J. Bio. Env. Sci.

16(1), 109-116, January 2020 2020

Research Paper
Relative efficacy of different organic
and inorganic fertilizers on the growth
and bulb yield of onion (Allium cepa)
By: Imtiaz Ahmed, Muhammad Abbass Khan, Noorullah khan, Naveed Ahmed, Fayyaz Ahmed, Sohail
Aslam

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environmental sciences

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Abstract
In order to find out the impact of different fertilizers on the growth and bulb yield of Onion, an experiment was
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conducted at PARC-National Tea and High Value crops research Institute, Shinkiari, Mansehra, Pakistan during
Rabi season 2017-18. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot
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arrangement having three replications. It has two onion cultivars i.e Swat-1 and Sunset that was assigned to
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Book Publication the main plot and four different type fertilizers i.e Poultry manure, Farm yard manure, DAP and NPK which were
allotted to the sub-plot. The finding of the trials reveals significant variation among the studied parameter.
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Tallest plants (47.37cm), more number of leaves per plants (10.04), Leaves length ( 36.43cm), leaves width INNSPUB on FB
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(7.71cm), bulb diameter (57.73mm), Bulb weight (83.04g) and bulb yield (7.46t/ha) was recorded from
cultivar Swat-1 planted plots. In case of fertilizers, Maximum plant height (47.74cm), Number of leaves per
plant (10.35), Leaves length (37.94cm), Leaves width (8.26cm), Bulb diameter (65.19mm), Bulb weight
(103.30g) and Bulb yield (8.90t/ha) was obtained from plots which were fertilized with poultry manure. The Email Update
results of the present study suggest poultry manure in combination with cultivar swat-1 should be used for
better production of onion.

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Imtiaz Ahmed, Muhammad Abbass Khan, Noorullah khan, Naveed Ahmed, Fayyaz Ahmed, Sohail Aslam.
Relative efficacy of different organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and bulb yield of onion
(Allium cepa).

J. Bio. Env. Sci. 16(1), 109-116, January 2020.

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 J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020

Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)

ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 16, No. 1, p. 109-116, 2020
http://www.innspub.net

RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS

Relative efficacy of different organic and inorganic fertilizers

on the growth and bulb yield of onion (Allium cepa)

Imtiaz Ahmed*, Muhammad Abbass Khan, Noorullah khan, Naveed Ahmed,

Fayyaz Ahmed, Sohail Aslam

PARC-National Tea and High Value Crops Research Institute, Shinkiari, Mansehra, Pakistan

Article published on January 30, 2020

Key words: Organic manure, Inorganic fertilizers, Onion cultivars

Abstract
In order to find out the impact of different fertilizers on the growth and bulb yield of Onion, an experiment was
conducted at PARC-National Tea and High Value crops research Institute, Shinkiari, Mansehra, Pakistan during
Rabi season 2017-18. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot
arrangement having three replications. It has two onion cultivars i.e Swat-1 and Sunset that was assigned to the
main plot and four different type fertilizers i.e Poultry manure, Farm yard manure, DAP and NPK which were
allotted to the sub-plot. The finding of the trials reveals significant variation among the studied parameter.
Tallest plants (47.37cm), more number of leaves per plants (10.04), Leaves length ( 36.43cm), leaves width
(7.71cm), bulb diameter (57.73mm), Bulb weight (83.04g) and bulb yield (7.46t/ha) was recorded from cultivar
Swat-1 planted plots. In case of fertilizers, Maximum plant height (47.74cm), Number of leaves per plant (10.35),
Leaves length (37.94cm), Leaves width (8.26cm), Bulb diameter (65.19mm), Bulb weight (103.30g) and Bulb
yield (8.90t/ha) was obtained from plots which were fertilized with poultry manure. The results of the present
study suggest poultry manure in combination with cultivar swat-1 should be used for better production of onion.
*Corresponding Author: Imtiaz Ahmed  [email protected]

109 | Ahmed et al.

 J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020

Many researchers such as Akanbi and Makinde

(2007) had reported significant results regarding
Introduction
increase in yield of onion crops by the application of
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an imperative vegetable
fertilizers. Organic manure increased yield and
crop, belongs to the family of Amaryliadaceae. It is
provide more nutrients to onion bulbs (Rumpel,
cultivated over the globe as food and consumed as
1998). Researchers concluded from experiments that
cooked vegetable or fresh (Fritsch & Freissen. 2002,
onion crop which received organic manure gave more
Patricia. 2006). It had numerous medicinal uses and
yield as compared to onion crop which were fertilized
effective in treating ailment cough, hair loss, snake
with inorganic fertilizer NPK. In organic farming less
bite and, insect repellent (Ken & Addy. 2013, Uspo.
cost of production is required and it reduces the
2011). Worldwide 75977.21 thousand metric ton of
chance of environmental pollution. It also improve
onion are produced annually on an area of 3971.51
soil structure enhances different activity of soil
thousand hectare with average production of 19.1 tons
organism which are helpful to the plants. Vegetable
per hectare (FAO, 2016). In Pakistan, it is grown at an
and fruits produced by organic farming are good for
area 130532 hectare with a production of 1671012
human health (Colla et al., 2002).
tons with a mean production of 12.80 tons per hectare
(Agricultural statistic of Pakistan, 2016).
Keeping the above points in mind research study was
Onion is a high value cash crop due to high cost of conducted at PARC- National Tea and High Value Crops
production. Presently its prices are high and Research Institute Shinkiari, Mansehra, Pakistan, in
consumers cannot afford it and there are so many order to compare different organic and inorganic
problems in its marketing and they do not have better fertilizers for growth and bulb yield of onion.
profit from its cultivation. Normally excessive amount
of chemical fertilizers are applied to the vegetable crops Material and method
for better production (Young et al., 2005). Whenever Study Area
chemical fertilizers applied to soil it produces several An experiment entitle “Relative efficacy of different
harmful effects to human health and also to organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and
environmental condition such as environmental bulb yield of onion (Allium cepa)” was conducted at
pollution. Soil structures are also more affected by National Tea and high value crops research institute
excessive usage of inorganic fertilizers so organic Shinkiari, Mansehra during rabbi 2017-18.
manure is used as an alternative for chemical fertilizers
for improving soil structure (Aisha et al., 2007) Experimental Treatments & Design
The experiment was laid out in RCBD design with
Organic manure do not easily leach down and release split plot arrangement having three replications. The
nutrient at a slower rate and improve soil fertility, treatment comprises of different type fertilizers viz
develop soil structure and increases soil organic farm yard manure and poultry manure which were
matter (Stolton, 1999 & Shaheen, 2007). Application assigned to the sub-plot and different cultivars i.e.
of organic manure to the soil had beneficial effect on swat-1 and sunset were allotted to the main plot.
root growth by improving root rhizosphere and
proliferations of microorganism population which Cultural Practices
results in better plant growth (Shaheen, 2007). The nitrogen were applied in the form of Ammoumium
Organic manures contain various macro and micro sulphate in three split doses i.e. at planting stage, 2nd at
nutrients and on decomposition it releases organic leaf expansion stage and third at bulb initiation stage
acid which increases the benefit of plant nutrient
whereas phosphorous and potassium are applied at the
uptake (Anonymous, 2010).
time of planting in the form of super phosphate and

110 | Ahmed et al.

 J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020

potassium sulphate. During the course of the

experiment, weeds were removed by hand hoeing and
irrigation was applied as and when required.
Data collection and Analysis
At the end of the trial, data were collected on growth
and bulb yield of onion and parameter measured
were: Plant height, number of leaves per plant, leave
length, leave width, bulb weight, bulb diameter,
number of clove per bulb and bulb yield. Data
Fig. 1. Plant Height as effect by different fertilizers
measured were statistically analyzed using analysis of
and cultivars.
variance (ANOVA) where the treatments means are
No of leaves per plant
separated by using Duncan Multiple Range test
Analysis of the data indicated that different fertilizers,
(DMRT) at 5% probability level.
cultivar and their interaction had significant effect on
no of leaves per plant (Table 1). In fertilizers, more
Result and discussion
leaves per plant (10.35) were noted from plots where
Plant Height (cm)
poultry manure was applied whereas less leaves per
Plant height (cm) was significantly affected by
plant (07.42) was obtained from plots where NPK was
different fertilizers, cultivars and their interaction
applied. Similar results were produced by Sekhon and
(Table-1). In case of fertilizers, maximum plant height
Meelu, (1994) which obtained maximum number of
(47.74cm) was recorded from plots where poultry
leaves per plant from plants which were fertilized
manure was applied whereas minimum plant height
with poultry manure. In cultivars, maximum number
(41.34cm) was noted from plots where NPK was
of leaves per plant (10.04) was recorded from plot
applied. Similar results were obtained by Paven et al.
where cultivar swat-1 was planted whereas minimum
(2004), Prakash and Bhadoria (2004) and Dileep
number of leaves per plant (07.02) was observed from
(2005) which obtained taller plants from plots where
plot where cultivar sunset was planted. Interaction
poultry manure was applied to the soil as a fertilizers.
between fertilizers and cultivars indicated that no of
In case of cultivars, highest plant height (47.37cm)
leaves per plant (12.26) in cultivar swat-1 was higher
was obtained from plot where cultivar swat-1 was
when poultry manure was applied whereas where
planted whereas lowest plant height (41.77cm) was
NPK applied plots produces shorter plants (5.95) in
recorded from plots where cultivar sunset was
cultivar sunset.
planted. These findings are in line with those of Khan
et al. (2011) which reported that cultivars swat-1
produces tallest up to 55cm in height. In case of
interaction between fertilizers x cultivars, application
of poultry manure gave taller plant (50.35cm) in
cultivar swat-1 whereas NPK resulted in shorter
plants (38.13cm) in cultivar sunset.

Fig. 2. No. of Leaves/Plant as effected by different

fertilizers and cultivars.

Leave length (cm)

111 | Ahmed et al.

 J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020

It is evident from table-1 that fertilizers, cultivars and leaves were produced from plot which were fertilized
their interaction had significant effect on leave length with poultry manure. In case of cultivars, wider leaves
(cm). In case of fertilizers, lengthy leaves (37.94cm) (7.71mm) were produced by plots where cultivar
were recorded from plots where poultry manure was swat-1 was planted whereas narrow leaves (7.40mm)
applied whereas shorter leaves (32.02cm) were were produced in plots where cultivar sunset was
obtained from plot where NPK was applied. This is in planted. These findings are in line with those of
conformity with the findings of Amujoyegbe et al., Mohanty (2001), Tripathy et al., (2013), Kushal et al.,
(2007), Brady & weils (1999), Sharpley & Smith (2015) and Sarkar et al., (2015) who reported
(1999) which states that application of poultry difference in leaf width due to variation in genetic
manure enhances leave length, water holding capacity makeup of variety and its suitability under different
and chlorophyll content of the leave. In cultivars, climatic condition. In case of interaction between
highest leave length (36.43cm) was obtained from fertilizers and cultivars, wider leaves (8.30mm) were
plots where cultivar swat-1 was planted whereas produced when plants are fertilized with poultry
lowest leave length (33.30cm) was noted from plots manure in cultivar swat-1 plots whereas narrow leaves
where cultivars sunset were planted. These finding (6.66mm) were obtained from cultivars sunset plots
are in line with those of Flore and Layne, (1999) when it is fertilized with inorganic fertilizers NPK.
reported variation in leave length in different cultivars
of onion due to genetic variation in onion cultivars. In
case of interaction between cultivars and fertilizers,
maximum leave length (39.51cm) was recorded from
cultivar swat-1 when plants were fertilized with poultry
manure whereas minimum leave length (30.26cm) was
obtained from plant which were fertilized with NPK in
cultivars sunset plots.

Fig. 4. Leave Width (cm) as effected by different

fertilizers and cultivars.

Table 1. Plant height (cm), No of leaves per plant,

leave length (cm) and leave width (mm) as effected by
different fertilizers and varieties.
Plant No of Leave Leave
Treatments height leaves length Width
(cm) plant-1 (cm) (mm)
Fig. 3. Leave Length (cm) as effected by different Varieties
Swat-1 47.37 A 10.04 A 36.43 A 7.71 A
fertilizers and cultivars. Sunset 41.77 B 07.02 B 33.30 B 7.40 B
LSD 0.1348 0.6573 0.0610 0.1996
Leave Width(mm) Fertilizers
Poultry manure 47.74 A 10.35 A 37.94 A 08.26 A
Leave width was significantly effected by different Farm Yard manure 45.85 B 08.90 B 35.95 B 07.70 B
fertilizers, cultivars and their interaction (Table 1). In DAP 43.35 C 07.45 C 33.55 C 07.35 C
NPK 41.34 D 07.42 C 32.02 D 06.91 D
case of fertilizers, maximum leave width (8.26mm) LSD 0.0871 0.5025 0.0446 0.0926
was recorded from plots where poultry manure was Interaction
VxF Fig-1 Fig-2 Fig-3 Fig-4
applied as fertilizers whereas minimum leave width
(6.91mm) was noted from plots where NPK was Bulb Diameter (mm)
applied as fertilizer. These result are similar to that of Analysis of the data indicated that fertilizer, cultivars
Schjegel, (1992) and Bendfeldt, (2002) where wider and interaction between fertilizer and cultivars had

112 | Ahmed et al.

 J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020

significant effect on bulb diameter (Table 2). In case Fertilizer, cultivars and interaction between cultivars
of fertilizers, larger bulbs (65.19mm) was recorded and fertilizers had significant effect on bulb weight
from plants which were fertilized with poultry (Table 2). In case of fertilizers, highest bulb weight
manure whereas small bulbs (46.26mm) were (103.30g) was recorded from plants which were
obtained from plants which were fertilized with fertilized with poultry manure whereas lowest bulb
inorganic fertilizer NPK. Poultry manure improve weight (52.80g) was obtained from plants where
bulb diameter by providing more nutrients to the inorganic fertilizers NPK was applied to the plots. The
plants. These results are similar to those of (Metwally increase in bulb weight of onion might be due to the
& Abdel-Bary, 1999) which reported that poultry fact that poultry manure provides more nutrients to
manure improve bulb diameter by enhancing the soil the plants, soil structure become fertile and more
properties and overcome leaching of nutrients from organic matter is available to the crop which
root zone and also similar results were obtained by enhances the uptake of nutrients and increases cell
(Ali et al., 2007) who stated that poultry manure division and rate of photosynthesis so the bulb weight
enhances physical and chemical properties of onion is increased by metabolism of organic matter. These
and hence improve bulb diameter In cultivars, results are in line with those with those of (Ewais et
maximum bulb diameter (57.73mm) was noted from al., 2010 & EL-Shatanofy & Manar, 2011) which
cultivars swat-1 plots whereas minimum bulb reported that by application of poultry manure bulb
diameter (54.20mm) was obtained from cultivars weight of onion is increased significantly. In cultivars,
sunset plants. A variation in bulb diameter of maximum bulb weight (83.04g) was recorded from
different cultivars might be due to genetic variation plots where cultivars swat-1 was planted whereas
among cultivars or better adoptability of some minimum bulb weight (72.10g) was noted from plots
cultivars in specific environment as compared to when cultivar sunset was planted. Better performance
others (Shah et al., 2012). smaller bulb produced by of swat-1 cultivar in term bulb weight might be due to
cultivars sunset might be due to inability of this genetic potential of this cultivars. In case of interaction
cultivars to absorb nutrient and water from the soil between cultivar and fertilizers, bigger bulbs (108.31g)
(Khan et al., 2011) In case of interaction between was obtained from cultivars swat-1 plants when it is
cultivars and fertilizers, more bulb diameter fertilized with poultry manure whereas smaller bulbs
(68.26mm) was observed from cultivar swat-1 plot (47.61g) was recorded from plants which were fertilized
when fertilized with poultry manure whereas less with inorganic fertilizer NPK
bulb diameter (44.81mm) was obtained from plants
which were fertilized by inorganic fertilizers in
cultivars sunset plots.

Fig. 6. Bulb weight (g) as effected by different by

different fertilizers and cultivars.

Fig. 5. Bulb Diameter (mm) as effected by different Bulb Yield (t/ha)

fertilizers and cultivars. Fertilizers, cultivars and their interaction had

significant effect on Bulb Yield (t/ha) (Table 2). In
Bulb weight (g) case of fertilizers, maximum bulb yield (8.90t/ha)

113 | Ahmed et al.

 J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2020

was recorded from plots which were fertilized with NPK 46.26 D 52.80 D 5.24 D
LSD 0.8148 1.0334 0.0411
poultry manure whereas minimum bulb yield
Interaction
(5.24t/ha) was obtained from plots which were VxF Fig-5 Fig-6 Fig-7
fertilized with NPK inorganic fertilizer. The
Conclusion
improvement in bulb yield by application of poultry
From this experiment it is concluded that application
manure might be due to the fact that it improves
of organic manure and cultivars of onion effect
water holding capacity and provides ample nutrients
growth and bulb yield of onion. Organic manure
for longer duration due to less leaching of nutrients as
(poultry manure) improves Plant height (cm), No of
compared to inorganic fertilizers where there is
leaves per plant, leave length (cm), leave width (cm),
greater problem of leaching (Carol et al., 1999). In
Bulb diameter, bulb weight and bulb yield of onion. In
cultivars, more bulb yield (7.46t/ha) was noted from
case of cultivars, swat-1 gave more yield and response
cultivars swat-1 planted plots whereas less bulb yield
to organic manure. On the basis of above conclusion,
(6.69t/ha) was obtained from sunset planted plots.
it is recommended that that poultry manure should
Better performance of Swat-1 cultivars in term of Bulb
be applied to the soil before transplanting while onion
yield might be due be to genetic potential of this
cultivar swat-1 should be planted with poultry
cultivar (Khan et al., 2011). In case of interaction
manure for better production of onion crop .
between fertilizers and cultivars, maximum bulb yield
(9.36t/ha) was recorded where cultivar swat-1 was
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