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CHAPTER I

Problem and its Background

INTRODUCTION

There are many forms of illegal gambling; from games of pure chance, gambling machines and

roulette, to games with a skill factor, such as sports betting, poker and illegal cock fighting.

It was June 11, 1978 when the Supreme Court in unanimous decision , recently declared that

Forms of Gambling and Betting), R.A. 3063 (Horse racing Bookies), P.D. 449 (Cockfighting), P.D. 483

(Game Fixing), P.D. 510 (Slot Machines) in relation to Opinion Nos. 33 and 97 of the Ministry of

Justice, P.D. 1306 (Jai-Alai Bookies) and other City and Municipal Ordinances or gambling all over

the country prescribe penalties which are inadequate to discourage or stamp out this pernicious

activities. Problems caused by excessive gambling are not just financial. Too much time spent

on gambling can also lead to relationship and legal problems, job loss, mental

health problems including depression and anxiety, and even suicide. A definition of illegal gambling

is defined under the executive order as an act that is committed by any person who, in any manner,

shall directly or indirectly take part in any game scheme, regardless of whether winning thereat is

dependent upon chance or skill or both, wherein wagers consisting of money on an event with an

uncertain outcome, in the hope of winning more, while risking the loss of the money staked. Gambling

can be a private event among friends or more often a commercial product/activity. As a commercial

product, there is always a house advantage. The only ‘safe bet’ is that the gambling companies win in

the long run. This makes peoples’ choice to gamble a paradox: in order to win money, they participate

in an activity that, with a high probability, will make them poorer in the long run. So how can we

understand why people gamble? If we look on an individual level, we can see that people have
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different motives for gambling. From a psychological perspective, gambling can be rewarding in many

different ways, with both positive and negative reinforcement, and even rewarding when experiencing

a near win. Binde (2015) has presented a model with five motivational dimensions. There are four

motives for gambling: The dream of hitting the jackpot, social rewards, intellectual challenge and

mood change. Binde sees the fifth motive, the chances of winning, as the core in the model, which is

always present in all forms of gambling. The other motives vary depending on the gambler and the

gambling activity. Some focus on potential losses and interpret the excitement as something

frightening. However, for others, the mood change is central when gambling. It can be exciting and

create a sense of flow or relaxation. The mood change becomes more rewarding if one struggles with

stress, anxiety or depression and addiction.

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Illegal gambling is a unregulated market in San Luis Batangas.The Illegal gambling market

would therefore appear to be substantial. On the political dimension, the local officials and the PNP

are the prime movers in the fight against crimes as specified in R.A 9287. It states that the local

executives have the responsibility over anti-gambling operations. The involvement of these public

servants in these illegal activities is infusing doubt and distrust among the people. They are

jeopardizing the very institution they should have be advocating. The credibility of the entire PNP

continues to suffer. Internal security would be in danger and this would impinge on national security. It

also operates outside of any official constraints and, by definition, involves criminal behavior. This

raises the issue of who illegal gamblers are, what sort of impact their activities are having (on

themselves and others) and what can be done to address them because of its nature and the difficulty

of eliciting responses, very few past studies have investigated illegal gambling. Nonetheless, these
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studies do shed some light on the nature of illegal gamblers, chiefly related to the issue of gambling

addiction. A major study of Dutch gamblers by de Bruin et al. (2005) provided some clues on the

behaviors and characteristics of illegal gamblers, finding that illegal gambling stands out from other

categories of gambling in terms of its high proportion of excessive gamblers. Nonetheless, this past

work does suggest that a substantial proportion of illegal gamblers may also be excessive gamblers .

If indeed this is the case, then illegal gamblers may suffer from many of the problems that beset

excessive gamble.

MAP OF SAN LUIS, BATANGAS

MUNICIPALITY OF SAN LUIS, BATANGAS

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study is anchored on the proposition of (i.e Langhinrichsen - Rohlinget al, 2015). The

game of choice or gambling as it called is a game that can bring harm to the people that playing it or

involve to it. It means that the people itself is the one who choices on what will be the consequence of

their action maybe they will choose to be harmed or to be safe depending on the thought that running

to their mind. Moreover, disruption in the gamblers is measured by their timed spent. Hence the game

of choice or gambling is either bad or good on the action and the weight of the consequence is also

depending on the action. (i.e Langhinrichsen - Rohlinget al, 2016). Essentially,the level of the risk or

consequence of the action is depending on the level of gambling, the more you involved in the activity

the higher the weight of the consequence (Rozin and Stoess, 2015). Although gambling activity has

been accepted to be primarily an economic activity, there is no single theory of demand for gambles

has gained widespread acceptance among economists (Nyman, 2018). It might be said that

explaining gambling behavior poses a significant challenge to explain the standard theories of

decision making under uncertainty. Friedman and Savage (2019), Conlisk (2019), Hartley and Farrell

(2016), for example, have tried to explain why people gamble by developing a theory of gambling

demand. Nyman (2018) also states that one obvious theory of gambling is based on the assumption

that the gambler’s utility as a function of unearned income or wealth is increasing at an 1314

increasing rate. However, most economists are reluctant to accept this theory because of three

reasons. First, it may against the notion of diminishing marginal utility. Second, while the traditional

procedure for determining a consumer’s utility function is based on first determining whether the

consumer accepts the gamble, this theory is based on circular reason that if an individual decides to

gamble, the gambler has to show the utility function that is increasing with successive marginal gains

in income or wealth. Third, many people both gamble and purchase insurance simultaneously, thus
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this theory would require both concavity and non-concavity of the utility function at the same time.

Indeed, the risk aversion explanation is always used to explain economic behavior, such as insurance

purchase, whereas gambling will be rejected by strict risk aversion. Most theories of demand for

gambling base on the classical concept of “expected utility preference” of individual choice under

uncertainty. An individual values a gamble by using a probability-weighted utility function instead of

the mathematical expectation.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

-GATHERING OF DATA CHALLENGES

THROUGH
ENCOUNTERED BY
QUESTIONNAIRE
ILLEGAL GAMBLING THE PNP SAN LUIS
CRIMES ON ILLEGAL
-DATA ANALYSIS GAMBLING
AMONG PNP AND
CITIZENS OF SAN LUIS : AN ASSESSTMENT
BATANGAS

FIGURE 1 . CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Conceptual Framework

The citizens believed that "Illegal Gambling is not a sin”, that even priests and nuns come to
the casinos asking for jobs for their parishioners. Gambling in the Philippines is generally restricted by
government laws. Illegal forms of gambling include jueteng, masiao , last two and cock fighting.  

The paradigm shown in figure 1 presents the variables of the study and their relationship to one
another. The first box presents the gambling related crimes. The second box presents the gathering
of data through questionnaires. This tool is included because it is the key to the progress of the study.
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Through the tool used , the appropriate data can be acquired for the purpose of ongoing study while
the analysis will generate the desired results. The output is the Challenges Encountered by the PNP
on Illegal Gambling and the assessment that they will do after.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. What are the CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY THE SAN LUIS PNP ON ILLEGAL

GAMBLING?

2. How to develop an analysis that will show the CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY THE

SAN LUIS PNP ON ILLEGAL GAMBLING?

HYPHOTHESIS

More specifically, many illegal gamblers are also excessive gamblers than this represents a

substantial social issue. This is especially so given the problems associated with excessive gambling

and addiction in gambling. Given this, the field allows for the development of several hypotheses

about the potential nature of San luis PNP challenges in illegal gamblers:

H1Illegal gamblers are more likely to be avid gamblers, betting larger amounts and betting more
frequently than their legal counterparts.

H2 Illegal gamblers are more likely to be excessive gamblers than is the case for legal gamblers.

H3Illegal gamblers are more likely to suffer from social problems (e.g. depression, work difficulties,
family problems, and financial problems than legal gamblers.

In order to test these hypotheses, this paper reports on the results of a survey of

CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY THE SAN LUIS PNP ON ILLEGAL GAMBLING. The aim of

the survey was to understand the nature of illegal gamblers, in particular their characteristics, betting
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habits, susceptibility to excessive gambling and potential social and financial difficulties. Some of the

survey results are then used to explore the ancillary issue of the potential effects of regulatory reform.

ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY

Gambling is an issue that gains a lot of attention because of the controversy surrounding it.

There are supporters for and against this multi-billion-dollar industry, but most citizens recognize it as

a legalized establishment within the San Luis , Batangas economy.

The researchers, in conduct of the study assume:

1. That the researchers could finish the thesis on time

2. That the questionnaires that will be given to the respondents would be collected in time.

3. That all the data gathered to be useful in answering the problems of the study;

4. That the study conducted would be reliable source of information for both students and

professionals.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The research CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY THE SAN LUIS PNP ON ILLEGAL

GAMBLING: THE ASSESTMENT understands the impacts of illegal gambling in San Luis, Batangas.

This study is only limited to the people in San Luis Batangas, who were addicted in Illegal Gambling

also the result of the negative as well as the positive effects of IIlegal gambling tend to be overstated.

This study will also not go beyond the area of San luis Batangas.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be undertaken to know the CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY THE SAN LUIS PNP

ON ILLEGAL GAMBLING : The Assessment is carried out, it will be of benefit to the following:

1. Rizal College of Taal

The study can this will help them to have insights about the present status of the Illegal

Gambling.

2. Researchers

The outcome of the study is beneficial to the future researchers. This study may be one

of the bases that a new theory in learning will arise.

3. Future Researchers

The study can be used as reference/source for future studies about illegal gambling.

OBEJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study Challenges encountered by the San luis PNP on Illegal gambling : The Assestment

seeks to attain the following objectives.

1. To critically review the CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED BY THE SAN LUIS PNP ON

ILLEGAL GAMBLING.

2. To investigate the challenges both positive and negative in Illegal gambling

3. To discuss, and find the assestment that will suits the challenges that the PNP San luis

encountered in suppresing the Illegal gambling in San Luis, Batangas

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Definition of terms

Gamblers - They are the one who gambles.

Illegal Gambling -  Illegal gambling is defined under the executive order as an act that is committed by

any person who, in any manner, shall directly or indirectly take part in any game scheme, regardless

of whether winning thereat is dependent upon chance or skill or both, wherein wagers consisting of

money,

Viewpoint - The way they think about things in general, or the way they think about a particular thing.

Risk - Something they do even though you know that it might have undesirable consequences.

Consequences - The outcome of the gambler's choices or decisionns.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

FOREIGN LITERATURE

According to Myers, Hardy, (2006) Organized crime in Oregon. Salem, Oregon: Department of

Justice. Oregon has more forms of legal gambling than any other state; however, the extent of illegal

gambling activities occurring within the state is currently unknown. There is some evidence of

organized criminal activity in state lottery games, but most of the reported illegal gambling has

involved individual cheaters instead of organized criminal groups. Law enforcement resources

currently devoted to the investigation of this crime are extremely limited. The gambling industry is

growing and will continue to grow because Oregon has more forms of gambling than any other state,

including Nevada. Growth will likely be in the expansion of current games and number of devices

instead of the addition of new forms of gambling. At the local and county level, current efforts to

regulate and investigate suspected criminal activity are decentralized and spread thinly among many

agencies. Many city prosecutors and district attorneys’ offices lack sufficient expertise in local social

gambling ordinances or state gambling laws to effectively advise law enforcement or the public. Some

lawmakers appear to be confused as well, as revealed by local ordinances approving fees for the

house. Internet gambling is a nationwide, if not global, issue. Regulation and enforcement at the state

level will continue to be tempered by privacy issues and jurisdictional boundaries.

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Williams, R.J.; Royston, J., and Hagen, B.F. (2005). Gambling and problem gambling within foresnic

populations: Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 665-89. The purpose of this article is to review what

literature is available on the issue of gambling within forensic populations. It specifically reviews the

rates of problem and pathological gambling among criminal offenders, rates of gambling-related crime

reported by offenders, the nature and prevalence of gambling within correctional facilities, and the

relevant treatment and policy implications for clinicians and administrators working with this unique

population. Twenty seven articles were reviewed from 1990- 2004. The results of this study suggest

that roughly one third of offenders are either problem or pathological gamblers, the highest

prevalence rate yet found in any population. Most countries do not assess problem gambling, with the

exception of New Zealand. Four recommendations have come out of this literature review: (1) more

routine screening for problem gambling at intake to correctional facilities, (2) provide treatment for

incarcerated populations, (3) prohibition against gambling within correctional facilities, and (4)adoption

of "gambling courts".

Abbott, M. W., and McKenna, B. G. (2005). Gambling and problem gambling among recently

sentenced women in New Zealand prisons. Journal of Gambling Studies, 21 (4), 559.

This article reports on the findings from women prisoners interviewed to assess aspects of their

gambling involvement, problem gambling and relationships between gambling and criminal offending.

94 women prisoners in three women’s prison in New Zealand. One-third of women, based on their

SOG-R scores, were assessed as lifetime probable pathological gamblers and less than a quarter

were probable pathological gamblers during the six months prior to imprisonment. The preferred

game was non-casino gaming machines and housies. Problem gamblers experiences higher rates of

childhood conduct disorder and current non-psychotic mental disorder. Just over a quarter of

prisoners and a half of the problem gamblers had committed a crime to obtain money to gamble.
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Aborn, Richard and Bennett, John. (May 2005). Gambling: Who’s really at risk? The connection

between gambling and crime. Constantine & Aborn Advisory Services: New York, NY This report was

commissioned to determine if New York State should consider permitting gambling in Sullivan County.

This report examines the impact on crime experienced by other communities that have permitted

gambling by reviewing many reports and studies from other states and communities. National studies,

impact of crime from gambling in communities and surrounding areas, and impact of crime were

casinos are established. In a major academic study by the University of Illinois and the University of

Georgia reviewed crime data from across the country between 1977 and 1996 to ascertain if the

introduction of casino gambling into a community had an impact on crime both within the community

and in surrounding areas. It concluded that crime increases over time in casino counties, and that

casinos do not just shift crime from neighboring regions, but create crime. The study also shows that

casino-related crime is not confined to the community in which the casino is located. Ultimately, the

research determined that 10.3% of violent crime and 7.7% of property crime in communities with

casinos is linked to gambling. A year 2000 University of Illinois report using data from every US

county concluded that rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny and auto theft increased

as a result of casinos. A Wisconsin study found an average of 5,300 additional major crimes a year

due to the presence of casinos in that state. They also attributed an additional 17,100 arrests for less-

serious crimes each year to the existence of casino gambling. In sum, across the nation, the result is

the same over and over; communities with casino gambling experience more crime than communities

without. This is confirmed by a U.S. News & World Report analysis that found average national crime

rates in casino communities to be 84% higher than communities without casinos. Smith, Garry,

Wynne, Harold, and Hartnagel, Tim. (March 2003) Examining police records to assess gambling

impacts: A study of gambling-related crime in the city of Edmonton. Alberta Gaming Research
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Institute: Alberta, Canada.(June 2001) Several goals guided this inquiry: First, to capture as much of

the gambling related crime as possible that occurred in a major Canadian urban center (Edmonton,

Alberta) over a twenty-month period; secondly, to learn how law enforcement agencies and the

gambling industry contend with gambling-related crime; and thirdly, to employ novel research

strategies to broaden and deepen our knowledge of the purported relationship between readily

accessible legal gambling and certain types of criminal activity. The study was conducted over the

time period of January 1, 2001 through August 31, 2002, Of the 11,198 EPS files considered for the

year 2001, 338 (234 observed and 104 projected) for a total of 2.7%% were gambling-related. The

majority of gambling-related crimes in the EPS files are non-violent; that is, two-thirds of the

occurrences are crimes such as passing counterfeit currency and frauds, versus one-third of the

crimes (family disputes, robbery, and suicide) which are more violent in nature. None of the

occurrences in the most violent crime categories (murder, attempted murder or manslaughter) were

identified as gambling-related. In terms of economic impact, the gambling-related crimes most costly

to society are the various types of fraud (e.g. credit card, forgery, embezzlement, etc.). Many of the

cases reported in the EPS files were for more than $20,000 and several exceed the $100,000 mark.

These are often situations where an innocent party is victimized by an addicted gambler. Fast-paced,

continuous gambling formats such as VLTs and slot machines are most closely associated with

problem gambling; therefore, by extension, the crimes commonly associated with problem gambling

(fraud, domestic violence, theft, and suicide) are linked to the gambling formats with the highest

addictive potency. Large gambling venues that attract sizable crowds (e.g. casinos and racetrack)

were found to be more susceptible to crime occurrences such as counterfeit currency, credit card

crimes, thefts, assaults and disruptive behavior, and money laundering.

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According to Nixon, G., Leigh, G., and Nowatszki, N. (2006) Impacting attitudes towards

gambling: A prison gambling awareness and prevention program. Journal of Gambling Issues. 15, 1-

15.

This study sought to develop, implement, and evaluate a gamblig awarness program at the

Lethbridge Correctional Facility in Alberta, Canada. Fortynine inmates completed a six-session

program over 18 months. Gambling screen results revealed a significant increase in cognitive error

recognition, and attitudes towards gambling became significantly more negative. The program did not

render any significant differences in math skill score, Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI)

score, or past-year South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) score. Changes in the past-year frequency

score approached significance. This study suggests that programs of this kind can be effective for

inmate populations, particularly in changing attitudes towards gambling

According to Abbott, M. W., McKenna, B. G., & Giles, L. C. (2000). Gambling and problem

gambling among recently sentenced males in four New Zealand prisons. New Zealand: Department of

Internal Affairs. This report presents the major findings from a survey of gambling and problem

gambling among recently sentenced male inmates in four New Zealand prisons. The main objective of

the survey was to assess the nature of gambling and problem gambling among recently incarcerated

male prisoners and to examine relationships between gambling and criminal offending. 357 male

inmates in four prisons in New Zealand were surveyed. On the basis of their SOGS scores, 21% were

classified as lifetime probable pathological gamblers and 16% were classified as probable

pathological gamblers during the six months prior to imprisonment. 10% were classified as lifetime

problem gamblers, and 7% were classified as current problem gamblers. In other words, 31% of the

men were assessed as having experienced significant gambling problems at some stage in their lives

and 23% had problems at the time of their current imprisonment. 15% reported having committed a
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crime to obtain money to gamble or to pay gambling debts. 9% indicated that they had been convicted

for a gambling-related crime and over half of these men reported five or more convictions of this type.

Of the 50 men who themselves considered that they had at some time had a problem with gambling,

37 (74%) had at some time wanted help to stop gambling. 11 of these men had tried to get help. 12 of

the 50 men had sought help for a gambling problem while they were in prison. Abbott, M. W. &

McKenna, B. G. (2000).

According to Meyer, G. & Stadler, M. A. (1999). Criminal behavior associated with pathological

gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13, 29-43. The objective of this study was to investigate if

criminal behavior associated with pathological gambling is the result of addictive gambling behavior.

300 pathological gamblers from in- and outpatient treatment centers and self-help groups, along 274

high or low frequency gamblers from casinos, gaming arcades and pubs in numerous German cities

were voluntarily surveyed with a comprehensive questionnaire that assessed social attachment,

personality, pathological gambling and criminal behavior variables. All those that survey were males.

The results of the survey found that of the pathological gamblers, 89.3% admitted having committed

at least one crime during their lifetime, compared to 51.8% of the other group; 59.3% of the

pathological gamblers admitted to having committed a crime during the last 12 months of gambling

compared to 22.3 of the comparative group. Additionally, 35.3% of pathological gamblers stated that

they often or very often obtain money for gambling purposes by means of illegal acts, compared to

8.2% of the other group. What could be concluded from this survey was that addictive gambling

behavior is an important criminogenic factor, however this factor alone cannot sufficiently explain

criminal behavior associated with pathological gambling. Anderson, Dennis. (1999). Problem

gambling among incarcerated male felons. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 29, 113-127. Study of

223 male inmates in four midwest state correction facilities prerelease classes were administered an
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expanded version of the South Oaks Gambling Screen. The scale consisted of 20 questions, in which

if the respondent answered “yes” to 1-4 of the 20 items they are regarded as having “some problem”

concerning gambling. If the respondent answered “yes” to 5 or more, they are considered to be a

“probably pathological gambler.” 35% show “some problem” with gambling and 38% scored in the

range that suggest they are probably pathological gamblers. Research suggests that a significant

number of inmates have problems related to gambling. Consideration should be given to including the

topic of gambling in treatment and release programs.

According to Shaffer, H. J., Hall, M. H., & Vander Bilt, J. (1999). Estimating the prevalence of

disordered gambling behaviour in the United States and Canada: A research synthesis. American

Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1369-1376. A single study to identify every existing study of the

prevalence of disordered gambling conducted in the U.S. or Canada. Of the 134 relevant studies

identified in this study, 73.9% were derived from studies conducted in the U.S and 26.1% were

derived from studies conducted in Canada. The prevalence studies were classified into the following 4

population groups: general population, adolescents, college students, and adults in prison or in

treatment for psychiatric or substance abuse disorders. The study found that the treatment/prison

population evidenced the highest prevalence of disordered gambling among all the population groups

studied. Suggests that membership in youth, college, treatment, or prison populations must be

considered a significant risk factor for experiencing gambling-related disorders. Reynolds, Kelly.

(1999, March). Problem gambling prevention program for prison inmates. Beyond the Odds.

Implementation of a problem gambling awareness and prevention program to inmates at three

Minnesota prisons (one for women and two for men) and two Federal prison facilities. The program

was developed to be integrated as a component of the chemical dependency treatment prisoners

were already receiving. Many of the inmates had previous histories of gambling on the outside prior to
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incarceration or were incarcerated prior to the availability of casino gambling, racetracks and lotteries.

Components of the program included: (1) review of the history of gambling in Minnesota, (2)

characteristic of low-risk gambling, (3) sign and symptoms of a gambling problem, and (4) resources

for problem gambling assessment, treatment and aftercare support. Evaluation results indicated 84%

were satisfied with program, 86% understood the risks associated with gambling, 89% understood

signs of a problem gambler, and 92% knew where to get help. The National Opinion Research

Council (NORC) conducted a nationally representative telephone survey of 2,417 adults from 100

communities regarding gambling behaviour, attitudes and related factors. The study found that

pathological gamblers had higher arrest and imprisonment rates than non-pathological gamblers. A

third of problem and pathological gamblers had been arrested, compared to 10% of low-risk gamblers

and 4% of non gamblers. About 23 % of pathological gamblers have been imprisoned and so had 13

percent of problem gamblers. The results of this survey were presented to the National Gambling

Impact Study Commission. One subcategory of this report is crime and gambling. In the report a

survey of nearly 400 Gamblers Anonymous members was conducted and 57% admitted stealing to

finance their gambling. Those with gambling problems tend to commit more white-collar crimes, such

as fraud, credit card and employee theft. The commission recommends that Congress direct NIJ, BJS

or other appropriate agencies to add gambling components to ongoing studies of federal prison

inmates, parolees and probationers who manifest disorders that frequently coexist with pathological

gambling.

According to Walters, G. D., & Contri, D. (1998). Outcome expectancies for gambling: empirical

modeling of a memory network in federal prison inmates. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14, 173-191.
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316 male inmates in a medium security federal facility in Pennsylvania were surveyed using the

South Oaks Gambling Screen and the Gambling Expectancy Effects Questionnaire (GEEQ). From the

results of the survey, four groups were constructed: 62 inmates were non-gamblers, 94 were

nonproblem gambling participants, 103 were possible problem gambling inmates and 57 were

probable pathological gamblers. All four groups perceived greater arousal from gambling than

sedation, but the probable pathological gamblers differed in their appraisal of more positive

consequences to gambling than negative consequences, as other three groups attributed more

negative consequences to gambling than positive consequences. The present findings suggest the

prospect of a relationship between gambling expectancies and wagering behaviour, However this

data does not tell us whether positive, negative, and arousing expectancies cause gambling problems

or gambling problems promote the growth of positive, negative, and arousing expectancies. Bond,

Peter. (2012). The development of good practices and treatment in the rehabilitation of alcoholic and

drug-addicted inmates in her majesty’s prisons. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 33, 83-88. Overview paper on

implementation of 12-week rolling treatment program for inmates in a Britain prison. The program

treats inmates where chronic alcohol, drug and gambling addictions have been a major contributor to

their offending history. The treatment program consists of (1) introduction, (2) community group, (3)

group therapy, (4) one-to-one counseling, (5) goals group, (6) assignments, (7) relapse support

group, (8) peer-evaluation group, (9)aftercare group, (10) peer supporters, (11) families, and (12)

continuum of care. Due to the treatment program voluntary positive UA tests dropped from 98 to 8%

and disciplinary incidents within the prison fell in proportion. Results of aftercare follow-up

questionnaire found that one returned to criminal activity, none have appeared in court, almost half

had found employment, and improved relationships with spouse/partner and families. Walters, Glenn.

(1997). Problem gambling in a federal prison population: Results from the South Oaks Gambling
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Screen. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13, 7-24. The goal of this study was to ascertain the frequency

of gambling involvement and the prevalence of problem gambling in a medium security prison

population. 363 inmates in a federal prison located in Pennsylvania were interviewed with the South

Parks Gambling Screen, with 5.2% of the sample achieving SOGS scores greater than 4 (probable

pathological gambling) and another 7.4% attaining scores of 3 or 4 (problem gambling). The results

are three to four times higher than the norm for the general population. With subjects achieving

scores of 1 to 2 on the SOGS reported a 60% rate of spontaneous remission, subjects with scores of

3 or 4 reported a rate of 44% and subjects scoring above 4 reported a rate of 21%. Only 5 of the 93

subjects who scored above 0 on the SOGS had ever been in treatment or attended a self-help group

for gambling. Findings indicate that offenders are an underserved population when it comes to

gambling intervention and attention to both gambling and related difficulties needs to be addressed.

Templer said, D. I., Kaiser, G., & Sicsoe, K. (2017). Correlates of pathological gambling

propensity in prison inmates. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35, 347-351.This study is the first to relate

pathological gambling propensity to psychometric variables in prison inmates. The South Oaks

Gambling Inventory was administered, in addition to two psychometrical instruments of the MMPI and

the Ravens Standard Progressive Matrices, to 136 consecutively admitted inmates in an all male

medium-security prison in Nevada. 22.79% of these inmates had some problem and 26% were

probably pathological gamblers. It was found that higher gambling score is associated with more

unfavorable scores on the two psychometric instruments and inmates with higher gambling scores

tended to function on a lower intellectual level. In conclusion, a substantial percentage of inmates

appear to have gambling problems, and pathological gambling propensity is apparently associated

with other psychiatric and behavioural problems.

FOREIGN STUDIES
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Department of Criminology

According to Currie and colleagues (2006) point out that the probability ofexperiencing from gambling

related activity climbs. More often, one gamble and the more money is invested in gambling activity.

On the other hand, the characters most often associated with problem gambling and harmful risk

activities. Age, sex, socio-economic status and family background, we turn first to these

characteristics (Poenaru et al, 2017)However, the number of different term are used to define noxious

gambling, but 'problem' and 'pathological' are the two most common. "Difficulties in limiting money

and/or time spent on gambling which leads to adverse consequences for the gambler, others, or for

the community" that's how they define gambling problems or problem gambling’s in Australia (Neal,

Delfabbro, & O'Neil, 2005, p.i).Moreover, It has been argued recently that there is much to be gained

from a fuller investigation of all types of participation in gambling across the life course (LaPlants,

Nelson, La Brie, & Shaffer, 2016; Rodgers, Caldwell, & Butterworth, 2016).Hence, on a continuum

that encompasses the full spectrum of harm, public health approach this definition views problem

gambling, from mild to severe, and encapsulates the impact of gambling problem on those who

gamble, as well as their family and friends, business and community (Korn, Gibbon, & Azmier,

2003).In addition, gambling can give rise to different types and levels of harm. These can be personal,

social, vocational, financial and legal. According to (Battersby, & Tolchard, 1996; MacCallum,

Blaszcynski, Joukhador, & Bettie,1999) . The most obvious harm is financial, and this is clearly

related to many of the other harms. In terms of psychological harm, it has been found out that 40-60%

of problem gamblers in treatment sample experienced clinical depression. According

to (Dowling, Smith, & Thomas , 2009) problem gambling can have consequential effects on many

aspects of the gamblers life, including their relationships and employment. Many problem gamblers

report tight relationship and family difficulties or having lost or jeopardized relationships as a result of

gambling. Although relatively less is known about the vocational impacts of problem gambling, there

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Department of Criminology

is evidence that those affected report having given up time from work to gamble, have lost jobs due to

gambling or have used their workplace to commit crimes to continue funding their gambling

(Delfabbro & LeCouteur, 2009;Productivity Commission; 2009). In a detailed analysis of the offending

record of 306 problem gamblers in treatment, Blaszczynski and McConaghy (1994)showed that

larcency, embezzlement, and the misappropriation of funds we're the most common crimes reported.

LOCAL LITERATURE

According to Anderson (2016) has pointed out that, unlike a business firm, an OC operation can

simply be a group of individuals dealing with assorted ventures (Anderson, 2010; Ianni, 2009 a, 2010

b). That is, the group need not be thought of as a single business. In fact, according to de Champlain,

a crime "family" runs a wide assortment of small-scale enterprises. The day-to-day operation of these

businesses or rackets might be run by the low-level members (soldiers) directly, or by associates who

pay tribute to the family. The wide variety and small-scale nature of the operations insulate the family

from legal prosecution. If the police raided any one business, the loss would be small. The business

operated by a family may be legal (e.g., a bar or nightclub) or illegal (e.g., an underground casino or

drug distribution network), or it might be a legal operation that also engages in illegal activities (e.g.,

importing legal and illegal products). Perhaps the central defining characteristic of modern OC is the

sophistication made possible by modern technologies. This is evidenced by how, since its inception in

the early 20th century, OC activity has necessitated comparable sophistication in the sphere of law

enforcement. Tactics such as prolonged surveillance and wiretapping have consistently been

necessary (Woodiwiss, 1988).Another necessary feature seems to be corruption: without cooperation

from at least some politicians, police, or other key figures, OC as we have come to know it could not

exist (Peterson, 1983).As noted below, numerous studies have shown a strong link between criminal
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Department of Criminology

behavior and gambling. For the field of gambling studies, it is important to distinguish the extent to

which offenders gamble because they have a psychiatric disorder (the prey)from the extent to which

they gamble or offer gambling opportunities in order to take advantage of others (the predators).

Organized criminals are often the suppliers of illegal gambling opportunities, and pathological

gamblers are (for obvious reasons) an important part of their client base.

LOCAL STUDIES

According to Alecks P. Pabico of the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism wrote: “Are

Filipinos natural-born gamblers? Marvin Castell and Joel Tanchuco, economics professors at the De

La Salle University, posed this question in a paper they wrote in 2004 on what they described as a

“habitual and pervasive social activity” among Pinoys. “From the humblest barrios to the most affluent

villages, Filipinos are into gambling,” they observed, citing the abundance of casinos, lotto and bingo

outlets, municipal cockpit arenas, card games and “cara y cruz” on city streets, and bookies that go

house to house for the illegal numbers game called jueteng. [Source: Alecks P. Pabico. Philippine

Center for Investigative Journalism, February 3, 2008]In 2013, in Atimonan, Quezon, alleged jueteng

lord Vic Siman and 12 others, including three policemen and three soldiers, were murdered in an

apparent assassination or organized crime rubout. The Philippines Daily Mirror reported: “First

reported as a legitimate encounter, the Philippine National Police’s (PNP) own investigation revealed

the more likelihood of an ambush that was made to appear like a shootout. Police investigators had

doubts about the positioning of the bodies and firearms. To the investigators, it looks as if the bodies

and firearms were arranged to make it appear as a shootout. If indeed it was a rubout, what was the

reason behind it? What were the motives and objectives of the combined police and military team

headed by no less than the deputy intelligence chief of the Calabarzon police? [Source: Philippines
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Daily Mirror, January 18, 2013 A recent UCLA study does suggest that gambling has its roots in

traditional Asian culture. The Chinese, in particular, are said to hold strong beliefs in luck, fate, and

chance — concepts that many Filipinos, given China’s strong historical influence in the Philippines,

also live by, and thus explain their gambling ways. Back in 1999, findings of the Social Weather

Stations survey also showed that Filipinos’ moral attitudes against gambling hardly influence their

gambling behavior. There were as many people (63 percent) who said gambling was bad even for

small bets and when done only for a short time as those (64 percent) who admitted engaging in a

gambling activity in the past 12 months. Many would however justify gambling as just a form of

recreation, a “harmless” pastime, as if the amounts they’ve already lost to wagering haven’t already

cost them a fortune. Such hard-earned money, Castell and Tanchuco said, should have gone to more

productive pursuits like savings.

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Rizal College of Taal

Department of Criminology