step is less than 1.0e-
6, then no creep strain increment is computed. Primary equivalent stresses and strains are used to
evaluate the creep strain rate. For highly nonlinear creep strain vs. time curves, use a small time step
if you are using the explicit creep algorithm. A creep time step optimization procedure is available for
automatically increasing the time step whenever possible. A nonlinear stepping function (based on an
exponential decay) is also available (C11 = 1) but should be used with caution since it can underestimate
the total creep strain where primary stresses dominate. This function is available only for creep equations
C6 = 0, 1 and 2. Temperatures used in the creep equations should be based on an absolute scale
(TOFFST).
Use the BF or BFE commands to enter temperature and fluence values. The input fluence (Φt) includes
the integrated effect of time and time explicitly input is not used in the fluence calculation. Also, for
the usual case of a constant flux (Φ), the fluence should be linearly ramp changed.
Temperature dependent creep constants are not permitted for explicit creep. You can incorporate
other creep options by setting C6 = 100. See the Guide to User-Programmable Features in the Mechan-
ical APDL Programmer's Reference for more information.
The following example shows how you would use the explicit creep equation defined by C6 = 1.
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Nonlinear Material Properties
The explicit creep constants that you enter with the TBDATA are:
Constant Meaning
C1-CN Constants C1, C2, C3, etc. (as defined in Primary Explicit
Creep Equation for C6 = 0 (p. 72) to Irradiation Induced
Explicit Creep Equation for C66 = 5 (p. 78)) These are
obtained by curve fitting test results for your material to
the equation you choose. Exceptions are defined below.
where:
where:
where:
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Rate-Dependent Plasticity (Viscoplasticity)
εx = 0 for σ C2
εx = G + H σ for C2 < σ C3
C2 = 6000 psi (default), C3 = 25000 psi (default)
s, r, , G, and H = functions of temperature and stress as described in the reference.
This double exponential equation is valid for Annealed 304 Stainless Steel over a temperature range
from 800 to 1100°F. The equation, known as the Blackburn creep equation when C1 = 1, is described
completely in the High Alloy Steels. The first two terms describe the primary creep strain and the last
term describes the secondary creep strain.
To use this equation, input a nonzero value for C1, C6 = 9.0, and C7 = 0.0. Temperatures should be in
°R (or °F with Toffset = 460.0). Conversion to °K for the built-in property tables is done internally. If the
temperature is below the valid range, no creep is computed. Time should be in hours and stress in psi.
The valid stress range is 6,000 - 25,000 psi.
To use the following standard Rational Polynomial creep equation (with metric units) to calculate εc,
enter C4 = 1.0:
where:
This standard rational polynomial creep equation is valid for Annealed 304 SS over a temperature range
from 427°C to 704°C. The equation is described completely in the High Alloy Steels. The first term de-
scribes the primary creep strain. The last term describes the secondary creep strain. The average "lot
constant" is used to calculate .
To use this equation, input C1 = 1.0, C4 = 1.0, C6 = 9.0, and C7 = 0.0. Temperature must be in °C and
Toffset must be 273 (because of the built-in property tables). If the temperature is below the valid range,
no creep is computed. Also, time must be in hours and stress in Megapascals (MPa).
Various hardening rules governing the rate of change of creep strain during load reversal may be selected
with the C5 value: 0.0 - time hardening, 1.0 - total creep strain hardening, 2.0 - primary creep strain
hardening. These options are available only with the standard rational polynomial creep equation.
To use the above standard Rational Polynomial creep equation (with English units), enter C4 = 2.0.
This standard rational polynomial equation is the same as described above except that temperature
must be in °F, Toffset must be 460, and stress must be in psi. The equivalent valid temperature range is
800 - 1300°F.
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Nonlinear Material Properties
To use the same form of the Double Exponential creep equation as described for Annealed 304 SS (C6
= 9.0, C4 = 0.0) in Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 9 (p. 72) to calculate εc, enter C4 = 0.0.
This equation, also described in High Alloy Steels, differs from the Annealed 304 SS equation in that
the built-in property tables are for Annealed 316 SS, the valid stress range is 4000 - 30,000 psi, C2 defaults
to 4000 psi, C3 defaults to 30,000 psi, and the equation is called with C6 = 10.0 instead of C6 = 9.0.
To use the same form of the standard Rational Polynomial creep equation with metric units as described
for Annealed 304 SS (C6 = 9.0, C4 = 1.0) in Primary Explicit Creep Equation for C6 = 9 (p. 72), enter C4
= 1.0.
This standard rational polynomial equation, also described in High Alloy Steels, differs from the Annealed
304 SS equation in that the built-in property tables are for Annealed 316 SS, the valid temperature
range is 482 - 704°C, and the equation is called with C6 = 10.0 instead of C6 = 9.0. The hardening rules
for load reversal described for the C6 = 9.0 standard Rational Polynomial creep equation are also available.
The average "lot constant" from High Alloy Steels is used in the calculation of .
To use the previous standard Rational Polynomial creep equation with English units, enter C4 = 2.0.
This standard rational polynomial equation is the same as described above except that the temperatures
must be in °F, Toffset must be 460, and the stress must be in psi (with a valid range from 0.0 to 24220
psi). The equivalent valid temperature range is 900 - 1300°F.
To use the following Modified Rational Polynomial creep equation to calculate εc, enter C4 = 0.0:
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Rate-Dependent Plasticity (Viscoplasticity)
This modified rational polynomial equation is valid for Annealed 2 1/4 Cr -1 Mo Low Alloy steel over a
temperature range of 700 - 1100°F. The equation is described completely in the Low Alloy Steels. The
first term describes the primary creep strain and the last term describes the secondary creep strain. No
modification is made for plastic strains.
To use this equation, input C1 = 1.0, C6 = 11.0, and C7 = 0.0. Temperatures must be in °R (or °F with
Toffset = 460.0). Conversion to °K for the built-in property tables is done internally. If the temperature is
below the valid range, no creep is computed. Time should be in hours and stress in psi. Valid stress
range is 1000 - 65,000 psi.
To use the following standard Rational Polynomial creep equation (with metric units) to calculate εc,
enter C4 = 1.0:
where:
This standard rational polynomial creep equation is valid for Annealed 2 1/4 Cr - 1 Mo Low Alloy Steel
over a temperature range from 371°C to 593°C. The equation is described completely in the Low Alloy
Steels. The first term describes the primary creep strain and the last term describes the secondary creep
strain. No tertiary creep strain is calculated. Only Type I (and not Type II) creep is supported. No modi-
fication is made for plastic strains.
To use this equation, input C1 = 1.0, C4 = 1.0, C6 = 11.0, and C7 = 0.0. Temperatures must be in °C and
Toffset must be 273 (because of the built-in property tables). If the temperature is below the valid range,
no creep is computed. Also, time must be in hours and stress in Megapascals (MPa). The hardening
rules for load reversal described for the C6 = 9.0 standard Rational Polynomial creep equation are also
available.
To use the above standard Rational Polynomial creep equation with English units, enter C4 = 2.0.
This standard rational polynomial equation is the same as described above except that temperatures
must be in °F, Toffset must be 460, and stress must be in psi. The equivalent valid temperature range is
700 - 1100°F.
where:
C1 = Scaling constant
M, N, K = Function of temperature (determined by linear interpolation within table) as follows:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
Constant Meaning
C5 Number of temperature values to describe
M, N, or K function (2 minimum, 6
maximum)
C49 First absolute temperature value
C50 Second absolute temperature value
...
C48 + C5 C5th absolute temperature value
C48 + C5 + 1 First M value
...
C48 + 2C5 C5th M value
C48 + 2C5 C5th M value
...
C48 + 2C5 C5th M value
C48 + 2C5 + First N value
1
...
C48 + 3C5 C5th N value
C48 + 3C5 + First K value
1
...
This power function creep law having temperature dependent coefficients is similar to Equation C6 =
1.0 except with C1 = f1(T), C2 = f2(T), C3 = f3(T), and C4 = 0. Temperatures must not be input in decreasing
order.
where:
εacc = creep strain accumulated to this time (calculated by the program). Internally set to 1 x
10-5 at the first substep with nonzero time to prevent division by zero.
A = C1/T
B = C2/T + C3
C = C4/T + C5
This equation is often referred to as the Sterling Power Function creep equation. Constant C7 should
be 0.0. Constant C1 should not be 0.0, unless no creep is to be calculated.
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Rate-Dependent Plasticity (Viscoplasticity)
where:
εc = cpt/(1+pt) +
ln c = -1.350 - 5620/T - 50.6 x 10-6 σ + 1.918 ln (σ/1000)
ln p = 31.0 - 67310/T + 330.6 x 10-6 σ - 1885.0 x 10-12 σ2
ln = 43.69 - 106400/T + 294.0 x 10-6 σ + 2.596 ln (σ/1000)
This creep law is valid for Annealed 316 SS over a temperature range from 800°F to 1300°F. The equation
is similar to that given for C6 = 10.0 and is also described in High Alloy Steels.
To use equation, input C1 = 1.0 and C6 = 14.0. Temperatures should be in °R (or °F with Toffset = 460).
Time should be in hours. Constants are only valid for English units (pounds and inches). Valid temper-
ature range: 800° - 1300°F. Maximum stress allowed for ec calculation: 45,000 psi; minimum stress: 0.0
psi. If T + Toffset < 1160, no creep is computed.
where:
This rational polynomial creep equation is a generalized form of the standard rational polynomial
equations given as C6 = 9.0, 10.0, and 11.0 (C4 = 1.0 and 2.0). This equation reduces to the standard
equations for isothermal cases. The hardening rules for load reversal described for the C6 = 9.0 standard
Rational Polynomial creep equation are also available.
where:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
σ = equivalent stress
T = temperature (absolute). The offset temperature (from TOFFST), is internally added to all
temperatures for convenience.
t = time
e = natural logarithm base
where:
B = FG + C63
σ = equivalent stress
T = temperature (absolute). The offset temperature (from TOFFST) is internally added to all
temperatures for convenience.
Φ t0.5 = neutron fluence (input on BF or BFE command)
e = natural logarithm base
t = time
This irradiation induced creep equation is valid for 20% Cold Worked 316 SS over a temperature range
from 700° to 1300°F. Constants 56, 57, 58 and 62 must be positive if the B term is included.
See Creep in the Structural Analysis Guide for more information on this material option.
4.6. Hyperelasticity
Hyperelastic material behavior is supported by current-technology shell, plane, and solid elements. For
a list of elements that can be used with hyperelastic material models, see Material Model Element
Support (p. 5). You can specify options to describe the hyperelastic material behavior for these elements.
Hyperelasticity options are available via the TBOPT argument on the TB,HYPER command.
Several forms of strain energy potentials describe the hyperelasticity of materials. These are based on
either strain invariants or principal stretches. The behavior of materials is assumed to be incompressible
or nearly incompressible.
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Hyperelasticity
For information about other hyperelastic material models, see Special Hyperelasticity (p. 87).
where:
For a list of elements that can be used with this material option, see Material Model Element Sup-
port (p. 5).
For more information about this material option, see Arruda-Boyce Hyperelastic Option.
where:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
The model has only one constant μ and is defined by C1 using the TBDATA command.
See Blatz-Ko Foam Hyperelastic Option in the Structural Analysis Guide for more information on this
material option.
Following the material data-table command (TB), specify the material constant values via the TBDATA
command, as shown in this example:
TB,HYPER,1,,5,ETUBE ! Hyperelastic material, 1 temperature,
! 5 material constants, and the extended tube option
TBDATA,1,0.25, 0.8,1.0,0.5,1.0e-5 ! Five material constant values (C1 through C5)
For more information, see the documentation for the TB,HYPER command, and Extended Tube Model
in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.
where:
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Hyperelasticity
The constants μ, Jm , and d are defined by C1, C2, and C3 using the TBDATA command.
For a list of elements that can be used with this material option, see Material Model Element Sup-
port (p. 5).
See Gent Hyperelastic Option in the Structural Analysis Guide for more information on this material option.
The TB,HYPER,,,,MOONEY option allows you to define 2, 3, 5, or 9 parameter Mooney-Rivlin models using
NPTS = 2, 3, 5, or 9, respectively.
For NPTS = 2 (2 parameter Mooney-Rivlin option, which is also the default), the form of the strain energy
potential is:
where:
c10 , c01 = material constants characterizing the deviatoric deformation of the material
d = material incompressibility parameter
where:
The constants c10 , c01 , and d are defined by C1, C2, and C3 using the TBDATA command.
For NPTS = 3 (3 parameter Mooney-Rivlin option, which is also the default), the form of the strain energy
potential is:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
The constants c10 , c01 , c11 ; and d are defined by C1, C2, C3, and C4 using the TBDATA command.
For NPTS = 5 (5 parameter Mooney-Rivlin option), the form of the strain energy potential is:
The constants c10 , c01 , c20 , c11 , c02 , and d are material constants defined by C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and
C6 using the TBDATA command.
For NPTS = 9 (9 parameter Mooney-Rivlin option), the form of the strain energy potential is:
The constants c10 , c01 , c20 , c11 , c02 , c30 , c21 , c12 , c03 , and d are material constants defined by C1, C2,
C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, and C10 using the TBDATA command.
See Mooney-Rivlin Hyperelastic Option (TB,HYPER) in the Structural Analysis Guide for more information
on this material option.
where:
See Neo-Hookean Hyperelastic Option in the Structural Analysis Guide for more information on this
material option.
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Hyperelasticity
where:
In general there is no limitation on the value of N. (See the TB command.) A higher value of N can
provide a better fit to the exact solution. It may however cause numerical difficulties in fitting the ma-
terial constants. For this reason, very high values of N are not recommended.
For N = 1 and α 1 = 2, the Ogden option is equivalent to the Neo-Hookean option. For N = 2, α 1 = 2,
and α 2 = -2, the Ogden option is equivalent to the 2 parameter Mooney-Rivlin option.
The constants μp, α p and dp are defined using the TBDATA command in the following order:
For N (NPTS) = 1:
μ1, α 1, d1
For N (NPTS) = 2:
For N (NPTS) = 3:
For N (NPTS) = k:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
See Ogden Hyperelastic Option in the Structural Analysis Guide for more information on this material
option.
where:
For this material option, the volumetric and deviatoric terms are tightly coupled. Hence, this model is
meant to simulate highly compressible elastomers.
In general there is no limitation on the value of N. (See the TB command.) A higher value of N can
provide a better fit to the exact solution. It may however cause numerical difficulties in fitting the ma-
terial constants. For this reason, very high values of N are not recommended.
For N = 1, α 1 = –2, μ1 = -μ, and β1 = 0.5, the Ogden foam option is equivalent to the Blatz-Ko option.
The constants μi, α i and βi are defined using the TBDATA command in the following order:
For N (NPTS) = 1:
μ1, α 1, β1
For N (NPTS) = 2:
For N (NPTS) = 3:
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Hyperelasticity
For N (NPTS) = k:
See Ogden Compressible Foam Hyperelastic Option in the Structural Analysis Guide for more information
on this material option.
where:
In general there is no limitation on the value of N. (See the TB command.) A higher value of N can
provide a better fit to the exact solution. It may however cause a numerical difficulty in fitting the ma-
terial constants, and it also requests enough data to cover the whole range of deformation for which
you may be interested. For these reasons, a very high value of N is not recommended.
For N = 1 and c01 = 0, the polynomial form option is equivalent to the Neo-Hookean option. For N =
1, it is equivalent to the 2 parameter Mooney-Rivlin option. For N = 2, it is equivalent to the 5 parameter
Mooney-Rivlin option, and for N = 3, it is equivalent to the 9 parameter Mooney-Rivlin option.
The constants cij and d are defined using the TBDATA command in the following order:
For N (NPTS) = 1:
c10 , c01 , d1
For N (NPTS) = 2:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
For N (NPTS) = 3:
For N (NPTS) = k:
c10 , c01 , c20 , c11 , c02 , c30 , c21 , c12 , c03 , ..., ck0 , c(k-1)1 , ..., c0k , d1 , d2 , ..., dk
See Polynomial Form Hyperelastic Option in the Structural Analysis Guide for more information on this
material option.
The response functions (first derivatives of the hyperelastic potential) are used to determine hyperelastic
constitutive behavior of the material. In general, the stiffness matrix requires derivatives of the response
functions (second derivatives of the hyperelastic potential).
The method for determining the derivatives is ill-conditioned near the zero stress-strain point; therefore,
a deformation limit is used, below which the stiffness matrix is calculated with only the response func-
tions. The deformation measure is δ = I1 - 3, where I1 is the first invariant of the Cauchy-Green deform-
ation tensor.
The stiffness matrix is then calculated with only the response functions if δ < C1, where C1 is the mater-
ial constant deformation limit (default 1 x 10-5).
The remaining material parameters are for the volumetric strain energy potential, given by
where N is the NPTS value (TB,HYPER,,,,RESPONSE) and dk represents the material constants incompress-
ibility parameters (default 0.0) and J is the volume ratio. Use of experimental volumetric data requires
NPTS = 0. Incompressible behavior results if all dk = 0 or NPTS = 0 with no experimental volumetric
data.
where:
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Hyperelasticity
In general there is no limitation on the value of N. (See the TB command.) A higher value of N can
provide a better fit to the exact solution. It may however cause a numerical difficulty in fitting the ma-
terial constants, and it also requests enough data to cover the whole range of deformation for which
you may be interested. For these reasons, a very high value of N is not recommended.
The constants ci0 and dk are defined using the TBDATA command in the following order:
For N (NPTS) = 1:
c10 , d1
For N (NPTS) = 2:
c10 , c20 , d1 , d2
For N (NPTS) = 3:
For N (NPTS) = k:
See Yeoh Hyperelastic Option in the Structural Analysis Guide for more information on this material option.
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Two strain energy potentials, as forms of polynomial or exponential function, are available for charac-
terizing the isochoric part of strain energy potential.
You can use anisotropic hyperelasticity to model elastomers with reinforcements, and for biomedical
materials such as muscles or arteries.
Use TB,AHYPER,,TBOPT to define the isochoric part, material directions and the volumetric part. Only
one TB table can be defined for each option. You can either define polynomial or exponential strain
energy potential.
You can enter temperature-dependent data for anisotropic hyperelastic material via the TBTEMP com-
mand. For the first temperature curve, issue TB, AHYPER,,,TBOPT, then input the first temperature (TB-
TEMP). The subsequent TBDATA command inputs the data.
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Hyperelasticity
The program interpolates the temperature data to the material points automatically using linear inter-
polation. When the temperature is out of the specified range, the closest temperature point is used.
For more information, see the TB command, and Anisotropic Hyperelasticity in the Mechanical APDL
Theory Reference.
This model requires seven material constants input for the isochoric (TBOPT = ISO) option and one
material constant for the volumetric potential (TBOPT = PVOL) option. Issue the TBDATA data-table
command to input the constant values in the order shown:
Isochoric
TB,BB,,,,ISO
The default optional material constant is ε = 1 x 10-5. However, if TBNPT > 7 or TBNPT is unspecified,
the table value is used instead. If the table value is zero or exceeds 1 x 10-3, the default constant value
is used.
Volumetric Potential
TB,BB,,,,PVOL
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TB,CDM,MAT,NTEMPS,NPTS,TBOPT
TBOPT = PSE2
Constant Meaning Property
C1 r Damage variable
parameter
C2 m Damage variable
parameter
C3 β Damage variable
parameter
See User-Defined Hyperelastic Option (TB,HYPER,,,,USER) in the Structural Analysis Guide for more inform-
ation on this material option.
4.7. Viscoelasticity
Viscoelastic materials are characterized by a combination of elastic behavior, which stores energy during
deformation, and viscous behavior, which dissipates energy during deformation.
The elastic behavior is rate-independent and represents the recoverable deformation due to mechanical
loading. The viscous behavior is rate-dependent and represents dissipative mechanisms within the
material.
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Viscoelasticity
A wide range of materials (such as polymers, glassy materials, soils, biologic tissue, and textiles) exhibit
viscoelastic behavior.
Following are descriptions of the viscoelastic constitutive models, which include both small- and large-
deformation formulations. Also presented is time-temperature superposition for thermorheologically
simple materials and a harmonic domain viscoelastic model.
4.7.1. Viscoelastic Formulation
4.7.2.Time-Temperature Superposition
4.7.3. Harmonic Viscoelasticity
The spring stiffnesses are μi, the dashpot viscosities are ηi, and the relaxation time is defined as the ratio
of viscosity to stiffness, τi = ηi / μi.
In three dimensions, the constitutive model for a generalized Maxwell model is given by:
(4.9)
where:
σ = Cauchy stress
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Nonlinear Material Properties
e = deviatoric strain
Δ = volumetric strain
τ = past time
I = identity tensor
and G(t) and K(t) are the Prony series shear and bulk-relaxation moduli, respectively:
(4.10)
(4.11)
where:
For use in the incremental finite element procedure, the solution for Equation 4.9 (p. 91) at t1 = t0 +
Δt is:
(4.12)
(4.13)
where si and pi are the deviatoric and pressure components, respectively, of the Cauchy stress for each
Maxwell element.
(4.14)
(4.15)
An alternative stress integration method is to assume a constant strain rate over the time increment.
Then the stress update is:
(4.16)
(4.17)
The model requires input of the parameters in Equation 4.10 (p. 92) and Equation 4.11 (p. 92). The re-
laxation moduli at t = 0 are obtained from the elasticity parameters input using the MP command or
via an elastic data table (TB,ELASTIC). The Prony series relative moduli and relaxation times are input
via a Prony data table (TB,PRONY), and separate data tables are necessary for specifying the bulk and
shear Prony parameters.
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Viscoelasticity
For the shear Prony data table, TBOPT = SHEAR, NPTS = nG, and the constants in the data table follow
this pattern:
For the bulk Prony data table, TBOPT = BULK, NPTS = nK, and the constants in the data table follow
this pattern:
Use TBOPT = INTEGRATION with the Prony table (TB,PRONY) to select the stress update algorithm. If
the table is not defined, or the value of the first table location is equal to 1, then the default midpoint
formula from Equation 4.14 (p. 92) and Equation 4.15 (p. 92) are used. If the value of the first table
location is equal to 2, then the constant strain rate formula from Equation 4.16 (p. 92) and Equa-
tion 4.17 (p. 92) are used.
To account for large displacement, the model is formulated in the co-rotated configuration using the
co-rotated deviatoric stress Σ = RTsR, where R is the rotation obtained from the polar decomposition
of the deformation gradient. The pressure component of the Cauchy stress does not need to account
for the material rotation and uses the same formulation as the small-deformation model.
(4.18)
Parameter input for this model resembles the input requirements for the small-deformation viscoelast-
ic (p. 91) model.
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The linear structure of the formulation is provided by the generalized Maxwell model. Extension to
large-deformation requires only a hyperelastic model for the springs in the Maxwell elements. Hypere-
lasticity is defined by a strain energy potential where, for isotropic materials:
(4.19)
where:
and the large-deformation stress update for the Maxwell element stresses is given by:
(4.21)
(4.22)
where:
deviatoric component of Si
pressure component of Si
An anisotropic hyperelastic model can also be used for Equation 4.19 (p. 94), in which case the form
of the Maxwell element stress updates are unchanged.
This model requires the Prony series parameters to be input via the Prony data table (as described in
Small Deformation (p. 91)). The hyperelastic parameters for this model are input via a hyperelastic data
table (TB,HYPER). For more information, see Hyperelasticity (p. 78).
4.7.1.4. Dissipation
For a physical interpretation of the Prony series formulation, the dissipated energy in the viscoelastic
material is the energy used to deform the dashpots in the Maxwell elements. The increment of energy
used by the dashpots over a time increment is:
where, for dashpot i, is the deviatoric stress, is the increment in deviatoric strain, is the pressure,
and is the increment in volumetric strain.
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Viscoelasticity
For an additive decomposition of the Maxwell element strains, the dashpot strain increment is given
by:
where is the strain increment, is the Maxwell spring compliance, and is the stress increment.
Defining as the instantaneous compliance, the Maxwell spring compliance is:
The dashpot strain increment and compliance can be applied to both deviatoric and volumetric com-
ponents, and then corresponds to either the deviatoric or volumetric relative modulus for Maxwell
element i.
where:
For large deformation, the incremental dissipation uses strain increments calculated from the rate of
deformation tensor and a Maxwell compliance tensor calculated from the instantaneous hyperelastic
stiffness and the relative moduli.
where:
The constitutive equations are solved in the shifted time scale. This method has the potential to reduce
the experimental effort required to determine the material parameters but requires the determination
of the shift function.
The shift functions, A(T), are evaluated in an absolute temperature scale determined by adding the
temperature offset value (TOFFST) to the current temperature, reference temperature, and fictive
temperature in the shift functions.
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(4.24)
where C1 and C2 are material parameters. (The shift function is often given in the literature with the
opposite sign.)
The parameters are input via a shift function data table (TB,SHIFT).
For the Williams-Landel-Ferry shift function, TBOPT = WLF, and the required input constants are:
For the Tool-Narayanaswamy shift function, TBOPT = TN, and the required input constants are:
The second form of the Tool-Narayanaswamy shift function includes an evolving fictive temperature.
The fictive temperature is used to model material processes that contain an intrinsic equilibrium tem-
perature that is different from the ambient temperature of the material. The shift function is given by:
(4.26)
where:
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Viscoelasticity
X = weight parameter
TF = absolute fictive temperature.
The partial fictive temperatures are calculated in the relative temperature scale defined by the input
material parameters. The evolving fictive temperature is given by:
(4.27)
where:
(4.28)
where:
The fictive temperature model modifies the volumetric thermal strain model and gives an incremental
thermal strain as:
(4.29)
where:
ΔT = temperature increment over the time step. The temperature increment in the first increment
is the body temperature at the end of the increment minus the fictive thermal strain reference
temperature, Tref, defined in the shift function table. If Tref is 0 or undefined in the shift function
table, the shift function reference temperature, Tr, is used to calculate the temperature increment
in the first time step.
α g and α l = glass and liquid coefficients, respectively, of thermal expansion given by:
(4.30)
(4.31)
Equation 4.30 (p. 97) and Equation 4.31 (p. 97) are evaluated at the relative current and fictive temper-
atures.
For the Tool-Narayanaswamy with fictive temperature shift function, TBOPT = FICT, NPTS = nf, and the
required input constants are:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
Given the input parameters, the routine must evolve the internal state variables, then return the current
and half-step shifted time.
Assuming that the strain varies harmonically and that all transient effects have subsided, Equa-
tion 4.9 (p. 91) has the form:
(4.32)
where:
Comparing Equation 4.32 (p. 98) to the harmonic equation of motion, the material stiffness is due to
the storage moduli and the material damping matrix is due to the loss moduli divided by the frequency.
(4.33)
(4.34)
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Viscoelasticity
Input of the Prony series parameters for a viscoelastic material in harmonic analyses follows the input
method for viscoelasticity in the time domain detailed above.
Storage and loss moduli can also be input as piecewise linear functions of frequency on a
data table for experimental data. Isotropic elastic moduli can be input for the complex shear, bulk and
tensile modulus as well as the complex Poisson's ratio.
The points for the experimental data table (input via the TBPT command) have frequency as the inde-
pendent variable, and the dependent variables are the real component, imaginary component, and
tan(δ). If the imaginary component is empty or zero for the data point, the tan(δ) value is used to de-
termine it; otherwise tan(δ) is not used.
Input complex shear modulus on an experimental data table (TB,EXPE) with TBOPT = GMODULUS. The
data points are defined by:
Position Value
1 f
2
3
4
Input complex bulk modulus on an experimental data table (TB,EXPE) with TBOPT = KMODULUS. The
data points are defined by:
Position Value
1 f
2
3
4
Input complex tensile modulus on an experimental data table (TB,EXPE) with TBOPT = EMODULUS.
The data points are defined by:
Position Value
1 f
2
3
4
Input complex Poisson's ratio on an experimental data table (TB,EXPE) with TBOPT = NUXY. The data
points are defined by:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
Position Value
1 f
2
3
4
Using experimental data to define the complex constitutive model requires elastic constants (defined
via MP or by an elastic data table [TB,ELASTIC]). The elastic constants are unused if two sets of complex
modulus experimental data are defined. This model also requires an empty Prony data table (TB,PRONY)
with TBOPT = EXPERIMENTAL.
Two elastic constants are required to define the complex constitutive model. If only one set of experi-
mental data for a complex modulus is defined, the Poisson's ratio (defined via MP or by elastic data
table) is used as the second elastic constant.
Frequency-temperature superposition can be used with either the Prony series complex modulus or
any of the experimental data for complex moduli or Poisson's ratio.
4.7.3.4. Stress
The magnitude of the real and imaginary stress components are obtained from expanding Equa-
tion 4.32 (p. 98) and using the storage and loss moduli from either the Prony series parameters or the
experimental data:
(4.35)
(4.36)
where:
4.8. Microplane
The microplane model (TB,MPLANE) is based on research by Bazant and Gambarova [1][2] in which the
material behavior is modeled through uniaxial stress-strain laws on various planes.
The model is well suited for simulating engineering materials consisting of various aggregate composi-
tions with differing properties (for example, concrete modeling, in which rock and sand are embedded
in a weak matrix of cements).
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Microplane
1. Apply a kinematic constraint to relate the macroscopic strain tensors to their microplane counterparts.
2. Define the constitutive laws on the microplane levels, where unidirectional constitutive equations (such
as stress and strain components) are applied on each microplane.
3. Relate the homogenization process on the material point level to derive the overall material response.
(Homogenization is based on the principle of energy equivalence.)
The microplane material model formulation is based on the assumption that microscopic free energy
Ψmic on the microplane level exists and that the integral of Ψmic over all microplanes is equivalent to a
macroscopic free Helmholtz energy Ψmac [3], expressed as:
The factor results from the integration of the sphere of unit radius with respect to the area Ω.
The strains and stresses at microplanes are additively decomposed into volumetric and deviatoric parts,
respectively, based on the volumetric-deviatoric (V-D) split.
where V is the second-order volumetric projection tensor and 1 the second-order identity tensor.
where Π is the fourth-order identity tensor and the vector n describes the normal on the microsphere
(microplane).
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where σv and σ D are the scalar volumetric stress and the deviatoric stress tensor on the microsphere,
and .
and
where Kmic and Gmic are microplane elasticity parameters and can be interpreted as a sort of microplane
bulk and shear modulus.
The integrals of the macroscopic strain (p. 102) equation and the derived stresses (p. 102) equation are
solved via numerical integration:
4.8.1.1. Discretization
Discretization is the transfer from the microsphere to microplanes which describe the approximate form
of the sphere. Forty-two microplanes are used for the numerical integration. Due to the symmetry of
the microplanes (where every other plane has the same normal direction), 21 microplanes are considered
and summarized.[3]
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Microplane
where I1 is the first invariant of the strain tensor ε, J2 is the second invariant of the deviatoric part of
the strain tensor ε, and k0, k1, and k2 are material parameters that characterize the form of damage
function. The equivalent strain function (p. 103) implies the Mises-Hencky-Huber criterion for k0 = k1 =
0, and k2 = 1, and the Drucker-Prager-criterion for k0 > 0, k1 = 0, and k2 = 1.
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where α mic defines the maximal degradation, βmic determines the rate of damage evolution, and
characterizes the equivalent strain on which the material damaging starts (damage starting boundary).
The following figure shows the evolution of the damage variable d as a function of equivalent strain
ηmic for the implemented exponential damage model:
For postprocessing, the maximum damage is defined as the maximum value of microplane damage
values . The macroscopic damage is defined by:
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Geomechanics
E is Young’s modulus and ν is Poisson’s ratio. Both are microplane elastic properties and are defined
via the MP command.
The parameters k0, k1, k2, , and βmic are defined via the TB command (TB,MPLANE).
TB,MPLAN,MAT,NTEMP,NPTS,TBOPT
TBDATA,1,C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6
1. Bazant, Z. P., P.G. Gambarova .“Crack Shear in Concrete: Crack Band Microplane Model.” Journal of Structural
Engineering . 110 (1984): 2015-2036.
2. Bazant, Z. P., B. H. Oh.“Microplane Model for Progressive Fracture of Concrete and Rock.” Journal for Engin-
eering Mechanics . 111 (1985): 559-582.
3. Leukart, M., E. Ramm.“A Comparison of Damage Models Formulated on Different Material Scales.” Compu-
tational Materials Science. 28.3-4 (2003): 749-762.
4.9. Geomechanics
Geomechanics encompasses the mechanical behavior of soil, rock, and aggregate materials in both
their natural and man-made states. Applications for these material models include footings and pilings,
tunneling, excavations, seismic events, and compaction or consolidation. Other applications include
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material failure along stress concentrations or weak regions such as the failure of intact and jointed
rock, masonry structures, and the crushing or failure behavior of concrete.
The material behavior is characterized by an initial elastic response followed by plastic deformation and
unloading from the plastic state recovers the elastic deformation. The plasticity is a result of the micro-
scopic behavior of the material particles and includes shear loading that causes particles to move past
one another, changes in void or fluid content that result in volumetric plasticity, and exceeding the
cohesive forces between the particles or aggregates.
The following topics about geomechanical plasticity theory, behavior and model definition are available:
4.9.1. Understanding the Material Models for Geomechanics
4.9.2. Cam-clay
4.9.3. Mohr-Coulomb
4.9.4. Jointed Rock
4.9.5. Drucker-Prager Concrete
4.9.6. Menetrey-Willam
For related information, see Porous Elasticity in the Mechanical APDL Material Reference and Initial State
in the Mechanical APDL Advanced Analysis Guide.
Several of the yield surfaces for the geomechanics materials are defined by multiple surfaces. The
elastic domain is the interior of the intersection of the surfaces, resulting in a continuous but non-
smooth composite yield surface. Yielding and plastic deformation on one of the yield surfaces is the
same as for other rate-independent plasticity models. Plasticity and yielding can also occur at the inter-
section of two or more yield surfaces, resulting in plastic behavior that is a combination of the multiple
yield surfaces [1].
When yielding occurs on multiple yield surfaces, the plastic strain increment is given by:
where is the increment in plastic strain, ranges over the set of active yield surfaces, is the
magnitude of the plastic strain increment, and is the flow potential.
The hardening or softening of the yield surfaces is a function of the hardening variable given by:
where is the increment in the hardening variable and is the hardening modulus.
The incremental equations for rate-independent multisurface plasticity result in a system of nonlinear
equations for the plastic strain increment, hardening variable increment and stress. One of two well-
known integration methods, commonly called return mapping methods, is used to solve these equations:
(1) the closest-point projection; and (2) the cutting-plane method. The details for these methods can
be found in [2], but other considerations apply.
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Geomechanics
The closest-point projection is the more accurate method but generally has a smaller radius of conver-
gence and can diverge when the stress state is near the intersection of two or more yield surfaces. This
method returns a consistent material tangent, generally resulting in rapid convergence of the Newton-
Raphson iterations. For multisurface yielding, however, the consistent tangent can be incorrect when
the activity of the yield surfaces changes over an increment; although this behavior has no effect on
the accuracy of the converged solution, it can affect the convergence rate. The closest-point projection
is used to solve all of the geomechanics models except for the Mohr-Coulomb (p. 114) and jointed
rock (p. 118) models.
While the cutting-plane method tends to be more stable, it is less accurate, and does not have a con-
sistent material tangent (instead using the material elastic tangent). The accuracy of the model can be
checked heuristically by reducing the strain increments to determine if the solution changes. Use of an
elastic material tangent reduces the rate of convergence of the Newton-Raphson iterations for the
global system of equations, but does not affect the accuracy of the converged solution. The cutting-
plane method is used to solve Mohr-Coulomb and jointed rock models.
• Cutting-plane algorithm
The Mohr-Coulomb and jointed rock materials use the cutting-plane algorithm to solve the system
of nonlinear equations that determine the material state at each element integration point. The al-
gorithm tends to be more robust for these materials because of the non-smooth yield surface; however,
it also results in an elastic material tangent, reducing the convergence rate of the Newton-Raphson
iterations for the global system of equations. It may be necessary therefore to increase the maximum
number of equilibrium iteration (NEQIT). Also, the elastic material tangent affects the results of any
subsequent analyses that depend on the material stiffness (such as a perturbation analysis).
When the plastic flow direction is not associated with the stress direction, the material tangent is
unsymmetric. This unassociated flow occurs when the plastic potential is different from the yield
surface. For such cases, the convergence rate can be increased by using the unsymmetric solver
(NROPT).
The plastic behavior for some of the geomechanical materials represents the sudden failure typical
of geotechnical and aggregate materials. The behavior includes perfect plasticity and non-smooth
or continuous softening, where further loading does not experience any resistance to deformation.
The behavior can cause convergence difficulty for the global Newton-Raphson iterations.
The best method for overcoming the problem is to design a simulation that includes only localized
yielding, with surrounding structure that prevents uncontrolled deformation of the areas of the mesh
that have failed or softened. In some cases where the material has failed, stabilization or using a
transient analysis can prevent uncontrolled deformation. In general, displacement boundary conditions
that are applied or transferred through the mesh to material that has failed are more easily solved
than similar force boundary conditions.
Material failure can often result in a localized area of high deformation (representing the total failure
of the material). The localization is a smeared representation of a crack, shear band,or other failure,
but the details of the localization often depend on the simulation setup (including mesh size, substep
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size or loading rate, and material tangent formulation). While the predicted failure region might be
accurate, the details of the localization are often unreliable.
4.9.1.2. Nomenclature
Following are the common symbols used in the geomechanical theory documentation:
Initial yield surface size parameter Residual tensile relative stress points
Minimum yield surface size parameter Plastic strain limit in tension
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Geomechanics
4.9.1.3. Resources
The following list of resources offers more information about geomechanical plasticity:
1. Simo, J. C., J. G. Kennedy, S. Govindjee. "Non-smooth multisurface plasticity and viscoplasticity. Loading/un-
loading conditions and numerical algorithms." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering.
26.10 (1988): 2161-2185.
3. Roscoe, K., J. B. Burland. "On the Generalised Stress-Strain Behaviour of Wet Clay." Engineering Plasticity.
169.1 (1968): 535-609.
4. Wood, D. M. Soil Behaviour and Critical State Soil Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
5. Bazant, Z. P., B. H. Oh. "Crack Band Theory for Fracture of Concrete." Materials and Structures. 16.3 (1983):
155-177.
4.9.2. Cam-clay
The modified Cam-clay plasticity model [3] is based on the critical state concept and is commonly used
for soil simulation. The critical state concept is a material phenomenon common in the shear deformation
of soils where the stress and volume remain constant after a critical state of deformation, and further
loading causes increasing plastic strain but no increase in volume or stress. The Cam-clay plasticity
model, combined with porous elasticity, models the effect of voids on the elastic behavior of the ma-
terial.
(4.37)
where , , and are material parameters. The modified Cam-clay model uses an associated flow
rule, so the flow potential is the same as the yield function and plastic flow is normal to the yield surface.
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Pressure is a function of elastic volumetric strain and void ratio and is defined by the porous elasticity
model. The modified stress invariant is:
and
where and are the second and third principal invariants of the stress tensor, respectively, and
is a material parameter that modifies the shape of the yield surface.
In the following figure, the yield surface is plotted in the octahedral plane (the intersection of the yield
surface with a plane of constant pressure and plotted in principal stress space):
gives a circular yield surface and decreasing values cause the surface to become more triangular.
To ensure that the yield surface is convex, is required.
In the following figure, the yield surface is plotted as effective stress versus pressure (q-p plane):
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Geomechanics
The critical state is then defined by the intersection of the yield surface with a line of slope . The
intersection, or critical state, is at the maximum value of effective stress.
Stress states above the critical state line are over-consolidated, and stress states below the line are nor-
mally-consolidated.
The plastic strain is normal to the yield surface so that yielding for over-consolidated states results in
a decreasing plastic volumetric strain, and yielding for normally-consolidated states results in an increase
in plastic volumetric strain. At the intersection of the critical state line with the yield surface, yielding
causes no change in the plastic volume.
The part of the yield surface above the critical state line is called the dry yield surface and the yield
surface below it is the wet yield surface. The parameter modifies the shape of the yield surface, and
separate values are used for the wet and dry surfaces. On the dry yield surface, is proportional to
the cohesion. For no cohesion, and the yield surface includes no tensile stress states. As
increases, the elastic range for tensile stress states increases. For typical soil behavior, increases by
only a few percent, whereas for high cohesion materials such as metal foams, can increase signific-
antly.
Similar to a yield stress, is a hardening or softening variable controlling the size of the yield surface.
The initial size is defined by the parameter , and the hardening/softening behavior is given by:
where is the initial porosity and is the swell index defined with the porous elasticity parameters.
is a parameter for plastic slope from the assumed linear relationship between void ratio and natural
log of the pressure during plastic deformation .
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Figure 4.24: Linear Relationship Between Void Ratio and Natural Log of Pressure
Because is the slope of this line during elastic loading, must be larger than and is typically 3 to
6 times the value of .
The following figure shows the behavior of , where hardening occurs when the material is consolid-
ating due to yielding above the critical state, and softening occurs when the materials is dilating due
to yielding below the critical state:
When defining an initial stress state, the stress should be inside or on the yield surface. If the initial
stress is outside the yield surface, is adjusted so that the initial stress state is on the yield surface.
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Geomechanics
Softening of can reduce the size of the yield surface and cause numerical difficulties. To prevent the
yield surface from becoming too small, the minimum size is set via the parameter .
1. Define the porous elasticity material model (TB,PELAS,,,,POISSON) and required constants.
Define temperature- or field-dependent data for the data tables via the TBTEMP or TBFIELD commands,
respectively.
! Porous elasticity
Kappa = 0.0024
NU0 = 0.279
pt_el = 5.835
E0 = 0.34
p0 = 69
TB,PELAS,1,,,POISSON
TBDATA,1, Kappa, pt_el, NU0, E0
! Cam-clay Plasticity
Lambda_F = 0.014
Mc = 1.24
a0 = 35
ah_min = 0.35
Beta_Dry = 1
Beta_Wet = 1
Ks = 1
TB,SOIL,1,,,CAMCLAY
TBDATA,1, Lambda_F, Mc, a0, ah_min
TBDATA,5, Beta_Dry, Beta_Wet, Ks
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/solu
!define initial stress state
INISTATE,set,dtyp,stre
INISTATE,defi,all,,,,-p0,-p0,-p0,0,0,0
4.9.3. Mohr-Coulomb
Aggregate materials such as soil, rock and concrete begin to plastically deform when the shear stress
exceeds the internal friction resistance between the material particles. The friction resistance is a function
of the normal force between the particles. Use the Mohr-Coulomb material model to represent such
aggregate materials.
The model defines yielding when the combination of pressure and shear stress reaches the cohesion
of the material particles. Yielding occurs when the shear stress on any plane in the material reaches
this criterion:
where is the shear stress, is the cohesion, is the mean stress, and is the inner friction angle.
In the following figure, the cohesion is the shear stress that causes yielding when the mean stress is
zero and the friction angle defines the increase in the yield condition as the mean stress increases:
The friction angle is proportional to the stress required to shear particles past one another. Materials
such as loose sand, in which the particles can easily move past one another, have relatively low friction
angles.
where:
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Geomechanics
After initial yield for the Mohr-Coulomb model, the yield function reduces to the residual strength yield
surface:
where is the residual cohesion and is the residual inner friction angle. To ensure a decrease in
the yield strength, the residual yield surface constants should satisfy:
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The Mohr-Coulomb yield surface can be combined with a tension-failure surface to limit the material
strength in tension. The tension yield surface is defined by a Rankine yield surface:
After initial yield on the Rankine surface, the tension-failure surface reduces to the residual Rankine
yield surface:
Tension cutoff is defined at the intersection of the Mohr-Coulomb and Rankine yield surfaces:
When the tension cutoff is defined, the residual Mohr-Coulomb yield surface parameters should satisfy:
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Geomechanics
The residual strength of the Mohr-Coulomb surface and the tension-failure surfaces can be coupled so
that when yielding occurs on one surface, the other yield surface is reduced to the residual strength
yield function. The value of the flag defines the coupling:
1. Define the isotropic or anisotropic elastic behavior (via MP commands or via the elastic material data table
[TB,ELASTIC]).
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To define the optional tension Rankine yield surface, define the material data table (TB,MC,,,,RCUT) and
input the following constants (TBDATA):
To define the optional residual strength coupling, define the material data table (TB,MC,,,,RSC) and input
the following constant (TBDATA):
Define temperature- or field-dependent data for the data tables via the TBTEMP or TBFIELD commands,
respectively.
TB,MC,1,,,BASE
TBDATA,1,phi,c,psi,phir,cr
TB,MC,1,,,RCUT
TBDATA,1,sigt,sigtr
TB,MC,1,,,RSC
TBDATA,1,0
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Geomechanics
The behavior of the planes is defined by an anisotropic Mohr-Coulomb yield surface that depends on
the normal and shear stress on the face of the planes. The planes are embedded in a base material that
can be modeled as either elastic, or elastic-plastic with an isotropic Mohr-Coulomb yield surface.
If the Mohr-Coulomb base material is not defined, the program considers the base material to be
elastic, and the only plastic behavior occurs in the joints.
where is the magnitude of the resolved shear stress on the failure plane, is the normal stress on
the failure plane, is the failure plane friction angle, and is the failure plane cohesion.
After the failure plane yields, the residual yield surface of the failure plane is given by:
A tension cutoff can be defined to limit the normal stress on the plane. The tension-cutoff yield surface
is:
The following figure shows the anisotropic Mohr-Coulomb yield surface for a plane with normal
:
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Figure 4.29: Joint Failure Surface Superimposed on Mohr-Coulomb with Tension-Cutoff Yield
Surface
The failure plane yield surface is superimposed on the base material yield surface, a Mohr-Coulomb
model with a tension cutoff.
The following figure shows the composite yield surface in the tension region of the stress space in
which the failure crops off a portion of the yield surface of the base material:
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Figure 4.30: Composite Yield Surface of Jointed Rock with Mohr-Coulomb Base Material
The joints are oriented relative to the element coordinate system. By default, the plane has a normal
in the z direction. The plane can be reoriented by defining angles and , where the plane is first
rotated about the negative z axis by angle and then rotated about the plane's y axis by angle .
The orientation of the failure plane normal is:
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The plane has a local coordinate system initially aligned with the element coordinate system.
It is reoriented by rotation about the z axis, then rotation about the plane v axis.
The failure surfaces of the base material and the joints can be coupled by defining the residual strength
coupling flag , as follows:
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1. Define the isotropic or anisotropic elastic behavior (via MP commands or via the elastic material data table
[TB,ELASTIC]).
In this case, the base model uses the elastic constants (from MP or TB,ELASTIC), and the only plastic
behavior occurs in the joints.
To use the jointed rock material model with an elastic-plastic (Mohr-Coulomb) base:
1. Define the isotropic or anisotropic elastic behavior (via MP commands or via the elastic material data table
[TB,ELASTIC]).
To define the optional tension Rankine yield surface for the base material, define the material data table
(TB,JROCK,,,,RCUT) and input the following constants (TBDATA):
Table 4.8: Tension Yield Surface for the Base Material (Optional)
To define the optional residual strength coupling, define the material data table (TB,JROCK,,,,RSC) and
input the following constant (TBDATA):
Table 4.9: Residual Strength Coupling for the Base Material (Optional)
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After defining a new joint, you can then specify the optional failure plane tensile strength
(TB,JROCK,,,,FTCUT) and the failure plane orientation (TB,JROCK,,,,FORIE).
To initiate a new joint set and specify the failure plane yield and flow-potential parameters:
To define the optional tension yield surface for the joint, define the material data table (TB,JROCK,,,,FTCUT)
and input the following constants (TBDATA):
To define the optional orientation of the failure plane for the joint, define the material data table
(TB,JROCK,,,,FORIE) and input the following constants (TBDATA):
Define temperature- or field-dependent data for the data tables via the TBTEMP or TBFIELD commands,
respectively.
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Geomechanics
Example 4.23: Defining the Jointed Rock Model with an Elastic-Plastic (Mohr-Coulomb) Base
/prep7
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
MP,EX,1,20.0E9
MP,NUXY,1,0.2
TB,JROCK,1,,,BASE
TBDATA,1,phi,c,psi,phir,cr
TB,JROCK,1,,,RCUT
TBDATA,1,sigt,sigtr
TB,JROCK,1,,,RSC
TBDATA,1,0
! Joint 1
TB,JROCK,1,,,FPLANE
TBDATA,1,phi_j,c_j,psi_j,phir_j,cr_j
TB,JROCK,1,,,FORIE
TBDATA,1,alpha_j,beta_j
! Joint 2
TB,JROCK,1,,,FPLANE
TBDATA,1,phi_j,c_j,psi_j,phir_j,cr_j
TB,JROCK,1,,,FTCUT
TBDATA,1,sigt_j,sigtr_j
TB,JROCK,1,,,FORIE
TBDATA,1,alpha_j,beta_j
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• A composite surface consisting of a Rankine tension failure surface and a Drucker-Prager surface in compres-
sion
The Drucker-Prager yield surfaces are similar to the linear form of the Extended Drucker-Prager yield
surface.
Joints represent failure along planes of weakness, such as geometric stress concentrations or inhomo-
geneous material regions. The Drucker-Prager concrete model can be combined with the anisotropic
Mohr-Coulomb (p. 114) model to represent joints in the concrete material. (The anisotropic Mohr-Coulomb
model is the same as the jointed rock (p. 118) failure plane model.) The composite Drucker-Prager and
Rankine surface cannot be used with joints.
The following topics about the Drucker-Prager concrete material model are available:
4.9.5.1.Yield Surfaces and Flow Potentials
4.9.5.2. Defining the Drucker-Prager Concrete Model
where and are constants defined by the uniaxial tensile strength and uniaxial compressive
strength :
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Geomechanics
and are hardening/softening functions in compression and tension, which depend on the stress
and hardening variables . For a definition of and the specific forms of the hardening/softening
functions, see Hardening, Softening and Dilatation (HSD) Behavior (p. 130).
For the Drucker-Prager yield surface in tension and tension-compression, the flow potential is:
The Rankine tension failure surface is useful for representing the brittle tensile behavior of concrete.
The surface defines yielding when the largest principal stress exceeds the tensile strength and is given
by:
The flow potential is the Rankine surface when there is only one positive principal stress. When more
than one principal stress is positive, a smooth approximation of the Rankine surface is used as the po-
tential surface, resulting in nonassociated flow.
where the constants and are related to the biaxial compressive strength and uniaxial com-
pressive strength by:
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Figure 4.32: Composite Surface with Drucker-Prager Compression and Drucker-Prager Tension
Yield Surfaces
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Geomechanics
Figure 4.33: 2-D Yield Surfaces Showing Drucker-Prager and Rankine Surfaces
1. Define the isotropic or anisotropic elastic behavior (via MP commands or via the elastic material data
table [TB,ELASTIC]).
The following table shows the Drucker-Prager yield strength parameters ( TB ,CONCR,,,,DP):
Note
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To use the Rankine tension surface, define the material data table (TB,CONCR,,,,RCUT) and input the
uniaxial tension strength:
When using the composite Drucker-Prager with Drucker-Prager tension surface, dilatancy parameters
are optional. The composite Drucker-Prager with Rankine surface requires a compression dilatancy
parameter.
• You must also define the hardening, softening, and (where applicable) dilatation (HSD) (p. 130) behavior.
• You cannot define failure joints (p. 138), as they are valid only in the perfectly plastic base Drucker-Prager
concrete model with associated flow (TB,CONCR,,,,DP).
To define dilatancy parameters, define the material data table (TB,CONCR,,,,DILA) and input the following
constants (TBDATA):
Note
The following additional topics are available for defining the Drucker-Prager concrete material model:
4.9.5.2.1. Hardening, Softening and Dilatation (HSD) Behavior
4.9.5.2.2. Representing Weak Joints in Concrete
4.9.5.2.3. Example Drucker-Prager Concrete Definitions
When using the Drucker-Prager tension surface, you can use any of the HSD models. When using the
Rankine tension surface, the linear, exponential and fracture energy HSD models are available. If no
HSD model is defined, the program uses perfect plasticity.
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Geomechanics
The hardening and softening behavior of the yield surfaces is defined by and , respectively. In the
case of the steel reinforcement (p. 133) HSD model, you can also specify the evolution of the tensile
dilatation .
The and functions evolve based on the hardening variable . The general form of the hardening
variable evolution is:
where:
Except in special cases, the hardening variable is different from the equivalent plastic strain.
To help overcome mesh-dependent softening behavior, the exponential softening model for the tension
yield function and the fracture energy model for the compression yield function are normalized with
an effective element length . For 3-D elements, the effective element length is the cube root of the
integration point volume. For 2-D elements, it is the square root of the integration point volume. For
1-D elements, the effective element length is the integration point volume.
With the HSD models, the total energy dissipated in a localized failure or crack band approaches the
area-specific fracture energy [5].
The yield function in tension, , is given by an exponential softening function where the volumetric
energy dissipated in softening is proportional to the Mode I area-specific fracture energy in tension :
(4.38)
where:
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where is the effective element length and E is the Young's Modulus, giving the following relation for
energy dissipated during softening of the tension yield function:
To limit the softening, set the relative residual stress level to give perfect plasticity when the yield
function (Equation 4.38 (p. 131)) is less than .
To define exponential softening, define the material data table (TB,CONCR,,,,HSD2) and input the following
constants (TBDATA):
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Geomechanics
The yield function in compression, , is given by the nonlinear hardening function and a linear
softening function (p. 136), with the ultimate effective plastic strain defined as .
The yield function in tension, , is defined by a multilinear law for the residual relative strength of
steel reinforcement. The multilinear softening is defined by the relative stress vs. effective plastic strain
points defined in this figure:
The dilatancy factor in tension, , is defined by a multilinear function. The points defining the dilatancy
factor as a function of effective plastic strain are shown in this figure:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
The parameter for tension dilatancy (entered in the dilatancy table [TB,CONCR,,,,DILA]) is not used. The
compression dilatancy is constant.
To define the steel reinforcement HSD model, define the material data table (TB,CONCR,,,,HSD4) and
input the following constants (TBDATA):
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Geomechanics
The yield function in compression, , is given by a nonlinear hardening function and a volumetric
fracture energy based softening function. The hardening from to is given above in Equa-
tion 4.40 (p. 136). Softening begins to occur at and the yield function is:
(4.39)
where:
The relative residual stress level can be set to limit the softening and give perfect plasticity when
the yield function (Equation 4.39 (p. 135)) is less than .
The yield function in tension, , is given by the exponential softening function described in Exponential
HSD Model (TB,CONCR,,,,HSD2) (p. 131).
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To define fracture energy softening, define the material data table (TB,CONCR,,,,HSD5) and input the
following constants (TBDATA):
The yield function in compression, , is given by a nonlinear hardening function and a linear softening
function. The relative stress level at the onset of nonlinear hardening is with a hardening yield
function:
(4.40)
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Geomechanics
The yield function in tension, , is given by a linear softening function. The relative yield stress is equal
to 1 at initial yielding, decreases to the relative residual stress when the effective plastic strain is
, and is constant for .
To define linear softening, define the material data table (TB,CONCR,,,,HSD6) and input the following
constants (TBDATA):
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Important
You can define joints in the Drucker-Prager concrete model only with the elastic, perfectly
plastic base model with associated flow (TB,CONCR,,,,DP). Joints are not applicable when
specifying the optional Drucker-Prager dilitancy parameters (TB,CONCR,,,,DILA).
You can define up to four joints. Each joint requires failure plane yield- and flow-potential parameters
(TB,CONCR,,,,FPLANE). Each joint definition creates a new set of joint parameters.
After defining a new joint, you can then specify the optional failure plane tensile strength (TB,CON-
CR,,,,FTCUT) and the failure plane orientation (TB,CONC,,,,FORIE).
To initiate a new joint parameter set and specify the failure plane yield and flow-potential para-
meters:
To define the optional tension yield surface for the joint, define the material data table (TB,CON-
CR,,,,FTCUT) and input the following constants (TBDATA):
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Geomechanics
To define the optional orientation of the failure plane for the joint, define the material data table
(TB,CONCR,,,,FORIE) and input the following constants (TBDATA):
! Linear hardening/softening
kappa_cm=0.0025-Rc/20.0E9
kappa_cr=0.0025
omega_ci=0.33
omega_cr=0.1
kappa_tr=0.0005
omega_tr=0.2
TB,CONCR,1,,,DP
TBDATA,1,Rc,Rt,Rb
TB,CONCR,1,,,DILA
TBDATA,1,delta_t,delta_c
TB,CONCR,1,,,HSD6
TBDATA,1,kappa_cm,kappa_cr,omega_ci,omega_cr,kappa_tr,omega_tr
Example 4.25: Defining the Drucker-Prager Concrete Model with Failure Joints
/prep7
! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
MP,EX,1,20.0E9
MP,NUXY,1,0.2
TB,CONCR,1,,,DP
TBDATA,1,Rc,Rt,Rb
! Joint 1
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TB,CONCR,1,,,FPLANE
TBDATA,1,phi_j,c_j,psi_j,phir_j,cr_j
TB,CONCR,1,,,FORIE
TBDATA,1,alpha_j,beta_j
! Joint 2
TB,CONCR,1,,,FPLANE
TBDATA,1,phi_j,c_j,psi_j,phir_j,cr_j
TB,CONCR,1,,,FTCUT
TBDATA,1,sigt_j,sigtr_j
TB,CONCR,1,,,FORIE
TBDATA,1,alpha_j,beta_j
4.9.6. Menetrey-Willam
The Menetrey-Willam constitutive model [1] is based on the Willam-Warnke yield surface [2], incorpor-
ating dependence on three independent invariants of the stress tensor.
The Willam-Warnke surface is similar to the Mohr-Coulomb (p. 114) surface, but without the sharp edges
that can cause difficulty in the Mohr-Coulomb surface stress solution. It also shares some characteristics
with the Drucker-Prager (p. 126) model and can model similar materials. The Menetrey-Willam model,
however, is generally better for simulating the behavior of bonded aggregates such as concrete.
• Uniaxial compression ( )
• Biaxial compression ( )
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Geomechanics
where is a material parameter, and and are the compression and tension-hardening/softening
functions that depend on the compression or tension-hardening variables and .
where and are functions of the material parameters and the hardening softening functions
and
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with the first principal invariant of the stress tensor, and and the second and third principal
invariants of the deviatoric stress tensor:
where:
and is the dilatancy angle. The flow potential gives unassociated plastic flow and results in an unsym-
metric consistent material tangent.
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Geomechanics
To define the Menetrey-Willam yield strength parameters, define the material data table (TB,CON-
CRETE,,,,MW) and input the following constants (TBDATA):
To define the dilatancy angle, define the material data table (TB,CONCRETE,,,,DILA) and input the following
constant (TBDATA):
To help overcome mesh-dependent softening behavior, the fracture-energy model is normalized with
an effective element length :
With the fracture-energy model, the total energy dissipated in a localized failure or crack band approaches
the area-specific fracture energy [3].
(4.41)
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The yield function in tension, , is given by a linear softening function. The relative yield stress is equal
to 1 at initial yielding, decreases to the relative residual stress when the effective plastic strain is
, and is constant for .
To specify linear softening, define the material data table (TB,CONCRETE,,,,HSD6) and input the following
constants (TBDATA):
and for :
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The yield function in tension, , is given by an exponential softening function where the volumetric
energy dissipated in softening is proportional to the mode I area specific fracture energy in tension
:
(4.43)
where:
where is the effective element length and is the Young’s Modulus, giving the following relation
for energy dissipated during softening of the tension yield function:
To limit the softening, set the relative residual stress level to give perfect plasticity when the yield
function calculated via Equation 4.43 (p. 145) is less than .
To define exponential softening, define the material data table (TB,CONCRETE,,,,HSD2) and input the
following constants (TBDATA):
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Nonlinear Material Properties
kappa_tr=0.0005
omega_tr=0.2
TB,CONCRETE,1,,,MW
TBDATA,1,Rc,Rt,Rb
TB,CONCRETE,1,,,DILA
TBDATA,1,psi
TB,CONCRETE,1,,,HSD6
TBDATA,1,kappa_cm,kappa_cr,omega_ci,omega_cr,kappa_tr,omega_tr
4.9.6.5. References
1. Menetrey, P. "Numerical Analysis of Punching Failure in Reinforced Concrete Structures." Diss. Ecole Poly-
technique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1994. Infoscience. Web.
2. Willam, K. J. and E. P. Warnke. "Constitutive Models for the Triaxial Behavior of Concrete." Seminar on Concrete
Structures Subjected to Triaxial Stresses. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering. 19
(1975): 1-30.
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Porous Media
3. Bazant, Z. P., B. H. Oh. "Microplane Model for Progressive Fracture of Concrete and Rock." Journal for Engin-
eering Mechanics . 111 (1985): 559-582.
Many natural materials (such as rocks, soil and zeolites), biological materials (such as bones, tissue, wood
and cork), and man-made materials (such as cements and ceramics) can be considered porous media.
Pore structure geometry is inherently complicated. For engineering purposes, many of their important
properties/characters can only be rationalized at a macroscopic scale by considering them to be porous
media. Mechanics involving porous media must include mechanical response and fluid flow, requiring
a coupled structural-pore-fluid-diffusion-thermal analysis.
Also see Porous Media Flow in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference and Initial Degree of Saturation
and Relative Permeability Application in the Mechanical APDL Advanced Analysis Guide.
(4.44)
where:
4.10.1.1. Permeability
Permeability is a measure of the porous media's ability to allow fluids (gas or liquid) to flow through it.
The higher the permeability of the porous media, the faster fluids can move through it. Permeability is
affected by pressure.
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Generally, permeability is a 3 x 3 matrix and can be isotropic, orthotropic or anisotropic. To define the
porous media material data-table permeability matrix, issue the TB,PM command.
For more information, see Porous Media Material Properties (p. 150).
where:
= void volume
= solid volume
where:
= displacement
= bulk specific weight of porous media (defined as , where is the solid
skeleton specific weight and is the porosity)
= bulk density of porous media
= applied force
The bulk density of the porous media is entered via the MP,DENS or TB,DENS commands. When solid
and fluid properties are defined (TB,PM,,,,SP or FP) and gravity magnitude is defined (TB,PM,,,,GRAV),
bulk density is calculated as:
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Porous Media
The specific weights of solid and pore fluid are defined via the porous media data table (TB,PM). The
gravity load direction is defined via the specific weight load setting (SSOPT,SFSW).
The mass balance equation for the pore fluid phase is:
(4.46)
where:
= volumetric strain
= compressibility parameter
= thermal expansion coefficient
= temperature
= flow source (Units: Time-1)
The compressibility parameter is calculated from the Biot modulus (TB,PM,,,,BIOT) and partially sat-
urated parameters:
For fully saturated flow the parameters take the following values:
When solid and fluid properties are defined (TB,PM,,,,SP or FP), the compressibility parameter is calculated
using the solid skeleton and fluid modulus as:
(4.47)
where:
The Biot coefficient is input via the TB,PM,,,,BIOT command. However, if solid and fluid properties are
defined (TB,PM,,,,SP/FP), the Biot coefficient is calculated as:
where:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
The constitutive behavior of the solid skeleton is based on effective stress principal that describes
mechanical response of material. The solid part of the model is represented by the effective stress as:
(4.48)
where is the effective stress tensor. In general, the effective stress is a function of time, strain and
other history-dependent solution variables, if any.
The effective stress causes all relevant deformation of the solid skeleton and is related to the elastic
strain tensor via Hooke's law:
(4.49)
where:
where:
The following material-property options (TBOPT) are available for defining porous media:
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Porous Media
Isotropic permeability matrix -- Define only. (The and values are assumed to be .
)
Orthotropic permeability matrix -- Enter three constants: , and . The program assigns
values of zero to the off-diagonal permeability constants ( ).
Anisotropic permeability matrix -- If you define the first six constants ( ),
the program makes the permeability matrix symmetric (that is, ).
General nonsymmetric anisotropic permeability matrix -- Define all nine constants.
All defined constants are based on the element coordinate system. By default, the element coordinate
system is the global coordinate system.
If the Biot coefficient remains undefined, the program assigns a default value of 1. If the Biot modulus
remains undefined, the porous media is assumed to be incompressible.
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Nonlinear Material Properties
If solid property and/or fluid property is defined (TB,PM,,,,SP/FP), the Biot coefficient and Biot modulus
are overwritten with values calculated as described in Porous Media Mechanics (p. 148).
• If the bulk modulus of the solid skeleton is not defined, the solid skeleton is assumed to be incompressible.
• If the specific weight of the solid skeleton is defined, the program considers it to be a body force.
• If the bulk modulus of the fluid is not defined, the fluid is assumed to be incompressible.
• If the specific weight of the fluid is defined, the program considers it to be a body force load.
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Porous Media
If solid and/or fluid properties are defined (TB,PM,,,,SP/FP) and gravity magnitude is defined
(TB,PM,,,,GRAV), bulk density is calculated as described in Porous Media Mechanics (p. 148).
In a geostatic analysis (ANTYPE,SOIL with SSOPT,GEOSTATIC), all transient terms (acceleration and rate)
are ignored.
In a static analysis (ANTYPE,STAT), all acceleration terms and all temperature-rate terms ( ) are ignored.
However, the program uses a special integration scheme to account for the volumetric strain rate ( )
and pressure rate ( ) terms in the mass balance equation for the pore fluid phase (Equation 4.46 (p. 149)).
Partially saturated porous media flow does not introduce any new degrees of freedom to coupled pore-
pressure-thermal elements (CPTnnn); that is, pore pressure is still the extra degree of freedom in addition
to the displacement degrees of freedom). Partially saturated behavior is modeled by introducing two
new parameters, the degree of saturation and the relative permeability, both of which are functions of
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the negative pore pressure. The relationships can be defined in tabular form (TB,PM,,,,DSAT and
TB,PM,,,,RPER, respectively).
CPT damping refers to Rayleigh damping, available for CPTnnn elements via the TB,SDAMP,,,,ALPD/BETD
command.
For more information, see Example: Initial Degree of Saturation and Relative Permeability in the Mech-
anical APDL Advanced Analysis Guide.
4.11. Gasket
The gasket model (TB,GASKET) enables simulating the gasket joints with the interface elements. The
gasket material is usually under compression and is highly nonlinear. The material also exhibits quite
complicated unloading behavior when compression is released.
You can define some general parameters including the initial gap, stable stiffness for numerical stabil-
ization, and stress cap for a gasket in tension. You can also directly input data for the experimentally
measured complex pressure closure curves for the gaskets.
Sub-options are also available to define gasket unloading behavior including linear and nonlinear un-
loading. Linear unloading simplifies the input by defining the starting closure at the compression curves
and the slope. Nonlinear unloading option allows you to directly input unloading curves to more accur-
ately model the gasket unloading behavior. When no unloading curves are defined, the material beha-
vior follows the compression curve while it is unloaded.
Enter the general parameters and the pressure closure behavior data via the TBOPT option on the
TB,GASKET command. Input the material data (TBDATA or TBPT) as shown in the following table:
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Gasket
1. Stable stiffness is used for numerical stabilization. For example, numerical instability can occur when
the gasket is opened up, thus contributing no stiffness to the element nodes. A realistic value of C2
can be given by C2 = (E / h) / K0, where E is the Young's modulus characteristic of the gasket material,
and h is the initial gasket thickness. As the stable stiffness is adopted solely for numerical stabilization,
however, a proper value of C2 should be C2 = C * (E / h) / K0, where C is a small scaling factor (such
as 1E-7).
2. Multiple curves may be required to define the complex nonlinear unloading behavior of a gasket
material.
When there are several nonlinear unloading curves defined, the program requires that the
starting point of each unloading curve be on the compression curve to ensure the gasket un-
loading behavior is correctly simulated. Though it is not a requirement that the temperature
dependency of unloading data be the same as the compression data, when there is a missing
temperature, the program uses linear interpolation to obtain the material data of the missing
temperature. This may result in a mismatch between the compression data and the unloading
data. Therefore, it is generally recommended that the number of temperatures and temperature
points be the same for each unloading curve and compression curve.
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Nonlinear Material Properties
When using the material GUI to enter data for the nonlinear unloading curves, an indicator at
the top of the dialog box states the number of the unloading curve whose data is currently
displayed along with the total number of unloading curves defined for the particular material.
(Example: Curve number 2/5) To enter data for the multiple unloading curves, type the data
for the first unloading curve, then click the Add Curve button and type the data for the second
curve. Repeat this procedure for entering data for the remaining curves. Click the Del Curve
button if you want to remove the curve whose data is currently displayed. Click the > button
to view the data for the next curve in the sequence, or click the < button to view the data for
the previous curve in the sequence. To insert a curve at a particular location in the sequence,
click on the > or < buttons to move to the curve before the insertion location point and click
on the Add Curve button. For example, if the data for Curve number 2/5 is currently displayed
and you click on the Add Curve button, the dialog box changes to allow you to enter data for
Curve number 3/6. You can define a total of 100 nonlinear unloading curves per material.
3. With a known shear modulus G characteristic of the gasket material, the transverse shear stiffness
values TSSxy and TSSxz can be calculated via TSSxy = TSSxz = G / h, where h is the initial gasket
thickness. (Unit = Force/Length2.) If using transverse shear stiffness primarily for overcoming numer-
ical instability; however, the values should be further scaled with a small number C, as in this example:
4. For TBOPT = TSMS, the TSMS, TSXY, TSXZ, and EYY constants are required. If EZZ is not specified, EZZ
= EYY; if EZZ is specified, GYZ and NUYZ are required.
(Unit = Force/Length3.)
You can enter temperature-dependent data (TBTEMP) for any of the gasket data types. For the first
temperature curve, issue TB,GASKET,,,,TBOPT, then input the first temperature using TBTEMP, followed
by the data using either TBDATA or TBPT depending on the value of TBOPT as shown in the table.
The program automatically interpolates the temperature data to the material points using linear inter-
polation. When the temperature is out of the specified range, the closest temperature point is used.
For more information, see Gasket Material in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.
For a detailed description of the gasket joint simulation capability, see Gasket Joints Simulation in the
Structural Analysis Guide.
4.12. Swelling
Swelling (TB,SWELL) is a material enlargement (volume expansion) caused by neutron bombardment
or other effects (such as moisture). The swelling strain rate is generally nonlinear and is a function of
factors such as temperature, time, neutron flux level, stress, and moisture content.
Irradiation-induced swelling and creep apply to metal alloys that are exposed to nuclear radiation.
However, the swelling equations and the fluence input may be completely unrelated to nuclear swelling.
You can also model other types of swelling behavior, such as moisture-induced volume expansion.
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Swelling
where ε is the total strain, εel is the elastic strain, εpl is the plastic strain, εcr is the creep strain, εth is the
thermal strain, and εsw is the swelling strain. The mechanical strain is the total strain minus the thermal
and swelling strains. Swelling strain is assumed to be isotropic. You can combine swelling strain with
other material models such as plasticity and creep; however, you cannot use swelling with any hypere-
lasticity or anisotropic hyperelasticity material model.
Irradiation-induced swelling is generally accompanied by irradiation creep for metals and composites,
such as silicon carbide (SiC). The irradiation-induced swelling strain rate may depend on temperature,
time, fluence (the flux x time), and stress, such as:
where t is time, T is the temperature, Φt is the fluence, and σ is the stress. Temperatures used in the
swelling equations should be based on an absolute scale (TOFFST). Specify temperature and fluence
values via the BF or BFE command.
• Linear swelling defines swelling strain rate as a function of fluence rate, expressed as:
• A user-defined swelling option is available if you wish to create your own swelling function. For more inform-
ation, see userswstrain in the Programmer's Reference.
For highly nonlinear swelling strain vs. fluence curves, it is good practice to use a small fluence step for
better accuracy and solution stability. If time is changing, a constant flux requires a linearly changing
fluence (because the swelling model uses fluence [Φt] rather than flux [Φ]).
Initialize the swelling table (TB,SWELL) with the desired data-table option (TBOPT), as follows:
Issue the TBDATA command to enter the swelling table constants (up to six per command), as shown
in the table.
For a list of the elements that you can use with the swelling model, see Material Model Element Sup-
port (p. 5)
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For more information about this material model, see Swelling in the Structural Analysis Guide.
Such distinct material behavior is due to the material microstructure in which there exists two different
crystallographic structures, one characterized by austenite (A), and another one by martensite (M).
Austenite is the crystallographically more-ordered phase, and martensite is the crystallographically less-
ordered phase. The key characteristic of an SMA is the occurrence of a martensitic phase transformation.
Typically, the austenite is stable at high temperatures and low stress, while the martensite is stable at
low temperatures and high stress. The reversible martensitic phase transformation results in unique
effects: the pseudoelasticity (PE) and the shape memory effect (SME).
As shown by (a) in the following figure, whenever σL is positive, the specimen recovers its original shape
completely and returns to a stress-free configuration (PE).
As shown by (b) in the figure, when σL is negative, residual strains (E and E') can be observed after un-
loading into a stress-free configuration. If the material is heated, then eventually σL becomes positive;
however, the admissible configuration under a stress-free state points to A. The material therefore un-
dergoes an inverse transformation process (SME).
Nitinol
A typical shape memory alloy is Nitinol, a nickel titanium (Ni-Ti) alloy discovered in the 1960s at
the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL). The acronym NiTi-NOL (or Nitinol) has since been
commonly used when referring to Ni-Ti-based shape memory alloys.
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Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)
Two SMA material model options (accessed via TB,SMA) are available, one for simulating superelastic
behavior (p. 159) and the other for simulating the shape memory effect behavior (p. 162) of shape memory
alloys.
The material option for superelasticity is based on Auricchio et al. [1] in which the material undergoes
large-deformation without showing permanent deformation under isothermal conditions, as shown by
(a) in Figure 4.42: Pseudoelasticity (PE) and Shape Memory Effect (SME) (p. 158). The material option for
the shape memory effect is based on the 3-D thermomechanical model for stress-induced solid phase
transformations [2] [3] [4].
Two of the phase transformations are considered here: A->S and S->A. The material is composed of
two phases, the austenite (A) and the martensite (S). Two internal variables, the martensite fraction (ξS)
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Nonlinear Material Properties
and the austenite fraction (ξA), are introduced. One of them is a dependent variable, and they are assumed
to satisfy the relation expressed as:
The material behavior is assumed to be isotropic. The pressure dependency of the phase transformation
is modeled by introducing the Drucker-Prager loading function, as follows:
where α is the material parameter, σ is the stress, and 1 is the identity tensor.
where:
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Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)
AS
AS
s
SA
s
SA
where are the material parameters shown in Figure 4.44: Idealized Stress-Strain Diagram
of Superelastic Behavior (p. 161).
The material parameter α characterizes the material response in tension and compression. If tensile and
compressive behaviors are the same, then α = 0. For a uniaxial tension-compression test, α can be related
to the initial value of austenite to martensite phase transformation in tension and compression
( , respectively) as:
where D is the elastic stiffness tensor, is the transformation strain tensor, and is the material
parameter shown in Figure 4.44: Idealized Stress-Strain Diagram of Superelastic Behavior (p. 161).
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Nonlinear Material Properties
The superelastic SMA option is described by six constants (p. 162) that define the stress-strain behavior
in loading and unloading for the uniaxial stress-state.
For each data set, define the temperature (TBTEMP), then define constants C1 through C6 (p. 162) (TB-
DATA). You can define up to 99 sets of temperature-dependent constants in this manner.
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Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)
where:
Stresses, strains, and the transformation strains are then related as follows:
where S is the deviatoric stress and p is the volumetric stress (also called hydrostatic pressure)
where γ is defined by
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Nonlinear Material Properties
Numerous experimental tests show an asymmetric behavior of SMA in tension and compression, and
suggest describing SMA as an isotropic material with a Prager-Lode-type limit surface. Accordingly, the
following yield function is assumed:
where X tr is the transformation stress, J2 and J3 are the second and third invariants of transformation
stress, m is a material parameter related to Lode dependency, and R is the elastic domain radius.
where ξ is an internal variable and is called as transformation strain multiplier. ξ and F(X tr) must satisfy
the classical Kuhn-Tucker conditions, as follows:
The elastic properties of austenite and martensite phase differ. During the transformation phase, the
elastic stiffness tensor of material varies with the deformation. The elastic stiffness tensor is therefore
assumed to be a function of the transformation strain , defined as:
where D A is the elastic stiffness tensor of austenite phase, and D S is the elastic stiffness tensor of
martensite phase. The Poisson’s ratio of the austenite phase is assumed to be the same as the
martensite phase. When the material is in its austenite phase, D = D A, and when the material undergoes
full transformation (martensite phase), D = D S.
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Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)
Figure 4.45: Admissible Paths for Elastic Behavior and Phase Transformations
The austenite phase is associated with the horizontal region abcd. Mixtures of phases are related to the
surface cdef. The martensite phase is represented by the horizontal region efgh. Point c corresponds
to the nucleation of the martensite phase. Phase transformations take place only along line cf, where
. Saturated phase transformations are represented by paths on line fg. The horizontal
region efgh contains elastic processes except, of course, those on line fg.
A backward Euler integration scheme is used to solve the stress update and the consistent tangent
stiffness matrix required by the finite element solution for obtaining a robust nonlinear solution. Because
the material tangent stiffness matrix is generally unsymmetric, use the unsymmetric Newton-Raphson
option (NROPT,UNSYM) to avoid convergence problems.
The shape memory effect option is described by seven constants (p. 165) that define the stress-strain
behavior of material in loading and unloading cycles for the uniaxial stress-state and thermal loading.
For each data set, define the temperature (TBTEMP), then define constants C1 through C7 (p. 165) (TB-
DATA). You can define up to 99 sets of temperature-dependent constants in this manner.
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Example 4.28: Defining Shape Memory Effect Properties of the Austenite Phase
MP,EX,1,60000.0
MP,NUXY,1,0.36
Define SMA material properties
TB,SMA,1,,,MEFF
TBDATA,1,1000, 223, 50, 2.1, 0.04, 45000
TBDATA,7,0.05
• The ratio of the equivalent transformation strain to maximum transformation strain, , is available
as part of nonlinear solution record NL, and can be processed as component EPEQ of NL.
• Elastic strain energy density is available as part of the strain energy density record SEND (ELASTIC).
Support for SMA material models with the memory-effect option (TB,SMA,,,,MEFF) is available with
current-technology beam, shell, plane, solid, and solid-shell elements (including 3-D solid elements,
solid-shell elements, 2-D plane stress and strain, axisymmetric elements, and solid pipe elements).
For specific element support for SMA, see Material Model Element Support (p. 5).
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MPC184 Joint
5. Auricchio, F., D. Fugazza, R. DesRoches.“Numerical and Experimental Evaluation of the Damping Properties
of Shape-Memory Alloys.” Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology. 128:3 (2006): 312-319.
For an example analysis, see Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) with Thermal Effect in the Technology Demon-
stration Guide.
The TB command may be repeated with the same material ID number to specify both the stiffness and
damping behavior.
Enter the stiffness or damping coefficient of the matrix in the data table with TB set of commands.
Initialize the constant table with TB,JOIN,,,STIF (for stiffness behavior) or TB,JOIN,,,DAMP (for damping
behavior). Define the temperature with TBTEMP, followed by the relevant constants input with TBDATA
commands. Matrix terms are linearly interpolated between temperature points. Based on the joint type,
the relevant constant specification is as follows:
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The following example shows how you would define the uncoupled linear elastic stiffness behavior for
a universal joint at the two available components of relative motion, with two temperature points:
TB,JOIN,1,2,,STIF ! Activate JOIN material model with linear elastic stiffness
TBTEMP,100.0 ! Define first temperature
TBDATA,16,D44 ! Define constant D44 in the local ROTX direction
TBDATA,21,D66 ! Define constant D66 in the local ROTZ direction
TBTEMP,200.0 ! Define second temperature
TBDATA,16,D44 ! Define constant D44 in the local ROTX direction.
TBDATA,21,D66 ! Define constant D66 in the local ROTZ direction.
Use the TBPT command to specify the data points or specify the name of a function (p. 169) that defines
the curve on the TB command. (Use the Function Tool to generate the specified function.) The values
may be temperature-dependent.
You can specify nonlinear damping behavior in a similar manner by supplying velocity versus damping
force (or moment).
The appropriate TBOPT labels for each joint element type are shown in the following tables. For a de-
scription of each TBOPT label, see "JOIN -- Joint Element Specifications" in the TB command document-
ation.
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MPC184 Joint
The following example illustrates the specification of nonlinear stiffness behavior for a revolute joint
that has only one available component of relative motion (the rotation around the axis of revolution).
Two temperature points are specified.
TB,JOIN,1,2,2,JNS4
TBTEMP,100.
TBPT,,rotation_value_1,moment_value_1
TBPT,,rotation_value_2,moment_value_2
TBTEMP,200.0
TBPT,,rotation_value_1,moment_value_1
TBPT,,rotation_value_2,moment_value_2
Example Consider a function where the damping force varies with temperature and relative velocity:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
Define the function using the Function Editor, then retrieve and load it using the Function Loader. (The
editor and the loader are both components of the Function Tool.)
Assuming a function name of dampfunc, you can then use the TB command to define the joint mater-
ial:
TB, JOIN, 1, , , JND4, , %dampfunc%
For more information about the Function Tool utility, see Using the Function Tool in the Basic Analysis
Guide.
There are three options for defining the Coulomb friction coefficient.
• Define a single value of the Coulomb friction coefficient by specifying TBOPT = MUSx, where the value of
x depends on the joint under consideration. Use the TBDATA command to specify the value of the friction
coefficient.
• Define the Coulomb friction coefficient as a function of the sliding velocity. Use TBOPT = MUSx (as stated
above) and use the TBPT command to specify the data values.
• Use the exponential law for friction behavior. Specify TBOPT = EXPx, where the value of x depends on the
joint under consideration, and use the TBDATA command to specify the values required for the exponential
law. In this case, the TBDATA command format is:
where μs is the coefficient of friction in the static regime, μd is the coefficient of friction in the dynamic
regime, and c is the decay coefficient.
• The maximum allowable value of critical force/moment can be specified using TBOPT = TMXx, where x
depends on the joint under consideration.
Elastic Slip
• The elastic slip can be specified by setting TBOPT = SLx, where x depends on the joint under consideration.
• If the stick-stiffness value is not specified, then this value along with the critical force/moment is used to
determine the stick-stiffness.
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MPC184 Joint
• If the elastic slip is not specified, then a default value is computed for stick-stiffness calculations if necessary.
The default value for the translational joint and the slot joint is set to 0.005*h, where h is a characteristic
length value computed from overall dimensions of the model. The value of h defaults to 1.0 if a character-
istic length cannot be computed properly. The default value for the revolute joint is set to 0.001 radians.
• The frictional behavior is implemented using a penalty method. Thus, there will be relative elastic slip even
when sticking conditions prevail. The amount of elastic slip depends on the value specified for elastic slip.
In some cases, the default values may result in large elastic slip. Therefore, you should specify an amount
of elastic slip that is appropriate for your model.
Stick-Stiffness
• A stick-stiffness value can be specified for controlling the behavior in the stick regime when friction behavior
is specified. Use TBOPT = SKx, where x depends on the joint under consideration.
• If the stick-stiffness value is not specified, then the following procedure is adopted:
– If both maximum force/moment and elastic slip are specified, then the stick-stiffness is calculated from
these values.
– If only maximum force/moment is specified, then a default elastic slip is computed and then the stick-
stiffness is calculated.
– If only the elastic slip is specified, then the stick-stiffness value is computed based on the current normal
force/moment (Friction Coefficient * Normal Force or Moment/elastic-slip).
• If the forces that are generated during a joint assembly have to be modeled, the interference fit force/moment
can be specified using TBOPT = FIx, where x depends on the joint under consideration. This force/moment
will contribute to the normal force/moment in friction calculations.
The appropriate TBOPT labels (TB command) for each joint element type are shown in the table below:
The following examples illustrate how to specify Coulomb friction parameters for various scenarios.
Example 1 Specifying a single value of coefficient of friction and other friction parameters for an x-
axis revolute joint.
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Example 2 Specifying temperature dependent friction coefficient and other friction parameters for
a z-axis revolution joint.
TB, JOIN, 1,2 , 1, MUS6 ! 2 temp points, 2 data points and label for friction coefficient
TBTEMP, 10 ! 1st temperature
TBDATA, 1, 0.15 ! Value of coefficient of friction
TBTEMP, 20 ! 2nd temperature
TBDATA, 1, 0.1 ! Value of coefficient of friction
!
TB, JOIN, 1, , , SK4 ! Label for stick-stiffness
TBDATA, 1, 3.0E4 ! Value for stick-stiffness
TB, JOIN, 1, , , FI4 ! Label for interference fit force
TBDATA, 1, 10000.00 ! Value for interference fit force
Example 3 Specifying the exponential law for friction and other friction parameters for a z-axis revolute
joint.
TB, JOIN, 1, , , EXP6 ! Label for friction coefficient
TBDATA, 1, 0.4, 0.2, 0.5 ! Static friction coeff, dynamic friction coeff, decay constant
!
TB, JOIN, 1, , , SK6 ! Label for stick-stiffness
TBDATA, 1, 3.0E4 ! Value for stick-stiffness
To define a coefficient of friction that is dependent on temperature, time, normal pressure, sliding dis-
tance, or sliding relative velocity, use the TBFIELD command. Suitable combinations of up to two fields
can be used to define dependency, for example, temperature and sliding distance as shown below:
TB,FRIC,1,,,ISO ! Activate isotropic friction model
TBFIELD,TEMP,100.0 ! Define first value of temperature
TBFIELD,SLDI,0.1 ! Define first value of sliding distance
TBDATA,1,MU ! Define coefficient of friction
TBFIELD,SLDI,0.5 ! Define second value of sliding distance
TBDATA,1,MU ! Define coefficient of friction
TBFIELD,TEMP,200.0 ! Define second value of temperature
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Contact Friction
See Understanding Field Variables (p. 261) for more information on the interpolation scheme used for
field-dependent material properties defined using TBFIELD.
To define a coefficient of friction that is dependent on temperature only, use the TBTEMP command
as shown below:
TB,FRIC,1,2,,ISO ! Activate isotropic friction model
TBTEMP,100.0 ! Define first temperature
TBDATA,1,MU ! Define coefficient of friction at temp 100.0
TBTEMP,200.0 ! Define second temperature
TBDATA,1,MU ! Define coefficient of friction at temp 200.0
Alternatively, you can use MU on the MP command to specify the isotropic friction. Use the MPTEMP
command to define MU as a function of temperature.
Note that if the coefficient of friction is defined as a function of temperature, the program always uses
the contact surface temperature as the primary variable (not the average temperature from the contact
and target surfaces).
Issue the TB,FRIC command with TBOPT = ORTHO or EORTHO to define orthotropic friction, and specify
the coefficients of friction, MU1 and MU2, on the TBDATA command.
To define a coefficient of friction that is dependent on temperature, time, normal pressure, sliding dis-
tance, or sliding relative velocity, use the TBFIELD command. Suitable combinations of up to two fields
can be used to define dependency, for example, sliding relative velocity and normal pressure as shown
below:
TB,FRIC,1,,,ORTHO ! Activate orthotropic friction model
TBFIELD,SLRV,10.0 ! Define first value of sliding relative velocity
TBFIELD,NPRE,200.0 ! Define first value of normal pressure
TBDATA,1,MU1,MU2 ! Define coefficients of friction
TBFIELD,NPRE,250.0 ! Define second value of normal pressure
TBDATA,1,MU1,MU2 ! Define coefficients of friction
TBFIELD,SLRV,20.0 ! Define second value of sliding relative velocity
TBFIELD,NPRE,150.0 ! Define first value of normal pressure
TBDATA,1,MU1,MU2 ! Define coefficients of friction
TBFIELD,NPRE,300.0 ! Define second value of normal pressure
TBDATA,1,MU1,MU2 ! Define coefficients of friction
See Understanding Field Variables (p. 261) for more information on the interpolation scheme used for
field-dependent material properties defined using TBFIELD.
The two options TBOPT = ORTHO and EORTHO differ only when the frictional coefficients are defined
as a function of sliding distance or sliding velocity. The difference occurs in the way the coefficients are
interpolated. For TBOPT = ORTHO, the friction coefficient in each direction is a function of sliding distance
or velocity in that direction only. For TBOPT = EORTHO, the friction coefficient in each direction depends
upon the magnitude of total sliding or total velocity, thus causing sliding in one direction to affect the
friction coefficients in both directions.
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To define a coefficient of friction that is dependent on temperature only, use the TBTEMP command
as shown below:
TB,FRIC,1,2,,ORTHO ! Activate orthotropic friction model
TBTEMP,100.0 ! Define first temperature
TBDATA,1,MU1,MU2 ! Define coefficients of friction at temp 100.0
TBTEMP,200.0 ! Define second temperature
TBDATA,1,MU1,MU2 ! Define coefficients of friction at temp 200.0
Note that if the coefficient of friction is defined as a function of temperature, the program always uses
the contact surface temperature as the primary variable (not the average temperature from the contact
and target surfaces).
/SOLUTION
!* LOAD STEP 1
...
TIME,1
SOLVE
!* LOAD STEP 2
...
TIME,2
SOLVE
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Contact Interaction
To specify user-defined friction, use the TB,FRIC command with TBOPT = USER and specify the friction
properties on the TBDATA command, as shown below. Also, use the USERFRIC subroutine to program
the friction model.
TB,FRIC,1,,2,USER ! Activate user defined friction model; NPTS = 2
TBDATA,1,PROP1,PROP2 ! Define friction properties
Field variables specified with the TBFIELD command are not available for TB,FRIC,,,,USER.
For detailed information on using the USERFRIC subroutine, see Writing Your Own Friction Law
(USERFRIC) in the Contact Technology Guide.
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Nonlinear Material Properties
All of the above options use one material constant (C1) on the TBDATA command. The value of C1
defines the effect of initial penetration or gap, as described in the table below.
C1 Description
Value
0 Include both initial geometrical penetration or gap and offset. (Similar to KEYOPT(9) = 0 for
[1 (p. 176)]
pair-based contact elements.)
1 Exclude both initial geometrical penetration or gap and offset. (Similar to KEYOPT(9) = 1 for
[2 (p. 176)]
pair-based contact elements.)
2 Include both initial geometrical penetration or gap and offset, but with ramped effects. (Similar
to KEYOPT(9) = 2 for pair-based contact elements.)
3 Include offset only (exclude initial geometrical penetration or gap). (Similar to KEYOPT(9) = 3
for pair-based contact elements.)
4 Include offset only (exclude initial geometrical penetration or gap), but with ramped effects.
(Similar to KEYOPT(9) = 4 for pair-based contact elements.)
5 Include offset only (exclude initial geometrical penetration or gap) regardless of the initial
contact status (near-field or closed). (Similar to KEYOPT(9) = 5 for pair-based contact elements.)
6 Include offset only (exclude initial geometrical penetration or gap), but with ramped effects
regardless of the initial contact status (near-field or closed). (Similar to KEYOPT(9) = 6 for
pair-based contact elements.)
1. C1 = 0 is the default for all general contact interaction types if TBDATA is issued but C1 is not specified.
2. C1 = 1 is the default for all general contact interaction types if TBDATA is not issued.
Note that the effects of C1 input are dependent on which TBOPT label was previously defined. The in-
dicated initial gap effect is considered only if TBOPT = ANOSE or TBOPT = ABOND is defined.
After writing a USERINTER subroutine to program your interaction model, you incorporate the model
in your analysis by using the command TB,INTER with TBOPT = USER and specifying the interaction
properties on the TBDATA command as shown below.
TB,INTER,1,,2,USER ! Activate user defined contact interaction; NPTS = 2
TBDATA,1,PROP1,PROP2 ! Define interaction properties
For detailed information on using the USERINTER subroutine, see Defining Your Own Contact Interaction
(USERINTER) in the Contact Technology Guide.
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Cohesive Material Law
For more detailed information about cohesive zone materials, see Cohesive Zone Material (CZM) Model
in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.
4.17.1. Exponential Cohesive Zone Material for Interface Elements and Contact
Elements
Interface elements and contact elements allow exponential cohesive zone materials to be used for
simulating interface delamination and other fracture phenomena. To define exponential material beha-
vior, issue the TB,CZM,,,,EXPO command, then specify the following material constants via the TBDATA
command:
To define a temperature dependent material, use the TBTEMP command as shown below:
TB,CZM,1,2,,EXPO ! Activate exponential material model
TBTEMP,100.0 ! Define first temperature
TBDATA,1, max, n, t ! Define material constants at temp 100.0
TBTEMP,200.0 ! Define second temperature
TBDATA,1, max, n, t ! Define material constants at temp 200.0
4.17.2. Bilinear Cohesive Zone Material for Interface Elements and Contact
Elements
Interface elements and contact elements allow bilinear cohesive zone materials to be used for simulating
interface delamination and other fracture phenomena. To define bilinear material behavior, issue the
TB,CZM,,,,BILI command, then specify the following material constants via the TBDATA command:
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Nonlinear Material Properties
To define a temperature-dependent material, issue the TBTEMP command as shown in the following
example input fragment:
TB,CZM,1,2,,BILI ! Activate bilinear CZM material model
!
! Define first temperature
!
TBTEMP,100.0
!
! Define Mode I dominated material constants at temp 100.0:
!
!TBDATA,1, max,
,- max,
,
!
! Define second temperature
!
TBTEMP,200.0
TBTEMP,200.0
!
! Define Mode I dominated material constants at temp 200.0:
TBDATA,1, max,
,- max,
,
To define viscous regularization parameters, issue the TB,CZM,,,,VREG command, then specify the fol-
lowing material constant via the TBDATA command:
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Cohesive Material Law
To define a temperature-dependent material, use the TBTEMP command as shown in the following
example input fragment:
! define first temperature
TBTEMP,100.0
!define damping coefficient at temp 100.0
TBDATA,1,c1
!define second temperature
TBTEMP,200.0
!define damping coefficient at temp 200.0
TBDATA,1,c1
For more information, see Viscous Regularization in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.
To define bilinear material behavior with tractions and separation distances, issue the TB,CZM,,,,CBDD
command, then specify the following material constants via the TBDATA command:
1. For contact elements using the force-based model (see the description of KEYOPT(3) for
CONTA175, CONTA176, and CONTA177), input a contact force value for this quantity.
To define a temperature dependent material, use the TBTEMP command as shown below:
TB,CZM,1,2,,CBDD ! Activate bilinear material model with tractions
! and separation distances
TBTEMP,100.0 ! Define first temperature
TBDATA,1, max,
, max,
, max,
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Nonlinear Material Properties
Use the TB,CZM command with TBOPT = CBDE to define bilinear material behavior with tractions and
critical fracture energies, and specify the following material constants using the TBDATA command.
1. For contact elements using the force-based model (see the description of KEYOPT(3) for
CONTA175, CONTA176, and CONTA177), input a contact force value for this quantity.
2. For contact elements using the force-based model (see the description of KEYOPT(3) for
CONTA175, CONTA176, and CONTA177), this quantity is critical fracture energy.
To define a temperature dependent material, use the TBTEMP command as shown in the following
example input fragment:
TB,CZM,1,2,,CBDE ! Activate bilinear material model with
! tractions and facture energies
TBTEMP,100.0 ! Define first temperature
TBDATA,1, max,Gcn, max,Gct, , ! Define material constants at temp 100.0
TBTEMP,200.0 ! Define second temperature
TBDATA,1, max,Gcn, max,Gct, , ! Define material constants at temp 200.0
Debonding Modes
Debonding involves separation of surfaces forming an interface. The direction of separation determines
the debonding mode. The program detects the debonding mode based on material data that you input
for normal and tangential directions:
• Mode I debonding involves separation normal to the interface. It is activated by inputting data items
C1, C2, and C5 on the TBDATA command.
• Mode II debonding involves slip tangent to the interface. It is activated by inputting data items C3,
C4, and C5 on the TBDATA command.
• Mixed mode debonding involves both normal separation and tangential slip. It is activated by inputting
data items C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6 on the TBDATA command.
Debonding
When friction is defined between contact surfaces undergoing debonding, tangential stress is calculated
as the maximum between the tangential stress as governed by the debonding model and the tangential
stress as governed by the friction law.
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Contact Surface Wear
For the cohesive zone materials with bilinear material behavior (TBOPT = CBDD, CBDE or BILI on the
TB command), you can specify that the cohesive zone interface be “healed” if the surfaces come into
contact again after debonding. To activate this option, use the TBFIELD,CYCLE command to define the
CZM material as a function of healing cycle number. You can use multiple TBFIELD commands to specify
the material properties for any number of healing cycles, but be sure to start with a cycle number of
zero.
For example, the following commands specify healing of the CZM interface if the contact surfaces come
into contact after they are completely debonded:
TB,CZM,1,,,CBDE ! Activate the CBDE bilinear material behavior
TBFIELD,CYCLE,0 ! Initial CZM definition (before healing)
TBDATA,1, max,Gcn, max,Gct, , ! CZM properties
TBFIELD,CYCLE,1 ! CZM definition for first healing cycle
TBDATA,1, ... ! CZM properties to be used after first healing
When the contact interface is completely debonded and the surfaces come into contact again, the de-
bonding parameter is set to 0 thus effectively healing the CZM. The healing cycle is incremented by
one and the appropriate material data is interpolated for this healing cycle.
This healing option is only available when one of the supported cohesive zone materials is used with
contact elements. It is not available when a cohesive zone material is used with interface elements.
The Archard model is defined by the TB,WEAR command with TBOPT = ARCD. The material constants
required by the model are specified as data items C1 through C4 on the TBDATA command. You can
also specify the wear direction (C6 to C8) if desired.
Constant Meaning
C1 Wear coefficient, K
C2 Material hardness, H
C3 Pressure exponent, m
C4 Velocity exponent, n
C5 Optional flag to control how the wear increment is calculated (see below)
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Constant Meaning
C6 Direction cosine nx (with respect to the global X axis) for the wear direction
C7 Direction cosine ny (with respect to the global Y axis) for the wear direction
C8 Direction cosine nz (with respect to the global Z axis) for the wear direction
• Set C5 to 1 to base the wear calculation on nodal stresses. The nodal stresses of the solid element un-
derlying the contact element are used to calculate traction along the contact normal direction. The
traction value is used instead of contact pressure to calculate the amount of wear.
• Set C5 to 10 or 11 to average the wear increment over the contact area of the contact pair. Use C5 =
10 to base the wear calculation on contact pressure; use C5 = 11 to base the wear calculation on nodal
stress.
• Set C5 to -99 to calculate wear for postprocessing purposes only. The Archard model is used to calculate
the wear, but the contact nodes are not moved; thus wear is just a postprocessing variable and does
not affect the solution.
Use the TBFIELD command to define the constants as a function of temperature and/or time. A sample
input with constants as a function of time is shown below:
TB,WEAR,1,,,ARCD ! Activate Archard wear model
TBFIELD,TIME,0 ! Define the first value of time
TBDATA,1,K,H,m,n ! Define wear material constants for the first value of time
TBFIELD,TIME,1 ! Define the second value of time
TBDATA,1,K,H,m,n ! Define wear material constants for the second value of time
Alternatively, you can use the TBTEMP command to define the constants as a function of temperature
alone. A sample input is shown below:
TB,WEAR,1,,,ARCD ! Activate Archard wear model
TBTEMP,100 ! Define the first value of temperature
TBDATA,1,K,H,m,n ! Define wear material constants for the first value of temperature
TBTEMP,200 ! Define the second value of temperature
TBDATA,1,K,H,m,n ! Define wear material constants for the second value of temperature
The user-defined wear model is activated by the TB,WEAR command with TBOPT = USER. A sample
command input is shown below:
TB,WEAR,1,,4,USER ! Activate user defined wear model that requires 4 (NPTS = 4) constants
TBDATA,1,C1,C2,C3,C4 ! Define the wear model constants
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Custom Material Models
Input for the user-defined option is determined by constants which you define. The TB,USER command
initializes the constant table. The constants are defined via TBDATA commands (six per command). The
number of constants can be any combination of the number of temperatures (NTEMP) and the number
of data points per temperature (NPTS), to a maximum of NTEMP x NPTS = 1000.
For information about state variable support, see Using State Variables with the UserMat Sub-
routine (p. 184).
Input for the user-defined option is determined by constants which you define. The TB,USER command
initializes the constant table. The constants are defined via TBDATA commands (six per command). The
number of constants can be any combination of the number of temperatures (NTEMP) and the number
of data points per temperature (NPTS), to a maximum of NTEMP x NPTS = 1000.
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Nonlinear Material Properties
For information about state variable support, see Using State Variables with the UserMatTh Sub-
routine (p. 184).
Input is determined by user-specified constants (TBDATA). Up to six constants can be define per TBDATA
command. The number of constants can be any combination of the number of temperatures (NTEMP)
and the number of data points per temperature (NPTS), such that NTEMP x NPTS <= 1000.
Contact elements do not support a user-defined cohesive material. However, a similar capability can
be achieved by defining your own contact interface behavior via the userinter subroutine. For more
information, see Defining Your Own Contact Interaction (USERINTER) in the Contact Technology Guide.
For information about state variable support, see Using State Variables with the UserCZM Sub-
routine (p. 185).
Example 4.32: Initializing the Values of State Variables for a User-Defined Material
TB,STATE,1,,4, ! Define material 1, which
! has four state variables.
TBDATA,1,C1,C2,C3,C4, ! Initialize the four state variables.
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Material Strength Limits
Example 4.33: Initializing the Values of State Variables for a User-Defined Material
TB,STATE,1,,4, ! Define material 1, which
! has four state variables.
TBDATA,1,C1,C2,C3,C4, ! Initialize the four state variables.
Example 4.34: Initializing the Values of State Variables for a User-Defined Cohesive Material Law
TB,STATE,1,,4, ! Define material 1, which
! has four state variables.
TBDATA,1,C1,C2,C3,C4, ! Initialize the four state variables.
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Nonlinear Material Properties
The following table summarizes the applicable strength-limit constants for each failure criterion:
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Material Damage
Specify the TBOPT value on the TB,DMGI command to correspond to failure criteria (TBOPT = 1 or
FCRT).
The following table shows the coefficient values addressed for the available TBOPT values:
TBOPT = 1 or FCRT
Constants
NPTS = 4
C1 Failure criteria type [1] for the tensile fiber
failure mode
C2 Failure criteria type [1] for the compressive
fiber failure mode
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TBOPT = 1 or FCRT
Constants
NPTS = 4
C3 Failure criteria type [1] for the tensile matrix
failure mode
C4 Failure criteria type [1] for the compressive
matrix failure mode
1 -- Maximum strain
2 -- Maximum stress
3 -- Puck
4 -- Hashin
5 -- LaRc03
6 -- LaRc04
11 -- User-defined #1
...
19 -- User-defined #9
To complete the material damage definition, it is also necessary to specify a compatible material damage
evolution law (TB,DMGE). Without a damage evolution law, the damage-initiation criteria have no effect
on the material. The following table summarizes the compatible damage evolution laws with specific
damage-initiation criteria:
TB,DGMI Input
Compatible TB,DMGE,,,,TBOPT
TBOPT C1, C2, C3, C4 Option
value
1 1, 2, ..., 19 1 or MPDG
1 4 (Hashin failure 2 or CDM
criteria only)
Specify the TBOPT value on the TB,DMGE command to correspond to the instant stiffness reduction
(TBOPT = 1 or MPDG).
The following table shows the coefficient values addressed for the available TBOPT values:
TBOPT = 1 or MPDG
Constants
NPTS = 4
C1 Tensile fiber stiffness reduction [1]
C2 Compressive fiber stiffness reduction [1]
C3 Tensile matrix stiffness reduction [1]
C4 Compressive matrix stiffness reduction [1]
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Material Damage
1. The allowable values of C1, C2, C3, and C4 are between 0 and 1, where 0 = no reduction in
material stiffness in the affected mode after damage initiation, and 1 = complete stiffness
loss in the affected mode.
TBOPT = 2 or CDM
Constants
NPTS = 8
C1 Energy dissipated per unit area from tensile
fiber damage [1]
C2 Viscous damping coefficient for tensile fiber
damage [2]
C3 Energy dissipated per unit area from
compressive fiber damage [1]
C4 Viscous damping coefficient for compressive
fiber damage [2]
C5 Energy dissipated per unit area from tensile
matrix damage [1]
C6 Viscous damping coefficient for tensile matrix
damage [2]
C7 Energy dissipated per unit area from
compressive matrix damage [1]
C8 Viscous damping coefficient for compressive
matrix damage [2]
1. Energies dissipated per unit area Gc are specified individually for all damage modes (fiber
tension, fiber compression, matrix tension, and matrix compression). For a specific damage
mode, Gc is given by:
For complex stress state, the equivalent stresses and strains are calculated based on Hashin
failure criteria.
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Nonlinear Material Properties
2. Viscous damping coefficients η are also specified respectively for all four damage modes.
For a specific damage mode, the damage evolution is regularized as follows:
To complete the material damage definition, it is also necessary to specify a compatible material damage
initiation criterion (TB,DMGI). Without a damage initiation criterion, the damage evolution law has no
effect on the material. The following table summarizes the compatible damage-initiation criteria with
specific damage evolution laws:
Following the onset of damage, material stiffness reduction occurs immediately. The constitutive rela-
tionship for a damage material is given as:
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Material Damage
For a general orthotropic material, the damaged elastic matrix is defined as:
For a transversely isotropic material with plane stress state, primarily adopted for thin fiber-reinforced
composite structures, the damaged elastic matrix can be expressed as:
Four damage modes (p. 193) (fiber tension [rupture], fiber compression [kinking], matrix tension [cracking],
and matrix compression [crushing]) are accounted for. Four damage variables (one for each mode) are
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Nonlinear Material Properties
used to measure damage. The damage variables for calculating the damaged elasticity matrix are de-
termined as follows:
When a damage mode is initiated, the damage progresses immediately, indicated by the increasing
damage variable for the mode.
The material stiffness is instantly reduced based on the damage variables, explicitly specified via the
TB,DMGE command. Any physical failure criteria can be used to detect the onset of the damage.
Damage variables increase gradually based on the energy amounts dissipated for the various damage
modes. To achieve an objective response, the dissipated energy for each damage mode is regularized
as follows:
The characteristic length Le is calculated from the element area A via the following expressions:
With this characteristic length, the constitutive relation is converted from stress-strain to stress-dis-
placement relation. The damage evolution function is derived from Hashin failure criteria; therefore,
only Hashin failure criteria are allowed via TB,DMGI for detecting damage onset. For a plane stress
state, the equivalent displacements and equivalent stresses are given below for all damage
modes.
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Material Damage
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Nonlinear Material Properties
The material damping contribution ( ) to the structural damping matrix ( in Equation 14.24)
is composed of the following components:
(4.51)
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Material Damping
where:
= mass proportional material damping factor for section point with material (TB,SDAMP,,,,ALPD)
= stiffness proportional material damping factor for section point with material (TB,SDAMP,,,,BETD)
Rayleigh damping is widely used to provide an energy-dissipation mechanism when analyzing complex
engineering structures responding to dynamic loads such as seismic ground motion.
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For more information about Rayleigh damping, see Alpha and Beta Damping (Rayleigh Damping) in
the Mechanical APDL Structural Analysis Guide.
If Rayleigh damping is defined using MP and TB commands, the damping matrix is the sum of each
source of damping as shown in Equation 4.51 (p. 194).
Rayleigh damping via MP commands defines the damping coefficients for the whole element, but not
for each material in a multi-material element. For multi-material elements such as SOLID185 Layered
Structural Solid, therefore, damping coefficients are determined from the material pointer for the element
(MAT) rather than from the section materials.
Rayleigh damping defined via MP commands is not temperature-dependent and are always evaluated
at T = 0.0.
To define Rayleigh damping, specify the damping option(s) and the constants (ALPD and/or BETD), as
follows:
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Material Damping
This method of defining damping parameters can be applicable to modeling layered composite mater-
ials consisting of a damped layer sandwiched between non-damped layers. It is also a powerful way of
defining Rayleigh damping when field-variable dependence is desired.
This damping feature also allows damping coefficients to be specified for the element as a whole, as
is done via Rayleigh-damping MP commands. If damping is uniform for the element with no field variable
dependence, however, consider using the corresponding MP commands. When damping is defined via
TB commands, the damping matrices are integrated similar to the structural stiffness and mass matrices
and may be more resource-intensive.
The stiffness proportional damping matrix calculated when using TB,SDAMP,,,, BETD does not include
the stress stiffening included in the structural stiffness due to nonlinear geometry (NLGEOM,ON). Stress
stiffening is ignored in the damping matrix calculation as it is not a material property. To include stress-
stiffening in the damping matrix calculation, use MP,BETD.
Both mass- and stiffness-proportional damping coefficients can be defined as frequency-, temperature-
, or time-dependent properties (TBFIELD). Frequency-dependent properties are supported for full har-
monic analyses only.
This example shows stiffness proportional damping as a function of temperature, with temperatures
specified for each set of constants (TBFIELD,TEMP).
Separate damping constants are assigned to the layers by defining different stiffness proportional
damping values for each of the layer materials. Mass proportional damping can be defined in a similar
manner.
/prep7
! Elastic properties and density
mp,ex,1,2.0e11 ! Material 1
mp,nuxy,1,0.25
mp,dens,1,7800
mp,ex,2,2.2e11 ! Material 2
mp,nuxy,2,0.2
mp,dens,2,5800
TB,SDAMP,2,,,BETD ! Material 2
TBFIELD, TEMP, 40 ! Define first temperature
TBDATA,,2.0e-3
TBFIELD, TEMP, 100 ! Define second temperature
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Nonlinear Material Properties
TBDATA,,1.0e-3
Table 4.25: Support for Rayleigh Material Damping Defined using MP and TB Commands
For more information, see Harmonic Analysis in the Mechanical APDL Structural Analysis Guide.
You can define material-dependent structural damping using either linear material property (MP) or
data-table (TB) commands:
4.22.3.1. Using MP to Define Material-Dependent Structural Damping Coefficients
4.22.3.2. Using TB to Define Material-Dependent Structural Damping Coefficients
4.22.3.3. Comparing Structural Damping Coefficient Options
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Material Damping
! Structural damping
mp,dmpr,1,0.1
Defining structural damping using this method specifies damping in terms of the loss factor, equal to
twice the damping ratio at the resonance frequency.
For the relationship between different structural damping coefficients, see Comparing Structural
Damping Coefficient Options (p. 199).
Define the elastic behavior using the elasticity table (TB,ELASTIC), and density via the MP command.
Initialize the material data table (TB,SDAMP,,,,STRU), and enter the appropriate damping coefficient
(TBDATA).
For a full harmonic analysis, the structural damping coefficient can be frequency- or temperature-de-
pendent (TBFIELD).
! Structural damping
tb,sdamp,1 ! TBOPT=STRU is the default
tbdata,,0.2
where is the damping value specified in TB,SDAMP,,,,STRU and is the corresponding frequency.
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Nonlinear Material Properties
In the harmonic domain, the Maxwell model consists of imaginary components of the shear and bulk
moduli (Equation 4.32 (p. 98)), commonly referred to as the loss moduli. The loss moduli are used to
construct the viscoelastic damping matrix ( in Equation 4.51 (p. 194)). This is done by using the loss
moduli divided by frequency and subsequently forming the damping matrix in a manner similar to the
formation of the element stiffness matrix.
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Chapter 5: Multiphysics Material Properties
Material properties in multiphysics analyses can be linear (typically defined via the MP command) or
nonlinear (defined using data-table input via the TB command).
For more information, see the Coupled-Field Analysis Guide, and Elements for Multiphysics Analysis in
the Mechanical APDL Element Reference.
5.1. Acoustics
The following topics about acoustic materials are available:
5.1.1. Equivalent Fluid Model of Perforated Media
5.1.2. Acoustic Frequency-Dependent Materials
5.1.3. Low Reduced Frequency (LRF) Model of Acoustic Viscous-Thermal Media
TB,PERF,,,,JCA
(5.1)
where:
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Multiphysics Material Properties
ρ0 = density of fluid
σ = fluid resistivity
ϕ = porosity
α ∞ = tortuosity
Λ = viscous characteristic length
η = dynamic viscosity
(5.2)
where:
Constant Meaning
C1 Fluid resistivity (N s/m4)
C2 Porosity (defaults to 1)
C3 Tortuosity (defaults to 1)
C4 Viscous characteristic length (m)
C5 Thermal characteristic length (m)
Additional material parameters are input via the MP and R commands. For more information, see
Equivalent Fluid of Perforated Materials in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.
TB,PERF,,,,DLB
where:
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Acoustics
σ = fluid resitivity
f = frequency
ω = angular frequency
Constant Meaning
C1 Fluid resistivity (N s/m4)
TB,PERF,,,,MIKI
where:
σ = fluid resitivity
f = frequency
ω = angular frequency
Constant Meaning
C1 Fluid resistivity (N s/m4)
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Multiphysics Material Properties
TB,PERF,,,,ZPRO
where:
R = Resistance
X=
α = attenuation constant
β = phase constant
Constant Meaning
C1 Resistance (Pa·s /m)
C2 Reactance (Pa·s /m)
C3 Attenuation constant (Nepers/m)
C4 Phase constant (Rad/m)
5.1.1.5. Complex Density and Velocity Equivalent Fluid Model of Perforated Media
To define a complex impedance-propagating constant equivalent fluid model of a porous medium in
an acoustic full harmonic analysis, issue this command:
TB,PERF,,,,CDV
ρ = ρr + jρi
c = cr + jci
where:
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Acoustics
Constant Meaning
C1 Real part of complex density (kg/m3)
C2 Imaginary part of complex density (kg/m3)
C3 Real part of complex sound speed (m/s)
C4 Imaginary part of complex sound speed
(m/s)
TB,PERF,,,,YMAT
where:
The constants C1 through C12 (entered via the TBDATA command) are:
Constant Meaning
C1 Real part of complex Y11 (m/Pa•s)
C2 Imaginary part of complex Y11 (m/Pa•s)
C3 Real part of complex Y12 (m/Pa•s)
C4 Imaginary part of complex Y12 (m/Pa•s)
C5 Real part of complex Y21 (m/Pa•s)
C6 Imaginary part of complex Y21 (m/Pa•s)
C7 Real part of complex Y22 (m/Pa•s)
C8 Imaginary part of complex Y22 (m/Pa•s)
C9 Real part of complex α 1 (m/s)
C10 Imaginary part of complex α 1 (m/s)
C11 Real part of complex α 2 (m/s)
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Multiphysics Material Properties
Constant Meaning
C12 Imaginary part of complex α 2 (m/s)
For an acoustic 2 x 2 transfer admittance matrix, the port number (SF,Nlist,PORT) can be any positive
integer.
If the two ports of the transfer admittance matrix are connecting to the fluid, the smaller port number
corresponds to port 1 of the 2 x 2 transfer admittance matrix and the greater port number corresponds
to port 2.
If one port of the transfer admittance matrix is connecting to the acoustic-structural interaction interface
and another port is connecting to the fluid, the FSI interface (SF,Nlist,FSI) corresponds to port 1 and
the defined port number (SF,Nlist,PORT) corresponds to port 2 of the transfer admittance matrix.
A pair of ports of the 2 x 2 transfer admittance matrix must be defined in the same element.
TB,PERF,,,,SGYM
TB,PERF,,,,HGYM
where:
Constant Meaning
C1 Radius of the hole (m)
C2 Period of the square or hexagonal grid
structure (m)
C3 Thickness of the structure (m)
C4 Mass density of fluid (kg/m3)
C5 Dynamic viscosity of fluid (Pa•s)
C6 Ratio of inner and outer radius for
cylindrical structure
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Acoustics
TB,AFDM,,,,MAT
Constant Meaning
C1 Mass density (kg/m3)
C2 Sound speed (m/s)
C3 Dynamic viscosity (Pa•s)
C4 Thermal conductivity (W/m•K)
C5 Specific heat (J/kg•K)
C6 Heat coefficient at constant volume per
unit of mass (J/kg•K)
C7 Bulk viscosity (Pa•s)
TB,AFDM,,,,THIN
Constant Meaning
C1 Thickness of the layer
TB,AFDM,,,,RECT
Constant Meaning
C1 Width of the rectangular cross-section
C2 Height of the rectangular cross-section
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Multiphysics Material Properties
TB,AFDM,,,,CIRC
Constant Meaning
C1 Radius of the circular cross-section
5.2. Fluids
Fluid material models can be used with hydrostatic fluid elements to model compressible fluids. For
theoretical background on these materials, see Fluid Material Models in the Mechanical APDL Theory
Reference. For more information on using these fluid material models with the hydrostatic fluid elements,
see Modeling Hydrostatic Fluids in the Structural Analysis Guide.
There are three ways to define material data for compressible fluids: liquid, gas, or pressure-volume
data.
Liquid
Use the TB,FLUID command with TBOPT = LIQUID to define material behavior for a liquid, and specify
the following material constants using the TBDATA command:
You can define a temperature dependent liquid material with up to 20 temperatures (NTEMP = 20 max
on the TB command) by using the TBTEMP command, as shown in the example below:
TB,FLUID,1,2,,LIQUID ! Activate liquid material model
TBTEMP,100.0 ! Define first temperature
TBDATA,1,K, , 0f ! Define material constants at temp 100.0
TBTEMP,200.0 ! Define second temperature
TBDATA,1,K, , 0f ! Define material constants at temp 200.0
When specifying temperature dependent density values for a liquid, consider that the current density
(ρf) for hydrostatic fluid elements is computed at each iteration as a function of pressure change (ΔP),
bulk modulus (K), coefficient of thermal expansion (α), and temperature change (ΔT). A reference
temperature may be input using the TREF or MP,REFT command. For details on how the current
density is calculated, refer to Liquid in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.
Gas
Use the TB,FLUID command with TBOPT = GAS to define material behavior for a gas, and specify the
following material constant using the TBDATA command:
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Electricity and Magnetism
You can define a temperature dependent gas material with up to 20 temperatures (NTEMP = 20 max
on the TB command) by using the TBTEMP command, as shown in the example below:
TB,FLUID,1,2,,GAS ! Activate gas material model
TBTEMP,100.0 ! Define first temperature
TBDATA,1, 0f ! Define material constants at temp 100.0
TBTEMP,200.0 ! Define second temperature
TBDATA,1, 0f ! Define material constants at temp 200.0
When specifying temperature dependent density values for a gas, consider that the current density (ρf
) for hydrostatic fluid elements is computed at each iteration based on the Ideal Gas Law. For details
on how the current density is calculated, refer to Gas in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.
To use the Ideal Gas Law, you also need to define a reference pressure (input as real constant PREF)
and a reference temperature (input with the TREF or MP,REFT command) with temperature offset (input
with the TOFFST command).
Pressure-Volume Data
Use the TB,FLUID command with TBOPT = PVDATA to define compressible fluid behavior in terms of
a pressure-volume curve. You can specify up to 20 temperature-dependent pressure-volume curves
(NTEMP = 20 max on the TB command). The temperature for the first curve is input with TBTEMP, fol-
lowed by TBPT commands for up to 100 pressure-volume data points. The data points (X, Y) entered
on TBPT are:
Constant Meaning
X Pressure value
Y Corresponding volume
value
The pressure-volume data point must be defined in terms of total pressure and total volume of the
fluid in the containing vessel.
5.3.1. Piezoelectricity
Piezoelectric capability (TB,PIEZ) is available with the coupled-field elements. (See Material Model Element
Support (p. 5) for piezoelectricity.) Material properties required for the piezoelectric effects include
the dielectric (relative permittivity) constants, the elastic coefficient matrix, and the piezoelectric matrix.
Input the dielectric constants either by specifying orthotropic dielectric permittivity (PERX, PERY, PERZ)
on the MP command or by specifying the terms of the anisotropic permittivity matrix [ε] on the TB,DPER
command. The values input on the MP command will be interpreted as permittivity at constant strain
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Multiphysics Material Properties
[εS]. Using TB,DPER, you can specify either permittivity at constant strain [εS] (TBOPT = 0), or permittivity
at constant stress [εT] (TBOPT = 1).
Input the elastic coefficient matrix [c] either by specifying the stiffness constants (EX, EY, etc.) with MP
commands, or by specifying the terms of the anisotropic elasticity matrix with TB commands as described
in Anisotropy (TB,ANISO).
You can define the piezoelectric matrix in [e] form (piezoelectric stress matrix) or in [d] form (piezoelectric
strain matrix). The [e] matrix is typically associated with the input of the anisotropic elasticity in the
form of the stiffness matrix [c], and the permittivity at constant strain [εS]. The [d] matrix is associated
with the input of compliance matrix [s] and permittivity at constant stress [εT]. Select the appropriate
matrix form for your analysis using the TB,PIEZ command.
The full 6 x 3 piezoelectric matrix relates terms x, y, z, xy, yz, xz to x, y, z via 18 constants as shown:
For 2-D problems, a 4 x 2 matrix relates terms ordered x, y, z, xy via 8 constants (e11, e12, e21, e22, e31,
e32, e41, e42). The order of the vector is expected as {x, y, z, xy, yz, xz}, whereas for some published ma-
terials the order is given as {x, y, z, yz, xz, xy}. This difference requires the piezoelectric matrix terms to
be converted to the expected format.
You can define up to 18 constants (C1-C18) with TBDATA commands (6 per command):
Constant Meaning
C1-C6 Terms e11, e12, e13, e21, e22, e23
C7-C12 Terms e31, e32, e33, e41, e42, e43
C13-C18 Terms e51, e52, e53, e61, e62, e63
See Piezoelectric Analysis in the Coupled-Field Analysis Guide for more information on this material
model.
5.3.2. Piezoresistivity
Elements with piezoresistive capabilities use the TB,PZRS command to calculate the change in electric
resistivity produced by elastic stress or strain. Material properties required to model piezoresistive ma-
terials are electrical resistivity, the elastic coefficient matrix, and the piezoresistive matrix.
You can define the piezoresistive matrix either in the form of piezoresistive stress matrix [π] (TBOPT =
0) or piezoresistive strain matrix [m] (TBOPT = 1).
The piezoresistive stress matrix [π] uses stress to calculate the change in electric resistivity due to
piezoresistive effect, while the piezoresistive strain matrix [m] (TBOPT = 1) uses strain to calculate the
change in electric resistivity. See Piezoresistivity in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference for more in-
formation.
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Electricity and Magnetism
The full 6x6 piezoresistive matrix relates the x, y, z, xy, yz, xz terms of stress to the x, y, z, xy, yz, xz terms
of electric resistivity via 36 constants:
Constant Meaning
C1-C6 Terms π11, π12, π13, π14, π15, π16
C7-C12 Terms π21, π22, π23, π24, π25, π26
C13-C18 Terms π31, π32, π33, π34, π35, π36
C19-C24 Terms π41, π42, π43, π44, π45, π46
C25-C30 Terms π51, π52, π53, π54, π55, π56
C31-C36 Terms π61, π62, π63, π64, π65, π66
For 2-D problems, a 4x4 matrix relates terms ordered x, y, z, xy via 16 constants.
Constant Meaning
C1-C4 Terms π11, π12, π13, π14
C7-C10 Terms π21, π22, π23, π24
C13-C16 Terms π31, π32, π33, π34
C19-C22 Terms π41, π42, π43, π44
The order of the vector is expected as {x, y, z, xy, yz, xz}, whereas for some published materials the order
is given as {x, y, z, yz, xz, xy}. This difference requires the piezoresistive matrix terms to be converted
to the expected format.
See Piezoresistive Analysis in the Coupled-Field Analysis Guide for more information on this material
model.
5.3.3. Magnetism
Elements with magnetic capability use the TB table to input points characterizing B-H curves. Temper-
ature-dependent curves cannot be input.
Initialize the curves with the TB,BH command. Use TBPT commands to define up to 500 points (H, B).
The constants (X, Y) entered on TBPT (two per command) are:
Specify the system of units (MKS or user defined) with EMUNIT, which also determines the value of the
permeability of free space. This value is used with the relative permeability property values (MP) to es-
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Multiphysics Material Properties
tablish absolute permeability values. The defaults (also obtained for Lab = MKS) are MKS units and
free-space permeability of 4 πE-7 Henries/meter. You can specify Lab = MUZRO to define any system
of units, then input free-space permeability.
For more information about this material option, see Additional Guidelines for Defining Regional Mater-
ial Properties and Real Constants in the Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide
The program converts matrix [εT] to [εS] using piezoelectric strain and stress matrices.
The full 3x3 electric permittivity matrix relates x, y, z components of electric field to the x, y, z components
of electric flux density via 6 constants:
Constant Meaning
C1-C6 ε11, ε22, ε33, ε12, ε23, ε13
For 2-D problems, a 2x2 matrix relates terms ordered x, y via 3 constants (ε11 ε22 ε12):
Constant Meaning
C1, C2, C4 ε11, ε22, ε12
Using these combined effects, TB,MIGR can be used for modeling electromigration of atoms (TBOPT
= 0) or vacancies (TBOPT = 1) in metallic interconnects.
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Migration Model
(5.3)
where:
For diffusion alone, the chemical potential can be written as , and its substitution in
Equation 5.3 (p. 213) produces the first Fick's law in the form of Equation 9.1 (see Diffusion in the Mech-
anical APDL Theory Reference). When, in addition to diffusion, stress, temperature, and electric potential
contribute to the process of migration, the expression for the generalized chemical potential of a particle
can be written as:
(5.4)
where:
= particle volume
= hydrostatic stress =
Q = heat of particle transport
V = electric potential
Z = effective particle charge number
e = elementary charge
Substitution of Equation 5.4 (p. 213) in Equation 5.3 (p. 213) produces a flux J that includes both diffusion
and migration of particles resulting from the hydrostatic stress gradient, temperature gradient, and
electric field.
Using TB,MIGR, you can specify the option to model the flux of atoms (ions) (TBOPT = 0) or the flux of
vacancies (TBOPT = 1).
(5.5)
where:
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Multiphysics Material Properties
For electromigration applications, Z combines the electrostatic charge number (Ze) and the
electron wind charge number (Zw). Ze represents the electrostatic force acting on the atom
(ion) in the direction of the electric field. Zw represents the force resulting from the momentum
exchange of the atom (ion) with the electrons drifting in the opposite direction of the electric
field. The electron wind force is generally dominant, and Z is negative for atomic electromigra-
tion.
Alternatively:
(5.6)
where:
C = molar concentration
= molar volume
Q = molar heat of transport
Z = effective atomic charge number
F = Faraday constant
R = universal gas constant
In addition to migration effects, TB,MIGR with the atom flux option (TBOPT = 0) can be used for mod-
eling the effects of temperature and hydrostatic stress on the coefficients of diffusivity:
(5.7)
where:
For the atomic flux option (TBOPT = 0), input the material data (TBDATA) as shown in the table below.
The k and R notations in the table are defined as:
k = Boltzmann constant
R = universal gas constant
or or
Ea/R
/k = volume
C2 or
or
/R
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Migration Model
or
or
Q/R
C4 Ze/k Z = effective
charge number
or
e = elementary or
ZF/R charge
F = Faraday
constant
C5 Not used -- --
C6 Not used -- --
C7 h Volume multiplier for
diffusivity dependence
on hydrostatic stress or
(5.8)
where:
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Multiphysics Material Properties
TB,MIGR with the vacancy flux option (TBOPT = 1) can also be used to specify the vacancy generation-
annihilation rate G:
(5.9)
where:
(5.10)
where:
For the vacancy flux option (TBOPT = 1), input the material data (TBDATA) as shown in the table below.
The k and R notations in the table are defined as:
k = Boltzmann constant
R = universal gas constant
or or
Ea/R
C2 /k = volume
or
or
/R
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Migration Model
C4 Ze/k Z = effective
charge number
or
e = elementary or
ZF/R charge
F = Faraday
constant
C5 Not Used -- --
C6 Not Used -- --
C7 h Volume multiplier
for the equilibrium
concentration
dependence on
hydrostatic stress
C8 f Vacancy volume
relaxation factor
(defaults to 1)
or
C9 C0e Equilibrium
concentration at
zero stress
C10 Characteristic
vacancy generation
or annihilation time
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Multiphysics Material Properties
tbdata,9,Ce
tbdata,10,ts
Resources
The following resource offers more information about the vacancy flux model:
1. Kirchheim, R. "Stress and Electromigration in A1-Lines of Integrated Circuits." Acta metall. mater. Vol. 40,
No. 2, pp. 309-323, 1992.
Isotropic thermal conductivity matrix -- Define only. (The and values are assumed
to be .)
Orthotropic thermal conductivity matrix -- Enter three constants: , , and . The program
assigns values of zero to the off-diagonal conductivity constants ( ).
Anisotropic thermal conductivity matrix -- If you define the first six constants
( ), the program makes the conductivity matrix symmetric (that is,
).
General nonsymmetric anisotropic thermal conductivity matrix -- Define all nine constants.
Constant Meaning
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
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Thermal Properties
All defined constants are based on the element coordinate system. By default, the element coordinate
system is the global coordinate system.
For thermal elements, only the first three constants (C1, C2, and C3) can be used to define isotropic or
orthotropic thermal conductivity.
For coupled pore-pressure-thermal elements, all nine constants (C1 to C9) can be defined.
Define temperature- or field-dependent data for the data table via the TBTEMP or TBFIELD commands,
respectively.
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Chapter 6: Explicit Dynamic Material Properties
Material properties used in explicit dynamic analyses (ANSYS LS-DYNA User's Guide program) differ
somewhat from those used in implicit analyses.
Most explicit dynamics material models require data-table input. A data table is a series of constants
that are interpreted when they are used. Data tables are always associated with a material number and
are most often used to define nonlinear material data (that is, stress-strain curves). The form of the data
table (referred to as the TB table) depends on the material model being defined.
For a complete description of all explicit dynamics material models, including detailed data table input,
see Material Models in the ANSYS LS-DYNA User's Guide.
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Chapter 7: Material Curve Fitting
Material curve fitting allows you to derive coefficients from experimental data that you provide for your
material. Curve fitting involves comparing your experimental data to certain preexisting nonlinear ma-
terial models. With this capability, you compare experimental data versus program-calculated data for
different nonlinear models; based on those comparisons, you can determine the best material model
to use during solution.
Curve fitting is based on the data table configurations outlined in the TB command. The data manipu-
lations and constructions are performed via the TBFT command.
To perform curve fitting, you input experimental data, select a model from one of the provided hyper-
elastic models, perform a regression analysis, graphically view the curve-fitting results, compare the fits
to the experimental data, and write the fitted coefficients to the database as nonlinear data table
commands for the subsequent finite element analyses.
Hyperelastic models can define three types of behavior: purely incompressible, nearly incompressible,
and compressible. Hyperelastic curve fitting is based on the HYPER option of the TB command.
1 Step 1. Prepare Experimental The experimental data must be a plain text file delimited
Data (p. 224) by a space or a comma.
2 Step 2. Input the Experimental Read in your experimental data by specifying the filename
Data (p. 225) and path on the command line.
3 Step 3. Select a Material Model The material options for the applicable curve-fitting regimen
Option (p. 226) are defined in the TB command. Nine hyperelastic models
are supported. After you pick a model, you can still change
to another model if an ideal fit is not realized.
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Material Curve Fitting
4 Step 4. Initialize the Depending on the model, hyperelastic curve fitting can be
Coefficients (p. 227) a linear or nonlinear regression process. The hyperelastic
material models, along with the associated process for each
are listed in Table 7.3: Hyperelastic Curve-Fitting Model
Types (p. 226).
5 Step 5. Specify Control You will specify the type of error norm to be used to
Parameters and Solve (p. 228) generate the curve fit.
6 Step 6. Plot Your Experimental You review and verify the results by comparing the
Data and Analyze (p. 229) experimental data and the regression errors. If the results
you obtain are not acceptable, repeat steps 3 to 5 to
perform a new curve-fitting solution.
7 Step 7. Write Data to the TB Write your curve-fitting results to the database in the TB
Command (p. 230) command table format.
• Case 1 - Totally Incompressible Models (see Table 7.1: Experimental Details for Case 1 and 2 Models and
Blatz-Ko (p. 224))
• Case 2 - Nearly Incompressible Models (see Table 7.1: Experimental Details for Case 1 and 2 Models and
Blatz-Ko (p. 224))
• Case 3 - Compressible Models (see Table 7.2: Experimental Details for Case 3 Models (p. 224))
The types of data required for each of these cases is defined in the tables below.
Table 7.1: Experimental Details for Case 1 and 2 Models and Blatz-Ko
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Hyperelastic Material Curve Fitting
All stresses output in POST1/POST26 are true stresses and logarithmic strains.
For temperature-dependent curve fitting, specify your temperature values at the top of the experimental
data using the
/temp,value
line. This header format specifies the attribute (temp) and its value (100). An example of a typical data
input using these attributes follows:
/temp,100
0.9703 60.00
0.9412 118.2
0.9127 175.2
0.8847 231.1
Adding this header introduces a temperature attribute of 100 degrees. You can add additional data
sets at other temperatures, in additional files. One file can have data at only one temperature.
For compressible materials, the curve-fitting tool's default behavior is to solve only for stress as a function
of strain and lateral strain. To force the curve-fitting tool to also fit experimental lateral strain data to
generate the coefficients for the Ogden compressible foam model, add the line /USEL,1 near the top
of the experimental data file. This option is valid for uniaxial, biaxial and shear test data.
where:
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Material Curve Fitting
1. The number of coefficients is usually the sum of the number of deviatoric coefficients and the number of
volumetric coefficients.
2. The number of coefficients for a polynomial will be dependent on the polynomial order N.
Blatz-Ko and Ogden hyper-foam are compressible models. For Ogden hyper-foam, the experimental
data you supply will require additional fields.
For more information about the hyperelastic models available for curve fitting, see Hyperelasticity in
the Material Reference.
where:
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Hyperelastic Material Curve Fitting
You can also fix (hold constant) your coefficients (Option4 = FIX on the TBFT command). You specify
a value for a coefficient and keep it unchanged, while allowing the other coefficients to be operated
on. You can then release the coefficient you fixed and operate on it after the others are optimized. By
default, all of the coefficients are free to vary. The capability to fix coefficients applies only to nonlinear
curve fits (as listed in Table 7.3: Hyperelastic Curve-Fitting Model Types (p. 226)).
You can also specify tref = all and initiate multiple solves to evaluate coefficients at all available discrete
temperature values. In this case, for data at three temperatures (t1, t2, and t3), a single TBFT,SOLVE
entry will initiate three different solve operations at those three discrete temperatures.
With temperature dependency on and the reference temperature set to a particular value, a TBFT,SOLVE
command solves for coefficients only at that temperature. To solve for coefficients at other temperatures,
you set the reference temperature to each desired discrete temperature value and solve again.
You can initialize the coefficients before or after turning temperature dependency on. If the coefficients
are initialized before turning temperature dependency on, the specified coefficients will become the
initial coefficients for all future solves for that particular model. These coefficients are, however, overridden
when temperature dependency is turned on and another set of initial values are specified at discrete
temperature values. The curve-fitting tool looks for the initial coefficients at a particular temperature.
If no coefficients are specified at a discrete temperature, the initial coefficients set before temperature
dependency was turned on are used.
where:
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Material Curve Fitting
where:
where:
1. Number of iterations
2. Residual tolerance
The solution stops when both the residual tolerance and the coefficient change tolerance of your error
norm are met, or if the number of iterations criteria is met. When you use nonlinear regression, you
must initialize your coefficients.
where:
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Hyperelastic Material Curve Fitting
Option3 = order or number of your coefficients. See Table 7.3: Hyperelastic Curve-Fitting Model
Types (p. 226) (above) for possible values.
Option4 = curve-fitting procedure: 0 = non-normalized least squares, 1 = normalized least squares
Option5 = maximum number of iterations
Option6 = tolerance of residual changes
Option7 = tolerance of coefficient changes
Other solution parameters are available. See the TBFT command for details.
Try to reserve column one for the variable that you would like to see vary in the plot. For example, if
your data contains time, temperature, stress, and creep strain, and you wish to see the creep strain vary
as a function of time at different temperatures and stresses in the plot, you add your experimental data
using multiple TBFT,EADD commands by splitting the file into multiple experimental files as prescribed
earlier, one for each combination of temperature and stress.
7.1.7.1. Plotting
Use the GRAPH button to plot the data. Your plots will show columns 2 and above as separate curves,
plotted as a function of column 1. The data in column 1 is always the X-axis. By default, all the experi-
ments are plotted in the GUI window. To view specific data and its corresponding fitting result, you
can click the right mouse button (RMB) on the specific data set, and pick a desired option to view the
results. Other RMB plotting utilities can be found for different data fields in the curve-fitting GUI window.
Use RMB functions to Zoom, Fit, Save Plot to File, View/Hide Legend and View/Hide Grid. Two or more
fitted functions can also be compared in the same plot. For example, you can view Mooney2 Uniaxial
and Mooney9 Uniaxial plots directly on top of each other, provided you have already solved for both
of these functions. RMB also allows you to set the number of points used to generate the plot, and also
change the minimum X value and the maximum X value in a plot. You can also hide a particular curve
within a graph, turn the legend and/or axis displays on and off, and switch the scales between log scale
and regular scale. Use the middle-mouse button to eliminate a specific curve and clarify or refine the
remaining curve.
7.1.7.2. Review/Verify
The two factors you consider in determining results acceptability are visual fit and the error norm/residual
values. When you plot the curve, the error norm/residual values are printed in the curve-fitting GUI
window. Error norm values help you determine the quality of curve fitting and whether to accept the
results, but are not always the best indicator of a valid curve fit. Plotting the curves and visually assessing
the result is usually the best indication. If the results are unacceptable, you may want to go back to
step 3 (p. 226) and solve again, either by picking a different model, increasing the order, or redefining
your initial values of the coefficients or other control parameters. You can continue to use your original
experimental data, repeating step 3 (p. 226) through step 7 (p. 230) until you get an acceptable solution.
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Material Curve Fitting
where:
To perform curve fitting, you input the experimental data, define the order of Prony series expansion,
perform nonlinear regression, view the curve-fitting results graphically, compare the experimental data,
and write the fitted coefficients to the database as nonlinear data table commands for the subsequent
finite elements analyses. You can fit shear modulus and/or bulk modulus and/or shift functions, along
with discrete temperature dependencies for multiple data sets.
1 Step 1. Prepare Experimental The experimental data must be a plain text file delimited
Data (p. 231) by a space or a comma.
2 Step 2. Input the Data (p. 232) Read in the experimental data as a plain text file.
3 Step 3. Select a Material Model This includes Prony series expansion of shear and/or bulk
Option (p. 232) moduli as well as shift function. The supported shift
functions include WLF and TN.
4 Step 4. Initialize the Viscoelastic curve fitting is a nonlinear regression; the initial
Coefficients (p. 233) value of your coefficients is very important for a successful
solution.
5 Step 5. Specify Control Specify the error norm to be used, the solution control
Parameters and Solve (p. 235) parameters, and perform the nonlinear regression.
6 Step 6. Plot the Experimental Graphically view the curve-fitting results. Review and verify
Data and Analyze (p. 238) the results by comparing them with the experimental data
and the regression errors. If any factor is not acceptable,
repeat steps 3 to 7 to obtain a new curve-fitting solution.
7 Step 7. Write Data to the TB Write your curve-fitting results in TB command format to
Command (p. 238) the database.
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Viscoelastic Material Curve Fitting
To input experimental data for viscoelastic materials in the time domain, the data must be shear mod-
ulus and/or bulk modulus as a function of time and temperature. The experimental data is named sdec
or bdec to distinguish it from other data types, such as hyperelastic or creep, and to allow convenient
analysis documentation.
To input experimental data for viscoelastic materials in the frequency domain, the data must be storage
modulus and loss modulus as a function of frequency, and optionally temperature. The experimental
data is named sdec or bdec. The data must be represented in three columns, and a /1,freq entry
at the top of the experimental data file is necessary to indicate that column 1 is frequency. Similar to
time domain data, it is possible to input data for shear (experiment type sdec) and bulk behavior (ex-
periment type bdec). Frequency values are entered in cycles-per-second (which the program converts
to radians-per-unit-time).
Your viscoelastic test data must be a plain text file with headers to define the test data. The data file
should be in table form, delimited by a space or a comma. The header defines the test data type and
the temperature for your test data. For viscoelastic curve fitting with multiple temperatures, you can
evaluate coefficients at each discrete temperature point and write it as a temperature-dependent Prony
data table, or you can use the Williams-Landau-Ferry (WLF) or Tool-Narayanaswamy (TN) shift functions
to account for the temperature dependency. (See Shift Functions in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.)
A separate data file must be provided for each discrete temperature. The viscoelastic test data can be
any of 4 data types, see Table 7.4: Viscoelastic Data Types and Abbreviations (p. 231).
Time time
Shear modulus smod
Bulk modulus bmod
Temperature temp
The headers are used to describe the data types that characterize the test data columns or attributes
of the data.
The following listing contains the appropriate headers, followed by the delimited data:
/temp,100 ! define temperature attribute
0.01 2992.53
1 2978.514207
2 2965.45541
4 2942.293214
6 2922.530649
8 2905.612202
10 2891.073456
20 2842.506984
40 2798.142793
60 2772.383729
80 2750.631843
100 2730.398114
200 2643.125432
400 2517.475394
600 2431.262053
800 2366.580897
1000 2313.955396
2000 2117.922594
4000 1833.734397
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Material Curve Fitting
6000 1627.199197
8000 1470.6806
10000 1347.264527
20000 964.0141125
40000 586.1405449
60000 392.186777
80000 277.2706253
100000 202.0025278
200000 46.87056342
400000 2.669209118
600000 0.156653269
800000 0.0137224
1000000 0.005591539
You can include several data sets, including tests performed at different temperatures. Although different
data sets can have the same/or different temperature, each file can have only one temperature. Multiple
temperature data sets must be input with multiple files.
Two types of data may be required for viscoelastic curve fitting, either shear modulus vs. time and/or
bulk modulus vs. time. The data can also be a function of temperature, which can then be accounted
for by either WLF or TN shift function.
where:
The sdec coefficient refers to the shear modulus as a function of time. The bdec coefficient refers to
the bulk modulus as a function of time.
First you define a case name to associate the set of coefficients for the Prony expansions with the shift
functions that characterize the material behavior. You can use the case name to define several different
options that characterize the same test data, and then to compare the curve-fitting results. To define
the material model, you must first define a case name, and then specify the order of shear and bulk
moduli and the type of the shift function(s), if required. You need to create an additional case to define
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Viscoelastic Material Curve Fitting
different shear order, bulk order or shift options. Once you create a case, the number of shear terms,
bulk terms, or shift options cannot be changed.
where:
where:
• Nk is the order of the Prony series expansion of the bulk modulus, and
• NS is the number of coefficients of the shift function. (NS = 2 for the TN option, and NS = 3 for the WLF option.)
The coefficients are ordered as shear terms first, then the bulk terms, and then the shift function. The
coefficients are ordered as A0 G, A1 G, τ1 G, A2 G, τ2 G, … An G, and τn G
for shear modulus, and A0 K, A1
K
, τ1 K, A2 K, τ2 K, … An K, and τn K
for bulk modulus.
A shift function must be used together with your shear and/or bulk modulus for temperature-dependent
experimental data.
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Material Curve Fitting
The default coefficient is set to 1, but it is good practice to redefine the initial values before solving.
When initializing your coefficients, set An Ks to 1 and τn Ks to time values that are equally distributed
in the log scale, spanning the data range from minimum to maximum time for the time domain data.
For example, consider the shear-decay versus time-data file. If the time values vary from 1 to 10000,
and if you use third-order Prony, logical guesses for τ1 G, τ2 G
and τ3 G
that span this range could be
G G G
τ1 = 1, τ2 = 100, and τ3 = 10,000 (also (1), (10) and (10,000) or (1), (1,000) and (10,000), respectively).
For the frequency domain data, a trial-and-error process is necessary. Enter τ values at different orders
of magnitude (1E-5,1E-3,1E-1,1E1,1E2. ...). The A (alpha values) values can be set to 1, and the least-
squares solver generally converges to the best possible alpha values irrespective of the initial values.
The following equations describe the relationship between the Prony Coefficient (αn) and the corres-
ponding coefficient generated in curve fitting (An). K and G are the shear modulus and bulk modulus
G K
at t = 0. This was done to keep all αn and αn values used in the TB tables positive.
K K
αn = (An * An K) / K
G G
αn = (An * An G) / G
A good guess for the WLF or TN parameter is the reference temperature you used during your partial
solve for shear and bulk. The index of the reference/base temperatures is the sum of NumShear +
NumBulk + 1.
You can also fix (hold constant) your coefficients. You specify a value for a coefficient and keep it un-
changed, while allowing the other coefficients to be operated on. You can then release the fixed coef-
ficient later if desired. By default, all of the coefficients are free to vary.
You estimate coefficients for temperature-dependent data either by using the shift function (p. 236) or
by setting the temperature-dependency flag and setting a reference temperature before solving for the
coefficients. You can set the reference temperature only to values specified using the /temp,value
header line in the experimental data.
You can also specify tref = all and initiate multiple solves to evaluate coefficients at all available discrete
temperature values. In this case, for data at three temperatures (t1, t2, and t3), a single TBFT,SOLVE
command initiates three separate solve operations at those three discrete temperature values, and
generate data at three corresponding discrete temperatures.
With temperature dependency specified and the reference temperature set to a particular value, a
TBFT,SOLVE command solves for coefficients only at that discrete temperature. To solve for coefficients
at other temperatures, set the reference temperature to each of the desired discrete temperature values
and solve again.
You can initialize the coefficients before or after activating temperature dependency. If the coefficients
initialize before setting temperature dependency, the specified coefficients become the initial coefficients
for all future solves for that particular model. These coefficients are, however, overridden when temper-
ature dependency is active and another set of values is specified at a discrete temperature value. The
curve-fitting tool looks for the initial coefficients at a particular temperature. If no coefficients are specified
at discrete temperature values, the initial coefficients set before temperature dependency was activated
are used.
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Viscoelastic Material Curve Fitting
where:
Use the TBFT,FIX command to fix a coefficient to a value set by the TBFT, SET command or to release
a previously fixed coefficient. By default, coefficients are not fixed.
TBFT,FIX,ID,CASE,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
where:
Temperature dependency uses Option4, and references data files you entered with the appropriate
temp header.
TBFT,SET,ID,VISCO,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
where:
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Material Curve Fitting
The solution control parameters for nonlinear regression include number of iterations, residual tolerance,
and coefficient change tolerance. The solution stops when both residual tolerance of error norm and
coefficient change tolerance is met or if the number of iterations criteria is met. The coefficients are
updated when the solution is completed. In general it is very difficult to directly solve a complete case
including coefficients of the shear modulus, the bulk modulus and the shift function. Three solver options
including shear modulus only, bulk modulus, and shift function (or all) are provided to allow you to
solve only Prony coefficients of the shear modulus, Prony coefficients of the bulk modulus, and coeffi-
cients of the shift function. In many cases, however, the coefficients of shift function can't be solved
until the shear or bulk modulus are solved. It is normal for a solution to not converge at first, but to
stop when the maximum iterations criteria is reached. At that point, you should examine the curve-fitting
results and the solution history before proceeding any further. You can then adjust parameters and
resolve the problem whenever it is necessary.
Set the reference temperature at which your partial solution will be performed using TBFT,
SET,,,,,TREF, TX. Only data at temperature TX will be used to estimate shear coefficients
Solve
Set the reference temperature at which your partial solution will be performed using TBFT,
SET,,,,,TREF, TX. The reference temperature should be the same for both shear and bulk. Only
data at temperature TX will be used to estimate shear coefficients
TBFT,SOLVE
TREF is not used when solving for all parameters. All temperature data is used to estimate the
coefficients.
TBFT,SOLVE
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Viscoelastic Material Curve Fitting
Set the reference temperature at which your partial solution will be performed using TBFT,
SET,,,,,TREF, TX. Only data at temperature TX will be used to estimate shear coefficients
TBFT,SOLVE
Set the reference temperature at which your partial solution will be performed using TBFT,
SET,,,,,TREF, TX. Only data at temperature TX will be used to estimate the shear coefficients.
TBFT,SOLVE
Alternatively, you can solve for both shear and bulk data at the same time.
1. Set the temperature dependency flag using the command TBFT, SET,,,,,TDEP,1.
Set the reference temperature at which your partial solution will be performed using TBFT,
SET,,,,,TREF, TX. Only data at temperature TX will be used to estimate shear and bulk coefficients
TBFT,SOLVE
where:
The SOLVE option allows you to specify procedure types, tolerances, and number of iterations.
TBFT,SOLVE,ID,CASE,Option2,Option3,Option4, ..., Option7
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Material Curve Fitting
where:
Other solving parameters are available. See the TBFT command for details.
Right mouse button functions allow you to Zoom, Fit, Save Plot to File, View/Hide Legend, and View/Hide
Grid. Two or more fitted functions can also be compared in the same plot. You can also see the number
of points used to generate the plot, and also change the minimum X value and the maximum X value
in a plot. Use the middle-mouse button (context sensitive) to hide a particular curve within a graph.
Reviewing your curve-fitting result graphically is the only way to ensure a good fit. After plotting the
curve-fitting results, you can then review multiple plots and also verify the error norm/residual value
that is printed in the curve-fitting window. This information helps you determine the quality of a curve
fit and decide whether to accept the results. If not, you may want to go back to step 3 (p. 232), solve
again by changing the order of the Prony series, redefining certain initial values of the coefficients, and
possibly other control parameters. You can continue to use your original data, repeating step 3 (p. 232)
through step 6 (p. 238) until you are satisfied with the solution.
The curve-fitting tool (TB,FSET) calculates coefficients that differ from those shown in the TB,PRONY
table. The curve-fitting tool uses the following equations to automatically convert the calculated coeffi-
cients to the TB,PRONY format:
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Creep Material Curve Fitting
Prony Equation:
α i and τi (i = 1 to N) are the Prony coefficients (entered via the TB,PRONY) command. A0 is not entered
in the Prony table.
Conversion Procedure:
G’ is the storage modulus, G’’ is the loss modulus, Ω is the frequency in radians-per-unit-time, n is the
order of the Prony model. A and τ are the fitted Prony parameters.
Conversion Procedure:
where:
Option2 = Case
Option3 = Case name
The following topics concerning creep material curve fitting are available:
7.3.1. Understanding the Creep Material Curve-Fitting Process
7.3.2. Step 1. Prepare Experimental Data
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Material Curve Fitting
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Creep Material Curve Fitting
The header is used to describe the data types that characterize the test data columns or attributes of
the data. Five different creep data types are available:
Time time
Equivalent Creep Strain creq
Equivalent Creep Strain Rate dcreq
Equivalent Stress seqv
Temperature temp
The header format to define each column's data type is /n, abbr, where n is the index of the data column
in the file, and abbr is the abbreviation for the type of data in the column, as described in Table 7.5: Creep
Data Types and Abbreviations (p. 241).
When a particular column is unchanged over the loading history, you can define it as an attribute. For
instance, in the above example, the stress and temperature are constant throughout the range. You
define this data as an attribute.
The header format to define a data attribute is /attr, value, where attr is the data-type abbreviation, and
value is the value of the attribute. The constant stress and temperature values above can be written
into the file header, as follows:
/seqv,4000 ! indicate this creep has a constant stress of 4000
/temp,100 ! indicate this creep data is at a constant temperature of 100
/1,creq ! indicate first column is creep strain
/2,dcreq ! indicate second column is creep strain rate
0.00215869 0.000203055
0.00406109 0.000181314
0.00664691 0.000165303
0.0102068 0.000152217
0.0151416 0.000140946
0.0220102 0.000130945
Thirteen model types are available for creep curve fitting. The model you choose determines the exper-
imental data required for the curve-fitting process. The following table describes the creep data required
to perform curve fitting for each model type. For strain hardening and modified strain hardening, you
must input both creep strain and creep strain rate in the experimental data.
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Material Curve Fitting
Each file is viewed as a data set, and can be a complete set of experimental test data or a part of a
series of files of experimental test data. You can include several data sets, such as tests performed at
different loading conditions, strain ranges, and temperatures in separate files. Each file can have only
one header.
where:
See Table 7.7: Creep Models and Abbreviations (p. 243) to determine a starting point for the initial creep
model coefficients.
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Creep Material Curve Fitting
where:
The following table describes the creep models available and their abbreviated names for Option2
(above).
The experimental data must be consistent with the creep model you choose. See Table 7.6: Creep
Model and Data/Type Attribute (p. 241) for the data types required for each creep model.
Models with many parameters will sometimes converge more easily if you fix (hold constant) your
coefficients. You specify a value for a coefficient and keep it unchanged, while allowing the other
coefficients to be operated on. You can then release the fixed coefficients to obtain a solution. By default,
all of the coefficients are free to vary.
Although some creep models implicitly address temperature dependency, other models lack this cap-
ability. For both types of models, you can account for temperature dependency by generating coefficients
at discrete temperature values.
Solve for separate coefficients at each of your desired discrete temperatures. If the equation implicitly
supports temperature dependency already, that portion is eliminated by appropriately fixing the coef-
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Material Curve Fitting
ficient to a specific value. For example, if you have e(-C*T), then C is set to 0 to eliminate this term. To
do this, you activate temperature dependency by setting the tdep parameter to 1.
You can also specify tref = all and initiate multiple solves to evaluate coefficients at all available discrete
temperature values. In this case, for data at three temperatures (t1, t2, and t3), a single TBFT,SOLVE
entry will initiate three different solve operations at those three discrete temperatures.
With temperature dependency on and the reference temperature set to a particular value, a TBFT,SOLVE
command solves for coefficients only at that temperature. To solve for coefficients at other temperatures,
you set the reference temperature to each of the desired discrete temperature values and solve again.
You can initialize the coefficients before or after turning temperature dependency on. If the coefficients
are initialized before turning temperature dependency on, the specified coefficients will become the
initial coefficients for all future solves for that particular model. These coefficients are, however, overridden
when temperature dependency is turned on and another set of initial values is specified at discrete
temperatures. The curve-fitting tool looks for the initial coefficients at a particular temperature. If no
coefficients are specified at discrete temperatures, the initial coefficients set before temperature depend-
ency was turned on are used.
where:
where:
where:
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Creep Material Curve Fitting
Other available solve criteria are number of iterations, residual tolerance, and coefficient change tolerance.
The solution stops when both residual tolerance and coefficient change tolerance is met or if the
number of iterations criteria is met. The coefficients are updated after every iteration during the solve
process.
where:
Other solving parameters are available. See the TBFT command for details.
You should reserve column one for the variable that you would like to see vary in the plot. For example,
if your data contains time, temperature, stress and creep strain, you may wish to see the creep strain
vary as a function of time, at different temperatures and stresses in the plot. Add your experimental
data using multiple TBFT,EADD commands. Split the file into multiple experimental fields as prescribed
earlier, one for each combination of temperature and stress.
Right mouse button (RMB) functions allow you to Zoom, Fit, Save Plot to File, View/Hide Legend and
View/Hide Grid. Two or more fitted functions can also be compared in the same plot. For example, you
can view Mooney2 Uniaxial and Mooney9 Uniaxial plots right on top of each other, provided both of
these function are already solved for. RMB also allows you to see the number of points used to generate
the plot, and also change the Minimum X Value and the Maximum X Value in a plot. You can use the
middle-mouse button (context sensitive) to hide a particular curve within a graph.
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Material Curve Fitting
where:
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Creep Material Curve Fitting
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Material Curve Fitting
You can fit uniaxial plastic strain vs. stress data, along with discrete temperature dependencies for
multiple data sets.
The following topics concerning Chaboche material curve fitting are available:
7.4.1. Understanding the Chaboche Material Curve-Fitting Process
7.4.2. Step 1. Prepare Experimental Data
7.4.3. Step 2. Input the Experimental Data
7.4.4. Step 3. Select a Material Model Option
7.4.5. Step 4. Initialize the Coefficients
7.4.6. Step 5. Specify Control Parameters and Solve
7.4.7. Step 6. Plot the Experimental Data and Analyze
7.4.8. Step 7. Write Data to the TB Command
Following is the general process for using curve fitting to determine the coefficients for the Chaboche
material model:
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Chaboche Material Curve Fitting
Your uniaxial test data must be a plain text file with headers to define the test data. The data file should
be in table format, delimited by spaces or commas. Headers can be used to describe the data types
that characterize the test data columns or additional attributes of the data.
For Chaboche curve fitting with multiple temperatures, you can evaluate coefficients at each discrete
temperature point and write it as a temperature-dependent Chaboche data table. A separate data file
is necessary for each discrete temperature.
Issue this command at the top of the experimental data file to specify the temperature for the experiment:
/temp,TempValue
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Material Curve Fitting
4.41E-03 -1.64E+02
3.53E-03 -2.31E+02
2.51E-03 -2.66E+02
1.40E-03 -2.84E+02
2.48E-04 -2.95E+02
Uniaxial test data can include loading, unloading, and cyclic loading.
For plasticity, experimental data is path-dependent and the stress-strain behavior depends on the history
of the loading and/or unloading.
Each file is viewed as a data set, and can be a complete set of experimental test data or a part of a
series of files of experimental test data. You can include several data sets, such as tests performed at
different stress levels and/or temperatures, when you perform creep curve fitting.
where:
To define the material model, you must specify a case name, the order of Chaboche kinematic model,
and finally the isotropic hardening option if needed.
After you create a case, the number of Chaboche terms or the isotropic hardening options cannot be
changed without deleting the case. Additional cases with different case names can be created to
model Chaboche kinematic hardening with different orders.
The following syntax example and argument descriptions illustrates a complete case definition:
TBFT,FCASE,ID,NEW,Option2,Option3 ! define case
where:
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Chaboche Material Curve Fitting
Option2 = CPLA
Option3 = Your specified case name
TBFT,FADD,ID,Category,Option2,Option3 ! specify kinematic hardening model
where:
The number of parameter depends on the order of the Chaboche model. For a Chaboche model of order
N, there are 2*N+1 coefficients. Coefficients 1 through 2*N are Chaboche parameters, and coefficient
2*N+1 is the yield stress. The odd coefficients in the Chaboche model refer to the slope of the curve
and the even coefficients are decay function parameters. The number of terms depend on the complexity
of the curve. Evenly distributed estimates of the slope over the range of the curve can be used as initial
guesses for the curve-fitting process. Different terms can dominate at different parts of the curve. Initial
guesses for the decay parameters can typically be chosen one or two orders less than odd coefficients
(slope).
• 2*N i for the MISO option (where N i is the number of MISO terms)
The third coefficient for the power law is shear modulus, which must be set to the correct value and
fixed before solving.
The index of the isotropic hardening coefficients start from 2*N+1. Initial yield stress is generally estimated
from separate experiments outside of curve fitting and is generally fixed in the curve-fitting process.
For the BKIN, VOCE, and POWER options, the first isotropic hardening coefficient refers to yield stress.
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Material Curve Fitting
If the experiment has a maximum accumulated plastic strain of εpl,max, set the odd coefficients to values
equally distributed from 0 to εpl,max. These values are then fixed (TBFT,FIX) before solving (TBFT,SOLVE).
If you require greater accuracy at certain strain ranges, you can distribute the strain values unevenly as
you wish.
To fix (hold constant) your coefficients (TBFT,FIX), specify a value for a coefficient and keep it unchanged,
while allowing the other coefficients to be operated on. You can then release the fixed coefficient later
if desired. By default, all of the coefficients are free to vary.
Estimate coefficients for temperature-dependent data by setting the temperature-dependency flag and
setting a reference temperature before solving for the coefficients. You can set the reference temperature
only to values specified via the /temp,TempValue header line (p. 249) in the experimental data.
You can also specify tref = all and initiate multiple solves to evaluate coefficients at all available
discrete temperature values. In this case, for data at three temperatures (t1, t2, and t3), a single
TBFT,SOLVE command initiates three separate solve operations at those three discrete temperature
values, and generates data at three corresponding discrete temperatures.
With temperature dependency specified and the reference temperature set to a specific value, a
TBFT,SOLVE command solves for coefficients only at that discrete temperature. To solve for coefficients
at other temperatures, set the reference temperature to each of the desired discrete temperature values
and solve again.
You can initialize the coefficients before or after activating temperature dependency. If the coefficients
initialize before setting temperature dependency, the specified coefficients become the initial coefficients
for all future solves for that particular model. These coefficients are, however, overridden when temper-
ature dependency is active and another set of values is specified at a discrete temperature value. The
curve-fitting tool looks for the initial coefficients at a particular temperature. If no coefficients are specified
at discrete temperature values, the initial coefficients set before temperature dependency was activated
are used.
where:
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Chaboche Material Curve Fitting
By default, coefficients are not fixed. To fix a coefficient to a value (p. 252) set via the TBFT,SET command,
or to release a previously fixed coefficient, issue the TBFT,FIX command.
TBFT,FIX,ID,CASE,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
where:
Temperature dependency uses Option4 and references your specified data files with the appropriate
“temp” header:
TBFT,SET,ID,CASE,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
where:
The solution control parameters for nonlinear regression include number of iterations, residual tolerance,
and coefficient change tolerance. The solution stops when both residual tolerance of the error norm
and coefficient change tolerance is met, or if the number of iterations criteria is met. The coefficients
are updated when the solution is completed.
a. Set the reference temperature at which your partial solution should be performed (TBFT,SET,,,,,TREF,TX).
Only data at temperature TX is used to estimate the combined plasticity coefficients.
c. Solve (TBFT,SOLVE).
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Material Curve Fitting
where:
where:
The SOLVE option allows you to specify procedure types, tolerances, and the number of iterations:
TBFT,SOLVE,ID,CASE,Option2,Option3,Option4, ... , Option7
where:
Other parameters for solving are available. See the TBFT command for more information.
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Chaboche Material Curve Fitting
Take advantage of the right-mouse-button functions to zoom, fit, save your plot to a file, view or hide
objects, toggle between log scale and regular scale, and so on. With the middle mouse button, you can
eliminate specific curves from each window's display in order to view the remaining data more clearly.
After plotting the curve-fitting results, you can then review multiple plots and also verify the error
norm/residual value displayed in the curve-fitting window. This information helps you to determine the
quality of a curve fit and decide whether or not to accept the results.
If the curve-fitting results are unsatisfactory, you may want to go back to Step 3. Select a Material
Model Option (p. 250) and solve again by changing the order of the Chaboche model or other options,
redefining certain initial values of the coefficients, and possibly redefining other control parameters.
You can continue to use your original data, repeating step 3 (p. 250) through step 6 (p. 254) until you
are satisfied with the solution.
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Chapter 8: Material Model Combinations
You can combine some material models to simulate various material behaviors. The following table
presents the model options you can combine along with the associated TB command labels, and links
to sample input listings located under Material Model Combinations in the Structural Analysis Guide. If
a material model does not appear in the table, it cannot be combined with another material model
unless specifically noted elsewhere.
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Material Model Combinations
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Model With ... Combination Command, Label Link to Example
Type
Anisotropic Isotropic TB,HILL + TB,RATE + HILL and RATE and
Bilinear
Viscoplasticity Hardening TB,BISO BISO Example
Anisotropic Isotropic TB,HILL + TB,RATE + HILL and RATE and
Nonlinear
Viscoplasticity Hardening TB,NLISO NLISO Example
Anisotropic HILL and CREEP
--- TB,HILL + TB,CREEP
Creep (Implicit) Example
Anisotropic HILL and CREEP and
Creep and Isotropic TB,HILL + TB,CREEP BISO Example
Bilinear
Plasticity Hardening + TB,BISO
(Implicit)
Anisotropic HILL and CREEP and
Creep and Isotropic TB,HILL + TB,CREEP NLISO Example
Nonlinear
Plasticity Hardening + TB,NLISO
(Implicit)
Anisotropic HILL and CREEP and
Creep and Kinematic TB,HILL + TB,CREEP BKIN Example
Bilinear
Plasticity Hardening + TB,BKIN
(Implicit)
Anisotropic Kinematic Chaboche TB,HILL + TB,CHAB + HILL and CHAB and
Creep and Hardening TB,CREEP CREEP Example
Plasticity
(Implicit)
Anisotropic AHYPER and PRONY
Finite Strain Nonlinear
Hyperelasticity TB,AHYPER + Example
Visco-AnisotropicAnisotropic
and TB,PRONY
Hyperelasticity Elasticity
Viscoelasticity
Hyperelasticity Nonlinear HYPER and PRONY
Finite Strain TB,HYPER +
and Isotropic Example
Visco-Hyperelasticity TB,PRONY
Viscoelasticity Elasticity
Cap and Creep Isotropic Bilinear or TB,EDP + TB,CREEP + CAP and CREEP and
(Implicit) Hardening Nonlinear TB,BISO or TB,NLISO PLAS (MISO) Example
Following are cross-reference links to other sections in the documentation that provide descriptions of
the individual material model options represented in the table above.
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Material Model Combinations
• Hyperelasticity (TB,HYPER)
• Viscoelasticity
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Chapter 9: Understanding Field Variables
When you define field-dependent material properties (TBFIELD and related TB commands), the program
uses linear interpolation between the data points you provide to determine specific material property
values. To do so, the program:
2. Assumes that you have defined curve-based data and automatically provides the missing grid data points.
3. Performs linear interpolation on this populated grid to find material property values.
Table 9.1: Predefined Field Variables and Supported Material Data Tables
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Understanding Field Variables
• Elasticity (TB,ELASTIC)
• Hyperelasticity (TB,HYPER)
• Hyperelasticity (TB,HYPER)
• Hyperelasticity (TB,HYPER)
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Predefined Field Variables
• Hyperelasticity (TB,HYPER)
The reference coordinate systems for location (XCOR, YCOR, ZCOR) and displacement (UX,UY,UZ) can
be modified from global (default) to any user-defined coordinate system specified via the TBEO command.
In a linear analysis, when a field variable changes during solution, the full Newton-Raphson option
(NROPT,FULL) is required to obtain the correct behavior.
The TIME value corresponds to the analysis time specified on the TIME command.
The algebraic sliding distance SLDA is the total sliding distance (the algebraic sum) as reported in the
element output definitions table for the contact elements (for example, TASS and TASR output items
for CONTA174).
The absolute sliding distance SLDI is the total accumulated sliding distance (the absolute sum) as reported
in the element output definitions table for the contact elements (for example, AASS and AASR output
items for CONTA174).
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Understanding Field Variables
When used with TB,FRIC, field variables defined via TBFIELD are available only for isotropic friction
(TBOPT = ISO) and orthotropic friction (TBOPT = ORTHO or EORTHO); they are not available for user-
defined friction (TBOPT = USER).
For more information about using TBFIELD with TB,FRIC, see Contact Friction in the Mechanical APDL
Material Reference.
TBFIELD,XCOR,0.0
TBFIELD,YCOR,1.0
TBDATA,1,1e6,0.3
TBFIELD,YCOR,5.0
TBDATA,1,1e7,0.3
TBFIELD,XCOR,1.0
TBFIELD,YCOR,1.0
TBDATA,1,1.1e6,0.3
TBFIELD,YCOR,5.0
TBDATA,1,1.1e7,0.3
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User-Defined Field Variables
Use your field variables with initial state loading to define a field of material properties. When you define
a field variable as node-based field data over the finite element model (INISTATE), the solver reads the
initial-state data at the nodes and determines the correct value of the material property necessary for
performing the finite element calculations. Initial state loading with user-defined variables defines ma-
terial models as continuous functions over the models, thus facilitating advanced modeling such as
functionally-graded composite materials.
Nonlinear material models sometimes include both linear and nonlinear parameters in the equation.
For example, in the equation Y = a * xb, a is a linear parameter and b is a nonlinear parameter. You
might have values of a and b at two states, UF01 = T1 and UF01 = T3. It may not always be meaningful
to interpolate values of b to obtain coefficients at an intermediate field variable value UF01 = T2. It is
best to keep the values of the nonlinear parameters constant at all states during the curve-fitting process
for these material models.
The following example input shows how to define Young’s Modulus as a function of global Y using the
elastic material model and the node-based initial state capability:
For more information, see Subroutine userfld (Update User-Defined Field Variables) in the Programmer's
Reference
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Understanding Field Variables
You can use any appropriate API subroutine in the Programmer's Reference to query and update the
user-defined field variables.
TEMPERATURE = 100.00
SLIDE DIST = 0.10000
TEMPERATURE = 100.00
SLIDE DIST = 0.50000
TEMPERATURE = 200.00
SLIDE DIST = 0.20000
TEMPERATURE = 200.00
SLIDE DIST = 0.70000
Sliding Distance
Temperature 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.7
100 0.3 0.5
200 0.2 0.1
When defining tabular data, the first specified field variable forms the rows of the table. The subsequent
variables form the columns. In this example, Temperature is the first defined field variable.
In this case, the user defined only four out of a possible eight grid locations.
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Interpolation Algorithms
To populate the interpolation search space, the program fills the missing grid points in each row from
left to right. If the first or subsequent grid locations of a row are not defined, the program uses the first
defined value within the row to backfill the grid. The program then fills any undefined locations within
the grid by linearly interpolating between defined points in each row. If the last value(s) along a row
are not defined, the program gives them the last previously defined value within that row.
Therefore, based on the defined field-dependent friction values, the program generates the following
grid automatically (where values in italics represent those provided by the program):
Sliding Distance
Temperature 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.7
100 0.3 0.35 0.5 0.5
200 0.2 0.2 0.14 0.1
Supported material data-table types (TB) include: AFDM, AHYPER, BB, CGCR, CONC, CREEP, CTE, CZM,
DMGE, DMGI, EDP, ELASTIC, FCLI, FLUID, FRIC, HYPER, INTER, JROCK, MC, PELAS, PERF, PM, RATE, SDAMP,
SOIL, SWELL, THERM, WEAR
Simple linear interpolation (p. 268) is the default for 1-D and 2-D grid data. To obtain meaningful results
for multidimensional non-grid data, it is necessary to use one of the multidimensional interpolation (p. 269)
algorithms.
To select an interpolation algorithm or to switch between algorithms, issue the TBIN command.
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Understanding Field Variables
Equation (1)
where
Equation (2)
Equation (3)
and solving for the interpolated values using Equation (1) (p. 268), we obtain
Equation (4)
If the TBFIELD command for TEMP is issued first, all data points with TEMP held constant and UF01
varying are issued. Then TEMP is modified again and data points with UF01 changing are issued.
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Interpolation Algorithms
Consider the case where a true two-dimensional interpolation is required at a temperature of 180 and
a sliding distance of 0.40. The program performs three different linear interpolations to determine the
property value within the grid (p. 266). When performing two-dimensional interpolation, the program
always interpolates first along the two relevant rows of the grid (Temperature in this case), then between
the rows.
In this example, the program performs the first interpolation at a temperature of 100 and a sliding dis-
tance of 0.4, yielding the result of 0.45 (as shown in Equation (4) (p. 268)).
The program performs the second interpolation for a temperature of 200 and a sliding
distance of 0.4. In this case, we find that
Equation (5)
and solving for the interpolated values using Equation (1) (p. 268), we obtain
Equation (6)
Finally, the program performs a third interpolation between the temperature value of
100 and 200 at a sliding distance of 0.4.
Equation (7)
and solving for the interpolated values using Equation (1) (p. 268), we obtain
Equation (8)
Unlike simple linear interpolation, you can input a random collection of data points where the material
property was experimentally evaluated. It is not necessary to input data in any specific grid format (al-
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Understanding Field Variables
though you can still do so), but you must provide enough data to cover the region where you intend
to interpolate
Because the data is a random sampling, the algorithm creates an n-dimensional rectangular bounding
box, and the queries outside of the bounding box are projected to fall on the surface or edge of the
bounding box. The projection is done by calculating a normal to each axis until it finds a position
within the bounding box.
In the following figure, the stars represent the data points input that you provide, and the blue stars
represent queries outside of the bounding box:
The figure shows how the data points are projected first in one dimension and then in the second di-
mension. This method was extrapolated and implemented for multiple dimensions.
Nonlinear interpolation can produce slightly different results from that of linear interpolation.
For material data tables that use TBPT-based input (such as TB,PLASTIC), stresses are first evaluated at
the neighboring strain values provided in the TBPT input using the specified multidimensional interpol-
ation algorithm, then linearly interpolated between the neighboring values to maintain the stress strain
data C0.
The linear-multivariate algorithm is best used for parameter spaces of Order 3 and above. It is faster
than other interpolation algorithms for a large selection of data points and is highly accurate when
given a sufficient distribution of points. (More data points results in better accuracy.)
To evaluate the interpolation values prior to the finite element solution, issue the *GET command. For
more information, see *GET General Items, Entity = TBTYPE in the Mechanical APDL Command Reference
and Evaluating Interpolation Algorithm Results.
For more information, see Linear Multivariate Interpolation in the ANSYS Composite PrepPost User's Guide.
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Interpolation Algorithms
Interpolation of the parameters is done by solving the following radial-basis function Z = f(X1, X2, X3…
XO) at all input data points:
where N is the number of data points and O is the number of free variables (or the order of the inter-
polation). Input data is (xj,1, xj,2, …, zj) where j varies from 1 to N.
The unknown values are ai (where i varies from 1 to N) and c. Z is the unknown and Xj refers to the
query point. The equation is evaluated for all data points provided in the input to calculate the ai and
c values.
This algorithm is computationally intensive. Large data sets can affect performance adversely.
where is the set of all supporting points and is the query point.
Use the nearest-neighbor algorithm only for very large scatter-data sets when other algorithms cannot
be used.
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Understanding Field Variables
yloc=(y-1)/(ypts-1)
zloc=(z-1)/(zpts-1)
tbfield,xcor,xloc
tbfield,ycor,yloc
tbfield,zcor,zloc
E=(1+xloc**2+yloc**2+zloc**2)*1e6
tbdat,,E,0.0
*ENDDO
*ENDDO
*ENDDO
tbin,algo,lmul
*dim,ucalc,,101
*dim,zcalc1,,101
*stat,ucalc,1,101
*stat,zcalc1,1,101
finish
Figure 9.1: Evaluating Interpolation for Linear Data with a 6x6x6 Grid
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Interpolation Algorithms
Figure 9.2: Evaluating Interpolation for Quadratic Data with a 6x6x6 Grid
Linear-multivariate (p. 270) and nearest-neighbor (p. 271) interpolation are supported for these material
data tables:
Radial-basis (p. 271) interpolation is supported for all materials listed in Table 9.1: Predefined Field Variables
and Supported Material Data Tables (p. 261).
9.5.5. Reference
For further information about multidimensional field-variable interpolation, consult this reference:
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Understanding Field Variables
1. Amidror, Isaac.“Scattered Data Interpolation Methods for Electronic Imaging Systems: A Survey .” Journal
of Electronic Imaging. 11:2 (2002): 157-176.
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Chapter 10: GUI-Inaccessible Material Properties
The following material properties are not available via the material property menus of the interactive
GUI. You can specify them from the command line or input file. Subsequent graphic display and post-
processing is still displayed.
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