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STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. 1

MECHANICAL WAVES
MODULE OVERVIEW

A wave is a disturbance that travels either through a medium or through an empty space where energy and momentum is
transferred from the source to the receiver without the transfer of matter. All waves carry energy and momentum. Some
examples of wave motion are ripples on a pond, musical sounds, earthquakes, volcanic activities, and tsunamis.

This module is about mechanical waves or waves that travel within a medium. However, as you have learned from
Science 117, not all waves are mechanical in nature. Electromagnetic waves like light, radio waves, infrared and
ultraviolet radiation, and x rays can propagate even in empty space. But why?

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After going through this module, you will be able to:

1. discuss how mechanical waves are produced, propagated, and received,
2. solve problems regarding wave speed, wave intensity, and wave power,
3. explain boundary conditions, superposition of waves, and interference of waves, and
4. describe the motion of a simple harmonic oscillator.

TYPES OF MECHANICAL WAVES

A mechanical wave is a disturbance that travels through a medium. The medium can be solid, liquid, or gas. The more
compact the medium is, the faster the wave will travel. The higher the temperature of the medium, the faster the wave
speed. Mechanical waves cannot exist without a medium.

Waves can be categorized based on their characteristics and motion as either longitudinal, transverse or surface waves. If
the motion of the particles of the medium is back and forth or parallel or along the same direction that the wave travels, it
is called a longitudinal wave. If the motion of the particles of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of travel of
the wave along the medium, it is called a transverse wave.

Figure 1. Motion of Longitudinal Wave

vs Transverse Wave
(https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/waves/u10l1c.cfm)

Compression is the compressed region of the medium through which longitudinal wave travels, while rarefaction is a
region where the particles are spread apart.
Crest is the highest point of a transverse wave, while trough is the lowest point of a transverse wave.
While a longitudinal wave has an alternating pattern of compressions and rarefactions, a transverse wave has an
alternating pattern of crests and troughs.

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The amplitude (A) is the maximum displacement of the particles from the equilibrium.
Equilibrium or rest position is the position that the spring would assume if there were no disturbance moving through
it.
The wavelength (λ) is the distance from successive crest to crest, or trough to trough, or any two successive points in the
wave that are in phase (same speed and displacement).
The number of complete waves per second is called frequency (f). The unit is Hertz (1 Hz = 1 complete wave per second
= 1 cycle/s = 1/s).
The period (T) of a wave is the time for one complete wave vibration, with the unit seconds (s). Period is the reciprocal
of frequency and vice versa. T=1/f ; f=1/T.
While waves that travel within the depths of the ocean are longitudinal waves, the waves that travel along the surface of
the oceans are referred to as surface waves. A surface wave is a wave in which particles of the medium undergo a
circular motion. Surface waves are neither longitudinal nor transverse.
In longitudinal and transverse waves, all the particles in the entire bulk of the medium move in a parallel and a
perpendicular direction (respectively) relative to the direction of energy transport. In a surface wave, it is only the
particles at the surface of the medium that undergo the circular motion.
The motion of particles tends to decrease as one proceeds further from the surface.

Figure 2. Surface Wave

(https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/waves/u10l1c.cfm)

To know more about the concepts on Mechanical Waves, read Chapter 15 of Young and Freedman (2012) 13 th Edition.
University Physics with Modern Physics. Addison-Wesley: San Francisco CA (pages 472 to 508).

For interactive activities, please visit (https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Waves-and-

Sound/Simple-Wave-Simulator/Simple-Wave-Simulator-Interactive)

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1

Please answer the following the best way you can in five (5) sentences for 5 points each.

1. Why do you think mechanical waves are called mechanical?

I think mechanical waves are also called mechanical, because it needs a medium like solid, liquid or gas to
travel the energy. The more compact or high temperature of the medium the more faster the wave travel.
2. Children make toy telephones by sticking each end of a long string through a hole in the bottom of an
empty tin can. When the spring is pulled, sound can be transmitted from one can to the other. How does
this work? Why is the transmitted sound louder than the sound traveling through air for the same
distance?
Tin can and string serves as the passage way to travel the sound, so if you create a sound in the first can it will travel
in the other can. Using can and string is more louder than sound traveling in air, because of using medium to travel

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the sound, there is no barriers affecting the sound, unlike sound traveling in the air, it may cause some disturbance of
delivering sound of a specific area

3. Why can’t a mechanical wave exist in a vacuum?

Mechanical waves cant travel or exist in a vacuum because, there is no medium to transmit these mechanical waves
in a empty space or in a vacuum.
4. Give 3 or more examples each of beneficial and non-beneficial transverse and longitudinal waves.
Examples of transverse waves include vibrations on a string and ripples on the surface of water. We can make a
horizontal transverse wave by moving the slinky vertically up and down. Others, microwaves, radio waves. An example
of longitudinal waves is compressions moving along a slinky. We can make a horizontal longitudinal wave by pushing
and pulling the slinky horizontally. other, clapping and speaking on the mic.

WAVE SPEED, WAVE INTENSITY, AND WAVE POWER

Wave speed (v) is the product of wavelength (λ) and frequency (f) or simply v = λf. The unit for wave speed is m/s. This
applies to all mechanical waves with constant wavelength and frequency, also called periodic waves.

Wave intensity (I) is the average power (P) per unit area (A). It is measured in watts per square meter (W/m 2) or I =
P/A. If the power output of the source is P, then the average intensity through a sphere with radius (r) and surface area
(A) is I = P/4 π r2. The value of A depends on the given surface area.

We also have the inverse square law for intensity:

Every wave motion has energy associated with it. For a transverse wave, the maximum value of instantaneous power
2 2
is Pmax =√ μF ω A . The μ represents linear mass density, F is the force applied, A is the amplitude, and ω is the
1
angular frequency. The average power is half of Pmax , such that Pav = √ μF ω2 A2.
2

LEARNING ACTIVITY 2

Please answer the following the best way you can for 5 points each. For the discussion parts, discuss in five (5)
sentences, while in the problem-solving parts, please try to show your complete solution by indicating the given, the
unknown, the formula, substitution of values, simplification and final answer. (The hint for the final answer is enclosed
in the parenthesis).

1. Wave intensity and gravitation obey the inverse-square law, why do you think so? Discuss in five
sentences.

According to field theory, lines representing gravity direction go straight outwards in all directions, and the
strength of the field is the number of lines per unit of area, which decreases as the inverse square of the distance,
because the number of lines remains constant while the area increases as the square of the distance.

2. Calculate the wave speed if the frequency is 60 Hz and the wavelength is 20 m. (Answer: 1200 m/s)

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v=fλ ,

Given f=60Hz , λ=20m ,

v=60×20=1200m/s

3. A siren on a tall pole emits sound waves uniformly in all directions. At a distance of 15.0 m from the
siren, the sound intensity is 0.25 W/m2. At what distance is the intensity 0.010 W/m2? (Answer: 75.0 m).

4. Consider this situation then answer the subquestions: Jenny holds one end of the clothesline and moves it
up and down with frequency 2.00 Hz and amplitude 0.075 m. The wave speed on the clothesline is 12 m/s.

(a) At what maximum rate does Jenny put energy into the clothesline? That is, what is his maximum
instantaneous power? The linear mass density of the clothesline is μ = 0.25 kg/m, and Jenny applies
tension of F = 36.0 N. (Answer: 2.66 W)

(b) What is his average power? (Answer: 1.33 W)

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(c) What is the average power when the

LNING A

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS, SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES, AND INTERFERENCE OF WAVES

The conditions at the end of the string, such as a rigid support, are called boundary conditions.

Mechanical waves exhibit different properties: Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction and Interference.

Reflection is the bouncing back of waves when they hit a barrier. Waves from the source and hitting the barrier are
called incident waves. Those that seem to originate from the barrier are called reflected waves.

A wave pulse is a quick sudden disturbance, while a wave train is a continuous disturbance.

In figure 4 (a), there is a closed boundary or a fixed end; in figure 4 (b), there is an open boundary or a free end. Notice
the difference in the behavior of the wave pulse at both boundaries. The wave at (a) reverses direction as it leaves the
boundary producing an inverted reflected pulse; the wave at (b) never reverses direction.

Figure 3 - Reflection of a wave pulse from more dense to less dense medium and vice versa
(https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/waves/u10l3a2.gif )

When the medium through which a wave travels abruptly changes, the wave may be partially or totally reflected. The
speed and the wavelength of the reflected pulse are the same as the incident pulse, but the amplitude of the reflected
pulse is less than that of the incident pulse.

Refraction is the bending or change in the direction of motion of the waves when they hit a boundary between two
media. When a wave hits a boundary between two media, the wave is partially reflected and partially transmitted. The
transmitted wave is called refracted wave.

The figure 5 below shows how a wave pulse behaves as it travels from different media densities indicating refraction of
waves. Observe how the waves change in speed, wavelength and frequency when they undergo refraction.

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Figure 4 - Reflection of a wave pulse from more dense to

less dense medium and vice versa
(https://i.stack.imgur.com/3CHL8.gif)

Diffraction is the bending of waves as they come out of an opening or obstacle. The waves coming out of the opening
or obstacle are called diffracted waves. The amount of diffraction depends on the wavelength of the wave and the size of
the opening or obstacle.

For the same size of opening, the larger the wavelength, the greater the diffraction. For the same wavelength passing
through an opening, the smaller the opening, the greater the diffraction.

Figure 5 - Diffraction of waves through wide and narrow openings

(https://physicsmax.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/1404.jpg)

When more than one wave occupies the same space at the same time, the displacements add at every point. This is the
superposition principle.

The overlapping of waves is called interference. It happens when two or more waves pass through the same region at the
same time.

Interference could be destructive (cancellation) or constructive (reinforcement). There are partial and complete
destructive and constructive interference.

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Figure 6. Constructive Interference vs Destructive Interference

(https://www.ck12.org/physics/wave-interference/lesson/Wave-Interference-MS-PS/)

LEARNING ACTIVITY 3

Answer the following completely and concisely in 5 sentences for 5 points.

1. What is reverberation? What could you do to soundproof your room?

Reverberation is the reflection of sound waves caused by the superposition of such

echoes. The surfaces of items in the environment, such as walls, furniture, people, or even air,
can create a high number of reflections. Reverberation is defined as the occurrence of
reflections in fewer than 50 milliseconds. In soundproofing a room, there are three
fundamentals. First is, increase the mass (weight) and density of the wall to make it heavier
as mass helps to block the sound. The following step is to decouple the wall, which means
that one side of the wall does not touch the other. The best soundproofing is achieved by
creating a 'room inside a room' and separating it from the existing structure. And last is
dampen the vibration energy of the wall.

2. The speed of ocean waves depends on the depth of the water. The deeper the water, the faster the wave travels.
How can this explain why ocean waves crest and “break” as they near the shore.

As the waves reach the shore, they build up to the point where they are too high for their intended purpose.
providing a stable foundation, and then breaking to generate surf as the orbital axis moves, this happens.the
change in water affects the movements of water that propel waves onward. Depth. Waves in water that is deep
enough that they are unaffected by the bottom are described as deep-water waves are referred to as such, whilst
bottom-waves are referred to as such. Waves in the shallows transitional waves are the ones in the middle. The
actual body interaction with the ground changes the properties of both transitional and shallow-water waves.

3. Give examples of instances where constructive and destructive interference are observed.

When two speakers are faced each other, this is an example of constructive interference.
Then, simultaneously, play the same song. The volume and strength of the song will increase.
This is due to the fact that the sound waves from one speaker and the sound waves from the

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other speaker combine to produce a louder sound. Destructive interference, Because of their
superposition, the resultant at various sites differs from the sum of their intensities when two
waves of comparable frequencies move through a material. We name Destructive
Interference when it is too little and inconsequential at one place. There are some examples
of Destructive Interference, First, is the Gravitational waves are a specimen of Destructive
Interference, Light beams demonstrate Destructive Interference and the Moving electrons
and radio waves also perform Destructive Interference.

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

The simplest kind of oscillation that creates simple harmonic motion (SHM) occurs when the restoring force (Fx) is
directly proportional to the displacement (x) from equilibrium. The constant of proportionality between F x and x is the
force constant (k), giving us Fx = -kx. This is Hooke’s law. The figure below shows how a simple harmonic motion is
created through a simple mass–spring system obeying Hooke’s law.

Figure 8. Simple Harmonic Motion of Vertical Mass-Spring Systems

(https://sites.google.com/site/ataleofshmandearthquakes/home/whatisshm)

The formulas below represent a simple harmonic motion’s frequency, period, and acceleration.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 4

Answer the following questions the best that you can. For the problem-solving parts, please try to show your complete
solution but indicating the given, the unknown, the formula, substitution of values, simplification and final answer. (The
hint for the final answer is enclosed in the parenthesis)

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1. The SHM in this module ignored the mass of the spring. How does the spring’s mass change the characteristics
of the motion?

Adding mass on the spring will only show that their is an added length or the spring
will just stretch. The greater the mass, the more it stretch. Applying the law of inertia, when
the spring is moved by an external force the mass will greatly affected by the force that
would results into a slower motion of the spring. We can conclude here, that the
characteristics of the spring's motion is greatly affected by the mass. It slows the spring's
motion or it's acceleration when it wiggles back'n forth and it produces a more visible waves
or motion.

2. If a uniform spring is cut in half, what is the resulting force constant of each half of the spring? How would the
frequency of SHM using a half-spring change from the frequency using the same mass and the entire spring?

If the uniform spring which is considered as two identical spring is cut in half, the force constant
of each spring is twice that of the full length spring. Each half of the spring stretches by equal
amount since it is uniform. Base on the frequency of SHM, the force constant increases two times,
the frequency of simple harmonic motion increases by two times the frequency of the entire spring
when will used the same.

3. An object is attached to a fixed spring and oscillates on a horizontal, friction-free air track. A coin is atop the
object and oscillating with it. At what points in the motion is the friction force on the coin greatest? At what
points is it least? Justify your answers.

The friction point on the coin will be greatest at the end points of the motion or in it's
maximum displacement. And the frictional force will be minimum when the acceleration is
minimum. Therefore the friction point on the coin will be least at the equilibrium position.
Why is it so? F=ma is the given net acceleration on an object, m is the mass of an object, a is
the acceleration. The acceleration in simple harmonic motion is given by a=-w²x, where w is
the angular frequency and x is the displacement from the equilibrium position. The
magnitude of acceleration will be maximum at the maximum value of x, which is x=±A, A is
the amplitude of motion. While the minimum acceleration of the object occurs at x=0, or at
the equilibrium position.

4. A spring moves horizontally, with its left end fixed. A spring balance attached to the free end and pulled toward
the right (Figure a). A force of 6.0 N causes a displacement of 0.030 m. Replace the spring balance with a 0.50-
kg object, and pull it 0.020 m to the right along a frictionless surface, and release it from rest (Figure b).

a. Find the force constant k of the spring. (Answer: 200

kg/s2)

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b. Find the angular frequency. (Answer: 20 rad/s)

c. Find the frequency ƒ. (Answer: 3.2 Hz)

d. Find the period T of the resulting oscillation. (Answer: T = 0.31 s)

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e. Find the acceleration. (Answer: -8 m/s2)

EXPERIMENT #1

EXPERIMENT 1
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WAVES

Name: ___________________________________________ Date Performed: ______________

Score: ___________________________________________ Date Submitted: _______________

INTRODUCTION
In this experiment you will investigate the common properties of mechanical waves like amplitude, wavelength,
speed, period, and frequency. Boundary conditions shall also be observed as to how they affect wave properties.

MATERIALS
20 cm garter or spring sets of masses to be suspended 1 stopwatch
1 ruler 1 meterstick 3 ribbons

PROCEDURE
1. Attach the 20 cm garter or spring to a certain height. Suspend a mass depending on the available resources.
Measure the length of the garter or spring without the mass suspended. This is the equilibrium position. Any
measure of upward or downward displacement later will be based on this equilibrium position.
2. Pull the suspended mass for 3 cm and observe what happens when you release it. Take note of how much
displacement is produced. This is the amplitude. The time it takes for one complete cycle to happen is the
period. The frequency can be easily computed, as well as the wave speed for this case. Do this for stretch of 5
cm.
3. Do all these again but doubling (setup B) and tripling (setup C) the suspended mass, keeping the stretch
constant. Record your observations.

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4. Now fix two ends of the garter or spring on two poles or walls. Tie the three ribbons at random positions in the
taut line. At any point in the taut garter of spring, push it downward forcefully to create a ripple across the taut
line. Observe what happens to the motion of the taut line and ribbons.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Fill in the needed information on the table below.
SETUP A SETUP B SETUP C
PARAMETERS
Mass = 50 g Mass = 100 g Mass = 145 g
Amplitude (A) 23cm 25cm 23cm 25cm 23cm 25cm
Frequency (f) 3.89 3.69 2.75 2.72 1.66 1.93
Wavelength (λ) 1cm(0.01m) 1cm(0.01m) 2cm(0.02m) 2cm(0.02m) 6cm(0.06m) 6cm(0.06m)
Period (T) 2.57/10 = 0.257 2.71/10 = 0.271 3.63/10= 0.363 3.68/10=0.368 6.04/10=0.604 5.19/10= 0.519
Speed (v = λf) 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.12

Answer the following questions completely and correctly:

1. Based on your observations, what is the effect of varying the masses on the parameters? Explain your
answer.
Based on our observations of the influence of varying masses on the parameters, we can conclude that as the
masses grow, more visible waves result. One wavelength requires more time to complete.

2. Can you consider the set-up as a simple harmonic motion? Explain your answer.
Yes, because we have simple harmonic motion in this setup, which involves repetitive movement back and forth through
an equilibrium, or central, position, with the maximum displacement on one side of this position equal to the maximum
displacement on the other. Each full vibration has the same time interval.

3. Draw your observations on procedure 4. Describe the direction of the wave and the direction of the
disturbance. How does it differ from the previous procedures?
Illustrations:

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The waves direction is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. It

moves in the form of a crust and a trough. The direction of disturbance is started in the
middle of the garter as we push it down, it will create a ripples across the line. The difference
in the previous procedures is that, the first one it has longitudinal wave in which the direction
is parallel while second one which is the transverse waves it has a perpendicular direction.

GENERALIZATION

1. Where do we usually observe longitudinal waves? Transverse waves? Which among the two do you think has
more importance in our daily lives?
Longitudinal wave is one in which the medium or channel flows in the same direction
as the wave. Its the only energy that travels. Longitudinal wave is sound. The vibrating air
spreads away from the source, creating sound wave.

The particle motion in transverse waves is always perpendicular to the wave motion. It just
the energy that moves along. Usually traverversw used to show the wavelength and
amplitude. All types of electromagnetic waves like, visible light are also tranverse waves.

Transverse Waves are incredibly significant in our daily lives since we all encounter
electromagnetic waves on a daily basis, even if we are not aware of it; in radios, televisions,
microwaves, and hospitals (X rays and MRI). Transverse waves are those in which the
electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to one another.

Group 3
Leader; Mark Anthony C. Ambat (learning activity 1)
Members;
Jassale C. Estrella (learning activity 2)
Lee diane b. Garcia (learning activity 3)
Vanessa M. Manuel (learning activity 4)
Joshua c. Lagera (learning activity 4)

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Regina Carla De vera (learning activity 3)

SUMMARY

1. The following are the characteristics of mechanical waves. They…

 cannot travel through vacuum,
 can be transverse or longitudinal, and
 are produced by a disturbance in a medium.

2. Wave speed increases as the medium becomes warmer.

3. Wave speed increases as the medium becomes more compact.

4. Waves have amplitude, frequency, wavelength, period, speed, crest,

trough, and equilibrium position. There are also rarefactions and
compressions.

5. Wave intensity follows the inverse square law. It is proportional to power, but inversely proportional to surface
area.

6. The wave’s average power is half the wave’s instantaneous power.

7. Superposition principle is adding up of displacement of waves occurring at the same place and at the same time.
Wave interference can be constructive or destructive.

8. Reflection is the bouncing back of waves when they hit a barrier.

9. A wave pulse is a quick sudden disturbance, while a wave train is a continuous disturbance.

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10. Refraction is the bending or change in the direction of motion of the waves when they hit a boundary between
two media.

11. Diffraction is the bending of waves as they come out of an opening or obstacle.

12. Simple harmonic motion follows the Hooke’s law wherein the restoring force is directly proportional to the
displacement from equilibrium. One example is the mass – spring system.

REFERENCES

Main References: For this course, we will be using the following as our main references:

Young and Freedman (2012) 13th Edition. University Physics with Modern Physics. Addison-
Wesley: San Francisco CA

Hewitt, P. (2015) Conceptual Physics (12th Edition). Pearson Education.

Supplementary Books and Materials: The following books can be borrowed from the library and can be used as
supplementary references for the course:

Beiser, A. (2004) International Edition. Concepts of Modern Physics. Mc-Graw Hill Companies: NY
Catchillar, G. C. & Malenab, R. (2003). Fundamentals of Physics. Philippines: National Book Store.
Cutnell, John D. and Kenneth W. Johnson. 1997. Physics. 5h Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.
Halliday, David et al. 2001. Fundamentals of Physics: Extended. 6th Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New
York.
Nolan, Peter J. 1995. Fundamentals of College Physics (Student Study Guide). Wm. C. Brown Publishers.
Resnick, Robert and Kenneth Krane. 2002. Physics. 5th Edition. Volume 2. John Wiley and Sons. New York.
Serway and Jewett. 2018. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics. 10th Edition. Cengage
Learning Asia Pte Ltd
Tipler, Paul and Geme Mosca. 2005. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. 5th Edition. W.H> Freeman and
Company. New York.Wilson, Jerry and Anthony Buffa. 1998. Physics. 3rd Edition. Prentice-Hall.
New Jersey.
Zitzewitz, Neff and Davids. 1995. Merill Physics: Principles and Problems. Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Merill
Publishing Co.

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