‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

‫كليه المستقبل الجامعة‬

‫قسم الهندسة المدنية‬

‫تحليل وتصميم قنطرة صندوقية خرسانية‬

‫مشروع تخرج مقدم الى كلية المستقبل الجامعة ‪/‬قسم الهندسة المدنية ‪ /‬كجزء من متطلبات‬
‫نيل شهاده البكالوريوس‬

‫اعداد الطالب‬
‫احمد ابراهيم اسماعيل‬
‫محمد جاسم محمد‬
‫علي ربيع زيدان‬
‫زيدون عباس هادي‬
‫مهدي فالح صالح‬

‫اشراف االستاذ‬
‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬عالء حسين علي‬

‫‪2017 - 2018‬‬
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
Al- Mustaqbal University Collage
Civil Engineering Department

Analysis and Design of Reinforced

Concrete Culvert
Engineering project
Submitted to the Al- Mustaqbal university collage/
department of civil engineering as a part of the requirements
of B.SC in civil engineering

By
Ahmed Ibrahim Asmaeel
Mohammed Jassim Mohammed
Ali Rabee Zaidan
Zeydoun Abbas Hadi
Mahdi Falah Salih

Supervisor by
Assist. Lecture: Alaa Hussein Ali

2017 – 2018
‫شيْئا‬ ‫ون أ ه َم َهاتِ هك ْم ال ت َ ْعلَ هم َ‬
‫ون َ‬ ‫ط ِ‬ ‫﴿ َو َ‬
‫اّلله أ َ ْخ َر َج هك ْم ِم ْن به ه‬

‫ار َو ْاْل َ ْفئِدَة َ لَعَلَ هك ْم‬

‫ص َ‬‫س ْم َع َو ْاْل َ ْب َ‬
‫َو َجعَ َل لَ هك هم ال َ‬
‫ون﴾‬
‫ت َ ْش هك هر َ‬

‫‪78‬‬ ‫سوره النحل‪ -‬اآلية‬

 Supervisor Certificate

I certify that the graduation project entitled “Analysis and Design of

Reinforced Concrete Culvert" is prepared by (Ahmed Ibrahim Asmaeel,
Mohammed Jassim Mohammed, Ali Rabee Zaidan, Zeydoun Abbas Hadi,
and Mahdi Falah Salih) under my supervision at Al-Mustaqbal University
College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor
of Science in Civil Engineering.

Signature:

Name: Mr. Alaa Hussein Ali

Date: / 05 / 2018

(Supervisor)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the most gracious, the most merciful

Praise is to Allah, who has granted me the syncretizing and
enabled me to achieve this thesis.
I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere
thanks to my supervisor; Mr. Alaa Hussein Ali for reviewing
my thesis and guidance throughout the course of the project. I
had the honour of being under his guidance and supervision.
His precious advices and constructive suggestions are highly
distinct throughout this work.
I would also like to thank my parents to whom I’m in debt of
gratitude and appreciation that could never be repaid.
“Thank you for all the sacrifices you have made, and for the
support, you have constantly given”.
Finally, special thanks to my friends from the bottom of my
heart for assisting me in the experimental tests.
Great Thanks for All
 LIST OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION

1.1 General 1
1.2 OBJECTIVE 1
1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY 2

CHAPTER TWO : REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction 3
2.2 Loads 3
2.2.1 Dead Loads. 3
2.2.2 Live Loads. 3
2.2.3 Traffic Loading 4
2.2.4 Earth Loading 4
2.3 Analysis of the Structures 5
2.4 Design of Culvert Box 8
2.4.1 Design method 8
2.4.2 Load factor 8
2.4.3 Flexural Design 8
2.4.4 Minimum Thickness 9
2.4.5 Critical Sections for Moments 10
2.4.6 Critical shear sections 11
2.4.7 Wall Section Design 12
2.4.8 Crack Control 12

CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

1. GENERAL INFORMATION 14
2. DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX 15
3. DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL 26

Layouts 35
References 41
 DEDICATION

TO MY COUNTRY
TO MY FAMILY
WITH LOVE, ADMIRATION AND
GRATITUDE
Abstract
A culvert is a drain or pipe that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail, or
similar obstruction. Culvert differs from bridge mainly in size and construction.
Culverts are generally smaller than bridges, ranging from 0.3-meter (1 ft.) pipes to
larger reinforced concrete structures. Culverts are typically surrounded by soil.
For legal purposes, structures with total spans less than 20 feet (6.1 m) are
considered culverts, and longer structures are bridges. When boxes or pipes are
placed side-by-side to create a width of greater than 20 feet, the culvert is defined
as a bridge in the United States. The design aims are concern on choosing adequate
dimensions and sections for culvert box, and the dimensions and reinforcement of
retaining wall. In this research, a reinforced concrete culvert box is analyzed and
design. Analysis of culvert box will be done by the method of moment distribution
taken into account self-weight, traffic loading, and soil pressure. The design of
culvert box will be done. Then, the design of retaining wall is taken into account.
After that design of columns will achieve. Finally the drawings of design will be
done.
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1- GENERAL
A culvert is a drain or pipe that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail,
or similar obstruction. Culvert differs from bridge mainly in size and
construction. Culverts are generally smaller than bridges, ranging from 0.3-
meter (1 ft.) pipes to larger reinforced concrete structures. Culverts are typically
surrounded by soil.
For legal purposes, US structures with total spans less than 20 feet (6.1 m) are
considered culverts, are longer structures are bridges. When boxes or pipes are
placed side-by-side to create a width of greater than twenty feet, the culvert is
defined as a bridge in the United States. This is a requirement of the federal
bridge inspection standards and ensures that the culvert is inspected on a regular
basis.
Transportation routes cross over waterways using either a bridge or a culvert.
Culverts come in many sizes and shapes. Shapes may include round, elliptical,
flat-bottomed, pear-shaped, and box. Culverts may be made of concrete,
galvanized steel, aluminum, or plastic, typically high density polyethylene.
Two or more materials may be combined to from composite structure.
For example, open-bottom corrugated steel structures are often built on concrete
footings, or corrugated.
Plastic culvert liners are also inserted into failing concrete or steel structures in
order to repair the structure without excavating and closing the road.

1.2- OBJECTIVE
To study analysis and design of reinforced concrete box culvert, as well as
retaining wall associated with it. The design aims are concern on choosing
adequate dimensions and sections for culvert box, and of course the dimensions
and reinforcement of retaining wall.

Page 1
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.3- SCOPE OF STUDY

In this research, a reinforced concrete culvert box is analysed and design.
Analysis of elevated culvert box will be done by the method of moment
distribution taken into account self-weight, traffic loading, and soil pressure.
The design of culvert box will be done. Then, the design of retaining wall is
taken into account. After that design of columns will achieve. Finally the
drawings of design will be done.

Page 2
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction
This chapter gives a review and development of steel analysis and design for
culver box structure. The emphasis will be on the loads and methods for
analysis and design development.

2.2 Loads
The determination of the loads to which a structure or structural element will be
subjected is at best an estimate. Even if the loads are well known at one location
in a structure, the distribution of load from element-to-element throughout the
structure usually requires assumptions and approximations. Some of the most
common kinds of loads are discussed in the following sections.

2.2.1 Dead Loads

Dead loads are a fixed-position gravity service load, so called because it acts
continuously toward the earth when the structure is in service. The weights of
the structure is considered dead load, as well as attachments to the structure
such as pipes, electrical conduit, air conditioning and heating ducts, floor
covering, roof covering and suspended ceiling; that is all items that remain
throughout the life of structure.

2.2.2 Live Loads

Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in buildings. They may be either
fully or partially in place or not present at all, and may also change in location.
Their magnitude and distribution at any given time are uncertain, and even their
maximum intensities through the life time of the structure are not known with
precision. The minimum live loads for which the floors and roof of a building
should be designed are usually specified in the building code that governs at the
site of construction. Representative values of minimum live loads to be sued in
wide variety of buildings are found in Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structure, as shown in table below. The table gives uniformly
distributed live loads for various types of occupancies; these include impact
provisions where necessary. These loads are expected maxima and considerably
exceed average values.

3
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In addition to these uniformly distributed loads, it is recommended that, as an

alternative to the uniform load, floors be designed to support safely certain
concentrated loads if these produce a greater stress.

2.2.3 Traffic Loading

The current 1996 AASHTO Standard Specification for Highway Bridges,
Article 6.2.1, specifies the following earth pressure may be used in the design of
reinforced concrete box culvert:
Case 1: Vertical earth pressure 120*Fe Ibs/ft3 (19*Fe KN/m3)
Lateral earth pressure 30 psf / ft (4.7 Kpa/m)
Case 2: Vertical earth pressure 120*Fe Ibs/ft3 (19*Fe KN/m3)
Lateral earth pressure 60 psf / ft (9.4 Kpa/m)
If these loads are used, the vertical earth pressure must be multiplied by a soil-
structure interaction factor (Fe) that accounts for the type and condition of
installation {AASHTO Article 17.6.4.2}. The soil-structure interaction factor
(Fe) is not required to make service load serviceability checks. Unless otherwise
noted in the soils report, the method of installation for the culvert shall be
assumed to be the embankment method.
List of Variables: {AASHTO 3.7.4, 3.8.1, 3.8.2, 3.8.3}
D = Depth of Fill
P = One Wheel Load (P is distributed over the area of a square with sides equal
to LD * WL)
= Distributed Load
S = Culvert Clear Span
EWL = Equivalent Wheel Load
LD = Longitudinal Distribution
WL = Wheel Line
Live load is limited to AASHTO wheel loads. Culvert supporting interstate
highways shall be designed for HS20 or alternate military loading whichever
produces the greatest stress {AASHTO 3.7.4} .
For fill depth of 3 feet (900 mm) or more, the live impact load is neglected. The
following depth less than 3 feet (900 mm) {AASHTO 3.8.1, 3.8.2 and 3.8.2.3} .
Table 3.7-1 Live Load

2.2.4 Earth Loading

Because of changes in specifications with regard to earth loading, the office has
two different loading guidelines. The loading is based on the older

4
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE

specifications and was used in the development of the English single and twin
culvert standards.
The other loading is based on the newer specifications that were introduced in
the 1993 interim of the 1992 “AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway
Bridges’’. This loading case was used in the development of the metric culvert
standards and English triple standard.
The vertical earth pressure applied on top of culvert slap is computed as the soil
weight of 140 Ibs/ft3 (22.0 KN/m3) times the fill height in feet (meters). The
lateral earth pressure applied on the exterior walls is taken as an equivalent fluid
pressure of 36 psf. per foot (5.7 KPa per meter) of fill depth.

2.3 Analysis of the Structures

A number of methods have been developed over the years for the analysis of
continuous beams and frames. The so-called classical methods, such as
application of the theorem of three moments, the method of least work, and the
general method of consistent deformation have proved useful mainly in the
analysis of continuous beams having few spans or of very simple frames. For
the more complicated cases usually met in practice, such methods prove to be
exceedingly tedious, and alternative approaches are preferred. For many years
the closely related methods of slop deflection and moment distribution provided
the basic analytical tools for the analysis of indeterminate concrete beams and
frames. In offices with access to high-speed digital computers, these have been
supplanted largely by matrix methods of analysis. Where computer facilities are
not available, moment distribution is still the most common method.
Approximate methods of analysis, based either on an assumed shape of the
deformed structure or on moment coefficients, provide a means for rapid
estimation of internal forces and moments. Suh estimates are useful in
preliminary design and in checking more exact solutions, and in structures of
minor importance may serve as the basis for final design. Many of these
methods can be summarize as follows:

a- Slope Deflection
The method of slope deflection entails writing two equations for each member
of a continuous frame, one at each end, expressing the end moment as the sum
of four contributions:
1- The restraining moment associated with an assumed fixed-end condition
for the loaded span.
2- The moment associated with rotation of the tangent to the elastic curve at
the near end of the member.
5
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE

3- The moment associated with rotation of the tangent at the far end of the
member.
4- The moment associated with translation of one end of the member with
respect to the other
These equations are related through application of requirements of equilibrium
and compatibility at the joints. A set of simultaneous, linear algebraic equations
results for the entire structure, in which the structural displacement is
unknowns. Solution for these displacements permits the calculation of all
internal forces and moments. This method is well suited to solving continuous
beams, provided there are not very many spans.
Its usefulness is extended through modification that takes advantage of
symmetry and antisymmetry, and of hing-end support conditions where they
exist. However, for multistory and multibay frames in which there are a large
numbers and joints, and which will, in general, involve translation as well as
rotation of these joints, the effort required to solve the correspondingly large
number of simultaneous equations is prohibitive. Other methods of analysis are
more attractive.

b- Moment Distribution

The method of moment distribution was developed to solve problems in frame

analysis that involve many unknown joint displacement. This method can be
regarded as an iterative solution of the slop-deflection equations.

Starting with fixed-end moments for each member, these are modified in a
series of cycles, each converging on the precise final result, to account for
rotation and translation of the joints. The resulting series can be terminated
whenever one reaches the degree of accuracy required. After obtaining member-
end moments, all member stress resultants can be obtained by use of the laws of
statics.

c- Matrix Analysis

Use of matrix theory makes it possible to reduce the detailed numerical

operations required in the analysis of an indeterminate structure to systematic
processes of matrix manipulation, which can be performed automatically and
rapidly by computer. Such methods permit the rapid solution of problems
involving large numbers of unknowns. Consequently, less reliance is placed on
special techniques limited to certain types of problems; powerful methods of
general applicability have emerged, such as the matrix displacement method.

6
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Account can be taken of such factors as rotational restraint provided by

members perpendicular to the plane of a frame. A large number of alternative
loadings may be considered. If computer facilities are available, highly precise
analysis are possible at lower cost than for approximate analysis previously
employed.

d- Approximate Analysis

In spite of the development of refined methods for the analysis of beams and
frames, increasing attention is being paid to various approximate methods of
analysis. There are several reason for this. Prior to performed a complete
analysis of an intermediate structure, it is necessary to estimate the proportions
of its members in order to know their their relative stiffness upon which the
analysis depends. These dimensions can be obtained using approximate
analysis. Also, even with the availability of computers, most engineers find it
desirable to make a rough check of results using approximate means to detect
gross errors. Further, for structures of minor importance, it is often satisfactory
to design on the basis of results obtained by rough calculation. Provided that
points of inflection (locations in members at which the bending moment is zero
and there is a several of curvature of the elastic curve) can be located accurately,
the stress resultants for a framed structure can usually be found on the basis of
static equilibrium alone. Each portion of the structure must be in equilibrium
under the application of its external loads and the internal stress resultants. The
use of approximate analysis in determining stress resultants in frames is
illustrated using a simple rigid frame.

7
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.4 Design of Culvert Box

2.4.1 Design method (AASHTO 8.16)
The reinforced concrete section shall be designed by the load factor design
method in accordance with AASHTO 8.16

2.4.2 Load factor (AASHTO 3.22, table 3.22)

Table 3.9.2.1 Load Factor

Col No. 1 2 3 5
𝛽 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
Group 𝛾
D L+I E
X 1.3 1 1.67 𝛽𝐸

𝛽𝐸 = 1.0 for vertical earth pressure

𝛽𝐸 =1.0 (for lateral earth pressure for checking (1) positive moments in walls
and (2) negative moments in walls, slabs and floors.
𝛽𝐸 = 0.5 for lateral earth pressure for checking positive moments in slabs and
floors.

2.4.3 Flexural Design (AASHTO 8.16.3.2, 8.16.8.3 and 8.16.8.4)

Slab and floor thickness required are determined by moment or shear,
whichever governs. Preliminary design of thickness based on moment may be
determined from using 37.5% of pb, AASHTO 8.16.8.2, the reinforcement ratio
producing a balanced condition. Compression reinforcement is disregarded.

0.85𝛽1 𝑓𝑐′ 87000

𝜌𝑏 = ( )∗( ) 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ (𝐴𝐴𝑆𝐻𝑇𝑂 𝐸𝑞. 8 − 18)
𝑓𝑦 87000 + 𝑓𝑦
0.85𝛽1 𝑓𝑐′ 600
𝜌𝑏 = ( )∗( ) 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝜌∗𝑚
𝑅𝑢 = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ (1 − )
2
m = (𝑓𝑦 /(0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐′ ))

8
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE

For example, if 𝑓𝑐′ =3500 psi (24 Mpa) and fy= 60000 psi (400Mpa), then

𝛽1 = 0.85 (0.85)
𝜌𝑏 = 0.0249 (0.0251)
37.5% 𝜌𝑏 = 0.00935 (0.0094)
m= 20.17 (920.100)
Ru = 508.1psi (3.49 Mpa)
d= unknown

For singly reinforced rectangular section, d (effective depth in inches or mm)

for preliminary design can be calculated as
𝑀𝑢 (𝐼𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛)
𝑑(𝑖𝑛) = √
∅ ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑅𝑢
For checking the fatigue stresses, AASHTO 8.16.8.3 and the distribution of the
flexural reinforcement when fy > 40000 psi (275 Mpa), AASHTO 8.16.8.4, the
positive moments in slab and floor are to be computed to include one-half of the
end negative moments caused by lateral live load and earth pressure at service
load.
The vertical earth pressure on top of culvert shall be rduced to 70 % of W at
service load.

*for notation in equation shown, see beginning of sec. 8 of AASHTO Standard

specification for highway bridges 1996 Ed.

2.4.4 Minimum Thickness

The following minimum thickness shall be used:

Top slab 8 in. (200 mm)

Floor 10 in (250 mm)

Wall 1 in (25 mm) per ft. (300mm) of wall height but not less than 9 in.
(230mm).

9
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.4.5 Critical Sections for Moments (AASHTO 8.8.2)

According to AASHTO 8.8.2, the critical sections for design negative moments
in a culvert are:
1- Case 1
S+FV ≤ 1.5 S for slab
W+FH ≤ 1.5 W for wall
FH = Fillet horizontal
FV = Fillet vertical
W = Wall thickness
S = Slab thickness
Design section for -M in slab
Effective design depth = s

Design section
S
for -M in wall

Effective design FV
depth = W

FH
W

2- CASE II
S+FV > 1.5 S for slab
W+FH > 1.5 W for wall
Design section for -M in slab
Effective design depth = s

S
1.5 S

FV
Design section
for -M in wall

Effective design
1.5 W
depth = W

W FH

10
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.4.6 Critical shear sections (AASHTO 8.16.6.1, 8.16.6.2.1)

The critical shear sections in slab and floor shown below in figure 3.9.6.1
(AASHTO 8.16.6.1.2). The permissible shear stress carried by concrete, Vc
(psi), shall be computed as follows:

ds

Critical shear
6 in (150 mm) ds section in slab

6 in (150 mm)

4 in (100 mm)

6 in (150 mm)

3 in (75 mm)

4 in (100 mm)

df

Fillet used
in design
(if Needed) df Critical shear
section in floor

Figure 3.9.6.1 critical shear section

11
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Note: ds = design d for slab

df = design d for floor

1- Fill depth < 2 feet AASHTO 8.16.6.2.1

Vc = 1.9 * ( 𝑓𝑐′ )1/2 + 2500 𝜌𝑤 (Vud/Mu)
Maximum Vc = 3.5 *( 𝑓𝑐′ )1/2
(Vud/Mu) shall not be taken greater than 1.0

2- fill depth ≥ 2 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 (AASHTO 8.16.6.7)

Vc = 2.14 *( 𝑓𝑐′ )1/2 + 4600 𝜌𝑤 (Vud/Mu)
Minimum Vc = 3 *( 𝑓𝑐′ )1/2 (for single cell box culverts only)
Maximum Vc = 4 *( 𝑓𝑐′ )1/2
(Vud/Mu) shall not be taken greater than 1.0
Mu = factored moment occurring simultaneously with Vu at section
considered.
For notation shown in the equations, see the variable list (AASHTO
Standard specification for highway bridges, 16th ed., and section 8)

2.4.7 Wall Section Design

The wall section shall be designed for te combined effect of direct loads and
bending moments. No column action (slenderness effect) is considered.

2.4.8 Crack Control (11/10/93) (AASHTO 17.6.4.7, 18.16.8.4)

AASHTO Standard specification for highway bridge, Article 17.6.4.7 specifies

the maximum service load stress in the reinforcing steel for crack control shall
be:

fs = 155 Kip/in /𝛽*(dc *A) 1/3 ≤ 0.6fy Ksi

fs = 37200 N/mm /𝛽*(dc *A)1/3 ≤ 0.6fy Mpa

𝛽 =1+ (dc / 0.7*d)

This design requirement for crack control is considered too severe for general
application in lowa. The serviceability specification is intended to provide
corrosion protection for structures in activity corrosive soils, which are not
prevalent in lowa.

Therefore use:

12
CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1. AASHTO Article 8.16.8.4, z= 170 k/in (29.8 MN/m), for crack control
for normal situations.
2. In situations where there is zero fill and traffic is directly on the slab use
Z= 130 Kips/in (22.8 MN/m) for members in several exposure conditions
(AASHTO 8.16.8.4)
3. Culverts subject to corrosive soil or groundwater shall be designed in
accordance with (Article 17.6.4.7).

13
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

CHAPTER THREE
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

1- GENERAL INFORMATION
Item Value Units

Compressive strength (fc’) 30 MPa(N/mm2)

Yield tensile strength of steel (fy) 414 MPa(N/mm2)

Concrete cover for box 50 mm

Density of concrete 24 KN/m3

Density of asphalt 23 KN/m3

Density of course aggregate 16 KN/m3

Density of soil (Dry) 17.46 KN/m3

Density of soil (Wet) 18.00 KN/m3

Angle of repose (∅) 30

14
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

2- DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

a) Calculate the Dimension of Culvert Box
𝑋 1.5
= → 𝑋 = 0.56
1.5 4

4+2*0.56 = 5.12
4+2∗0.56
Area of drain = *1.5
2

= 6.84 m2

Velocity of Water = 0.6 𝑚⁄𝑠

Discharge = A*v = 6.84*0.6 = 4.104 𝑚3⁄𝑠

Velocity of water on culvert = 1.3 𝑚⁄𝑠

4.101
Area of culvert = = 3.157 m2
1.3

Length of side = 1.78 m

Use rectangular box of dimension 2m * 2m

Check:
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 4
R= = = 0.5
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 8

𝐹∗𝐿 0.003∗30
ƸF= = = 0.18
𝑅 0.5

R: hydrolic radius

L: Length of culvert

15
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

H = ( Ƹ 𝑖𝑛𝑡. +Ƹ 𝐹 + Ƹ 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 )
1.32
H= ∗ (0.5 + 0.18 + 1)
2∗9.81

H = 0.144 m˂ 0.15 m. o.k

Structural design of culvert:

𝐿
T= and L is the span length
12

𝑡+2
T= , T = 18 cm
12

Use T = 30 cm

b) Loadings
1) Loading at the top of culvert (service)
A) Dead load:

Depth of asphalt = 0.1 m

 Load of asphalt = 0.1 * 23 = 2.3 KN/m2

Depth of earth filling = 4-2- [2*0.3] -0.1-0.3 = 1 m
 Load of earth filling =1*16= 16 KN/m2
Depth of slab = 0.3 m
 Load of slab = 0.3*24 = 7.2 KN/m2
Total dead load = 25.5 KN/m2
B) Live load:
L.L= 0.8 * load (HS 20)
= 0.8 *20 = 16 ton
16 16
I= = = 0.30
40+𝑠 40+2
I: impact factor.

L.L +I = 1.30 *16 =22.1 ton = 22.1*9.801 = 216.6 KN

Area of loading for L.L = width * length
Width = 0.7 N + 0.7 N
Length = 0.7 N+ 0.7 N + 2
Distributed area = 1.4 N ( 1.4 N +2 )
N = depth of earth filling + depth of asph.
N = 1 + 0.1
N = 1.1 m
16
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

N= 1+0.1= 1.1 m

1.4 N 0.7 N 2m 0.7 N

Width Length

17
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

0.8𝑤
The L.L/area =
1.4𝑁(1.4𝑁+2)

216.6
Uniform distributed load: U.D.L =
1.4∗1.1(1.4∗1.1+2)

= 39.73 KN/m2

C) Total uniform distributed load on the top of the culvert:

T.D.L= 25.5 +39.73

=65.23 KN/m2

D) Lateral load at top of culvert:

1−sin 𝛷
L.L at top = * T.D.L
1+sin 𝛷

1−sin 30
= ∗ 65.23
1+sin 30

= 21.74 KN/m2

2) Loading at bottom of culvert (service):

A) Loading from top & vertical walls:

Load from top = 65.23 KN/m2

Load from vertical wall = 2*0.3 *24

= 14.4 KN/m2

Total load = 79.63 KN/m2

B) Lateral load at the bottom of culvert :

1−sin 30
L.L at bot. = ∗ (79.63 + 18.0 ∗ 2.3)
1+sin 30

= 40.4 KN/m2

18
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

Load combination:

Total Factored load according to sanitary ACI 318-01 can be found as :

U= 1.4 D+1.7L

Uu= F * U

Where F sanitary coefficient

F = 1.3 for bending and axial load and 1.6 for tension load

1) Ultimate vertical load at bottom of culvert :

U= 1.4 *(25.5) + 1.7 * (39.73)

U= 103.241 KN/m2

2) Ultimate lateral load at top of culvert :

1−sin 30
U= ∗ 103.241 = 34.07 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
1+sin 30

3) Ultimate vertical load at the bottom of culvert :

U = 1.4*(25.5 +14.4) +1.7*(39.73)

= 123.4 KN/m2

4) Ultimate lateral load at bottom of culvert :

U = 0.333*123.4

= 40.722 KN/m2

19
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

103.24 kN/ m

40.72 40.72
123.4 kN/ m

C) Analysis: Use the moment distribution method

(One span):
𝑤 𝑙2
|𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐵| = −|𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐴| =
12
103.24∗2.32
= = 45.51 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
12

34.07∗2.32 6.65∗2.32
|𝑀𝐹𝐵𝐶| = −|𝑀𝐹𝐴𝐷| = + =16.19 KN.m
12 30
|𝑀𝐹𝐷𝐴| = −|𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐵|
34.07∗2.32 6.65∗2.32
= +
12 20
= 16.78 KN.m
123.4∗2.32
|𝑀𝐹𝐷𝐶| = − |𝑀𝐹𝐶𝐷| =
12
= 54.39 kN.m
For one span, we use moment distribution method.
4 𝐸𝐼
Krel . AB = KBA =KBC =KCB =KCD =KDC =KAD =KDA =
𝐿
𝐾 𝐴𝐵
D.F for AB = = 0.5 𝐷. 𝐹. 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷. 𝐹. 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐷. 𝐹. 𝐵𝐶 =
𝐾 𝐴𝐵+𝐾𝐴𝐷
𝐷. 𝐹. 𝐶𝐵 = 𝐷. 𝐹. 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐷. 𝐹. 𝐷𝐶 = 𝐷. 𝐹. 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐷. 𝐹. 𝐷𝐴 = 0.5

20
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

Member AB AD BA BC CB CD DC DA
D.F. 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
F.E.M 45.51 -16.19 -45.51 16.19 -16.78 54.39 -54.39 16.78
Balance -14.66 -14.66 14.66 14.66 -18.805 -18.805 18.805 18.805
C.O.M 7.33 9.402 -7.33 -9.402 7.33 9.402 -9.402 -7.33
Balance -8.366 -8.366 8.366 8.366 -8.366 -8.366 8.366 8.366
C.O.M 4.183 4.183 -4.183 -4.183 4.183 4.183 -4.183 -4.183
Balance -4.183 -4.183 4.183 4.183 -4.183 -4.183 4.183 4.183
C.O.M 2.091 2.091 -2.091 -2.091 2.091 2.091 -2.091 -2.091
Balance -2.091 -2.091 2.091 2.091 -2.091 -2.091 2.091 2.091
C.O.M 1.045 1.045 -1.045 -1.045 1.045 1.045 -1.045 -1.045
Balance -1.045 -1.045 1.045 1.045 -1.045 -1.045 1.045 1.045
C.O.M 0.522 0.522 -0.522 -0.522 0.522 0.522 -0.522 -0.522
Balance -0.522 -0.522 0.522 0.522 -0.522 -0.522 0.522 0.522
C.O.M 0.261 0.261 -0.261 -0.261 0.261 0.261 -0.261 -0.261
Balance -0.261 -0.261 0.261 0.261 -0.261 -0.261 0.261 0.261
C.O.M 0.13 0.13 -0.13 -0.13 0.13 0.13 -0.13 -0.13
Balance -0.13 -0.13 0.13 0.13 -0.13 -0.13 0.13 0.13
C.O.M 0.065 0.065 -0.065 -0.065 0.065 0.065 -0.065 -0.065
Balance -0.065 -0.065 0.065 0.065 -0.065 -0.065 0.065 0.065
C.O.M 0.032 0.032 -0.032 -0.032 0.032 0.032 -0.032 -0.032
SUM 29.846 -29.781 -29.846 29.781 -36.588 36.654 -36.654 36.588

21
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

D) Reinforcement of culvert:

Min steel reinforcement for hydraulic structure = 0.003 .Ag

For one side = 0.0015 * Ag

= 0.0015*1000*300

= 450 mm2

*use bar diameter of 12 mm, As = 113 mm2

1) For bottom slab (CD):

𝑊𝐿2
Mcenter = − 𝑀𝑒𝑛𝑑
8

123.4∗2.32
= − 36.654
8

= 45KN.m
𝑑
D = h- cover -
2

=300-50-6 = 244 mm

Use Ø= 0.85
𝑓𝑦
Mu =Ø.ρ.b.d2.fy. (1- 0.59 * ρ * )
𝑓𝑐′

Reinforcement for the biggest moment for the bottom slab:

45 414
= 0.85 *ρ*1*0.2442*414*(1- 0.59*ρ* )
1000 30

By trial and error, ρ = 0.00219

Fy = 414 , use ρmin. = 0.0018

30 0.003
ρmax. = 0.852 * ∗
414 0.003+0.005

ρmax. = 0.0196

ρ>ρmin ∴ O.K

22
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

As = ρ .b.d

=0.00219*1000*244 = 535 mm2

𝐴𝑏
Spacing = ( ) ∗ 1000
𝐴𝑠

113
=( )*1000 =211 mm
535

∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 Ø 12 @ 200 𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐

2) For side wall (AD)

The biggest moment = 36.588 KN.m

36.588*10-3 = 0.85 *ρ*1*0.2442*414*(1-8.142 *ρ)

ρ = 0.00177< ρmin

Take ρmin

As = 0.0018*1000*250 = 450 mm2

Spacing = 113/450 = 251 mm

Use Ø 12 @ 250 mm c/c

3) For side wall (BC)

The biggest moment = - 36.588 KN.m

Use Ø 12 @ 250 mm c/c

4) For top slab (AB)

𝑊.𝐿2 𝑊.𝐿2
Mcenter = −
8 12

103.24∗2.32
Mcenter = − 29.846
8

= 38.42 KN.m

38.42*10-3 = 0.85*ρ*1*0.2442*414*(1-8.142*ρ)

ρ = 0.00186 > ρmin

23
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

As = 0.00186 *1000*244

As = 453 mm2

Spacing = 250 mm

Use Ø 12 @ 250 mm c/c

For longitudinal reinforcement:

As = 450 mm2
𝐴𝑏
Spacing = ( ) ∗ 1000
𝐴𝑠

113
Spacing = ( ) ∗ 1000 = 251 𝑚𝑚
450

∴ Use Ø 12 @ 250 mm c/c

For practical using,

Use Ø 12 @ 200 mm c/c for lateral reinforcement

Use Ø 12 @ 250 mm c/c for longitudinal reinforcement

24
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

Check Shear:

Check shear forces for culvert:

Ø.𝑏.𝑑.√𝑓𝑐′
ØVc =
6

0.85∗1∗0.244∗√30
= * 1000
6

= 189.33 KN

Vu (max.) =142 *1.3

=184.6 KN

118.73

-41.72 41.72

118.73

142

-44.265
-44.265

142

ØVc > Vu ∴ 𝑂. 𝐾 .

25
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

3- DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL

a- Assumed geometry

The dimension of retaining wall is as follows (these dimensions will be check

through design process)

GEMOTERY

Stem Height 4.00 m

Stem Thickness Top 30.0 cm
Stem Thickness Bot. 60.0 cm
Footing Thickness 60.0 cm
Toe Length 1.50 m
Heel Length 1.50 m
Backfill Height 4.00 m
Shear Key depth 60.0 cm
Shear key thickness 50.0 cm

Top

Slope

Stem
Stem Height
Backfill Height

Toe Heel

Toe Length Heel Length

Bottom

26
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

BACKFILL PROPERTES

Backfill Density 18.0 KN/m3

Earth Pressure Theory Rankine
Active
Internal Friction Angle 30.0 Deg.
Active Pressure 0.33
Coeff.Ka
Water Table Height 1.50 M

30 1
Ka = tan2 (45 - )=
2 3

30
Kp = tan2 (45 + ) = 3
2

1
𝜎 1 = 𝑞. 𝑘𝑎 = 5 ∗ = 1.7 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
3

1
𝜎 2 = 18 ∗ 4.6 ∗ = 27.6 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
3

1
𝜎 3(𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒) = 2.1 ∗ ∗ 9.81 ∗ 2
3

= 13.7 KN/m2

𝜎 4 (𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒) = 18 ∗ (0.6 + 0.6) ∗ 3

= 64.8 KN/m2

1.7 27.6 13.7

64.8

46.1
Kpa
84.8
Kpa

27
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

OVERTURNING CALCULATIONS (Comb. D+H+W)

Overturning force

Ea 1 (surcharge hor. ) = 1.7*4.6 = 7.66 KN/m , Arm = 2.3 m

Ea 2 (back fill ) = 0.5 *27.6*4.6 = 63.48 KN/m , Arm = 1.53 m

Ea 3 (water table) = 0.5 *13.7 *2.1=14.41 KN/m , Arm = 1.05 m

Rh = 85.56 KN/m

Otm =17.6 +97.3 +15.1 =130.1 KN.m

Resisting force

Setm top = 0.3*4*24 = 28.8 KN/m , Arm = 1.65 m

Stem taper = 0.5*0.3*4*24 =14.4 KN/m , Arm = 1.9 m

Footing weight = 0.6*3.6*24 = 51.84 KN/m , Arm = 1.8 m

Shear key = 0.6*0.5*24 = 7.2 KN/m , Arm = 1.8 m

Soil cover @ toe = 0.1*1.5*18 = 2.7 KN/m , Arm = 0.75 m

Backfill weight = 18*1.5*4 = 108 KN/m , Arm = 2.85 m

Water weight = 9.81*1.5 = 14.7 KN/m , Arm = 2.85 m

Surcharge vertical = 5*(1.5+0.3) = 9 KN/m , Arm = 2.7 m

Rv =230.9 KN/m

Rm =534.8 KN.m
130.1
Arm of horizontal resultant = = 1.52𝑚
85.6

535
Arm of vertical resultant = = 2.31𝑚
230.9

535
Overturning safety factor = = 4.11 > 1.5 ∴ 𝑂. 𝑘
130.1

SLIDING CALCS. (Comb. D+H+W)

Soil friction coeff. = 0.5

Friction force at base = 230.9 * 0.5 = 115.45 KN/m

28
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

Passive force at wall = 0.5 * 64.8 *1.2 = 38.9 KN/m

Horizontal resisting force = 38.9 +115.45 = 154.35 KN/m

Horizontal sliding force (Rh) = 85.6 KN/m

154.35
Sliding safety factor = = 1.803 𝑚 > 1.5 𝑚 ∴ 𝑂. 𝐾
85.6

Soil bearing pressure

Total footing length = 3.6 m

Footing length/6 = 0.6 m

Rv * 𝑥 − = ∑ 𝑓 ∗ 𝐴𝑟𝑚
2
230.9 * 𝑥 − =534.8-130.1-38.9 * (0.6 * )
3

𝑥 − =1.62 m
𝐵
Resultant eccentricity (e) = ( − 𝑥 − )
2

3.6 𝐿
e= − 1.62 = 0.18 𝑚 , e <
2 6

Resultant is within the middle third

Allow bearing pressure = 90 KN/m2

𝑅𝑣 6𝑒
Max. pressure @ toe = (1+ )
𝐵 𝐵

230.9 6∗0.18
𝜎 𝑚𝑎𝑥. =
3.6
(1 + 3.6
) = 84.8 KN/m2

∴ 𝑂. 𝐾
230.9 6∗0.18
𝜎 𝑚𝑖𝑛. = (1 − ) = 46.1 KN/m2
3.6 3.6

29
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

Rv= 230.9 kN/m

2.31 m

Rh= 85.6 kN/m

0.7334
Passive
= 23.9 kN/m

0.4 m Friction = 115.4 kN/m

e=0.18 m

R= 230.9 kN/m

*Aci code load factor relating to structural design of retaining walls are
summarized as follows:

1) If resistance to earth pressure H is included in the design , together with dead

loads D and live loads L , the required strength U shall be at least equal to:

U = 1.2 D +1.6 L +1.6 H

2) D or L reduces the effect of H, the required strength:

U = 0.9 D + 1.6 H

3) According to stability, the required strength:

U = 0.9 D + 1.6 H + E

U = 1.4 * D (ASCE 7)

30
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

Stem design ( comb. 0.9D +1.6H +E)

12
d= 300 -50 - = 244 mm.
2

Height (m) D (cm) Mu (KN.m)

4 24.4 0
3.6 27.4 0.6
3.2 30.4 2.6
2.8 33.4 6.7
2.4 36.4 13.4
2 39.4 23.2
1.6 42.4 36.6
1.2 45.4 54.4
0.8 48.4 77.4
0.4 51.4 106.9
0.00 54.4 144.2

414
Mu= ∅. 𝜌. 𝑏. 𝑑 2 . 𝑓𝑦. (1 − 0.59 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ )
30

414
144.2= 0.85 * 𝜌*1*0.5442*414 *103* (1- 0.59 *𝜌* )
30

𝜌 = 0.0014 , use 𝜌 𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 0.0018

As = 𝜌 min. 𝑏. 𝑑

As = 0.0018 * 1000*244 = 440 mm2

113
S= *1000 = 257 mm
440

∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅ 12@250 𝑚𝑚 , At backfill side

Cut off alternate bars. Cutoff length = 2.2 m

For shear:

Steam as F.B.D:

Wu = 1.7*(4- 0.244) +0.5*24*(4-0.244)+0.5*9.78*1.5

Wu = 58.792 KN/m2

31
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 0

Vu = 0.5* 58.792*(4 – 0.244) = 110.5 KN/m

Shear force @ crit. Height = 110.5 KN/m

0.544−0.514 𝑑
=
4 4−0.244

d = 0.0282

D @ crit. Height = 51.4 +0.0282 = 52.43 cm

0.85∗0.524∗1∗√30
∅𝑉𝑐 = ∗ 1000
6

Resisting shear (∅𝑉𝑐) = 407 KN/m ∴ 𝑂. 𝑘

Heal design (1.4 D)

1) Concrete weight = 1.4 *0.6*1.5*24 = 30.24 KN/m

2) Back fill weight = 108*1.4 =151.2 KN/m
3) Water weight =1.4*1.5*9.81 =20.6 KN/m
4) Surcharge ver. = 9*1.4 = 12.6 KN/m
5) Upward pressure = 0.00 KN/m

Force (KN/m) Arm (m) Moment (KN.m)

30.24 0.75 22.7
151.2 0.75 113.4
20.6 0.75 15.5
12.6 0.75 9.5
∑ 𝑓 = 214.6 ∑ 𝑀 = 161.1

D = 600 – 50 – 6 = 544 mm
414
161.1 = 0.85* o.5442 *𝜌 *1*414*1000*( 1 – 0.59 *𝜌 ∗ )
30

𝜌 = 0.0016 < 𝜌 𝑚𝑖𝑛.

∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅ 12@ 250 𝑚𝑚

32
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

For shear

Heel as F.B.D:

∑ 𝑓𝑦 = 0

Vu – 241.6 = 0

Shear force @ cri. Section = 214.6 KN/m

0.85∗1∗0.544∗√30
∅𝑉𝑐 = ∗ 1000
6

𝐾𝑁
Resisting shear ∅𝑉𝑐 = 422 ∴ 𝑂. 𝑘
𝑚

TOE DESIGN ( 0.9 D + 1.6 H + E )

Find the slop of pressure:

84.8−46.1 𝑦
= , y = 10.75
3.6 1

The pressure @ 1.5 m from toe edge :

84.8 – 10.75*1.5 = 68.67 KN/m2

Toe as F.B.D:
84.8+68.7
Upward pressure = ∗ 1.5 = 115.12 ∗ 1.6 = 184.2 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
2

Concrete weight = 1.5*0.6*24*0.9 = - 19.44 KN/m2

2∗68.7∗84.8 1.5
Upward pressure Arm = ( )∗ = 0.72 𝑚
68.7+84.8 3

Force (KN/m) Arm (m) Moment (KN.m)

Upward pressure 184.2 0.72 132.6
Concrete weight -19.44 0.75 -14.58
Soil cover -2.7 0.75 -2.025
∑ 𝑓 = 162 ∑ 𝑀 = 116

33
CHAPTER THREE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CULVERT BOX

Resisting moment ∅ 𝑀𝑢 = 116 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅12 @ 250 𝑚𝑚

For shear:

Toe as F.B.D:

∑ 𝑓𝑦 = 0

Shear force @ crit. Section = 162 KN/m

𝐾𝑁
Resisting shear ∅ 𝑉𝑐 = 422 ∴ 𝑂. 𝑘
𝑚

Longitudinal reinforcement:

Ab = 113 mm2 , As = 450 mm2

113
S= ∗ 1000 = 251 𝑚𝑚
450

∴ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 ∅ 12@ 250 𝑚𝑚

34
LAYOUTS OF CULVERT

RIVER

30 m
CULVERT
RIVER

Figure 1: Layout of Culvert

35
 LAYOUTS OF CULVERT

0.5 m
0.3 m
1.5000 1.7 m

1.5 m

0.3 m
Culvert Box

4m 2m

0.3 m

1.5 m

Figure 2: Section in Culvert

36
 LAYOUTS OF CULVERT

Key

2m

CL
1.7 m
30 m
Box culvert

handrial

Figure 3: Longitudinal Section in Culvert

37
 LAYOUTS OF CULVERT

2.6 m

2m

F 16@150 mm

F 16@150 mm

2m 2.6 m

F 16@150 mm

Plain Concrete
0.2 m

0.6 m
Boulders

Figure 4: Reinforcement of culvert

38
 A

39
Figure 5: Details of Reinforcement in Culvert
F 12@200 mm
F 12@250 mm
F 12@250 mm
LAYOUTS OF CULVERT

F 12@250 mm

2m
F 12@200 mm

2m
F 12@150 mm F 16@200 mm
0.3 m
Plain Concrete
Key 0.2 m
0.6 m
Boulders
A
 LAYOUTS OF CULVERT

0.3 m

F 12@250 mm

F 12@250 mm

construction joint

F 12@250 mm F 12@250 mm

key

0.5 m
1.5 m 1.5 m

Figure 6: Section A-A

40
 REFERENCES

References

1- Nilson- Drawn-dolan, design of concrete structure, thirteen edition,

chapter 17, retaining wall.
2- Culvert design manual- Mr. d. Ramsbottom, HR Wallingford, Mr. c.
Rickard, Mott Macdonald.
3- National cooperative highway research program, report 647, design for
live load distribution.
4- Reinforced concrete culvert design, lowa department of transportation.
5- Foundation book- chapter two, retaining wall, by prof. Dr. yousif
Alshakarchy, Noori Al Mohamady.
6- Evaluation of precast box culvert systems design live loads on box
culvert, principal investigation Ronald A. cook, David Bloomquist.
7- Standard specification for highway bridge AASHTO 1996.

41