INTRODUCTION TO THE SYSTEMS OF THE BODY

 Integumentary system
HUMAN BODY - skin, hair, nails,
Anatomy
- cover, protect, lubricate body
– the study of the form, structure, and
surface.
location of bodily parts.
 Skeletal system
- derived from the Greek words meaning to
- Bones, cartilages, ligaments, joints
cut (tomy) and apart (ana)
Physiology - Protects, supports body organs.
– the study of the function of the bodily - Provides framework that the
parts and the processes involved with them skeletal muscles used to causes
- study of how the body and its parts work movement
for function - Formation of blood cells:
hematopoiesis
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL  Muscular System
ORGANIZATION: -muscles of the body
 Chemical level – simplest level -locomotion, facial expression,
atoms and molecules. maintains posture, produces heat wax
 Cellular level – cell is the small  Nervous System
units of all living things. -brain, spinal cord, nerves, in sensory
 Tissue level – groups of similar receptors
cells that have common function. -control system of the body; response
 Organ level – two or more tissue to internal and external changes by
types that performs specific activating muscles and glands
function.  Endocrine System
 Organ system – group of organs -pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids,
that cooperate to accomplish a adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal,
common function. gonads
-glands secrete hormones that regulate
 Organismal level – living body.
processes such as growth, reproduction,
metabolism
 Cardiovascular System
-heart, blood vessels
-pumps blood
-carries 02, CO2, nutrients, etc.
 Lymphatic System
-lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
spleen, tonsils
-picks up leak from blood vessels and
returns it to blood
-disposes of debris in the lymphatic
stream, houses WBC.
 Respiratory System
-nasal passages, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, lungs
-keeps blood constantly supplied with
O2 and remove CO2
MAINTAINING LIFE
 Digestive System
(NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS)
-mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and
large intestines, rectum, anus  Maintaining boundaries – inside
-for ingestion, digestion, absorption, remains distinct from its outside
defecation  Movement – includes activities
 Urinary System promoted by muscular system
-kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra  Responsiveness/Irritability – ability
-eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the to sense changes in the
body environment and then react to them
-regulates water, electrolyte, acid-base,  Digestion – process of breaking
balance of the blood down ingested food into simple
 Reproductive System molecules
-produce offspring  Metabolism – refers to chemical
Male reproductive system reaction that occur within body
-testes, scrotum, penis, accessory cells
glands, duct system  Excretion – process of eliminating
-produce sperm and male sex hormone wastes from the body
 Excretion – process of eliminating
Female reproductive system wastes from the body
-ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina  Reproduction – production of
-produce eggs and female sex hormone offspring
 Growth – an increase in size

SURVIVAL NEEDS
 Nutrients – thru diet; contain
chemicals used for energy and cell
building
 Oxygen – 20% of the air we
breathe
 Water – 60-80% of body weight;
for body secretions and excretions
 Body temperature – 37C (98F)
 Atmospheric pressure – force
exerted on the surface of the body
by weight of air
 Superficial: closer to the surface
Deep: farther from the surface
Right: the body's right side
Left: the bodies left side
Palmar: anterior hand or palm of hand
ANATOMICAL TERMS Plantar: interior surface of foot
-the standard anatomical position is
standing with arms at the sides and palms
and head facing forward Axial – region is the head, neck, and trunk
Abdominal - belly
Axillary - armpit
Cranial or cephalic - head
Cervical – neck
Facial - face
Inguinal - groin
Pelvic - lower trunk
Thoracic – chest
Umbilical – navel
Frontal – forehead
Orbital – eye
Otic – ear
Nasal – nose
Buccal – cheek
Oral – mouth
ANATOMICAL TERMS AND
DIRECTION: Mental – chin
Occiptal – beck of the head
Anterior or ventral: front or belly side.
Posterior or dorsal: back side Sternal – breastbone
Mammary – breast
Superior: closer to the top of the head and
is used for the axial region only Abdominal abdomen
Coxal – hip
Inferior: as farther away from the top of
the head and is used for the axial region Pubic – genital area
Dorsal – back
only; towards the feet
Cranial: towards the head Scapular – shoulder blade region
Vertebral – spinal column
Caudal: towards the tail
Internal: away from the surface, inside, Lumbar – area of the back between lowest
rib and buttocks
deep
External: towards the surface, superficial
Median: Midline of the body
Medial: is toward the midline of the body
Appendicular - region that includes arms
Lateral: away from the midline of the body
Proximal: closer to the connection to the and legs
Brachial – arm
body and is used for appendicular region
only Antebrachial - forearm
Carpal – wrist
Distal: farther from the connection to the
body and is used for the appendicular Cubital – elbow
Digital – fingers/toes
region only
Manual – hand
Palmar – palm Anatomical Positions
Crural – shin, front of lower leg  Supine – anterior surface
Femoral – thigh facing up
Palmar – palms of the hands  Prone – anterior surface facing
Patellar – knee down.
Plantar – soles of the feet
Popliteal – back of knee Anatomical Cavities
Sural – calf, back of lower leg 1. Dorsal body cavity - the cranial
Tarsal – ankle cavity and the spinal cavity in
combination.
 Cranial body cavity - the
space occupied by the
brain, enclosed by the skull
bones.
 Spinal body cavity - the
space occupied by the
spinal cord enclosed by the
vertebrae column making
up the backbone. The
spinal cavity is continuous
with the cranial cavity.
2. Ventral body cavity - the thoracic
cavity, the abdominal cavity, and
the pelvic cavity in combination.
 Thoracic body cavity - the
space occupied by the
ventral internal organ’s
superior to the diaphragm.
 Abdominal body cavity -
the space occupied by the
ventral internal organs’
inferior to the diaphragm
and superior to the pelvic
cavity.
 Pelvic body cavity - the
space occupied by the
ventral internal organs that
are bordered by the bones
Anatomical Planes of the pelvic girdle.
 Sagittal plane – separates right
from left
 Transverse or horizontal plane –
separates top from bottom
 Frontal or coronal plane –
separates front from back
  Fibul/o: fibula, lateral bone of the
lower leg
 Humer/o: humerus, bone of the
upper arm
 Ili/o: ilium, bone of the hip
 Ischi/o: ischium, bone of the hip
 Lumb/o: lower back
 Maxill/o: maxilla, upper jaw
 Myel/o: bone marrow, spinal cord
 Orth/o: straight
 Oste/o: bone
 Patell/o: patella, kneecap
 Phalang/o: phalanges, bone of
fingers and toes
 Pub/o: pubis, bone of the hip
 Stern/o: sternum, breastbone
 Synov/i: synovial fluid, joint, or
membrane
 Tars/o: tarsal, foot
 Tibi/o: tibia, medial bone of the
lower leg

The skeletal system is composed of bones,

cartilages, and ligaments. It is a dynamic
system that changes daily.
The skeletal system’s functions are:
 Supports
 Helps movement
 Protects organs
 Produces blood cells
 Maintains electrolyte and acid/base
balance
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Overview
 Ankyl/o: bent, crooked
 Arthr/o: joint
 Burs/o: sac
 Carp/o: wrist
 Chondr/o: cartilage
 Condyl/o: condyle
 Cost/o: rib
 Crani/o: head, skull
 Femor/o: femur, bone of the thigh
ANATOMY OF THE SKELETAL
 Irregular bone: have many
SYSTEM
projections and spines (example –
The skeleton can be divided into two parts:
vertebrae)
the axial skeleton and the appendicular
skeleton
Axial skeleton
-bones of the head, neck, trunk
Appendicular skeleton
-bones of the arms and the legs
-bones of the girdles: attach arms and legs
to the trunks.

ANATOMY OF THE SKELETAL

SYSTEM:
 Sesamoid bones: grow in tendons
Classification of bones
where there is a lot of friction
Bones can be classified by shape:
(example – patella)
 Long bones: are longer than they are
wide and have clubby ends.
(example – tibia)
 Short bones: are cubelike (example
– carpal bones)


AXIAL SKELETON
The axial skeleton contains the following
bones:
1. Cranial bones: frontal, occipital,
temporal, parietal, ethmoid and
sphenoid.
 Frontal bone – anterior part of
 Flat bones: look like they are a sheet column
of a clay that has been molded  Parietal bones – sides and roof of
(example – parietal bone) cranium
 Occipital bones – posterior portion
and floor of cranium
 Temporal bones – inferior to
parietal bones on each side of the
cranium.
-temporomandibular joint

 Sphenoid bone – forms part of

cranium floor, lateral posterior
positions of eye orbits, lateral
positions of cranium anterior to
temporal bones
-Sella turcica
 Ethmoid bone – anterior portion of
cranium, including medial surface
of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity
-Nasal conchae

2. Facial bones: nasal, lacrimal,

zygomatic, inferior nasal concha,
maxilla, palatine, mandible, vomer
 Maxillae – form upper jaw, anterior
portion of hard palate, part of
lateral walls of nasal cavity, floors
of eye orbits
 Palatine bones – form posterior
portion of hard palate, lateral wall
of nasal cavity
 Vomer – in midline of nasal cavity
- forms nasal septum with the
ethmoid bone
 Inferior nasal conchae – attached to
the lateral walls of nasal cavity
 Mandible – lower jawbone
-only movable skull bone
 Some skull bones contain sinuses:
-sphenoid sinus
-frontal sinus
-ethmoid sinus
-maxillary sinus
  Structure of a vertebra
All vertebrae have common
3. Spinal column: 7 cervical features
vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 -vertebral foramen
lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx -Spinous process
 extends from skull to pelvis -transverse process
 flexible and sturdy -body
longitudinal support for
trunk
 formed by 24 movable
vertebrae, a sacrum, and a
coccyx
 possess intervertebral disks
(shock absorbers)
 possess four distinct
curvatures

 Abdominal spinal
curvatures
-Scoliosis: lateral curvature
-Kyphosis: hunchback
-Lordosis: swayback
a) Cervical Vertebrae
-support neck
-possess unique transverse foramen
Atlas: cervical vertebra 1
-articulates occipital
condyles of occipital bone;
supports head
Axis: cervical vertebra 2
 -possesses the odontoid
process (dens)
-serves as a pivot point for
atlas

THE AXIAL SKELETON CONTAINS

THE FOLLOWING BONES:
 Sternum: flat bone forming
the anterior rib cage
 Ribs: 12 pairs
-7 pairs are true ribs
-5 pairs are false ribs
=2 pairs are floating
 Hyoid bone: U-shaped
bone between the mandible
and the larynx
Ribs
b) Thoracic vertebrae -attached to thoracic vertebrae
-larger vertebra with longer spinous -true ribs (#1-7): attached to the
process than cervical vertebrae sternum directly to costal cartilages
-Ribs articulate on the facts of the -false ribs (#8-12): attached to
transverse processes and bodies costal cartilage anteriority, no
costal cartilages

c) Lumbar vertebrae
-heavy, thick bodies to support
greater stress and weight
-larger processes for
attachment of back muscles
d) Sacrum
-five fused sacral bones
-forms posterior wall of pelvic
girdle
e) Coccyx
-tailbone
-three to five fused
rudimentary vertebrae
 Scapula – located on each side of the
vertebral column; hold in place by
Hyoid bone muscles to allow free shoulder
-found in the anterior portion of neck, movement
inferior to mandible
-does not articulate with any other bones
-used as attachment for tongue muscles

BONES OF THE UPPER LIMB:

Humerus – articulates with scapula at
the shoulder and ulna and radius at the
elbow
Bony markings include:
APPENDICULAR SKELETON - Head
The appendicular skeleton is composed of - Greater and lesser tubercles
the bones of the limbs and the bones of the - Deltoid tuberosity
girdles that connect the limbs to the axial - Capitulum
skeleton. - Trochlea
1. Pectoral girdle: clavicle and spatula - Medial and lateral epicondyles
-bones of the upper limb: humerus, - Olecranon fossa
radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals,
phalanges
COMPOSED OF:
-two clavicles
-two scapula

Clavicle – articulates with sternum and

scapula
 Carpals – wrist bones
Metacarpals -bones of the palms of the
hand
Phalanges – bones of the fingers

2. Pelvic girdle: ilium, ischium, and

scapula
-bones of the lower limb: femur,
patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones,
metatarsals, phalanges.
-consists of two coxal bones (ossa
coxae)
 Ilium
 Ischium
 Pubis
-forms a rigid, bony pelvis with sacrum
and coccyx
-coxal bones attached to one another at
the pubic symphysis

Radius
-lateral bone in the forearm
-bone that rotates when the hand is
rotated
Bony markings include the head and
styloid process
Ulna
-medial bone in the forearm
-bone does not move with the hand
rotation
-bony markings include the olecranon,
trochlear, notch, and styloid process
 Tarsals – ankle bones
There are distinct differences between male Metatarsals – bones of the instep
and female pelvis: Phalanges – toe bones
Female pelvis:
 Wider and shallower The tarsal and metatarsals from arches
 More rounded pelvic brim -longitudinal arch
 Larger pelvic inlet/opening -transverse arch

BONES OF THE LOWER LIMB:

Femur
-thigh bone
-largest and strongest bone in the body
Patella
-kneecap
-sesamoid bone in tendon that extends
anterior to knee