Group 18 Sison Et. Al Chapter 1 3. 1
Group 18 Sison Et. Al Chapter 1 3. 1
Group 18 Sison Et. Al Chapter 1 3. 1
By:
November 2021
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Road users have to be attentive to more than the risks posed by other road users. They
also have to be alert to the dangers of animals on the road. As urban areas continue to push
outward and displace animals from their natural habitats and as traffic continues to increase
every year, collisions between cars and the animals seem an almost inevitable consequence.
(arrivealive.co.za)
As people drive outside urban areas, they often see roadkill - animals that have been
killed by passing traffic. People might even have had the unfortunate experience of striking a
large animal, ourselves. Road collisions kill and maim wildlife, pets and humans, and result in
millions of rand in insurance claims. These incidents are however mostly under-reported. When
a driver swerves or stops to avoid hitting an animal, the resulting mishap is mostly not recorded
Animal distractions and risks are brought about by a variety of animals, from small cats,
dogs and even birds to the large cattle, donkeys, and antelope such as kudu. Even insects have
In Canada, 5 Albertans were killed in collisions involving a moose between July 19 and
Aug. 3, 2020. That’s the average number of fatal crashes with wildlife for an entire year! Using
extra caution can mean the difference between safe travel and a casualty crash. And if safety
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isn’t encouragement enough, consider the cost: in Alberta, animal-involved collisions are
second only to hail as a leading cause of comprehensive damage claims to vehicles. They’re
also among the most expensive, with the average claim topping $8,000. (Babiuk, 2020)
animals they see on the roads while driving. They found out that driving an average of over
13,000 miles a year, American drivers witness plenty on their commutes. Heading down the
road at 40, 50, or even 60-plus miles per hour, it is a serious safety concern that claims both
human and animal life, but people rarely stop to consider the scale of the issue. In a given year,
there are over 260,000 crashes involving animals accounting for 12,000 human injuries, and
In over 70 percent of the 50 states, the most commonly hit animal on the road is the
deer. From some of the most isolated states, like Alaska, to some of the sandiest, like Florida,
deer lead as the top victim of motorists more than any other animal. In five states – Hawaii,
Arizona, Utah, Oklahoma, and Delaware – believe it or not, birds are the most struck creatures
by motorists. In 2014, it was reported that over 340 million birds were killed on U.S. roadways
each year. According to USA Today, higher speed limits and wider roads in rural areas have
contributed to an uptick in bird fatalities. Not all animals have to be on the ground to be hit;
low-flying birds, even big ones like barn owls, are susceptible to being struck by a fast-moving
There were at least two states where coyote and squirrels were the most commonly
struck animals, but only one state, Wyoming, led with cats. This is a state that amassed over
12,000 motor vehicle collisions with animals between 2011 and 2015. These crashes resulted in
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just over 20 human casualties since 2006. Collisions involving animals account for $4 billion
annually. Some of the other popular animals seen were squirrels, cats, dogs, and birds.
(Havahart, 2021)
In India, Hindustan Times reported the data of wildlife deaths, collected by the Delhi-
based Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI). A total of 83 leopards were killed in India due
to road and train accidents, the highest in a decade. Out of which, 73 leopards were killed in
road accidents and 10 were killed in train accidents. Maharashtra recorded the highest number
of leopard deaths for the second consecutive year. Among all the states, Maharashtra recorded
22 wildlife death cases, 19 in road accidents and three in train accidents. (Jain, 2021)
In response to this problem, according to the Union Minister, various measures have
been taken to avoid the incidents of wildlife killing on National Highways. The measures include
installation of road signs, speed calming measures, provision for the construction of an animal
underpass at pre-defined locations, fencing at the edge of Right of Way, and many others. He
also added that fencing is mandatory for either side of the road on the Expressways. (Jain,
2021)
(WVC) shows that, factors such as the proximity to forest, gentle topography, sparsely curves,
road width, and certain daily or seasonal aspects increase the risk for WVCs. Other factors such
as the distance to urban areas, or road accompanying infrastructure are factors that cannot be
Consequently, the studies show that parts of the WVCs can be explained and follow some
environmental patterns, but the question remains open what the random proportion of these
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patterns in terms of WVC risk is. While there is currently a strong focus on explanatory studies
as well as mitigation measures, the question arises to what extent the risk can be predicted
In the Philippines, the Department of Health tags road accidents as one of the leading
causes of death among children, overpowering other deadly diseases, including dengue. In fact,
in Metro Manila alone, about two children die daily due to road accidents. In relation to that,
according to the car accidents Philippines report from the Metro Manila Accident Reporting
and Analysis System, there are 394 fatalities (both adults and children) due to road-related
accidents in the Metro. This is somewhat lower than the 2017 data, which is a good thing. In
totality, there are 14,553 road accident deaths and injuries involving passengers, drivers, and
In fact, according to data released by the World Health Organization (WHO), there are
1.35M lives taken due to road accidents in 2018. And statistics in the Philippines is recorded
that 12,000 Filipinos die on the road every year. More concerning is the figures for Metro
Manila. The number of car accidents has been on a rising trend, doubled from 63,072 incidents
In this regard, one of the contributory factors of these road accidents in the Philippines
were caused by stray dogs. According to Zab (2016), stray dogs have caused a number of
vehicular accidents in the country. Statistics shows in his study that 34 accidents involving
motorists trying to avoid or hitting stray dogs occurred in 3 quarters of the year 2016.
Another case was recorded in Tacloban City after a female motorcycle rider died in
road mishap due to a dog that has gone astray. She was riding on a motorcycle driven by her
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husband when a dog dashed across in front of their motorcycle. The dog hit the front wheel,
causing the accident that sent Dedal skidding on the ground. The victim died right after the
In Malasiqui, Pangasinan, a motorbike rider who avoided dog on road died in crash. A
father and son managed to avoid hitting a dog with their speeding motorbike, but they
unfortunately crashed and one of them lost his life in the process. Local police said Nelson
Furio, 41, married, a painter, of Barangay Balagan, Binmaley, Pangasinan, died in the hospital.
His son, 21-year-old Jasper John Furio, the driver of the vehicle, was injured in the accident.
Proverbs said the victims were on board their brand-new black Suzuki Raider motorcycle at
7:45 p.m. when a stray dog suddenly appeared and crossed the road along Barangay Calbueg.
The animal wasn’t run over, but the Furios crashed as they avoided it. The fatality, Nelson, was
the back-rider at that time. The two were taken to Pangasinan Provincial Hospital in San Carlos
City where the father was declared dead on arrival by the attending physician. The younger
Furio sustained injuries on the different parts of his body. (Tibay, 2019)
In this regard, call for banning stray animals on the roads were pushed by different LGUs
in the country in addition to Republic Act (RA) 9482, known as the Anti-Rabies Act of 2007,
provides for the legal definition of a stray dog and the manner by which a stray dog can be
impounded. This law was made in line with the policy of the State to establish responsible pet
ownership. In Cebu, the presence of stray animals in major roads and highways in the province
of Cebu are among the causes of some vehicular accidents and is believed to be a potential
danger to the riding public and the people in general. Seeing this situation, Provincial Board
Member Arleigh Jay Sitoy proposed an ordinance prohibiting the presence of stray animals in
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main roads and highways in the entire province. In his proposed measure, Sitoy said there are
numerous reports of serious road accidents caused by livestock, household pets and other
stray animals wandering on busy roads and highways and eventually colliding directly with
moving vehicles. The purpose of the proposed ordinance is to promote road safety at all times
and in all places within the jurisdiction of the province of Cebu by aiming to significantly reduce
the occurrence of vehicular accidents caused by animals straying into the path of moving
vehicles. The proposed measure also wants stray animals impounded and the Office of the
Provincial Veterinarian is authorized to identify and contact the owners of the impounded
animals for them to redeem their pets. Owners of impounded pets need to pay an
administrative redemption fee of P500 for the first incident; P1,000 for the second incident,
and P2,000 for the third incident. They also need to present an Affidavit of Ownership and
other proofs of ownership. If the animals are unredeemed by the owners within 15 days from
its impoundment, the ownership of the impounded animals is considered forfeited in favor of
In addition to the already positively or negatively identified impact factors, there are
still research gaps that needs to be addressed. This is the reason why the researchers proposed
to conduct this study in order to identify the practices that the respondents are doing in
prohibiting animal wandering for road safety in Barangay Warey, Malaisqui, Pangasinan,
measure the level of safeness of the road in Barangay Warey, Malasiqui, Pangasinan with the
prohibition of animal wandering, and determining the obstacles that respondents experience in
prohibiting animal wandering. The output of this study will be the basis for developing action
Conceptual Framework
This study will be anchored in concept of Republic Act 9482 an act providing for the
control and elimination of human and animal rabies, prescribing penalties for violation thereof
and appropriating funds therefor. Although the title provides provision for promoting programs
against rabies, Sec. 2 of this law still provides that it is the declared policy of the State to
protect and promote the right to health of the people. In this regard, it defined stray dogs as to
any dog leaving its owner’s place or premise and no longer under the effective control of the
owner and provide penalties like impounding if stray dogs were caught in the streets. It is also
indicated in this law the responsibilities of pet owners. Under paragraph (c), Section 5 the pet
owners must maintain control over their Dog and not allow it to roam the streets or any Public
Place without a leash. Under paragraph 2 and 3 of Section 7, it is the responsibility of the LGUs
to strictly enforce dog impounding activities and field control to eliminate stray dogs and
ensure that dogs are leashed or confined within the premises of the owner’s house or owner’s
fenced surroundings.
Thus, the researchers used this concept to support the current study because the law
promotes full control over our pets so that they will not cause harm to the public.
This study will be conducted by the researchers to seek answers to the following
questions.
1. What are the practices that the respondents are doing in prohibiting animal
2. What is the level of safeness of the road in Barangay Warey, Malasiqui, Pangasinan
wandering?
4. What action plan can be developed to strengthen the practices for road safety?
Assumptions
1. There are varied practices that the respondents are doing in prohibiting animal
2. There are varied level of safeness of the road in Barangay Warey, Malasiqui,
wandering.
4. There are varied action plan can be developed to strengthen the practices for road
safety.
This study will cover the prohibition of animal wandering in barangay Warey, Malasiqui,
Pangasinan as a contributory factor in the road safeness o the said barangay. Specifically, it
The findings of this study will be used exclusively in the safeness of the road in the said
barangay.
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Other factors that contributed to safeness of the road in the said barangay will not be
Figure 1 covers the paradigm of the study. The first block is the INPUT consist of the the
practices that the respondents are doing in prohibiting animal wandering for road safety in
Barangay Warey, Malaisqui, Pangasinan, the level of safeness of the road in Barangay Warey,
Malasiqui, Pangasinan with the prohibition of animal wandering and the obstacles that
respondents experience in prohibiting animal wandering. The second block is the PROCESS
document analysis/ interview guide and data analysis using Statical and Thematic Analysis. The
last block is the OUTPUT of the research which includes the action plan can be developed to
INPUT
A. The practices
that the
respondents are
doing in
prohibiting animal
wandering for
road safety in
Barangay Warey, PROCESS
Malaisqui,
Pangasinan A. Quantitative
Method
B. The level of
safeness of the B. Descriptive
road in Barangay OUTPUT
Research Design
Warey, Malasiqui,
Pangasinan with Action plan can be
C. Survey developed to
the prohibition of Questionnaire
animal wandering strengthen the
practices for road
D. Statistical safety.
C. The obstacles of results through
that respondents Thematic Analysis.
experience in
prohibiting animal
wandering
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Figure 1.
Barangay residents. The output of this study will benefit the residents because they will
Motorists. This study will be beneficial to the motorist because they will be protected
against untoward incidents that may transpired because of the problem of animal wandering.
Animal/Pet Owners. This study will be beneficial to the animal/pet owners because it
Researchers. The output of this study will give them knowledge that they can be use in
Future Researchers. This study will serve as their reference in the conduct of same or
Definition of Terms
For better clarity and understanding of the study, the following terms are conceptually
Animal. This refers to a living creature other than humans such as dogs, cats, chicken,
Animal Wandering. This refers to the act of animals moving from one place to another
rule, or obligation.
Road Safety. It refers to the methods and measures used to prevent road users from
CHAPTER II
This section presents the review of literature which has significant bearing on the
present study.
Pattern of Injuries Sustained from Road Traffic Accidents Caused by Impact with Stray
Animals
India tops the list of global fatalities and injuries from the road crashes with an
estimated burden of more than 550 billion rupees, which is whooping 3% of our gross domestic
product of the country. (Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013) Ironically, the affected
victims mainly belong to the prime productive age group. It is not just the traffic rule violations
or bad roads but menace of the stray animals, namely, the canines and cattle that have become
a potential threat for commuters in almost every city of our country. A report from a single city,
Mysore, estimates about 20,000 stray cattle and 40,000 dogs on the road.[4] Stray animals
cause 10% of overall accidents in Bhopal's roads.[3] The figures may not be very different in the
city of Bhubaneswar. The number of RTA involving these vagrant animals has reached a
worrying proportion; hence, a specific targeted study and statistics is the need of the hour.
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The majority of the victims were male (84%). This is consistent with almost all reports
on epidemiology of RTA victims in our country and elsewhere. The majority of two-wheeler
drivers are males. Again, the majority of the victims are young, that is, consistent with the
literature. (Mitra et al. 2018) The younger population has a greater association with the two-
wheelers that are potentially unstable, especially in an emergent condition such as bumping
into an animal. The injury pattern is of wide range, but higher ISS was noted among the victims
riding under the influence of alcohol or abstinence of safety gear such as helmet. Alcohol
dampens the reflexes needed to effectively control the motor vehicles in this dangerous
situation. Mitra et al. have noted that drunkards have a higher odds ratio of injury as compared
The problem of the rising number of stray animals on roads is also animal specific. There
is a rise in the number of stray canines because of uncontrolled population growth. Whereas,
the cows and other cattle are seen as either they have been disowned or the owners of the
livestock also let them off, mostly during the daytime to graze outside and save costs on cattle
feed. The municipal corporation has certain rules and guidelines to control both the situations
though its implementation is suboptimal, leading to the alarming rise of RTA due to animal
menace. The central government, 2001, has delegated the municipal corporation and the local
authority the power to sterilize street dogs as per Animal Birth Control Program for Dogs rules.
In our country, capturing and culling of the stray dogs are banned as per “the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960;” hence, neutering the dogs is the only solution to control the
population. Canal et al. have found that dog-associated AVCs show a “cluster pattern.”
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Therefore, they have suggested posting of a warning signboard to increase the awareness
among drivers. Similarly, to control the stray cattle, there is a provision of imposing fine to the
owners, and there are shelters also for the homeless. However, the number of such homes for
stray animals is insufficient and mostly in urban areas. Deforestation for agricultural and urban
land uses have grossly reduced the feeding area for the cattle who have resorted to wandering
According to data from national crash databases, 89 percent of all WVCs (2001–2005)
were on two-lane roads. This might lead some people to conclude that WVCs are only a
problem in remote, rural locations, but two-lane roads and WVCs are also prevalent in areas
where many people live and commute to work in nearby cities. Such two-lane highways are
critical travel corridors, and, in the United States, drivers use two-lane roadways for the
majority of the total highway miles they travel. Therefore, WVCs are a challenge in every state
and for almost all drivers across the country. Estimates of the total number of WVCs are based
on several sources, including crash statistics (from police and highway patrol report
information), roadside carcass counts, insurance industry claims information, and interviews
with the public. National crash databases estimate the total number of reported collisions at
300,000 per year. However, most researchers believe that WVCs are substantially under-
reported for a number of reasons. Crash databases typically exclude accidents that have less
than $1,000 in property damage, not all drivers report collisions with animals, and not all law
detailed information on WVCs. Furthermore, many animals that are injured wander away from
17
the road before they die and are never found. Using a combination of carcass count data,
insurance industry information, police-reported crashes, and interviews with the public, this
study estimates that there are between one and two million collisions between vehicles and
large animals in the United States every year. Almost all animal-vehicle collisions (AVCs)
resulted in no human injury (95.4 percent). Collisions with moose and other large animals can
Safety Risk
Collisions with large animals pose a safety risk to humans as well as wildlife. Based on
research from various states, roughly 4–10 percent of reported WVCs involving large animals
result in injuries to drivers and their passengers. While this may not appear to be a large
percentage, this translates into approximately 26,000 injuries per year that are attributable to
these accidents.
For vehicle owners, the most common direct cost incurred from a WVC is damage to
their vehicle. Most research indicates that more than 90 percent of collisions with deer result
in damage to the driver's car or truck. Nearly 100 percent of collisions with larger animals—
such as elk or moose—end with substantial vehicle damage. Due to the size and weight of the
animals, damage to the vehicle can be costly. Based on numerous studies, the average cost of
repairing a vehicle after colliding with a deer was estimated at $1,840. For collisions with elk
and moose, the averages increase to $3,000 and $4,000, respectively. Drivers may incur
other direct costs if they must have their vehicle towed after the accident. If an injury occurs,
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drivers and passengers may face expenses from medical care and possibly lost wages from
missed work.
Impacts on Wildlife
WVCs are a serious safety risk for animals. In most cases, an animal that has been hit by
a vehicle dies immediately or shortly after a collision. Clearly, these deaths affect the
immediate survival of many individual animals. However, they also represent a serious
conservation issue. For some species, the long-term survival of a local or regional population
may be threatened, especially in combination with other factors such as habitat loss due to
agriculture and urbanization. This study identified 21 federally listed threatened or endangered
animal species in the United States for which road mortality is among the major threats to the
survival of the species. These species include birds such as the Hawaiian goose reptiles such as
the desert tortoise mammals such as the San Joaquin kit fox and amphibians such as the
Republic Act 9482 is an act providing for the control and elimination of human and
animal rabies, prescribing penalties for violation thereof and appropriating funds therefor. Sec.
2 of this law still provides that it is the declared policy of the State to protect and promote the
right to health of the people. In this regard, it defined stray dogs as to any dog leaving its
owner’s place or premise and no longer under the effective control of the owner and provide
penalties like impounding if stray dogs were caught in the streets. It is also indicated in this law
19
the responsibilities of pet owners. Under paragraph (c), Section 5 the pet owners must
maintain control over their Dog and not allow it to roam the streets or any Public Place without
a leash. Under paragraph 2 and 3 of Section 7, it is the responsibility of the LGUs to strictly
enforce dog impounding activities and field control to eliminate stray dogs and ensure that
dogs are leashed or confined within the premises of the owner’s house or owner’s fenced
surroundings.
CHAPTER III
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the conduct of the study. It covers the research design, population and locale of the study,
Research Design
design to analyze the findings of this study. According to Shuttleworth, descriptive research
design is a scientific method which involves observing and describing the behavior of a subject
Many scientific disciplines, especially social science and psychology, use this method to
obtain a general overview of the subject. Some subjects cannot be observed in any other way;
for example, a social case study of an individual subject is a descriptive research design and
The researchers proposed to use this approach because they aim at analyzing and
Pangasinan.
wandering in their barangay. The participants will be identified using a Random Sampling. They
will be selected as the respondents of this study because they possessed the knowledge or
2020 Census was 2,991. This represented 2.09% of the total population of Malasiqui. The
household population of Warey in the 2015 Census was 2,883 broken down into 544
Figure 2
Instrumentation/Sources of data
The researchers will use a 3-part survey questionnaire to gather the primary data of this
study. The first part of the questionnaire will be variables that includes the practices that the
respondents are doing in prohibiting animal wandering for road safety in Barangay Warey,
Malaisqui, Pangasinan. The second part will measure the level of safeness of the road in
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Barangay Warey, Malasiqui, Pangasinan with the prohibition of animal wandering and the last
part are the obstacles that respondents experience in prohibiting animal wandering. The survey
questionnaire will be answered by the respondents by putting a check mark on the space
On the other hand, the secondary sources will be taken from their observations,
internet sources, books and news articles that are related to this study.
Upon approval of this research proposal, the researchers will prepare request letters to
be addressed to the concerned authorities. Thereafter, the researchers will reach out the
respondents to seek their consent and approval. Then, the researchers will administer the
Immediately after the data gathering, the collected data will be tallied, analyzed and
interpreted and will be presented in a tabular form using the proper statistical method.
Lasty, the researchers will also search the internet for available resources that will be
%=(f/N)100
Where:
%= percentage
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f= frequency of responses
Lastly, to measure the level of safeness in the road as stated in statement of the
AWM= ∑fx/N
Where:
∑ = summation
f = frequency of responses
x = weighted value
Ethical Consideration
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The fulfillment of this study requires consideration of ethical issues like confidentiality.
The confidentiality of information was deemed necessary for the purposed of ensuring respect
and protection of the participants. In order to secure confidentiality, the responses of the
participants which were gathered with full consent with the aid of an interview guide and were
used for research purposes only. In addition, the names and other personal information of the
respondents will not be disclosed. Lastly, the authors, internet sources or publications of the
Survey Questionnaire
Part 1. Below are the practices that the respondents are doing in prohibiting animal wandering
for road safety in Barangay Warey, Malaisqui, Pangasinan. Kindly put a check mark on the
space provided for the activities you have experienced or encountered.
Practices that the respondents are doing in prohibiting animal wandering for (/)
road safety in Barangay Warey, Malaisqui, Pangasinan
1. I keep my pet inside the cage.
2. I used leash whenever I go for a walk with my pets.
3. I put improvised humps in the road in front of my house to make the motorist go
slow.
4. I installed road signs indicating “Slow Down”
5. I installed road signs indicating “Beware of Stray Animals”
6. I installed street lights to provide illumination during night time in order to
easily see animals that might suddenly cross the road.
7. I installed fences and enclosures to avoid my pets go outside the road.
8. I do not bring my pets in the road
9. If I am controlling animals like carabao, cow, goats or horses along the road, I
am very attentive to avoid collision to the motorists
10. I do not let my pets walk alone in the roads.
Others pls specify:
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Part 2. Below is the level of safeness of the road in Barangay Warey, Malasiqui, Pangasinan
with the prohibition of animal wandering. Kindly put a check mark on the space provided for
the activities you have experienced or encountered.
Legend:
5 – VMS (Very Much Safe)
4 – S (Safe)
3 – N (Neutral)
2 – SS (Slightly Safe)
1 – NS (Not Safe)
Part 3. Below are the obstacles that respondents experience in prohibiting animal wandering.
Kindly put a check mark on the space provided for the activities you have experienced or
encountered.
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