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Sustainable Futures: Zixuan Peng, Xudong Chen, Liming Yao
Sustainable Futures: Zixuan Peng, Xudong Chen, Liming Yao
Sustainable Futures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sftr
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Keyword: Due to the increased awareness of environmental protection and the possible pollution caused by thermal power
Power generation generation, research on hydro-related multi-energy complementary power generation has emerged. In this article,
Multi-energy complementary power generation we used literature analysis software to analyze the relevant literature of our research object to fully understand its
Document mining
research status. Results show that the use of hydro-related multi-energy power generation is the current research
Citespace
trend for maximizing profits, reducing losses and so on. In the future, the design, operation and optimization
research of multi-energy power generation systems related to hydro, especially hydro, wind and solar energy will
be important development trends.
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Z. Peng), [email protected] (X. Chen), [email protected] (L. Yao).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2021.100042
Received 15 November 2020; Accepted 24 January 2021
2666-1888/© 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
2.1. Literature mining analysis framework no one has studied the issue of hydro-related multi-energy complemen-
tary power generation through CiteSpace, so this paper chose CiteSpace
This paper constructs a literature mining analysis system, as shown for visual analysis.
in Fig. 1. It consists of the WOS database, two literature management
and analysis software of NoteExpress and CiteSpace, a series of steps, 2.2. Literature retrieval method and standard
showing the entire literature analysis process.
The WOS database contains thousands of high-impact academic jour- The literature search data was retrieved using the Web of Science
nals covering multiple fields, dating back to 1900, and forms a unique (WOS) database. As described in Section 2.1, WOS can provide us with
citation index which based on the cited author, source, and publication sufficient literature data, so this article is written in a database of WOS
year. In addition, it provides a fairly professional and diverse database core collections. In order to guarantee that important documents are not
search function, including basic search, cited reference search, advanced omitted or duplicated, we followed the steps below to search and collect
search, author search, chemical structure search, and search history. In documents.
addition, the reason we chose WOS is that it has good compatibility with Firstly, we use the advanced search in WOS to combine three sets
a number of academic software, including the cote and CiteSpace used of keyword groups. The three groups of keyword groups are: the first
in this article. group “hydro”;the second group “energy generation coordinate∗ OR mu-
NoteExpress is a literature retrieval and management software. It tual complement∗ OR energy generation integration OR multi-source
can efficiently and automatically search, download and manage litera- power generation system OR hybrid power generation system OR multi-
ture and research papers through various channels. NoteExpress has the complementary OR multi-energy complementary OR renewable$ inte-
information retrieval, downloading and data mining functions to help gration”;the third group “hydrothermal power generation OR hydro-
users quickly understand the hot issues and latest developments of a thermal power generation OR hydro-wind OR hydro-photovoltaic OR
research direction. hydro-PV OR hydro-wind-thermal OR hydro-thermal-wimd OR hydro-
CiteSpace is a Java application that visualizes the structure, regu- wind-photovoltaic OR hydro-PV-wind OR hydro-wind-solar OR hydro-
larity, and distribution of scientific knowledge. CiteSpace can form sci- solar-wind OR hydro-solar-thermal”. The results of the combination of
entific knowledge maps that reflect knowledge base, research frontiers, the first group and the second group with "AND" are combined with
research hotspots, etc. according to different needs of users. At present, the third group with "OR". The ∗ and $ in the keywords represent any
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Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
Table 1
The findings from NoteExpress.
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Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
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Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
Hydro energy is a clean, easy-scheduling renewable energy source, These kinds of energy mentioned above have both advantages and
and the use of water for power generation is highly efficient, low cost, disadvantages. Under certain conditions, they can complement each
and has less impact on the environment. In many countries, hydropower other to make up for the shortcomings. Therefore, the concept of multi-
is not only an important factor for comprehensive utilization of water energy complementary power generation has emerged and become a
resources but also used for one of the main power generation sources. research hotspot. Multi-energy complementary power generation refers
However, there are complex constraints of available hydro. For example, to the complement of two or more kinds of energy sources to make up
hydropower can be greatly affected by natural conditions such as rain- for the shortcomings of their respective stand-alone power generation
fall, the construction cost of hydropower plants is high and the capacity systems and achieve efficient use of energy.
increase is difficult. The following is an analysis of the different situations in which hy-
Solar energy is a global, inexhaustible, clean, and environmentally droenergy and multiple energy sources are complementary to generate
friendly renewable energy source [1]. However, the biggest drawback electricity.
of solar energy is its instability and intermittency, and the quality of
solar power depends largely on the season and weather. 4.1. Hydro-photovoltaic power generation
Similarly to solar energy, wind energy is also a kind of renewable re-
source. However, as wind penetration increases, it seriously challenges Separate hydropower and photovoltaic power generation have de-
the quality of power supply due to its characteristics [2,3]. Because of fects in resource utilization, but due to the stability and easy schedul-
the random, uncontrollable and intermittent nature, wind energy is dif- ing characteristics of hydroenergy, it can make up for the lack of solar
ficult to be predicted and the accuracy reduces with time, which may energy. Moreover, when solar power cannot meet the demand, the hy-
lead to the economic losses [4,5]. dropower plant can quickly provide electricity according to needs [1]. In
Thermal energy is another resource to generate power. Thermal addition, in the dry season, separate hydroelectric power generation can
power generation which is a main power generation way refers to a not meet the demand, but sufficient solar radiation can make up for the
method that uses heat energy generated by combustibles during com- insufficient power supply; in wet year, solar radiation is reduced due to
bustion to be converted into electric energy by devices. In the early days, rainfall, while the water resource is abundant, thereby greatly reducing
due to the abundant coal resources and low cost, thermal power genera- the impact of the season on electricity supply resulting in an adequate
tion has been vigorously developed. However, with the emphasis on the supply of electricity throughout the year [6,7]. The hydro-photovoltaic
environment and renewable energy, the shortcomings of environmental hybrid power generation system, which is based on the complementa-
pollution caused by thermal power generation are gradually enlarged. tion of hydroenergy and solar energy, is an economical and reasonable
Even so, thermal power still occupies most of the market for electricity. power supply method.
Only the continuous improvement and development of thermal power The basic process of the hydro-photovoltaic hybrid system is as fol-
technology can meet the requirements of a harmonious society. lows: (1) the electricity generated by the photovoltaic power generation
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Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
equipment is delivered to the nearby hydropower generator; (2) the in- The research on hydro-photovoltaic power generation is roughly
termittent and random output of PV is detected and compensated by classified and summarized in Table 2. The optimization problem is the
hydropower generator in real time; (3) the PV equipment complemen- most studied problem at present, mainly from three aspects: operation,
tarily combined with hydropower generator works as a hybrid system sizing and scheduling. Firstly, in order to improve operation perfor-
whose electricity can be integrated into the power system [8]. mance, derive operating rules or other purposes, multi-objective mod-
The hydro- photovoltaic hybrid system is applied to regions with a els were usually established solved through different algorithms. Most of
wealth of solar and hydropower, particularly remote areas not covered objectives include maximizing total power generation [1,7,10,16], max-
by the grid but have rivers and sufficient solar energy [9]. The world’s imizing guaranteed rates (such as stability and reliability) [1,7,16] and
largest hydro-photovoltaic hybrid power generation system is located in some specific goals for different scenario models [10]. Secondly, as for
Longyangxia, Qinghai Province, China. The original Longyangxia Hy- the optimal sizing, a method for it was developed through maximizing
dropower Station is the first large-scale cascade power station on the net income during the systems’ lifetime in Fang et al. [8] considering
upper reaches of the Yellow River. Due to its unique environmental ad- three scenarios to meet different types of load demand. There was lit-
vantages that Qinghai Province is located at a high altitude and has tle difference in Lata-Garcia et al. [9] that two methods were proposed
sufficient and long-term solar radiation, it provides an advantage for to optimize size for a hydro-photovoltaic hybrid system with a storage
the use of photovoltaic power generation and hydro-photovoltaic hybrid system based on battery and diesel generator. Thirdly, how to optimize
power generation. Therefore, the hydro-photovoltaic hybrid power gen- power generation scheduling was also a major optimization problem, ro-
eration system of Longyangxia has become one of the objects of many bust optimization model was established to obtain optimal scheduling
scholars’ case studies [1,7,8,10–12]. And the details of the Longyangxia [11,17].
hydro-photovoltaic hybrid power generation unit are shown in Fig. 6. Despite the optimization problem, other questions were also be stud-
There are also other scholars who have specifically studied the appli- ied. The complementary feasibility of hydro-solar hybrid system was dis-
cation of hydro-photovoltaic hybrid power generation in other regions cussed [14,18]. The design of hybrid system was studied [6,15] while
like Ecuador [9], Qattara [13], ungauged mountainous areas [14] and the theories and methodology of system’s operation were discussed in
Papua New Guinea [15]. An et al. [12].
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Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
Table 2
Research summary of hydro-photovoltaic power generation.
Optimization
Operation ● stochastic optimization [1,16] ● maximize the total energy production [1,7,10,11,16]
● dynamic programming [1] ● maximize the assurance/guaranteed rate [1,7,16]
● stochastic dynamic programming [16] ● design the hydro-solar power system [6,15]
● Non-dominated SortingGenetic Algorithms-II ● maximize the net revenue of a hydro-PV plant during
(NSGA-II) [10] lifetime [8]
● The modified version of Non-dominated Sorting ● minimize the use of the diesel generator [9]
Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) [7]
Sizing ● maximizing the net revenue during lifetime [8] ● minimize energy waste [10]
● Simulink Design Optimization (SDO) [9] ● minimize energy consumption [11]
● the hybrid system optimization software HOMER [9] ● minimize the spillage effects [17]
Scheduling ● solve the robust optimization model by a three-layer a direct search algorithm ● maximize the system efficiency [17]
nested framework [11]
a cuckoo search algorithm ● evaluate the possibility of hydro-solar power system
in an area [14,18]
dynamic programming technique
● robust optimization [17]
Feasibility
● Two kinds of prediction methods [14] a semi-distributed, conceptual
hydrological model
an index method based on the
drainage area ratio
Design
● HOMER Pro (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric
Renewables) [15]
● a new structure of MW-class PV system integrating
battery at DC-bus [6]
4.2. Hydro-wind power generation Scheduling problem is also a heated study area in hydro-wind power
system and there were various scheduling aspects, such as coordinated
Considering the characteristics of water and wind energy, hydro- scheduling3 , short-term scheduling [21], optimum scheduling [24] and
wind hybrid power generation has proven to be one of the feasible self-scheduling [25].
clean power generation methods. As an adjustable and energy source, In addition to the above, other issues were also studied. A new
hydropower can firm wind power, balance wind deviation by providing method for describing hydro-wind output fluctuation was proposed and
large spare capacity and flexibility, reduce the differences between the compared with common method [26] while Bayon et al. [27] had a
forecasted and actual wind generation, and smooth wind power output comparison between two operation option for pumped storage hydro-
[3,19]. In addition, the distribution of hydro and wind energy in time is wind hybrid system. Cantao et al. [28] evaluated the complementarity
a law of low rainfall and windy weather in winter and spring, and small of hydro-wind power system in Brazil.
wind and large rainfall in summer and autumn. In this way, wind and
hydro energy have better complementarity in time order [20].
In the hydro-wind hybrid power generation system, when the wind 4.3. Hydro-wind-photovoltaic power generation
power generation fluctuates, the hydropower station adjusts the gener-
ator to compensate. For hydro, wind and solar power, research on their stand-alone
Not only the coastal areas or islands but also both inland and flat power generation is very mature. Although recent studies have shown
areas are rich in wind energy. Needless to say, the former is surrounded that there is complementarity between hydropower, wind energy and
with water. If the latter is next to the river, they will be the most ideal solar energy, as mentioned above, there are studies on the complemen-
place to establish the hydro-wind hybrid power system. In Fig. 7, coun- tary power generation of any two of the three, but there are relatively
tries with more than 5 documents about hydro-wind hybrid system are few studies on the complementary power generation of the three, and
marked. Among them, developed countries account for the majority, only a few people Pay attention to hydro-wind photovoltaic power gen-
and only two of the developing countries are India and China. eration systems [29].
The research on hydro-wind power generation is roughly classified Even though renewable energy, such as wind and solar, is an
and summarized in Table 3. In order to smooth the wind power gener- environmental- friendly resource, it is unpredictable and stochastic in
ation, Hamann [2]; Zhu et al. [3] and Ilak et al. [20] studied the co- nature, which may hinder the integration process of renewable energy
ordination of the hydro-wind power system. Hydro power generation [30]. On the other hand, even complementary systems require large ca-
on multiple time scales were considered [2], and Zhu et al. [3] built pacity energy storage devices. Thus, coordination of hydropower with
a model for maximizing power generation of the hybrid system while wind and solar energy can not only reduce these negative impacts
the short-term coordinated problem was addressed and an approach caused by independent power generation systems but also improve the
based on convex programming dual method was also proposed [20] to reliability and economic efficiency of power supply [30,31].
obtain water shadow price which is essential to determine short-term As to the operation mode of the hydro-wind-PV hybrid system, there
marginal cost and economic feasibility. Similar to Ilak et al. [20], Ilak is one main way. When there is a surplus of solar and wind power gen-
et al. [21] proposed a method for establishing a short-term marginal eration, the pumped hydro energy storage device is used to store excess
cost curve combined with water shadow price. Considering economic energy in the form of water potential energy. When the energy is insuf-
benefit, Sun et al. [22] researched the optimal economic benefits of the ficient, the pumping energy storage device is used for power supply.
micro-grid which consists of hydro, wind and energy storage equipment. Dry or high-altitude areas affected by the monsoon along the coast
Maximizing profit by a stochastic optimization taking uncertainty into or with rivers are particularly suitable for being applied to the hydro-
consideration was studied [23]. wind-PV hybrid system owing to the abundance of hydro, wind and solar
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Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
Table 3
Research summary of hydro-wind power generation.
Coordination
● model predictive control (MPC) [2] ● minimize emission [2]
● simulation [3] ● minimize overflow [2]
● an approach based on the duality method of a convex programming [20] ● maximize power generation [3]
● minimize randomness and fluctuations [3,22]
● maximize profits [20,21,22,23,24,25]
● minimize cost [20,21]
Economic Benefit ● minimize risk [25]
● Chaos Particle Swarm Optimization (CPSO) [22] ● a new index to measure fluctuation [26]
● stochastic optimization technique [23] ● comparison of different power generation configurations [27]
● evaluate complementarity [28]
Scheduling
● simulation [3]
● An approach based on the duality framework of a convex programming [21]
● Artificial Bee Colony algorithm [24]
● Value-at-Risk (VaR) method [25]
● the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) [25]
Others
● a new index using the standard deviation (SD) and rotation angle [26]
Complementarity
● four different correlation analyses [28]
Comparison
● autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model [27]
● Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle [27]
energy. The islands and the Yalong River are two typical cases used to of wind and solar resources in the region is naturally complementary to
research this system. hydropower characteristics.
The Yalong River basin located in the eastern part of the Qinghai- Fig. 8 is a current study map of hydro-wind-solar complementary
Tibet plateau has begun to build a clean energy base with complemen- power generation, color-coded countries that have been studied, and
tary water, wind and solar energy. This is due to its geographical con- unmarked countries that have not been studied. The color from light to
ditions, not only the influence of the monsoon, but also the dry climate dark indicates the number of documents from more to less, of which the
and less cloud which result in high intensity solar radiation. Generally, most studied is China.
wind and solar energy appear high from November to May (dry season) Similarly, the research on hydro-wind-photovoltaic power genera-
and low from June to October (rainy season). This distinctive feature tion is roughly classified and summarized in Table 4. How to opti-
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Table 4
Research summary of hydro-wind-photovoltaic power generation.
Optimization
Operation ● non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) [30] ● maximize the total energy production [30,33]
● the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model [32] ● minimize fluctuations [30,33]
● improved vine-copula theory [32] ● minimize cost [31,34]
● a modified version of non-dominated sorting whale ● maximize the 90th percentile reliable generation [32]
optimization algorithm (modified NSWOA) [33]
Configuration ● maximize the hybrid system’s generation interval [35]
● improved genetic algorithm [31]
● genetic algorithm [34]
Scheduling
● interval optimization [35]
Complementarity
● quantitative analysis (using a method of
Pearson correlation) [29]
● qualitative analysis [29]
● Visual BASIC [29]
● Correlation analysis [36]
Feasibility
● HOMER energy [37]
Simulation
● simulation analysis [38,39]
mize the hydro-wind-solar hybrid system was researched from many studied [29,36,37]. And Wu et al. [31]; Petrakopoulou et al. [38] and
aspects. The optimal operation was studied [30,32,33]. Both Wang et al. Szeidert et al. [39] all carried out their research through simulation
[30] and Yin et al. [33] established an improved multi-objective model analysis.
to obtain the maximum power generation and minimum fluctuation, but
different algorithms were applied to solve it. Non-dominated sorting ge- 4.4. Hydro-thermal power generation
netic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used30 while A modified version of non-
dominated sorting whale optimization algorithm (modified NSWOA) The hydrothermal power generation system usually consists of a plu-
was proposed33. In addition, Wu et al. [31] and Fu et al. [34] studied the rality of hydropower stations and thermal power plants. On the basis of
design and configuration optimization of power system and scheduling considering the operational characteristics of hydropower and thermal
optimization was studied in Liu et al. [35]. power, the complementary advantages of the hydro and thermal power
Similar to other combined types of power generation systems, the sources are fully utilized in order to minimize the cost. Because thermal
complementarity and feasibility of hydro-wind-solar power system were power generation consumes fuel, multi-objective optimization schedul-
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Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
ing that pursues the largest hydropower generation and minimizes coal Unit commitment problem is a basic problem in power generation
consumption of thermal power units is one of the most important re- scheduling and also a common research point in hydro-thermal power
search problems in hydrothermal power generation systems. systems. Solving the problem of unit commitment can save money and
Areas with plentiful water and fuel resources, but lacking renewable bring profits [51]. At present, Lagrange technology is widely applied
energy sources such as wind and solar energy are suitable for operating in this field to solve the problem [52]. Lagrangian relaxation was ap-
hydro-thermal power generation systems, or areas that are less devel- plied to Rudolf et al. [53] and Nowak et al. [54] and also combined
oped and have no ability to utilize renewable energy are also suitable with other methods to solve the unit commitment problem, such as ge-
for power generation through the system. netic algorithm (GA) [53] and branch-and-bound in the spirit of global
Because hydro-thermal complementary power generation is one of optimization [54]. Differently, the simulated annealing embedded evo-
the research hotspots, there are many countries and literatures com- lutionary programming method was used to solve the unit commitment
pared with other energy complementary power generations in the lit- problem and minimize the cost [51].
erature. The map in Fig. 9 shows all countries conducting the research, When the load demand changes, it will cause the system frequency to
while the histograms in Fig. 10 include countries with more than 10 change. In order to maintain the stability of the system, load frequency
documents. However, on the other hand, with the enhancement of en- control is required [55]. Various methods were proposed to solve the fre-
vironmental protection awareness and effective use of resources, it can quency control problem, such as variable structure fuzzy gain scheduling
be seen from Fig. 11 that the growth rate of water and fire research is [55], model predictive control (MPC) [56] and a new area control error
generally decreasing under fluctuations. [57].
In the hydro-thermal system, the most studied is the scheduling prob-
lem. It can be classified into short-term [40–44], medium-term [45] and 4.5. Hydro-thermal-wind/solar power generation
long-term scheduling on a time scale. There are also self-scheduling
[46,47] and other scheduling types according to specific research pur- Although renewable energy is gradually gaining importance in
poses, such as AC-constrained hydro-thermal power scheduling [48], power generation worldwide, fossil fuel combustion is still the main
cascaded hydro-thermal scheduling [49], convex hydro-thermal power power generation method [58]. Considering the pollution of thermal
scheduling issues [50], etc. plant, if other energy sources are used to meet some of the power de-
The research on hydro-thermal power generation is roughly clas- mand, this will greatly reduce the cost of thermal power generation.
sified and summarized in Table 5. In order to solve and optimize Therefore, hydrothermal power system is a good solution. However,
these scheduling problems, many different algorithms and their im- non-conventional energy sources are very efficient and reliable such as
proved algorithms were applied. Both Cavazzini et al. [40] and Yu wind and solar energy, which can be integrated to the system to make
et al. [41] adopted particle swarm optimization (PSO), Cavazzini et al. an effort [59].
[40] presented a novel two-swarm based PSO (Particle Swarm Opti- In a hydro-thermal-wind/solar power system, hydropower comple-
mization) search strategy while Yu et al. [41] adopted different parti- ments the intermittency and uncertainty of wind/solar and reduces the
cle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques compared with other methods dependency on fossil fuel decreasing both pollutants and costs simulta-
which showed the result that PSO can achieve almost the solution. How- neously [60]. On the other hand, thermal and wind/solar energy also
ever, the particle swarm optimization method was used to improve the compensate for the seasonal limitations of hydroenergy. Thus, it can
Benders Decomposition method for bacterial foraging [48]. not only increase the utilization of clean resources and the integration
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Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
of wind/solar energy into power grid but also take advantage of thermal tion problem-scheduling problem. Dubey et al. [58]; Chen et al. [61] and
plant rationally and fully. Singh et al. [62] were all minimizing costs as the only optimization goal,
Similar to Fig. 8, Fig. 12 also shows the world’s research countries for but in fact, researches were more about optimizing multiple targets at
hydro-thermal-wind/solar hybrid power generation. Where, China:12; the same time, such as two [59,63–66], three [67,68], four [69] and
India:6; Brazil:1; Germany:1; Iran:1; Portugal:1; and United States:1 five [60] goals simultaneously optimized. Minimizing pollutant emis-
study. sions [60,63–69], costs [59,60,63–67,69], and power loss (maximizing
For the research of integrating wind or solar energy with hydro- power generation) [59,60,67] were the most common goals, considering
thermal power generation systems (Table 6), the study of hydro- the environmental pollution, economic and efficiency factors that ther-
thermal-wind is more than that of hydro-thermal-photovoltaic. Similar mal power generation brings. So in order to solve them, many meth-
to the previous part, in this part, the most studied is one of the optimiza- ods were proposed. For example, particle swarm optimization (PSO)
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Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
Table 5
Research summary of hydro-thermal power generation.
Scheduling
● a novel two-swarm based PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) search strategy [40] ● minimize cost [40-42,48,50,51,53]
● approaches based on different particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques [41] ● method application [42–44.52]
● genetic algorithm [42] ● maximize profits [46,47]
● stochastic dynamic programming technique [43] ● energy-saving and emission reduction [49]
● a specific descent [43] ● the simultaneous optimization of power
production and day-ahead power trading [54]
● a Lagrangian heuristics [43] ● unit commitment problem [51,53,54]
● algorithms based on genetic algorithm, simulated annealing and the combination ● load frequency control [55–57]
of these two techniques [44]
● a standard primal-dual interior-point method with logarithmic barrier [45]
● robust optimization [46]
● mixed integer programming (MIP) [47]
● Benders Decomposition method improved by Bacterial Foraging oriented by
Particle Swarm Optimization method (BDI-BFPSO) [48]
● genetic algorithm [49]
● genetic algorithm [50]
Unit
Commitment
● Simulated Annealing embedded Evolutionary Programming approach
Mixed-Integer Linear Program (MILP) [51]
● a sequential approach which combines the two methods named mixed-Integer
NonLinear Program (MINLP) and mixed-Integer Linear Program (MILP) [52]
● genetic algorithm [53]
● non-linear programming formulation solved by a Lagrangian relaxation [53]
● a method combining Lagrangian relaxation of nonanticipativity with
branch-and-bound [54]
Load
Frequency
Control
● variable structure fuzzy gain scheduling [55]
● model predictive control (MPC) [56]
● a new area control error (ACEN) based on tie-power deviation, frequency
deviation, time error and inadvertent interchange (unscheduled energy transfer)
[57]
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Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
Table 6
Research summary of hydro-thermal-wind/solar power generation.
Optimization
Scheduling ● ant lion optimization (ALO) [58] ● minimize cost [58–67,69]
● particle swarm optimization technique [59] ● maximize power generation [59,60,67]
● a novel ant lion optimization (ALO) algorithm [60] ● minimize emission [60,63–69]
● distributionally robust optimization (DRO) method [61] ● minimize the waste of energy [68]
● a two-stage formulation using dynamic programming and linear programming ● maximize wind power utilization [68]
techniques [62]
● modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algorithm [63] ● maximize reliability [69,70]
● extended NSGA-III [64] ● coordination and operational research [71,73]
● an enhanced multi-objective bee colony optimization algorithm (EMOBCO) [65] ● application of UC model in coordination [72]
● a modified gravitational search algorithm based on the non-dominated sorting
genetic algorithm-III (MGSA-NSGA-III) [66]
● CPLEX12.4 [67]
● modeling and case study [68]
● Monte-Carlo analysis [69]
Sizng
● the auto regressive moving average model (ARIMA) model [70]
Operation
● an optimizing operation model of a hydro-thermal-wind hybrid power system
based on the hydro-wind power compensating principle [71]
Coordination
● a unit commitment (UC) model [72]
● example analysis [73]
algorithm [59], modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algo- Das et al. [75] and Hemmati [76] researched the scheduling problem
rithm [63], extended NSGA-III [64], enhanced multi-objective bee to meet minimum cost. The cogeneration of the hydro-thermal-wind-
colony optimization algorithm (EMOBCO) [65], modified gravitational solar system was also optimized at the same time [76], and a point esti-
search algorithm based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm- mate method (PEM) was proposed and the simulation results show that
III (MGSA-NSGA-III) [66], distributional robust optimization [61] and when the penetration of renewable energy increases, the cost is reduced
so on. [75].
Other optimization problems were also explored [70,71]. Liu et al. For different purposes, Wang et al. [77] and Dawn et al. [78] studied
[70] researched the optimal sizing considering investments and ben- the complementary operation of the system. Wang et al. [77] established
efits which from complementary and Wang et al. [71] discussed the an operational model to maximize power generation while minimiz-
optimization of operation to minimize emissions which was evaluated ing thermal power utilization and output fluctuations. And Dawn et al.
by the baseload and non-baseload output emission rates. Meanwhile, [78] proposed a two-stage approach which implemented and compared
the coordination of hybrid system was studied [72,73]. An unit com- by different algorithms to achieve maximum profit.
mitment (UC) model was proposed to coordinate those there energies
which was proved to be effective in ensuring the safety and economy of 5. Challenges and future prospects
the hybrid system [72]. Li et al. [73] analyzed two different scheduling
modes to compare their capacity of coordination and economy. As described in the above literature analysis and research analysis, it
is foreseeable that the research on hydro-related multi-energy comple-
4.6. Hydro-thermal-wind-solar power generation mentary power generation will continue to rise in the future, especially
the complementary power generation of several renewable clean energy
The complementary power generation system composed of renew- sources such as water, wind and solar energy.
able resources and conventional resources has received extensive atten- Due to various adverse effects of human activities on the envi-
tion and studies by researchers. For example, the hydro-thermal, hydro- ronment, environmental problems are becoming more and more ob-
wind, hydro-solar, wind-solar systems and so on. However, research on vious: the natural environment and resources are unable to withstand
the hydro-thermal-wind-solar is relatively rare compared to others. The the tremendous pressure of high-speed industrialization, population in-
hybrid power system suppresses the fluctuations of wind power and pho- crease and urbanization, natural disasters worldwide have increased sig-
tovoltaic output, and smooth the wind and solar together. At the same nificantly and even worse conditions. In response to these environmen-
time, improve the economic efficiency of the thermal power unit, re- tal problems, in recent decades, countries have begun to gradually reach
duce the number of start and stop of the unit, and ensure the safety and a consensus to address environmental issues. Among them, the hydro-
stability of the power grid which maximizes the advantages of each of related multi-energy complementary power generation is a typical ex-
these energy sources and compensates for their respective deficiencies. ample. As more and more scholars are working on the research topic,
Perhaps because the hybrid system needs to have four kinds of en- there are still some challenges and prospects in the near future.
ergy at the same time, there are few literatures and countries that re-
search and apply the system, as shown in Fig. 13, but it is a hot research 5.1. Challenges
topic in the energy environment.
The research on hydro-thermal-wind-solar power generation is 5.1.1. Optimal coordination
roughly classified and summarized in Table 7. The original problem of The shortcomings of water, thermal, wind and solar power have al-
hydro-thermal-wind-solar power generation was divided into four sub- ways been a huge challenge for researchers, and hydro-related multi-
questions of energy, and then an effective method for achieving long- energy hybrid power generation is no exception. Complementing them
term coordination was proposed to fully meet the needs of the grid [74]. for power generation is a good way to overcome the shortcomings, but
13
Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
Table 7
Research summary of hydro-thermal-wind-solar power generation.
Research
Type Methodology Objective
Coordination
● statistical analysis [74] ● minimize coal cost of thermal units [74]
● MILP technique [74] ● minimize the total power discharge [74]
● the parallel discrete differential dynamic programming (PDDDP) method [74] ● minimize cost [75,76]
Scheduling ● minimize fluctuations [77]
● point estimate method [75] ● maximize new energy generation and minimizing
thermal power generation [78]
● The Weibull and Beta distributions [75] ● maximize profits [78]
● crow search algorithm (CSA) [75]
● stochastic programming [76]
● an IEEE 69-bus distribution network [76]
● GAMS software [76]
Operation
● The adaptive simultaneous peak regulation strategy of hydropower plants [77]
● a comparison model without adaptive simultaneous peak regulation strategy [77]
● a two-stage method was implemented and compared by some different
algorithms, and the effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by the
improved IEEE 14 bus system [78]
how to achieve the best coordination of several energy sources on this tives. Therefore, considering the possible impact of the environment on
basis remains a major challenge for researchers. the economy, it is necessary for developing countries to strengthen re-
search on energy complementary power generation, especially renew-
able clean energy.
5.1.2. Regional gaps
In the study of hydro-related complementary power generation, both
developed and developing countries are present. Although the two de- 5.2. Future prospects
veloping countries of China and India have a large amount of literature
on the research, the number of developed countries is obviously larger, 5.2.1. Renewable clean energy complementary power generation
and the number of developing countries is small. Therefore, due to re- At present, the application and research of hydro-related multi-
gional development issues, there may be a certain geographical gap in energy complementary power generation, hydro-thermal hybrid sys-
the research of hydro-related complementary power generation. More- tems are dominant. However, due to the large pollution caused by ther-
over, due to the different environments and energy sources of different mal power generation, considering the environmental protection fac-
countries, there are also gaps in their research directions and perspec- tors, future research hotspots will gradually shift to complementary
14
Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
power generation systems consisted of several renewable clean energy 71301109], Soft Science Program of Sichuan Province [grant numbers
sources, such as hydro-wind, hydro-solar and hydro-wind-solar, which 2017ZR0154, 2019JDR0129], Funding of Sichuan University [grant
is not currently studied by many scholars. How to coordinate these three number skqx201726], China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded
kinds of energy, reduce instability and increase power generation effi- Project [grant numbers 184089, 2017M610609], and Soft Science Re-
ciency while reducing the harm to the environment, this will become a search Project of Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau [grant num-
new research hotspot in the future. ber 2020-RK00–00168-ZF].
15
Z. Peng, X. Chen and L. Yao Sustainable Futures 3 (2021) 100042
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