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• Sample Papers
Matrix
• Definition: A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers (may be real or complex) or
functions.
• Elements or Entries of the matrix: The numbers or functions in the array
• Rows of Matrix: The horizontal lines of elements
• Columns of Matrix: The vertical lines of elements
• General Format:
o Simple Matrix:
▪ Has one Row and Column
▪ Represented as (Row, Column)
(or)
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13………. 𝑎1𝑛
A = (𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 … … 𝑎2𝑛 ) Rows
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 … … 𝑎3𝑛
Columns
(Or )
A= [aij]m x n
Where, 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n and i, j € N
• ith Row Elements are ai1, ai2, ai3, ……… ain
• jth Row Elements are a1j, a2j, a3j ………………, anj
Order of a Matrix
• If a matrix has “m” rows and “n” columns, then order of the matrix is m x n
• The total numbers of elements in the matrix of m x n will be mn
• Eg: Order of the below matrix is 3 x 2
3 2 4
A=[ ]
1 5 9
With total number of elements = product of 3 and 2 = 6
• Any point (x,y) in a plane can be represented in the matrix format as below:
𝑥
P =[ x, y] or [𝑦]
• Suppose if the vertices of a Quadrilateral ABCD are given then it can be represented as matrix
format as below
Points: A(1,0) , B(3,2), C(1,3) and D(-1,-2)
A B C D A 1 0
1 3 1 1 B 3 2
X or Y
0 2 3 2 2 4 C1 3
D 1 2 4 2
• Suppose if the matrix has 8 elements then all possible order of the matrix can be found as
below.
o Find the Factors of 8 1, 2, 4, 8
o Pair up them in all possible ways (1,8), (2, 4), (8,1), (4, 2)
Types of a Matrix
1. Column Matrix
• A matrix having only one column and any number of rows
2. Row Matrix
• A matrix having only one row and any number of columns
3
• Eg: A 7 3 5 of order 1 x 4
4
• General Form = A= [aij]1 x n, Order of the matrix is 1 x n
3. Square Matrix
• A matrix of order m x n, such that m = n
3 1 0
3
• Eg: A= 3 2 1 of order 3 x 3
2
4 3 1
• General Form = A= [aij]m x m, Order of the matrix is m
4. Diagonal Matrix
• A square matrix is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non-diagonal elements are zero
1.1 0 0
• Eg: A = 0 2 0 of order 3x3
0 0 3
• General Form = A= [bij]mx m, Order of the matrix is m where bij =0, if i≠j
5. Scalar Matrix
• A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are equal
3 0 0
• Eg: A = 0 3 0 of order 3x3
0 0 3
x 3 z 4 2 y 4 0 6 3 y 2
3 2c 2 . Find x,y,z,a,b,c
6 a 1 0 6
Eg:If
b 3 21 0 2b 4 21 0
Simplifying, we get
a = – 2, b = – 7, c = – 1, x = – 3, y = –5, z = 2
Operation on Matrices
Addition of Matrices
• Let A and B be two matrices each of order m x n. Then, the sum of matrices A + B is defined
only if matrices A and B are of same order.
o If A = [aij]m x n and B = [bij]m x n
Then, A + B = [aij +bij]m x n
• General Format
a11 a12 a13 b11 b12 b13
IF A and B
a21 a22 a23 b21 b22 b23
a b a b a b
Then, we define A B 11 11 12 12 13 13
a21 a21 a22 b22 a23 b23
• Example
5 2 11 0 5 (11) 2 0 6 2
4 9 7 1 4 7 9 1 11 10
10 3 6 8 10 (6) 3 (8) 4 11
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• When adding two matix A & B, if the order is not same then A + B is not defined
o Commutative Law
➢ A+B=B+A
o Associative Law
➢ (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
o Existence of Additive Identity
➢ A zero matrix (0) of order m x n (same as of A), is additive identity, if
A+0=A=0+A
o Existence of Additive Inverse
➢ If A is a square matrix, then the matrix (- A) is called additive inverse, if
A + ( – A) = 0 = (- A) + A
• – A is the additive inverse of A or negative of A.
o Cancellation Law
A + B = A + C ⇒ B = C (left cancellation law)
B + A = C + A ⇒ B = C (right cancellation law)
Subtraction of Matrices
• Let A and B be two matrices of the same order, then subtraction of matrices, A – B, is defined
as A –B = [aij– bij]n x n, where A = [aij]m x n, B = [bij]m x n
1 2 0 0 4 3
• Eg: If A= and B = 9 4 3
0 3 6
3 1 1.5
o Eg: If A = 5 7 3 . Find 3A
2 0 5
▪ Here A is the mtrix of order 3 x3 and k =3, constant
3 1 1.5 9 3 4.5
▪ Hence 3A = 3 5 7 3 3 5 21 9
2 0 5 6 0 15
▪ k(A + B) = kA + kB
▪ (k1 + k2)A = k1A + k2A
▪ k1k2A = k1(k2A) = k2(k1A)
▪ (- k)A = – (kA) = k( – A) also called as negative of a matrix
o Consider two matries A and B, then for the multiplication to e possible umber of
columns in A should be equal to the number of rows in B.
o If A = [aij] of order mxn and B = [bij] of order n xp then the product C = [cij]will be a
patrix of the oder m x p
0 3
1 3 2
o Eg: A= of order 3 x 2, B = 2 1 of order 2 × 3
0 3 1 0 4
Then A×B =
0 3
1 0 2 1 0 0 (2) (2) 0 1 3 0 (1) (2) 4
0 3 1 2 1 0 0 3 (2) (1) 0 0 3 3 (1) (1) 4
0 4
0 0 0 3 0 8 0 5
0 6 0 0 3 4 6 7
o Note:
▪ If AB is defined, then BA need not be defined.
▪ If A, B are, respectively m × n, k × l matrices, then both AB and BA are defined
if and only if n = k and l = m.
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▪ If both A and B are square matrices of the same order, then both AB and BA are
defined.
▪ If AB and BA are both defined, it is not necessary that AB = BA.
▪ If the product of two matrices is a zero matrix, it is not necessary that one of the
matrices is a zero matrix
• Commutative Law
o AB ≠ BA
• Associative Law
o (A B)C = A(BC)
• Distributive Law
o A (B+C) = AB + AC
o (A+B) C = AC + BC, whenever both sides of equality are defined.
• Existence of Multiplicative Identity
o For every square matrix A, there exist an identity matrix of same order such that IA =
AI = A
• Cancellation Law
o If A is non-singular matrix, then
▪ AB = AC ⇒ B = C (Left cancellation law)
▪ BA = CA ⇒B = C (Right cancellation law)
▪ AB = 0, does not necessarily imply that A = 0 or B = 0 or both A and B =
Transpose of a Matrix
• (A’)’ = A
• (A + B)’ = A’ + B’
• (AB)’ = B’A’
• (kA)’ = kA’
• (AN)’ = (A’)N
• (ABC)’ = C’ B’ A’
Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrices
• Theorem 1
o For any square matrix A with real number entries, A + A′ is a symmetric matrix and
A – A′ is a skew symmetric matrix.
o Proof
Let B = A + A′, then
B′ = (A + A′)′
= A′ + A (as (A′)′ = A)
= A + A′ (as A + B = B + A)
=B
Therefore B = A + A′ is a symmetric matrix
Now let C = A – A′
C′ = (A – A′)′ = A′ – (A′)′ (Why?)
= A′ – A (Why?)
= – (A – A′) = – C
Therefore C = A – A′ is a skew symmetric matrix
• Theorem 2
o Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric
matrix.
o Proof
Let A be a square matrix, then we can write
1 1
A ( A A) ( A A)
2 2
From the Theorem 1, we know that (A + A′) is a symmetric matrix and (A – A′) is a
skew symmetric matrix.
1
Since for any matrix A, (kA)′ = kA′, it follows that ( A A) is symmetric matrix and
2
1
( A A) is skew symmetric matrix. Thus, any square matrix can be expressed as the
2
sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
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Elementary Operation (Transformation) of a Matrix
• The six operations (transformations) on a matrix, three of which are due to rows and three
due to columns
o Interchanging any two rows (or columns), denoted by Ri⟺Rj or Ci⟺Cj
o Multiplication of the element of any row (or column) by a non-zero quantity and
denoted by Ri ⟺ kRj or Ci ⟺ kCj
o Addition of constant multiple of the elements of any row to the corresponding element
of any other row, denoted by Ri → Ri + kRj or Ci → Ci + kCj OR
Ri⟺ Ri +k Rj or Ci ⟺ Ci +k Cj
Invertible Matrices
• If A is a square matrix of order m, and if there exists another square matrix B of the same
order m, such that AB = BA = I, then B is called the inverse matrix of A and it is denoted by
A-1. In that case A is said to be invertible
• Eg:
2 3 2 3
A and B be two matrices.
1 2 1 2
2 3 2 3
AB =
1 2 1 2
4 3 6 6 1 0
I
2 2 3 4 0 1
1 0
BA I
0 1
Note
o A rectangular matrix does not possess inverse matrix, since for products BA and AB
to be defined and to be equal, it is necessary that matrices A and B should be square
matrices of the same order.
o If B is the inverse of A, then A is also the inverse of B
Inverse of a Square Matrix
• Let A be a square matrix of order n, then a square matrix B, such that AB = BA = I, is called
inverse of A, denoted by A-1
• AA1 = A1A = 1
i.e Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order m and B and C be two inverses of A.
To prove : B = C
o Proof:
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Since B is the inverse of A
AB = BA = I ... (1)
Since C is also the inverse of A
AC = CA = I ... (2)
Thus B = BI = B (AC) = (BA) C = IC = C
Theorem 4
o If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then (AB)1 B1A1 .
o Proof :
From the definition of inverse of a matrix, we have
(AB) (AB)-1= 1
A-1 (AB) (AB) -1 = A-1 I (Pre multiplying both sides by A-1)
⇒ IB (AB) -1 = A-1
⇒ B (AB) -1 = A-1
⇒ B-1 B (AB) -1 = B-1 A-1
⇒ I (AB)– -1 = B-1 A-1
Hence, (AB) -1 = B-1 A-1
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