ADM-Physical Science Q2 Module 4
ADM-Physical Science Q2 Module 4
Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 4:
Phenomena of Light
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Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 4:
Phenomena of Light
cators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email th
Welcome to Physical Science Grade 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on
the Phenomena of Light!
This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed to assist the
teachers/facilitators in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in
schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st - century skills while taking into consideration their
needs.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the
module:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they
do the tasks included in the module.
4
Welcome to Physical Science 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on the
Phenomena of Light!
Our hands are the most represented parts of the human body. It is often used to depict
skill, action, and purpose. With our hands, we create, accomplish and learn. Hence, you
are capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills
at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be able to process
the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
This part includes
What activity
I Know that will check what you already know about the lesson. If
you get all the correct answer (100%), you may decide to skip this module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one.
In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song,What’s Ina problem opener, an activity, or a situation.
a poem,
This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover
What’s
and understand newNew
concepts and skills.
What
This comprises is It
activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding
and skills ofWhat’s
the topic.
MoreYou may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank sentences/paragraphs to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section What I Have
provides Learned
an activity that will help you transfer your new knowledge or
skills into real-life
What situations.
I Can Do
This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.Assessment
In this portion, another Activities
Additional activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill
of the lesson learned.
This contains answers to all activities in the module.
Answer Key
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities in the
module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and in checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next activity.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate
to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain a deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
What I Need to Know
After going through the previous module, you gained a more profound
understanding of the nature of light. In this module you will appreciate how light plays
a vital role in different fascinating phenomena observable in nature. No doubt that you
are captivated whenever you look at the fiery red horizon as the sun is setting down.
Or you might marvel how the arrays of colors is arranged in a rainbow. When you
look in a mirror, you maybe puzzled why at times you look upright, other times you
look inverted. You can name countless of these phenomena you can observe in nature
that can be attributed to the properties of light. This module will help you understand
the properties of reflection, refraction, absorption, transmission and scattering of light
as seen on the things around us. You will be provided with different activities to
understand each. Use this module along with your Physical Science textbook or other
learning resources to help you master the concepts and deepen your love for science!
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. What can be said of the image formed in the bulging reflecting surface of a spoon?
a. Virtual upright, and larger than the object
b. Virtual, inverted, and larger than the object
c. Virtual, upright and smaller than the object
d. Virtual, inverted, and smaller than the object
2. Where should the object be positioned to have a smaller and inverted image in a
concave mirror?
a. At the focus
b. At the center of curvature
c. Beyond the center of curvature
d. Between the curvature and focus
3. When you see a “wet spot” mirage on the road in front of you, what are you most
likely seeing?
a. Sky c. Water
b. Hot air d. Fragment of your imagination
4. White light goes through a filter that can absorb blue light; what color of light can pass
through as perceived by an observer?
a. Blue b. Green c. Red d. Yellow
5. When green light shines on a red rose, why do the petals look black?
a. It absorbs green light c. It reflects green light
b. It reflects the color black d. It absorbs all the colors of light.
6. For you to see a rainbow, where should the sun be positioned?
a. In front of you c. Behind you
b. On your left side d. On your right side
7. Which is scattered by very small particles present in the atmosphere?
a. All wavelengths of light c. Smaller wavelength of light
b. Medium wavelength of light d. Larger wavelength of light
8. Which explains why the sky is blue?
a. Blue light is not easily scattered by the atmosphere
b. Blue light is not easily absorbed by the atmosphere
c. Air molecules scatter blue light more readily than other colors
d. Blue light is reflected off the world’s oceans into the atmosphere
9. Which explains why sunsets are red?
a. Air molecules scatter red light more readily than others
b. Red light is of shorter wavelength than other colors of light
c. Red light survives the absorption of the particles in the atmosphere
d. Red light is scattered the least and is transmitted the most in the atmosphere
10. What do you call the colored spots of light that developed due to the refraction of light
through ice crystals?
a. Halo c. Sunspot
b. Sundog d. Rainbow
Lesson
Phenomena of light
1
Light have different properties and characteristics. It can be reflected or refracted.
It can be transmitted, absorbed or dispersed. You can observe these properties one at a
time, or two or more of these properties can be exhibited at once. Whenever these
properties of light are demonstrated in nature, we can observe various phenomena that
can be a feast not only for our sight but also for our curious mind.
Your reflection on the concave and convex sides of a spoon looks different
Mirages
Light from a red laser passes more easily through red cellophane than
green cellophane
Clothing of certain colors appear different in artificial light in sunlight.
Haloes, sundogs, primary rainbows, secondary rainbows, and
supernumerary bows
Why clouds are usually white and rainclouds dark
Why the sky is blue, and sunsets are reddish
Do not be overwhelmed by these phenomena. The concepts behind these are
not new concepts. You have learned it already from your previous lessons. You just
need to integrate your previous understanding of light to these phenomena to get a
deeper insight.
What’s In
Light plays a role in the interesting processes in nature. When light coming from
the sun enters the atmosphere, it exhibits behavior that demonstrates its wave nature
or particle nature. Light could be reflected, transmitted or absorbed. Reflection plays a
vital role in our ability to see things and appreciation of colors. Transmission paved a
way on the use of filters. Absorption of light can help sustain life supporting cycles in
our environment.
Aside from these, light can also refract as it enters varying medium. This results
to a display of spectrum of colors. At times it could also create optical illusions. There
is so much to learn about light. Let us begin by understanding phenomena related to it.
What’s New
Try to look for an image of yourself both in the inner and outer side of the spoon.
Adjust the distance of the spoon from your face to see a clearer image. Observe what
happens as you move the spoon closer or farther from your face.
Guide questions:
1. Can you see an image of yourself in your mirror spoon? Describe the image.
2. In which side of the spoon can you see an upright image of yourself? An
inverted image of yourself?
3. Will adjusting the distance of the spoon from yourself varies the image formed in
the spoon? Why? Why not?
4. What do you think is the kind of reflecting surface demonstrated by the inner
side of the spoon? By the outer side of the spoon?
Activity 2: Can you believe your eyes?
Examine the two figures. Are the squares in Figure 2 of the same size? Or are
they not? How about the squares in Figure 3? Do the squares have the same colors? Or
are they not?
CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=236151
Figure 2 Figure 3
Sometimes, our brain interprets the things our Byeyes Ironnailare seeing
- Own work, differently.
CC BY-SA 4.0, It is
called optical illusion. There are number of illusions in nature and one of them is mirage.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=90498692
Analyze Figure 4 and label the numbered parts to understand how mirage occurs.
You can select from the given words inside the box.
Direct sunlight Bent light from the sky Cool air Observer
1
6
2 7
4 5
3
8
By A. Manzano - Own work
Figure 4
Guide questions:
1. How can you describe the temperature of the air above the ground?
2. What happens to light as it passes through air with varying temperature?
3. What do you call the bending of light?
4. Apparently, where does the light that reaches the eye of the observer originates?
5. In your own words, how can you explain the occurrence of mirage?
Activity 3: Color me beautiful!
Whether you are an artist, a photographer or just an ordinary student who is
appreciative of nature’s beauty, you are surely fascinated with colors! Let us see the
magic of it in this activity.
Analyze and study Figure 5 and Table 1. Both shows how the colors of light are
added. Familiarize yourself with it and use it as a reference in answering the activity.
Using Figure 6 as reference, complete Table 2 and determine what color will pass
through the filter and what color will the object reflect.
Color
Color of the object as it
Incoming Light Colored Filter that can Colored object
appears to the eye
pass
through
White Absorbs blue light Blue
Yellow Absorbs green light Red
White Absorbs red light Yellow
Magenta Absorbs yellow light Cyan
White Absorbs cyan Magenta
Cyan Absorbs magenta Green
White Absorbs blue White
Table 2
Activity 4: Rainbow connections
Another amazing optical illusion in nature is the formation of rainbow. How we
see a rainbow depends on how light behaves as it interacts to the water droplets in the
sky. In this activity, try to determine the processes that take place for a rainbow to
form. Use Figure 7 as your reference in completing Table 3.
Observers
Figure 8
What is It
Phenomena of light
Smooth reflecting surfaces are often associated with mirrors. There are two
kinds of mirror, a plane mirror and a spherical mirror. In our activity we used a spoon.
It is an example of a spherical mirror because it has a curved reflecting surface.
There are two types of spherical mirror, the convex and the concave mirror.
Convex mirror is the one that bulges outward. It usually shows things the right way up
and smaller. The concave mirror on the other hand is hallowed inwards. The
appearance of the image depends on how close the object is to it. If the object is close
to a concave mirror, the image appears bigger and right way up. If the object is further
away it may look smaller and inverted.
When you look at the reflecting surface of a spoon, the outer bulging part acts
like a convex mirror. You will see an upright and smaller image of yourself. Figure 9
demonstrates how the image is formed in a convex mirror like your observations
when you look in the bulging part of the spoon.
The inner hallowed part of the spoon acts like a concave mirror. You saw an
inverted, smaller image of yourself because you are located beyond the curvature of
the spoon. Figure 10 demonstrates how the image is formed in a concave mirror like
your observations when you look at the caving part of the spoon.
For example, a red laser shines on a transparent red cellophane. The red
cellophane is capable of absorbing other frequencies of light except red. As a result, the
red cellophane can transmit the red frequency of light, allowing it to pass through. If we
use instead a green laser on a red cellophane, it cannot pass through. The green light
will be absorbed.
Sometimes you might also wonder why your clothes of a certain color appears
differently under artificial light and natural sunlight. Your clothes will absorb and
reflect frequency of light depending on the source. Natural sunlight, the visible light is
composed of the complete range of frequencies. Artificial lights on the other hand
sometimes have a limited range of frequencies. This will affect what the object can
absorb and reflect.
For example, your light source is an incandescent bulb. It is yellowish in color.
It emits more light in the lower than in the higher frequencies. If it shines on a blue
object, the object will not appear blue. Instead it will appear black. The object is not
capable of reflecting yellow light or its constituent color of red and green. It will be
absorbed by the object. As a result, nothing is reflected, and the object will appear
black.
It is important to note that the primary colors of light are red, blue and green.
Adding all of this will give us white light. The complimentary colors on the other hand
are magenta, yellow and cyan. Remembering this will help you identify colors of objects
when selective reflection and transmission takes place.
Refraction too plays a role in different light phenomena. It explains optical
illusions found in nature like mirage and rainbow. It is also the reason behind the halos
around the sun or moon.
A sundog or a mock sun are white or colored patches of light to one or both
sides of the sun. It is also known as parhelia which means with the sun. It typically
appears when the sun is low like sunrise and sunset.
What’s More
1. Describe what happens as the laser light passes through each glass with only
distilled water in it.
2. What happens when a spoonful of sugar was dissolved in glass B and the laser
light passes through it? When milk is added in glass C and laser light passes
through it?
3. Do you think the particles present in each glass plays a role in how the laser
light behaves?
4. How does the size of the particles affect the behavior of light as it interacts with
it?
5. Do you think the size of the particles affects how certain frequencies of light are
scattered?
What I Have Learned
The outer bulging reflecting surface of a spoon acts like a convex mirror.
Convex mirror produces an image that is virtual, upright and smaller than the
object.
The hallowed reflecting surface of the spoon acts like concave mirror.
The appearance of the image in a concave mirror depends on how close the object
is to it.
The colors of the object we see depends on its ability to reflect or to transmit the
light incident to it.
Selective reflection takes place on opaque objects when light is incident to it.
Selective transmission takes place on transparent objects when light is incident
to it.
Refraction plays a role in optical illusions like mirages and rainbows.
Mirage is an optical phenomenon that creates illusion of water that results
from the bending of light because of the gradient in the air temperature.
Rainbows are formed because of refraction, reflection and dispersion of light as
it passes through water droplets acting as tiny prisms. It appears in the section
of the sky directly opposite from the sun.
A secondary rainbow is formed when two total internal reflections and refraction
occur in the water droplets. It appears outside and higher than the primary
rainbow with an opposite color sequence.
Supernumeraries are thin, pastel colored bands or fringes appearing below the
primary rainbow adjacent to the violet band due to the interference of light.
A halo is a ring of light that forms around the sun or moon due to the refraction
of light in the suspended ice crystals in the atmosphere.
Sundogs are bright white or colored patches of light developed because of
refraction of light through ice crystals. They are also known as mock suns or
parhelia which means “with the sun”
Small gas particles in the atmosphere scatters blue light because of Rayleigh
scattering resulting to blue sky.
Clouds are made up of water droplets which are larger than air molecules, thus
all colors are scattered equally. All colors combined to make white light.
Sunlight must travel through more of the atmosphere during sunset. More blue
light is scattered, leaving red light transmitted. Only light of lower frequencies
survives, producing red sunsets.
What I Can Do
Now that you have learned how properties of light can explain various optical
phenomena, it’s your turn to apply what you learned. Answer the following questions
using the concepts you learned.
1. What kind of mirror should be used in the rearview mirror of a car? In the side
view mirror of the car?
3. Using the concept of scattering of light, how can you answer the questions: “Why
is the sky blue?” or “Why are clouds white?” or “Why are sunsets red?”?
4. Why do you think the colors red, green and yellow are the one used for traffic
lights?
5. An archer fish can prey on land-based insect and other small animals by spitting
water from their specialized mouths. Explain how refraction occurs in the
water- air boundary of the fish. Draw a diagram.
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. What can be said of the image formed in the bulging reflecting surface of a spoon?
a. Virtual upright, and larger than the object
b. Virtual, inverted, and larger than the object
c. Virtual, upright and smaller than the object
d. Virtual, inverted, and smaller than the object
2. Where should the object be positioned to have a smaller and inverted image in a
concave mirror?
a. At the focus
b. At the center of curvature
c. Beyond the center of curvature
d. Between the curvature and focus
3. When you see a “wet spot” mirage on the road in front of you, what are you most likely
seeing?
a. Sky c. Water
b. Hot air d. Fragment of your imagination
4. White light goes through a filter that can absorb blue light; what color of light can pass
through as perceived by an observer?
a. Blue b. Green c. Red d. Yellow
5. When green light shines on a red rose, why do the petals look black?
a. It absorbs green light c. It reflects green light
b. It reflects the color black d. It absorbs all the colors of light.
6. For you to see a rainbow, where should the sun be positioned?
a. In front of you c. Behind you
b. On your left side d. On your right side
7. Which is scattered by very small particles present in the atmosphere?
a. All wavelengths of light c. Smaller wavelength of light
b. Medium wavelength of light d. Larger wavelength of light
8. Which explains why the sky is blue?
a. Blue light is not easily scattered by the atmosphere
b. Blue light is not easily absorbed by the atmosphere
c. Air molecules scatter blue light more readily than other colors
d. Blue light is reflected off the world’s oceans into the atmosphere
9. Which explains why sunsets are red?
a. Air molecules scatter red light more readily than others
b. Red light is of shorter wavelength than other colors of light
c. Red light survives the absorption of the particles in the atmosphere
d. Red light is scattered the least and is transmitted the most in the atmosphere
10. What do you call the colored spots of light that developed due to the refraction of light
through ice crystals?
a. Halo c. Sunspot
b. Sundog d. Rainbow
Additional Activities
A. Color Vision
Explore more about colors of light. Visit https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/color-
vision to master the skills of color addition and subtraction. Use the simulation to see
how colors can be perceived under different filters or sources.
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/color-vision https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/color-vision
Figure 15 Figure 16
Slowly pour water inside the glass. Observe how the arrow’s direction will change.
References
“The Science of Mirages.” RSS, February 16, 2016. https://sciencemadefun.net/blog/smoke-mirrors-day-2/.
“Atmospheric Refraction.” Mirages and other atomospheric optic phenomena. Accessed May 12, 2020.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/atmos/mirage.html.
Harris, Tom. “How Mirages Work.” HowStuffWorks Science. HowStuffWorks, January 27, 2020.
https://science.howstuffworks.com/mirage2.htm.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Halo.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., February 9,
2018. https://www.britannica.com/science/halo-atmospheric-phenomenon.
Dö mé ny, Ibolya Sá gody. “Atmospheric Phenomena in Physics Teaching.” Physics Competitions 12, no. 2. Accessed May
14, 2020. http://csodafizika.hu/fiztan/english/student/atm_phen.pdf.
“Atmospheric Halos.” Encyclopedia of the Environment. Institut de France, July 16, 2019. https://www.encyclopedie-
environnement.org/en/air-en/atmospheric-halos/.
Kher, Aparna. “Halos, Sundogs, and Light Pillars.” timeanddate.com. Accessed May 14, 2020.
https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/optical-phenomenon.html.
“Solar Halos, Sun Dogs, Sun Spokes, Rainbows.” Crystalinks. Accessed May 14, 2020.
https://www.crystalinks.com/sundogs.html.
Volpi, Federica. “On the Physics of Rainbow.” Interdisciplinary Encyclopaedia of Religion and Science . Accessed May
15, 2020. http://inters.org/physics-of-rainbow.
OpenStax. “Dispersions: The Rainbow and Prisms.” Lumen. Accessed May 15, 2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/25-5-dispersion-the-rainbow-and-prisms/.
ACEPT Group. “Blue Skies and White Clouds.” Patterns in Nature. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Arizona
State University. Accessed May 15, 2020. https://www.asu.edu/courses/phs208/patternsbb/PiN/rdg/sky/sky.shtml.
“Spherical Mirror.” Spherical Mirror (Learn) : Physics : Class 7 : Amrita Vidyalayam eLearning Network. Accessed May
16, 2020. http://aven.amritalearning.com/index.php?sub=100&brch=295&sim=1487&cnt=3429.
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