Rizal College of Taal Department of Criminology: Problem and Its Background
Rizal College of Taal Department of Criminology: Problem and Its Background
Department of Criminology
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
There are many forms of illegal gambling; from games of pure chance, gambling machines and
roulette, to games with a skill factor, such as sports betting, poker and illegal cock fighting.
It was June 11, 1978 when the Supreme Court in unanimous decision , recently declared that
Forms of Gambling and Betting), R.A. 3063 (Horse racing Bookies), P.D. 449 (Cockfighting), P.D. 483
(Game Fixing), P.D. 510 (Slot Machines) in relation to Opinion Nos. 33 and 97 of the Ministry of
Justice, P.D. 1306 (Jai-Alai Bookies) and other City and Municipal Ordinances or gambling all over
the country prescribe penalties which are inadequate to discourage or stamp out this pernicious
activities. Problems caused by excessive gambling are not just financial. Too much time spent
health problems including depression and anxiety, and even suicide. A definition of illegal gambling
is defined under the executive order as an act that is committed by any person who, in any manner,
shall directly or indirectly take part in any game scheme, regardless of whether winning thereat is
dependent upon chance or skill or both, wherein wagers consisting of money on an event with an
uncertain outcome, in the hope of winning more, while risking the loss of the money staked. Gambling
can be a private event among friends or more often a commercial product/activity. As a commercial
product, there is always a house advantage. The only ‘safe bet’ is that the gambling companies win in
the long run. This makes peoples’ choice to gamble a paradox: in order to win money, they participate
in an activity that, with a high probability, will make them poorer in the long run. So how can we
understand why people gamble? If we look on an individual level, we can see that people have
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different motives for gambling. From a psychological perspective, gambling can be rewarding in many
different ways, with both positive and negative reinforcement, and even rewarding when experiencing
a near win. Binde (2015) has presented a model with five motivational dimensions. There are four
motives for gambling: The dream of hitting the jackpot, social rewards, intellectual challenge and
mood change. Binde sees the fifth motive, the chances of winning, as the core in the model, which is
always present in all forms of gambling. The other motives vary depending on the gambler and the
gambling activity. Some focus on potential losses and interpret the excitement as something
frightening. However, for others, the mood change is central when gambling. It can be exciting and
create a sense of flow or relaxation. The mood change becomes more rewarding if one struggles with
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Illegal gambling is a unregulated market in San Luis Batangas.The Illegal gambling market
would therefore appear to be substantial. On the political dimension, the local officials and the PNP
are the prime movers in the fight against crimes as specified in R.A 9287. It states that the local
executives have the responsibility over anti-gambling operations. The involvement of these public
servants in these illegal activities is infusing doubt and distrust among the people. They are
jeopardizing the very institution they should have be advocating. The credibility of the entire PNP
continues to suffer. Internal security would be in danger and this would impinge on national security. It
also operates outside of any official constraints and, by definition, involves criminal behavior. This
raises the issue of who illegal gamblers are, what sort of impact their activities are having (on
themselves and others) and what can be done to address them because of its nature and the difficulty
of eliciting responses, very few past studies have investigated illegal gambling. Nonetheless, these
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studies do shed some light on the nature of illegal gamblers, chiefly related to the issue of gambling
addiction. A major study of Dutch gamblers by de Bruin et al. (2005) provided some clues on the
behaviors and characteristics of illegal gamblers, finding that illegal gambling stands out from other
categories of gambling in terms of its high proportion of excessive gamblers. Nonetheless, this past
work does suggest that a substantial proportion of illegal gamblers may also be excessive gamblers .
If indeed this is the case, then illegal gamblers may suffer from many of the problems that beset
excessive gamble.
Department of Criminology
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This study is anchored on the proposition of (i.e Langhinrichsen - Rohlinget al, 2015). The
game of choice or gambling as it called is a game that can bring harm to the people that playing it or
involve to it. It means that the people itself is the one who choices on what will be the consequence of
their action maybe they will choose to be harmed or to be safe depending on the thought that running
to their mind. Moreover, disruption in the gamblers is measured by their timed spent. Hence the game
of choice or gambling is either bad or good on the action and the weight of the consequence is also
consequence of the action is depending on the level of gambling, the more you involved in the activity
the higher the weight of the consequence (Rozin and Stoess, 2015). Although gambling activity has
been accepted to be primarily an economic activity, there is no single theory of demand for gambles
has gained widespread acceptance among economists (Nyman, 2018). It might be said that
explaining gambling behavior poses a significant challenge to explain the standard theories of
decision making under uncertainty. Friedman and Savage (2019), Conlisk (2019), Hartley and Farrell
(2016), for example, have tried to explain why people gamble by developing a theory of gambling
demand. Nyman (2018) also states that one obvious theory of gambling is based on the assumption
that the gambler’s utility as a function of unearned income or wealth is increasing at an 1314
increasing rate. However, most economists are reluctant to accept this theory because of three
reasons. First, it may against the notion of diminishing marginal utility. Second, while the traditional
procedure for determining a consumer’s utility function is based on first determining whether the
consumer accepts the gamble, this theory is based on circular reason that if an individual decides to
gamble, the gambler has to show the utility function that is increasing with successive marginal gains
in income or wealth. Third, many people both gamble and purchase insurance simultaneously, thus
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this theory would require both concavity and non-concavity of the utility function at the same time.
Indeed, the risk aversion explanation is always used to explain economic behavior, such as insurance
purchase, whereas gambling will be rejected by strict risk aversion. Most theories of demand for
gambling base on the classical concept of “expected utility preference” of individual choice under
Conceptual Framework
The citizens believed that "Illegal Gambling is not a sin”, that even priests and nuns come to
the casinos asking for jobs for their parishioners. Gambling in the Philippines is generally restricted by
government laws. Illegal forms of gambling include jueteng, masiao , last two and cock fighting.
The paradigm shown in figure 1 presents the variables of the study and their relationship to one
another. The first box presents the gambling related crimes. The second box presents the gathering
of data through questionnaires. This tool is included because it is the key to the progress of the study.
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Through the tool used , the appropriate data can be acquired for the purpose of ongoing study while
the analysis will generate the desired results. The output is the Challenges Encountered by the PNP
on Illegal Gambling and the assessment that they will do after.
1. What are the CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY THE SAN LUIS PNP ON ILLEGAL
GAMBLING?
2. How to develop an analysis that will show the CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY THE
HYPHOTHESIS
More specifically, many illegal gamblers are also excessive gamblers than this represents a
substantial social issue. This is especially so given the problems associated with excessive gambling
and addiction in gambling. Given this, the field allows for the development of several hypotheses
about the potential nature of San luis PNP challenges in illegal gamblers:
H1Illegal gamblers are more likely to be avid gamblers, betting larger amounts and betting more
frequently than their legal counterparts.
H2 Illegal gamblers are more likely to be excessive gamblers than is the case for legal gamblers.
H3Illegal gamblers are more likely to suffer from social problems (e.g. depression, work difficulties,
family problems, and financial problems than legal gamblers.
In order to test these hypotheses, this paper reports on the results of a survey of
CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY THE SAN LUIS PNP ON ILLEGAL GAMBLING. The aim of
the survey was to understand the nature of illegal gamblers, in particular their characteristics, betting
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habits, susceptibility to excessive gambling and potential social and financial difficulties. Some of the
survey results are then used to explore the ancillary issue of the potential effects of regulatory reform.
Gambling is an issue that gains a lot of attention because of the controversy surrounding it.
There are supporters for and against this multi-billion-dollar industry, but most citizens recognize it as
2. That the questionnaires that will be given to the respondents would be collected in time.
3. That all the data gathered to be useful in answering the problems of the study;
4. That the study conducted would be reliable source of information for both students and
professionals.
GAMBLING: THE ASSESTMENT understands the impacts of illegal gambling in San Luis, Batangas.
This study is only limited to the people in San Luis Batangas, who were addicted in Illegal Gambling
also the result of the negative as well as the positive effects of IIlegal gambling tend to be overstated.
This study will also not go beyond the area of San luis Batangas.
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This study will be undertaken to know the CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY THE SAN LUIS PNP
ON ILLEGAL GAMBLING : The Assessment is carried out, it will be of benefit to the following:
The study can this will help them to have insights about the present status of the Illegal
Gambling.
2. Researchers
The outcome of the study is beneficial to the future researchers. This study may be one
3. Future Researchers
The study can be used as reference/source for future studies about illegal gambling.
This study Challenges encountered by the San luis PNP on Illegal gambling : The Assestment
ILLEGAL GAMBLING.
3. To discuss, and find the assestment that will suits the challenges that the PNP San luis
Department of Criminology
Definition of terms
Illegal Gambling - Illegal gambling is defined under the executive order as an act that is committed by
any person who, in any manner, shall directly or indirectly take part in any game scheme, regardless
of whether winning thereat is dependent upon chance or skill or both, wherein wagers consisting of
money,
Viewpoint - The way they think about things in general, or the way they think about a particular thing.
Risk - Something they do even though you know that it might have undesirable consequences.
Department of Criminology
CHAPTER II
FOREIGN LITERATURE
According to Myers, Hardy, (2006) Organized crime in Oregon. Salem, Oregon: Department of
Justice. Oregon has more forms of legal gambling than any other state; however, the extent of illegal
gambling activities occurring within the state is currently unknown. There is some evidence of
organized criminal activity in state lottery games, but most of the reported illegal gambling has
involved individual cheaters instead of organized criminal groups. Law enforcement resources
currently devoted to the investigation of this crime are extremely limited. The gambling industry is
growing and will continue to grow because Oregon has more forms of gambling than any other state,
including Nevada. Growth will likely be in the expansion of current games and number of devices
instead of the addition of new forms of gambling. At the local and county level, current efforts to
regulate and investigate suspected criminal activity are decentralized and spread thinly among many
agencies. Many city prosecutors and district attorneys’ offices lack sufficient expertise in local social
gambling ordinances or state gambling laws to effectively advise law enforcement or the public. Some
lawmakers appear to be confused as well, as revealed by local ordinances approving fees for the
house. Internet gambling is a nationwide, if not global, issue. Regulation and enforcement at the state
Department of Criminology
Williams, R.J.; Royston, J., and Hagen, B.F. (2005). Gambling and problem gambling within foresnic
populations: Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 665-89. The purpose of this article is to review what
literature is available on the issue of gambling within forensic populations. It specifically reviews the
rates of problem and pathological gambling among criminal offenders, rates of gambling-related crime
reported by offenders, the nature and prevalence of gambling within correctional facilities, and the
relevant treatment and policy implications for clinicians and administrators working with this unique
population. Twenty seven articles were reviewed from 1990- 2004. The results of this study suggest
that roughly one third of offenders are either problem or pathological gamblers, the highest
prevalence rate yet found in any population. Most countries do not assess problem gambling, with the
exception of New Zealand. Four recommendations have come out of this literature review: (1) more
routine screening for problem gambling at intake to correctional facilities, (2) provide treatment for
incarcerated populations, (3) prohibition against gambling within correctional facilities, and (4)adoption
of "gambling courts".
Abbott, M. W., and McKenna, B. G. (2005). Gambling and problem gambling among recently
sentenced women in New Zealand prisons. Journal of Gambling Studies, 21 (4), 559.
This article reports on the findings from women prisoners interviewed to assess aspects of their
gambling involvement, problem gambling and relationships between gambling and criminal offending.
94 women prisoners in three women’s prison in New Zealand. One-third of women, based on their
SOG-R scores, were assessed as lifetime probable pathological gamblers and less than a quarter
were probable pathological gamblers during the six months prior to imprisonment. The preferred
game was non-casino gaming machines and housies. Problem gamblers experiences higher rates of
childhood conduct disorder and current non-psychotic mental disorder. Just over a quarter of
prisoners and a half of the problem gamblers had committed a crime to obtain money to gamble.
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Aborn, Richard and Bennett, John. (May 2005). Gambling: Who’s really at risk? The connection
between gambling and crime. Constantine & Aborn Advisory Services: New York, NY This report was
commissioned to determine if New York State should consider permitting gambling in Sullivan County.
This report examines the impact on crime experienced by other communities that have permitted
gambling by reviewing many reports and studies from other states and communities. National studies,
impact of crime from gambling in communities and surrounding areas, and impact of crime were
casinos are established. In a major academic study by the University of Illinois and the University of
Georgia reviewed crime data from across the country between 1977 and 1996 to ascertain if the
introduction of casino gambling into a community had an impact on crime both within the community
and in surrounding areas. It concluded that crime increases over time in casino counties, and that
casinos do not just shift crime from neighboring regions, but create crime. The study also shows that
casino-related crime is not confined to the community in which the casino is located. Ultimately, the
research determined that 10.3% of violent crime and 7.7% of property crime in communities with
casinos is linked to gambling. A year 2000 University of Illinois report using data from every US
county concluded that rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny and auto theft increased
as a result of casinos. A Wisconsin study found an average of 5,300 additional major crimes a year
due to the presence of casinos in that state. They also attributed an additional 17,100 arrests for less-
serious crimes each year to the existence of casino gambling. In sum, across the nation, the result is
the same over and over; communities with casino gambling experience more crime than communities
without. This is confirmed by a U.S. News & World Report analysis that found average national crime
rates in casino communities to be 84% higher than communities without casinos. Smith, Garry,
Wynne, Harold, and Hartnagel, Tim. (March 2003) Examining police records to assess gambling
impacts: A study of gambling-related crime in the city of Edmonton. Alberta Gaming Research
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Institute: Alberta, Canada.(June 2001) Several goals guided this inquiry: First, to capture as much of
the gambling related crime as possible that occurred in a major Canadian urban center (Edmonton,
Alberta) over a twenty-month period; secondly, to learn how law enforcement agencies and the
gambling industry contend with gambling-related crime; and thirdly, to employ novel research
strategies to broaden and deepen our knowledge of the purported relationship between readily
accessible legal gambling and certain types of criminal activity. The study was conducted over the
time period of January 1, 2001 through August 31, 2002, Of the 11,198 EPS files considered for the
year 2001, 338 (234 observed and 104 projected) for a total of 2.7%% were gambling-related. The
majority of gambling-related crimes in the EPS files are non-violent; that is, two-thirds of the
occurrences are crimes such as passing counterfeit currency and frauds, versus one-third of the
crimes (family disputes, robbery, and suicide) which are more violent in nature. None of the
occurrences in the most violent crime categories (murder, attempted murder or manslaughter) were
identified as gambling-related. In terms of economic impact, the gambling-related crimes most costly
to society are the various types of fraud (e.g. credit card, forgery, embezzlement, etc.). Many of the
cases reported in the EPS files were for more than $20,000 and several exceed the $100,000 mark.
These are often situations where an innocent party is victimized by an addicted gambler. Fast-paced,
continuous gambling formats such as VLTs and slot machines are most closely associated with
problem gambling; therefore, by extension, the crimes commonly associated with problem gambling
(fraud, domestic violence, theft, and suicide) are linked to the gambling formats with the highest
addictive potency. Large gambling venues that attract sizable crowds (e.g. casinos and racetrack)
were found to be more susceptible to crime occurrences such as counterfeit currency, credit card
Department of Criminology
According to Nixon, G., Leigh, G., and Nowatszki, N. (2006) Impacting attitudes towards
gambling: A prison gambling awareness and prevention program. Journal of Gambling Issues. 15, 1-
15.
This study sought to develop, implement, and evaluate a gamblig awarness program at the
program over 18 months. Gambling screen results revealed a significant increase in cognitive error
recognition, and attitudes towards gambling became significantly more negative. The program did not
render any significant differences in math skill score, Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI)
score, or past-year South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) score. Changes in the past-year frequency
score approached significance. This study suggests that programs of this kind can be effective for
According to Abbott, M. W., McKenna, B. G., & Giles, L. C. (2000). Gambling and problem
gambling among recently sentenced males in four New Zealand prisons. New Zealand: Department of
Internal Affairs. This report presents the major findings from a survey of gambling and problem
gambling among recently sentenced male inmates in four New Zealand prisons. The main objective of
the survey was to assess the nature of gambling and problem gambling among recently incarcerated
male prisoners and to examine relationships between gambling and criminal offending. 357 male
inmates in four prisons in New Zealand were surveyed. On the basis of their SOGS scores, 21% were
classified as lifetime probable pathological gamblers and 16% were classified as probable
pathological gamblers during the six months prior to imprisonment. 10% were classified as lifetime
problem gamblers, and 7% were classified as current problem gamblers. In other words, 31% of the
men were assessed as having experienced significant gambling problems at some stage in their lives
and 23% had problems at the time of their current imprisonment. 15% reported having committed a
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crime to obtain money to gamble or to pay gambling debts. 9% indicated that they had been convicted
for a gambling-related crime and over half of these men reported five or more convictions of this type.
Of the 50 men who themselves considered that they had at some time had a problem with gambling,
37 (74%) had at some time wanted help to stop gambling. 11 of these men had tried to get help. 12 of
the 50 men had sought help for a gambling problem while they were in prison. Abbott, M. W. &
McKenna, B. G. (2000).
According to Meyer, G. & Stadler, M. A. (1999). Criminal behavior associated with pathological
gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13, 29-43. The objective of this study was to investigate if
criminal behavior associated with pathological gambling is the result of addictive gambling behavior.
300 pathological gamblers from in- and outpatient treatment centers and self-help groups, along 274
high or low frequency gamblers from casinos, gaming arcades and pubs in numerous German cities
were voluntarily surveyed with a comprehensive questionnaire that assessed social attachment,
personality, pathological gambling and criminal behavior variables. All those that survey were males.
The results of the survey found that of the pathological gamblers, 89.3% admitted having committed
at least one crime during their lifetime, compared to 51.8% of the other group; 59.3% of the
pathological gamblers admitted to having committed a crime during the last 12 months of gambling
compared to 22.3 of the comparative group. Additionally, 35.3% of pathological gamblers stated that
they often or very often obtain money for gambling purposes by means of illegal acts, compared to
8.2% of the other group. What could be concluded from this survey was that addictive gambling
behavior is an important criminogenic factor, however this factor alone cannot sufficiently explain
criminal behavior associated with pathological gambling. Anderson, Dennis. (1999). Problem
gambling among incarcerated male felons. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 29, 113-127. Study of
223 male inmates in four midwest state correction facilities prerelease classes were administered an
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expanded version of the South Oaks Gambling Screen. The scale consisted of 20 questions, in which
if the respondent answered “yes” to 1-4 of the 20 items they are regarded as having “some problem”
concerning gambling. If the respondent answered “yes” to 5 or more, they are considered to be a
“probably pathological gambler.” 35% show “some problem” with gambling and 38% scored in the
range that suggest they are probably pathological gamblers. Research suggests that a significant
number of inmates have problems related to gambling. Consideration should be given to including the
According to Shaffer, H. J., Hall, M. H., & Vander Bilt, J. (1999). Estimating the prevalence of
disordered gambling behaviour in the United States and Canada: A research synthesis. American
Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1369-1376. A single study to identify every existing study of the
prevalence of disordered gambling conducted in the U.S. or Canada. Of the 134 relevant studies
identified in this study, 73.9% were derived from studies conducted in the U.S and 26.1% were
derived from studies conducted in Canada. The prevalence studies were classified into the following 4
population groups: general population, adolescents, college students, and adults in prison or in
treatment for psychiatric or substance abuse disorders. The study found that the treatment/prison
population evidenced the highest prevalence of disordered gambling among all the population groups
studied. Suggests that membership in youth, college, treatment, or prison populations must be
considered a significant risk factor for experiencing gambling-related disorders. Reynolds, Kelly.
(1999, March). Problem gambling prevention program for prison inmates. Beyond the Odds.
Minnesota prisons (one for women and two for men) and two Federal prison facilities. The program
were already receiving. Many of the inmates had previous histories of gambling on the outside prior to
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incarceration or were incarcerated prior to the availability of casino gambling, racetracks and lotteries.
Components of the program included: (1) review of the history of gambling in Minnesota, (2)
characteristic of low-risk gambling, (3) sign and symptoms of a gambling problem, and (4) resources
for problem gambling assessment, treatment and aftercare support. Evaluation results indicated 84%
were satisfied with program, 86% understood the risks associated with gambling, 89% understood
signs of a problem gambler, and 92% knew where to get help. The National Opinion Research
Council (NORC) conducted a nationally representative telephone survey of 2,417 adults from 100
communities regarding gambling behaviour, attitudes and related factors. The study found that
pathological gamblers had higher arrest and imprisonment rates than non-pathological gamblers. A
third of problem and pathological gamblers had been arrested, compared to 10% of low-risk gamblers
and 4% of non gamblers. About 23 % of pathological gamblers have been imprisoned and so had 13
percent of problem gamblers. The results of this survey were presented to the National Gambling
Impact Study Commission. One subcategory of this report is crime and gambling. In the report a
survey of nearly 400 Gamblers Anonymous members was conducted and 57% admitted stealing to
finance their gambling. Those with gambling problems tend to commit more white-collar crimes, such
as fraud, credit card and employee theft. The commission recommends that Congress direct NIJ, BJS
or other appropriate agencies to add gambling components to ongoing studies of federal prison
inmates, parolees and probationers who manifest disorders that frequently coexist with pathological
gambling.
According to Walters, G. D., & Contri, D. (1998). Outcome expectancies for gambling: empirical
modeling of a memory network in federal prison inmates. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14, 173-191.
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316 male inmates in a medium security federal facility in Pennsylvania were surveyed using the
South Oaks Gambling Screen and the Gambling Expectancy Effects Questionnaire (GEEQ). From the
results of the survey, four groups were constructed: 62 inmates were non-gamblers, 94 were
nonproblem gambling participants, 103 were possible problem gambling inmates and 57 were
probable pathological gamblers. All four groups perceived greater arousal from gambling than
sedation, but the probable pathological gamblers differed in their appraisal of more positive
consequences to gambling than negative consequences, as other three groups attributed more
negative consequences to gambling than positive consequences. The present findings suggest the
prospect of a relationship between gambling expectancies and wagering behaviour, However this
data does not tell us whether positive, negative, and arousing expectancies cause gambling problems
or gambling problems promote the growth of positive, negative, and arousing expectancies. Bond,
Peter. (2012). The development of good practices and treatment in the rehabilitation of alcoholic and
drug-addicted inmates in her majesty’s prisons. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 33, 83-88. Overview paper on
implementation of 12-week rolling treatment program for inmates in a Britain prison. The program
treats inmates where chronic alcohol, drug and gambling addictions have been a major contributor to
their offending history. The treatment program consists of (1) introduction, (2) community group, (3)
group therapy, (4) one-to-one counseling, (5) goals group, (6) assignments, (7) relapse support
group, (8) peer-evaluation group, (9)aftercare group, (10) peer supporters, (11) families, and (12)
continuum of care. Due to the treatment program voluntary positive UA tests dropped from 98 to 8%
and disciplinary incidents within the prison fell in proportion. Results of aftercare follow-up
questionnaire found that one returned to criminal activity, none have appeared in court, almost half
had found employment, and improved relationships with spouse/partner and families. Walters, Glenn.
(1997). Problem gambling in a federal prison population: Results from the South Oaks Gambling
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Screen. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13, 7-24. The goal of this study was to ascertain the frequency
of gambling involvement and the prevalence of problem gambling in a medium security prison
population. 363 inmates in a federal prison located in Pennsylvania were interviewed with the South
Parks Gambling Screen, with 5.2% of the sample achieving SOGS scores greater than 4 (probable
pathological gambling) and another 7.4% attaining scores of 3 or 4 (problem gambling). The results
are three to four times higher than the norm for the general population. With subjects achieving
scores of 1 to 2 on the SOGS reported a 60% rate of spontaneous remission, subjects with scores of
3 or 4 reported a rate of 44% and subjects scoring above 4 reported a rate of 21%. Only 5 of the 93
subjects who scored above 0 on the SOGS had ever been in treatment or attended a self-help group
for gambling. Findings indicate that offenders are an underserved population when it comes to
gambling intervention and attention to both gambling and related difficulties needs to be addressed.
Templer said, D. I., Kaiser, G., & Sicsoe, K. (2017). Correlates of pathological gambling
propensity in prison inmates. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35, 347-351.This study is the first to relate
pathological gambling propensity to psychometric variables in prison inmates. The South Oaks
Gambling Inventory was administered, in addition to two psychometrical instruments of the MMPI and
the Ravens Standard Progressive Matrices, to 136 consecutively admitted inmates in an all male
medium-security prison in Nevada. 22.79% of these inmates had some problem and 26% were
probably pathological gamblers. It was found that higher gambling score is associated with more
unfavorable scores on the two psychometric instruments and inmates with higher gambling scores
appear to have gambling problems, and pathological gambling propensity is apparently associated
FOREIGN STUDIES
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related activity climbs. More often, one gamble and the more money is invested in gambling activity.
On the other hand, the characters most often associated with problem gambling and harmful risk
activities. Age, sex, socio-economic status and family background, we turn first to these
characteristics (Poenaru et al, 2017)However, the number of different term are used to define noxious
gambling, but 'problem' and 'pathological' are the two most common. "Difficulties in limiting money
and/or time spent on gambling which leads to adverse consequences for the gambler, others, or for
the community" that's how they define gambling problems or problem gambling’s in Australia (Neal,
Delfabbro, & O'Neil, 2005, p.i).Moreover, It has been argued recently that there is much to be gained
from a fuller investigation of all types of participation in gambling across the life course (LaPlants,
Nelson, La Brie, & Shaffer, 2016; Rodgers, Caldwell, & Butterworth, 2016).Hence, on a continuum
that encompasses the full spectrum of harm, public health approach this definition views problem
gambling, from mild to severe, and encapsulates the impact of gambling problem on those who
gamble, as well as their family and friends, business and community (Korn, Gibbon, & Azmier,
2003).In addition, gambling can give rise to different types and levels of harm. These can be personal,
social, vocational, financial and legal. According to (Battersby, & Tolchard, 1996; MacCallum,
Blaszcynski, Joukhador, & Bettie,1999) . The most obvious harm is financial, and this is clearly
related to many of the other harms. In terms of psychological harm, it has been found out that 40-60%
aspects of the gamblers life, including their relationships and employment. Many problem gamblers
report tight relationship and family difficulties or having lost or jeopardized relationships as a result of
Department of Criminology
is evidence that those affected report having given up time from work to gamble, have lost jobs due to
gambling or have used their workplace to commit crimes to continue funding their gambling
(Delfabbro & LeCouteur, 2009;Productivity Commission; 2009). In a detailed analysis of the offending
record of 306 problem gamblers in treatment, Blaszczynski and McConaghy (1994)showed that
larcency, embezzlement, and the misappropriation of funds we're the most common crimes reported.
LOCAL LITERATURE
According to Anderson (2016) has pointed out that, unlike a business firm, an OC operation can
simply be a group of individuals dealing with assorted ventures (Anderson, 2010; Ianni, 2009 a, 2010
b). That is, the group need not be thought of as a single business. In fact, according to de Champlain,
a crime "family" runs a wide assortment of small-scale enterprises. The day-to-day operation of these
businesses or rackets might be run by the low-level members (soldiers) directly, or by associates who
pay tribute to the family. The wide variety and small-scale nature of the operations insulate the family
from legal prosecution. If the police raided any one business, the loss would be small. The business
operated by a family may be legal (e.g., a bar or nightclub) or illegal (e.g., an underground casino or
drug distribution network), or it might be a legal operation that also engages in illegal activities (e.g.,
importing legal and illegal products). Perhaps the central defining characteristic of modern OC is the
sophistication made possible by modern technologies. This is evidenced by how, since its inception in
the early 20th century, OC activity has necessitated comparable sophistication in the sphere of law
enforcement. Tactics such as prolonged surveillance and wiretapping have consistently been
from at least some politicians, police, or other key figures, OC as we have come to know it could not
exist (Peterson, 1983).As noted below, numerous studies have shown a strong link between criminal
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behavior and gambling. For the field of gambling studies, it is important to distinguish the extent to
which offenders gamble because they have a psychiatric disorder (the prey)from the extent to which
they gamble or offer gambling opportunities in order to take advantage of others (the predators).
Organized criminals are often the suppliers of illegal gambling opportunities, and pathological
gamblers are (for obvious reasons) an important part of their client base.
LOCAL STUDIES
According to Alecks P. Pabico of the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism wrote: “Are
Filipinos natural-born gamblers? Marvin Castell and Joel Tanchuco, economics professors at the De
La Salle University, posed this question in a paper they wrote in 2004 on what they described as a
“habitual and pervasive social activity” among Pinoys. “From the humblest barrios to the most affluent
villages, Filipinos are into gambling,” they observed, citing the abundance of casinos, lotto and bingo
outlets, municipal cockpit arenas, card games and “cara y cruz” on city streets, and bookies that go
house to house for the illegal numbers game called jueteng. [Source: Alecks P. Pabico. Philippine
Center for Investigative Journalism, February 3, 2008]In 2013, in Atimonan, Quezon, alleged jueteng
lord Vic Siman and 12 others, including three policemen and three soldiers, were murdered in an
apparent assassination or organized crime rubout. The Philippines Daily Mirror reported: “First
reported as a legitimate encounter, the Philippine National Police’s (PNP) own investigation revealed
the more likelihood of an ambush that was made to appear like a shootout. Police investigators had
doubts about the positioning of the bodies and firearms. To the investigators, it looks as if the bodies
and firearms were arranged to make it appear as a shootout. If indeed it was a rubout, what was the
reason behind it? What were the motives and objectives of the combined police and military team
headed by no less than the deputy intelligence chief of the Calabarzon police? [Source: Philippines
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Daily Mirror, January 18, 2013 A recent UCLA study does suggest that gambling has its roots in
traditional Asian culture. The Chinese, in particular, are said to hold strong beliefs in luck, fate, and
chance — concepts that many Filipinos, given China’s strong historical influence in the Philippines,
also live by, and thus explain their gambling ways. Back in 1999, findings of the Social Weather
Stations survey also showed that Filipinos’ moral attitudes against gambling hardly influence their
gambling behavior. There were as many people (63 percent) who said gambling was bad even for
small bets and when done only for a short time as those (64 percent) who admitted engaging in a
gambling activity in the past 12 months. Many would however justify gambling as just a form of
recreation, a “harmless” pastime, as if the amounts they’ve already lost to wagering haven’t already
cost them a fortune. Such hard-earned money, Castell and Tanchuco said, should have gone to more
Department of Criminology