Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Introduction
Dreams can be pure make-believe. Dreams may also be based on goals that
requirements for reaching goals, and knowledge of one’s strengths and limitations. Entering college
life is not easy for a student to choose what would be the best course that would really help in the
future. Choosing the right career path is becoming more and more important for young students
today. Students have to take into account many things when choosing a career and college major.
Many factors can influence a student’s decision, including parents, coaches, religious figures, or any
Decision-making is the logical way of setting one’s mind to choose amidst the possibilities
success generally, and effective leadership particularly. It is true that for an individual to be
successful, the person must possess good decision-making. Every day we make decisions, whether
big or small and these decisions can make huge impacts in our lives. As the person progresses, his or
her ability to decide improve, fun and games, some deal with people, others deal with future careers.
Some of the Motivational Factors in choosing course program include interest in field,
academic ability, familiarity, economic stability and influential people and etc. According to
Olaosebikan and Olusakin (2014) stated that, as a result, deciding on a career is a critical decision
that will affect an individual's entire destiny. The level to which potential jobs are investigated and
to one boost future career success and satisfaction. In comparison, study of Kazi and Akhlaq (2017)
an individual environment, talents, skills and academic achievements exert an influence on career
choice.
This study aims to determine the Motivational factors in choosing course program in Cronasia
1. What is the Level of the Motivational factors in choosing course program in Cronasia
a. Interest in field;
b. Academic ability;
c. Familiarity;
e. Influential people;
On their time or even power they have. It helps to be more effective and efficient at the
To the Administration. It will help managers to know more about making difficult decisions
entering college.
To Parents. The result of the study will help the parents of the respondents feel secured
because there are programs in the institution like the mentoring program that will help their children
To Teacher/Mentor. The result of the study will help the teachers/mentors provide
encouragement to think of ideas that will give proper guidance to the students/mentees. This may
To the Future Researchers the Future Researchers may be able to use the findings of the
study for further research and investigation particularly related to the Motivational Factors in choosing
course program since there are very limited local studies that can be found exploring this particular
subject or concern.
This study focus on the Motivational Factors in choosing course program. The respondents of
this study were Random Sampling 100 first year students from different courses of Cronasia
Foundation College Incorporated. The range of this study will be this school year 2021-2022.
Chapter II
This chapter presents the related literatures and studies, conceptual and theoretical framework and –
There are different factors that affect student’s choice of course in college. One of this is
Family related factors. Studies revealed that Filipino immigrants and non-immigrants rely heavily on
their family’s decision-making. Students cope by following their parent’s advice. They also have to
cope with the expectation of financially supporting the family upon completing their education. Studies
from other Asian Countries also show parent’s impact in decision making of students when it comes
Many factors can influence come into play when college student’s choice of career path.
Students will typically take into account the quality of life they want when they are older. Factors such
as interest in field, academic ability, familiarity, economic stability, and influential people can all play a
Interested in Fields
Some students know what they want to do with their lives from an early age. These are the
kids who are willing to go above and beyond in order to land their ideal job. Students, on the other
hand, frequently choose a different course due to a variety of variables outside their control. Students
will research and investigate their selected professional choice. The job’s compensation and benefits
have no bearing on this decision. In a study, the element “match with interest “was ranked higher than
work features, main attributes, and other factors. When students choose a major, psychological and
Many students select a major based on their academic aptitude (Beggs et al.,2008).
However, some students lack the ability or work habits necessary to thrive in some majors that
require more study than others. These pupils could be a better fit in a different setting. A less time-
consuming major with fewer tough classes this has an impact on people’s career paths of these
students.
Many students can handle degrees with higher workloads and choose a career path that leads
to a job that requires additional schooling. Veterinaries, doctors, and lawyers are all examples of
professionals in this group. Students will require more than one degree for professions like this.
On the other hand, some students have the desire to work in a labor-intensive environment. However,
they lack the intelligence to complete the activities required in their chosen field. Beggs and
colleagues (Beggs et al., 2008). Tutors, special education teachers, and other professionals
frequently assist these youngsters as well as additional considerations when taking examination or
Most parents want their children to go college and get great jobs. However, not all high school
students want to or have the ability to go to college. Some students want to be carpenters and
construction workers. The workforce will always need the blue-collar people who do manual labor jobs
(Stamps, 1998). Even though technology continues to evolve and grow, there will always be a
demand for trade centered who want to work straight out of high school. Some high school students
join the armed forces after graduating. Such students may want to follow the path of their parents or
find that military service is a way to pay for more education. The armed forces can help students who
struggle with structure and motivation, something that students need when continuing on to college or
Economic Stability
Many students believe that to live a comfortable lifestyle they need to be economically stable.
When these students look into a major or a career path, they seek out the higher salary jobs or they
look for majors that involve the most job security (Wildman and Torres, 2002). The 11 financial
aspects that students consider include high earning potential, benefits, and opportunities for
advancement (Beggs et al., 2008). Given the current economy, and American culture, many students
think they need a high paying job to make it in society these days. Along with stability during their
career, some students may even look ahead to retirement. Students want to make sure they are
secure for the rest of their lives, and may look into careers that have benefits to help them in the long
Personality
Personality is another important factor in career choice. Studies have shown that students will
choose a major that they think will fit their personality type (Mihyeon, 2009). The confidence that a
student has can determine how far a student will go with their education. Students who believe in
themselves have more confidence and are more likely to go for what they want instead of settling for
something that is comfortable. The personality of students can also play a role in choosing a major.
According to studies, students who have an investigative personality are more likely to major in
science fields. Students with an artistic personality are more likely to major in arts and in
interdisciplinary fields. Students who are very social people are more likely to major in the social
Influential People
Family and friends are considered to be an influential part of students’ choice of major.
Parents with an agriculture background most often have an impact in where students go to college.
Family role models have more of an influence on what students major in (Wildman and Torres, 2002).
There are many people in a student’s life who can influence their career decisions. Most of the time,
parents and friends play a large role, but coaches and teachers can also have a huge impact 10 on a
student’s life (Wildman and Torres, 2002). Teachers and coaches can help a student to do better in
school, to get into college or to get on a better path. The impact that these adults have on young
Studies conducted in different countries different cultures can sum up with different
relationships among variables selected for the study; for example, in Kenya personality types and
interest in subject is a factor that impacts lot on making career choices by the students, but if we look
at this similar kind of study conducted in South Africa where demographics and culture are totally
different it, revealed that the financial factors impact on career choices of students, Abrahams et al
(2015).
In the process of making career choices, personality plays a significant role; productivity,
fulfillment and motivation are directly related to the individual. Lack of fit can be the most dangerous
cause of dissatisfaction and ends up in to the stress career failure. Rebecca J. et al (2016) conducted
a study on 399 students in Kenya which resulted in that there is a relationship between personality
types, and career choice. Most of the students were satisfied with the course they selected before
entering the university which indicates that suitable career choice for students would improve
satisfaction and success in their course of study and future employment. But on the other side, when
students make changes in their course section it indicated that the choices of subject selection did not
go in line with their future career choices. Consequently, it constructs probability of the status of the
relationship between personality types and career choice among undergraduate students in Kenya .
Career growth, is an ongoing process for some people; they get engaged in different jobs
through choosing amongst job opportunities available in the market. Every person undertaking the
procedure of choosing opportunities subjective by many factors, context they live in, personal
aptitudes, and educational skills (Bandura, Barbaranelli, Caprara, & Pastorelli, 2001). It is natural that
people always try to forecast or direct sometimes the future which is uncertain, so as students, always
try to plan their careers for a secure future where superior job opportunities are the important factor
Studying will not be a question for those with eagerness to earn a college degree. However,
despite all these eagerness and fervor lies the fact that not all students can afford the course they
primarily want. The problem at hand is that their financial stability limits their choice which latter led
them to a more, said practical course. As cited by Anne Jones, “Pursuing your dreams will always
remain a possibility, with or without money.” Positive thinking, yet if the assurance will only key in the
decision, then that student will prefer the one wherein he can find the means to continue rationally. A
glimpse of risks along this part where one decides critically, describes a hesitation of why pursue that
course if the chances are too low for that student to endure anyway; regarding the expenses that are
to be covered. One might disregard his interest over this matter and end up with a college course he
is aware he won’t be able to excel or fit in. This in time will be a more serious concern, anticipating
wasted efforts, finances, opportunities and time. That, for instance is the situation where the
researchers wouldn’t assume the students to engage in if they did not arrive to an appropriate and
logical decision.
Understanding what factors are used to decide a career is comparable to what is used to
decide and academic major as well. Since choosing an academic major is usually the first step in
setting an individual on a career path, the process of deciding needs to be investigated directly. Most
students choose a major when they choose an institution, it may seem to some that this is too early to
make an informed decision about what to study over the course of one’s college career, but it is
indicative of the process most institutions follow. Certain factors that may hold different weight are the
reputation of the college, location, cost, and student socioeconomic status (Yazici & Yazici, 2010R).
Rababah (2016) family members and peers have an influence in the students’ choice of the
major including personal interests, gender, career opportunity and availability of jobs are some of the
Khoo, Ban, Neng, Hooi and Joan (2015) showed that college students and non-college
students who were involved in this study agreed that parents are the most influential or important
person when choosing their choice of college or university and course of study because parents
perceive as their main source of finance and normally seek advice from them due to the perception
that parents have the relevant information or experience with regards to higher education, and hence,
In addition, Kaneez and Medha (2018) supported that parental influence have significant effect
on the career choice of their children. Identically, Dagang and de Mesa (2017) identified the results
which point to the strong influence of parents on their children choice of tertiary school. It is deeply
rooted in the consciousness of the Filipino people the respect for elders, hence the strong influence of
parents on children decision. In a Filipino family child are financially dependent on their parents,
hence their submission to their parent’s decision, thus explaining the moderate influence of others
such as the peers, friends and relatives. Another factor was affordability of tuition, followed by
Ibrahim (2017) revealed that family members have the highest contributions in influencing
students to the profession of medical laboratory science due to the fact that family is usually who
provided financial supports to them. Eremie and Okwulehie (2018) indicated that factors such as
environmental, opportunity and personality can influence the choice of career among secondary
school students. In terms of environmental factors, it revealed that family, socioeconomic status and
peer groups have significant influence of the students’ choice of career while in opportunity factors
such as education and mentorship also had influence to the choice of career as well as the
personality factors such as the students’ interest, values and skills in choosing their courses.
Hoai, Thi and Thanh (2016) in their study factors influencing student’s choice of accounting as
a major show that social norm has a great influence on students’ choice of major including advice and
orientation of acquaintances, friends, teachers, parents which had a significant influence on their
decisions in the selection of specific discipline. It also revealed some significant differences between
average level of male and female students through perceptions of input scores, major pressure and
suitability for the people good at math, job availability, average income and advancement opportunity.
In comparison, study of Kazi and Akhlaq (2017) an individual environment, talents, skills and
Malubay, Mercado and Macasaet (2015) noticed the primary factor affecting the decision of
freshmen students in taking up specified courses or programs is the economic factors that include
In addition, which revealed that interest in subject has strong and positive relationship while
ease on grades, financial outcomes, and future job opportunities had minor impact on students’
decision for particular field and subject. It was also stated that the career choice of the students was
also influenced by the level of their social status, financial resources, affordability and future
Okiror and Otabong (2015) revealed that students’ choices were based on their perceived
availability of career and scholarship opportunities in a given department and the grade point
averages marks earned by the student at the time selecting the options.
Soria and Stebleton (2013) studied the relationships between students’ intrinsic and extrinsic
motivations with choosing a major, satisfaction with educational experience, and sense of belonging.
Internal extrinsic motivations positively associated with satisfaction include students’ motivation to
choose a major because the selected option allows time for other activities, prepares students for a
fulfilling career, prepares students for graduate/ professional school, and provides international
desire to study abroad—was negatively associated with students’ satisfaction. Additionally, students
who had external extrinsic motivations for choosing a major—because of denial of their first choice of
college major, easy requirements, and parental desires for choice of major—are negatively
associated with students’ satisfaction. All internal extrinsic motivations for selecting a major are
positively related to sense of belonging, except for choosing a major because it leads to a high paying
Therefore, students choose their course in college based on their perceive exits. Students
choose their courses in relation to how productive a course is and if it needed in the industry. High
paying jobs too are also considered as a factor in choosing courses. On the contrary, students also
have a misconception about the professions due to lack of information – it prevents from choosing
them.
Related Literature
The researchers have consulted a number of related literature and studies to examine what
factors and variables were considered by other researchers in doing their respective studies, including
the methods used and findings. The following related literature discussed the different models used
It is a statement of truth that motivational factors are a strong factor of choosing course
program it is also true that the efficiency of choosing a course depends mostly on the students. This
chapter therefore will examine the following concepts as defined and analyzed by different scholars in
There are three major components to motivation: Activation, persistence and intensity.
Activation involves the decision to begin a behavior, such as enrolling in a psychology class, is
referred to as activation.
Persistence is defined as making an ongoing effort toward a goal despite the presence of
impediments. Taking more psychology courses to achieve a degree, even though it demands a large
Intensity the attention and zeal with which one pursues a goal exemplifies intensity. One student, for
example, may get by with little effort while another will study consistently, participate in class debates,
and seek out research opportunities outside of class. The first student lacks focus, whereas the
The report, produced by Edu ventures, a consulting USA company, and written by Kim Reid, a
principal analyst there, distilled insights from more than 100,000 high-school students nationwide. It
identified seven key "decision segments" on the minds of aspiring college students: affordability,
value of education for cost, feeling of fit, and proximity to home. (Wyllie, 2018).
Understanding the determinants of decision making it is vital nowadays especially for private
HEI because students entering higher education institutions these days are different than those of
previous generations (Haron et al., 2017; Handa, 2018). As information, private HEI was chosen for
this study for the reason that private HEI has grown strongly as cited by Naidu and Derani (2016). In
an increasingly competitive HEI sector, private HEI at current struggling tough challenge in getting
suitable number of students in order to sustain in the market. (Dennis et al., 2016). In this study three
factors namely as institution rankings, institution facilities, and employment opportunities will be focus
Institution Rankings
Maniu and Maniu (2014) stated that reputation for a HEI is derived from ranking; its reflection
of good reputation is built by age, accreditation and competitiveness of admission and brand name.
They stated the institutions with a respectable identity would derive the institution to have a better-
perceived value to a target market than its rivals can provide. Ranking helps HEI to build up their
reputation and where they stand in education industry. Yusuf et al. (2017) indicated institution ranking
is something built based on a performance. Academic reputation is important for the PHEI to
manipulate the status as part of their marketing gimmick and competitive advantage. Institution
ranking at the same time to be used by the PHEI to portray their outstanding level in the market.
Students may aim to join the ranked university in order to secure and satisfied themselves in the
prominent universities. Migin et al. (2015) highlighted that high ranking in market contribute to the
Institution facilities can be dividing to some parts, which are academic and non-academic.
According to Rachmadhani et al. (2018) facilities is referred as physical infrastructure that may benefit
the students in their learning process whether it is related directly to academic or promote the lifestyle
of the campus life. Institution facilities also not limited to soft skills services built in the study syllabus
that may defer from one PHEI to another or between academies program many facilities available at
the HEI to provide a conducive environment to student for physical aspects such as place, favorable
learning environment, recreation and sports, cleanliness, safe environment and campus social life
plays a vital role. All these factors act as an additional advantage for student decisions choice
(Garwe, 2016). Khairani and Abd (2013) stressed that students make choice based on the institution
facilities that they may require during the study period. Those facilities may contribute the positive
result in the teaching and learning process by the students. Cubillo et al. (2006) also highlighted the
important of other facilities that related to campus lifestyle that may create inner satisfaction to
Employment Opportunities
In this competitive era, students are highly concerned about their career. Employment
opportunity becoming one of the important criteria for selecting the PHEI. PHEI at the same time may
attract students and influence their decision-making by promoting various statistics or testimonial from
the alumni. Ramchandani et al. (2018) highlighted that employment opportunities are part of the
elements evaluated by students in making their choice before entering PHEI. Earlier before that
Sanchez (2014) also commented that students will make decision based on their chances of
employment and exposure to the on-job study that may add more value to their education beside
easier to get job after graduation. Aydin (2015) supported the statement from Sanchez (2014)
although the respondent of the study was not similar. Based on all three research, it can be concluded
that employment opportunities are very important as part of the influence factor that may lead student
decision-making to enroll into their preferred PHEI. Every year, many of students enroll in HEI for
reasons related to future job prospects. More than 85% of first-year students rated the ability to get
employment opportunities as a very important factor in their decision to attend college (Eagan et al.,
2015). Regarding to research result by Jaradat and Mustafa (2017) they revealed the employment
opportunities indicate a strong effect on their majors’ selections with score means of 3.64.
Decision making process is a part of consumer behavior. Choosing a HEI is a critical stage for
all high school graduates who have a plan to further their study at HEI level. Students are highly
selective when deciding on which HEI they should to enroll, because the there is ample option
available in the market. The competition among the PHEI lead to tough competition. That competition
translated to high bargaining power of students in which, they have the power to choose. Decision
making at the same time have been made easier by the current information technology. Students
have the luxury to choose based on the comparison and reviews made by the alumni. Wadhwa
(2016) and Mohamad and Hussein (2018). Meyer (2018) also highlighted that the decision-making by
students will be based on their purpose and intention. PHEI in the industry need to understand the
students’ needs and wants beside the capability of them to pay for the fees. The influences that affect
student decisions usually come from a variety of factors. Decision making process happen after a
student satisfied with the evaluation on the factors that exists that meets with their need. According to
Hossler and Gallagher (1987), the decision-making process is simply defined as the process through
which student decide whether to go to HEI or not. Furthermore, it also can be defined as the selection
of an HEI to attend.
Theoretical Framework
It is a learning theory based on the ideas that people learn by making-decision, that students
processes are central to understanding, predicting and changing human behavior. Another theory is
the theory of planned behavior, because behavior can be deliberate and planned.
Several other theoretical positions support the relationship proposed by Moxley et al. (2001)
that external influences and factors impact students’ career choices and decisions. Groccia’s (1992)
position was that students’ externally-acquired attitudes and expectations affect the outcome of their
college experience and that “students who are pursuing identified majors and following career paths
find it easier to adjust to the academic, social, and emotional demands that come with college life” (p.
41). In terms of the persistence theories of Tinto (1993) and Braxton (2000b), external influences
affect the career choices of students, but once these choices are made, students are more successful
in integrating into the school’s internal community, which, in turn, facilitates persistence to successful
Students will seek out schools that are well known for that major or trade. Most students today
are more concerned with the amount of money they can earn. However, there are a few students who
pursue their dreams (Mcglynn, 2007). Decision Making Some theories view career decision making
as a systematic approach in which one weighs the cost to benefit ratio of their choice compared to all
alternative choices. It is viewed strictly as an objective and logical process (Murtagh, Lopes, & Lyons,
2011).
Intrinsic motivation defines the best task, without external expectations, to fulfill one’s own
needs. Challenges, curiosity, control, and fantasy are the elements to trigger intrinsic motivation. Also,
emphasize that intrinsic motivation and academic performance shared and profound connections.
Intrinsic motivation leads someone to engage actively in educational activities in order to learn new
things Journal of critical reviews 555 with their preparation without any external incentive contrary to
the assumption of external rewards, products, or under any pressure. Much of these previous works
have intrinsically motivated into game-based games that have learned their minds in studying what is
considered important and what gives impact on teaching achievement. Intrinsic motivation can spread
positivity and create the knowledge gained to sustain long term. In contrast to intrinsic motivation,
extrinsic motivation describes external activities that include gifts coercion and punishment. A person
who wishes to succeed or excel to be accepted among fellows or under any pressure cannot survive
long. Extrinsic motivation leads to dissatisfaction and reluctance in action claimed that extrinsic
motivation should be introduced at an early stage of any process to attract attention so that it can
evolve into intrinsic motivation as the learning process becomes more meaningful and immersive.
There is a high chance that the individual will reach a saturation where he/she can no longer develop
his/her intrinsic motivation or extrinsic motivation. At that point, a motivation occurs. Amotivation is the
point at which intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation no longer exist. Therefore, students should
always be encouraged to deal with the situation, even when it is challenging. They need to encourage
Theory of Self-Determination
Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 1991), when applied to the realm of education,
is concerned primarily with promoting in students an interest in learning, a valuing of education, and a
confidence in their own capacities and attributes. These outcomes are manifestations of being
intrinsically motivated and internalizing values and regulatory processes. Research suggests that
these processes result in high-quality learning and conceptual understanding, as well as enhanced
personal growth and adjustment. In this article we also describe social-contextual factors that nurture
intrinsic motivation and promote internalization, leading to the desired educational outcomes.
Conceptual Framework
This Conceptual Framework of the study shows the relationship of the independent and
dependent variable. This Framework embodies the specific direction by which the research will have
to be undertaken by describing the relationship between specific variable identified in the study.
MOTIVATINAL
FACTORS COURSE
Interested field; PROGRAM
Academic Ability;
Familiarity;
Economic Stability; and
Influential People
The explanation of the following terms would give enlightenment to the terminologies used in
in such subjects as Math, Science and English. Operationally, refers for having the ability in terms in
academic.
Course Program. It is program of school offering the course of students they want to pursue
duly recognized and registered by virtue of the laws of the Philippines. It is established to reach out to
the greatest number of Filipino youths who dare to challenge poverty through education.
macroeconomy. Operationally, it describes a country’s financial system that displays only tiny output
growth.
Familiarity. Conceptually, the quality of being well known; recognizability based on long or
close association. Operationally, something that familiar for you, friendliness or intimacy between
people.
something that will exist. Operationally, something that will happen in moment yet to come.
Influential people. Conceptually, a person whose actions and opinions strongly influence the
Interest in field. Conceptually, a domain of interest, spheres of interest, areas or topics that
one finds interesting. Operationally, a field wherein you are interested to achieve something or you
Job Opportunities. The opportunity of people who is looking for a job, we all know that job is a
Motivational factors. Recent educational research using the social cognitive approach has
identified several unique motivational elements. Operationally, motivational factors have come to light
in recent educational research from the social cognitive approach including: Intrinsic Goal Orientation,
Extrinsic Goal Orientation, Task Value, Control of Learning Beliefs, and Self-Efficacy for Learning and
Performance.
Operationally, any established employment position which is currently vacant and left unfilled by a
qualified worker.
Performance means good ranking with the hypothesized conception of requirements of a task role.
Operationally, performance is giving all the best that you have to make others satisfied and impress in
your performance.
Student. Conceptually, a person formally engaged in learning, especially one enrolled in a
Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, research instrument, the participants,
Research Design
approach to determine the Motivational Factors In choosing Course Program in Cronasia Foundation
College Incorporated.
College
method
in choosing the respondents. The researcher will select purposively based on the characteristics of
the
Research Locale
In this time of the pandemic, we cannot do face-to-face surveys. The researchers have it online and
ensured that the respondents in Cronasia Foundation College Incorporated academic year 2021-2022 and
cooperate respectfully.
Research Instrument
The researchers used the online method of survey questionnaires such as Google Forms.
Google Forms is survey administration software that allows collecting information from the
respondents through the survey. They contain information that can be automatically entered into
spreadsheets.
The survey questionnaires determined the Motivational Factors in Choosing Course Program
in Cronasia Foundation College Inc. academic year 2021-2022. In this part, the researcher used an
adopted survey questionnaire from the study of Nancy Pascual (2014) and JV Jane Oauno et,al.
(2019) to collect data about the Motivational Factors In Choosing Course Program in Cronasia
Foundation College, Inc. The researchers use a 5 -point Likert scale to describe the level of
The researchers gather their data through a construct online survey questionnaire. Before the
administration of the questionnaire, written permission was secured from the school administrator. As
soon as the permission was granted, the survey questionnaires were administered, after which the
Seeks or collects and synthesizes information from a variety of information and sources in an
objective, unbiased manner to reach a conclusion, goal, or judgment, and to enable strategic and
leadership decision making letter to administrator inside the school. We conduct survey through
online using Google Forms. Due to this pandemic we can’t allowed to conduct survey through face to
face. The following data will be sent link through messenger or email when conducted survey
questionnaire to the respondent and wherein the gather will be tally accordingly.
Statistical Treatment
To analyzed and interpret the data gathered by the researchers the following tools were used:
College Incorporated.