02ModernPhysics 1 PC

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BY PRAVEEN KUMAR PACHAURI (PKR SIR, IIT BOMBAY)

IIT- JEE- 2021- 2022
Referral code - PPLIVE
KEY CONCEPTS
1. CATHODE RAYS:
(a) Generated in a discharge tube in which a high vacuum is maintained.
(b) They are electrons accelerated by high potential difference (10 to 15 Kilo Volt)
1 P2
(c) K.E. of C.R. particle accelerated by a p.d. V is eV = mv 2 = .
2 2m
(d) Can be deflected by Electric & magnetic fields.
2. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM:
Ordered arrangement of the big family of
electro magnetic waves (EMW) either in
ascending order of frequencies or of wave
lengths
Speed of E.M.W. in vacuum
C = 3 × 108 m/s =  
3. PLANK'S QUANTUM THEORY:

A beam of EMW is a stream of discrete
packets of energy called PHOTONS, each
photon having a frequency  and energy =
E = h .
h = plank 's constant = 6.63 × 10–34 Js .
4. PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT:

The phenomenon of the emission of electrons, when metals are exposed to light
(of a certain minimum frequency) is called photo electric effect.
Results:
(i) Can be explained only on the basis of the quantum theory (concept of photon) .
(ii) Electrons are emitted if the incident light has frequency   0 (threshold frequency)
emission of electrons is independent of intensity. The wave length corresponding to 0
is called threshold wave length 0.
(iii) 0 is different for different metals.
(iv) Number of electrons emitted per second depends on the intensity of the incident light.
(v) Einstein’s Photoelectric E//quation :
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Photon energy = K. E. of electron + work function.

1
h  = mv 2 + 
2
 = Work function = energy needed by the electron in freeing itself from the atoms of the metal.
 = h 0
(vi) Stopping Potential Or Cur off Potential :
The minimum value of the retarding potential to prevent electron emission is :
eVcut off = (KE)max
Note: The number of photons incident on a surface per unit time is called photon flux.
5. WAVE NATURE OF MATTER:

Beams of electrons and other forms of matter exhibit wave properties including interference
h
and diffraction with a de Broglie wave length given by  = (wave length of a particle).
p
6. ATOMIC MODELS:
(a) THOMSON MODEL: (PLUM PUDDING MODEL)
(i) Most of the mass and all the positive charge of an atom is uniformly distributed
over the full size of atom (10–10 m).
(ii) Electrons are studded in this uniform distribution.
(iii) Failed to explain the large angle scattering  - particle scattered by thin foils of
matter.
(b) RUTHERFORD MODEL: (Nuclear Model)

(i) The most of the mass and all the positive charge is concentrated within a size of
10-14 m inside the atom. This concentration is called the atomic nucleus.
(ii) The electron revolves around the nucleus under electric interaction between
them in circular orbits.
(iii) An accelerating charge radiates the nucleus spiraling inward and finally fall into
the nucleus, which does not happen in an atom. This could not be explained by
this model.
(c) BOHR ATOMIC MODEL:

Bohr adopted Rutherford model of the atom & added some arbitrary conditions. These
conditions are known as his postulates :
m v2 k z e2
(i) The electron in a stable orbit does not radiate energy. i.e. = 2
r r
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(ii) A stable orbit is that in which the angular momentum of the electron about
h h
nucleus is an integral (n) multiple of . i.e. mvr = n ; n = 1, 2, 3, .......(n  0).
2 2
(iii) The electron can absorb or radiate energy only if the electron jumps from a
lower to a higher orbit or falls from a higher to a lower orbit.
(iv) The energy emitted or absorbed is a light photon of frequency  and of energy.
E = h
FOR HYDROGEN ATOM : (Z = atomic number = 1)

h
(i) Ln = angular momentum in the nth orbit = n .
2
(ii) rn = radius of nth circular orbit = (0.529 Aº) n2 ; (1Aº = 10–10 m) ; rn  n2.
− 13.6 ev 1
(iii) En = Energy of the electron in the nth orbit = 2
i.e. En  2 .
n n
Note : Total energy of the electron in an atom is negative , indicating that it is bound .
13.6 ev
Binding Energy (BE)n = – En = .
n2
(iv) En2 - En1 = Energy emitted when an electron jumps from n2th orbit to n1th orbit (n2 > n1).
 1 1 
E = (13.6 ev)  2 − 2  .
 n1 n2 
E = h ;  = frequency of spectral line emitted.
1  1 1 
= wave no. [No. of waves in unit length (1m)] = R  2 − 2  .
  n1 n2 
Where R = Rydberg's constant, for hydrogen = 1.097 × 107 m-1.
(v) For hydrogen like atom/species of atomic number Z :
Bohr radius 2 n2 Z2
rnz = n = (0.529 Aº) ; Enz = (– 13.6) 2 ev
Z Z n
Rz = RZ2 – Rydberg's constant for element of atomic no. Z.
Note : If motion of the nucleus is also considered , then m is replaced by  .
Where  = reduced mass of electron - nucleus system = mM/(m+M) .
Z2 
In this case En = (–13.6 ev) 2 .
n me
7. SPECTRAL SERIES:
(i) Lyman Series: (Landing orbit n = 1)
1 1 
Ultraviolet region  = R  2 − 2  ; n2 > 1
1 n2 
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(ii) Balmer Series: (Landing orbit n = 2)

1 1 
Visible region  = R  2 − 2  ; n2 > 2
2 n2 
(iii) Paschan Series: (Landing orbit n = 3)
1 1 
In the near infrared region  = R  2 − 2  ; n2 > 3
3 n2 
(iv) Bracket Series: (Landing orbit n = 4)
1 1 
In the mid infrared region  = R  2 − 2  ; n2 > 4
4 n2 
(v) Pfund Series: (Landing orbit n = 5)
1 1 
In far infrared region  = R  2 − 2  ; n2 > 5
5 n2 
In all these series n2 = n1 + 1 is the  line
= n1 + 2 is the  line
= n1 + 3 is the  line ........... etc . Where n1 = Landing orbit
8. EXCITATION POTENTIAL OF ATOM:
E n 2 − E n1
Excitation potential for quantum jump from n1 ⎯→ n2 = .
electron charge
9. IONIZATION ENERGY:
The energy required to remove an electron from an atom. The energy required to ionize
hydrogen atom is = 0 – ( – 13.6) = 13.6 eV .
10. IONIZATION POTENTIAL:

Potential difference through which a free electron is moved to gain ionization energy
− En
=
electronic charge
11. X - RAYS:
(i) Short wavelength (0.1 Å to 1 Å) electromagnetic radiation.
(ii) Are produced when a metal anode is bombarded by very high energy electrons.
(iii) Are not affected by electric and magnetic field. k– k-Characteristic Spectrum
(iv) They cause photoelectric emission.
Characteristics equation eV = hm Continous k k
e = electron charge ; Spectrum
V = accelerating potential I
m = maximum frequency of X - radiation
35000 volt
m 
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(v) Intensity of X - rays depends on number of electrons hitting the target.

(vi) Cut off wavelength or minimum wavelength, where V
12400
(in volts) is the p.d. applied to the tube  min  Aº.
V
(vii) Continuous spectrum due to retardation of electrons.
(viii) Characteristic Spectrum due to transition of electron from higher to lower
v = a (z – b)2 [ MOSELEY'S LAW ]
b = 1 for k transition
Note: (i) Binding energy = – [Total Mechanical Energy]
c
(ii) Velocity of electron in nth orbit for hydrogen atom  ; c = speed of light.
137 n
1 2  1 1 
(iii) For x - rays = R (z − b)  2 − 2 
  n1 n2 
(iv) Series limit means minimum wave length of that series.
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EXERCISE # (S-1)
HCV Worked out Examples (Chapter No. 42 - 1 to 13)
1. In an experiment on photoelectric effect, the slope of the cut-off voltage versus frequency of
incident light is found to be 4.12 × 10–15 V s. Calculate the value of Planck’s constant.
2. A 100W sodium lamp radiates energy uniformly in all directions. The lamp is located at the
centre of a large sphere that absorbs all the sodium light which is incident on it. The
wavelength of the sodium light is 589 nm.
(a) What is the energy per photon associated with the sodium light ?
(b) At what rate are the photons delivered to the sphere?
3. Estimating the following two numbers should be interesting. The first number will tell you why
radio engineers do not need to worry much about photons! The second number tells you why
our eye can never ‘count photons’, even in barely detectable light.
(a) The number of photons emitted per second by a Medium wave transmitter of 10 kW
power, emitting radio waves of wavelength 500 m.
(b) The number of photons entering the pupil of our eye per second corresponding to the
minimum intensity of white light that we humans can perceive (~10–10 W m–2). Take the
area of the pupil to be about 0.4 cm2, and the average frequency of white light to be
about 6 × 1014 Hz.
4. 663 mW of light from a 540 nm source is incident on the surface of a metal. If only 1 of each
5 × 109 incident photons is absorbed and causes an electron to be ejected from the surface, the
total photocurrent in the circuit is ________.
5. Light of wavelength 330 nm falling on a piece of metal ejects electrons with sufficient energy
which requires voltage V0 to prevent a electron from reaching collector. In the same setup, light
of wavelength 220 nm, ejects electrons which require twice the voltage V0 to stop them in
reaching a collector. Find the numerical value of voltage V0.
(Take Planck’s constant, h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js and 1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J)
6. When a monochromatic point source of light is at a distance of 0.2 m from a photoelectric cell,
the cut off voltage and the saturation current are respectively 0.6 volt and 18.0 mA. If the same
source is placed 0.6 m away from the photoelectric cell, then find
(a) The stopping potential (b) the saturation current
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7. A small 10W source of ultraviolet light of wavelength 99 nm is held at a distance 0.1 m from a
metal surface. The radius of an atom of the metal is approximately 0.05 nm. Find
(i) The average number of photons striking an atom per second.
(ii) The number of photoelectrons emitted per unit area per second if the efficiency of
liberation of photoelectrons is 1%.
8. The surface of cesium is illuminated with monochromatic light of various wavelengths and the
stopping potentials for the wavelengths are measured. The results of this experiment are plotted
as shown in the figure. Estimate the value of work function of the cesium and Planck’s
constant.
9. Light of intensity 10–5 W m–2 falls on a sodium photo-cell of surface area 2 cm2. Assuming that
the top 5 layers of sodium absorb the incident energy, estimate time required for photoelectric
emission in the wave-picture of radiation. The work function for the metal is given to be about
2 eV. What is the implication of your answer?
10. When photons of energy 4.25eV strike the surface of a metal A, the ejected photoelectrons
have maximum kinetic energy Ta eV and de Broglie wavelength a. The maximum kinetic
energy of photoelectrons liberated from another metal B by photons of energy 4.7eV is
Tb = (Ta – 1.5) eV. If the De Broglie wavelength of these photoelectrons is b = 2a, then find
(a) The work function of a (b) The work function of b (c) Ta and Tb
HCV Exercises (Chapter No. 42 - 1 to 35)

11. An electron of mass "m" and charge "e" initially at rest gets accelerated by a constant electric
field E. The rate of change of De-Broglie wavelength of this electron at time t is.................
12. Assume that a particle cannot be confined to a spherical volume of diameter less then
De-Broglie wavelength of the particle. Estimate the minimum kinetic energy a proton confined
to a nucleus of diameter 10–14 m may have.

13. An electron joins a helium nucleus to form a He+ ion in ground state. The wavelength of the
photon emitted in this process if the electron is assumed to have had no kinetic energy when it
combines with nucleus is .........nm.
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14. Determine the number of lines in Paschen series which have a wavelength greater than
1000 nm.
15. Three energy levels of an atom are shown in the figure. The wavelength corresponding to three
possible transition are 1, 2 and 3. The value of 3 in terms of 1 and 2 is given by ______.
16. A single electron orbits a stationary nucleus of charge Ze where Z is a constant and e is the
electronic charge. It requires 47.2eV to excite the electron from the 2nd Bohr orbit to 3rd Bohr
orbit. Find
(i) the value of Z,
(ii) energy required to excite the electron from the third to the fourth orbit
(iii) the wavelength of radiation required to remove the electron from the first orbit to infinity
(iv) the kinetic energy, potential energy and angular momentum in the first Bohr orbit
(v) the radius of the first Bohr orbit.
17. A hydrogen like atom (atomic number Z) is in higher excited state of quantum number n. This
excited atom can make a transition to the first excited state by successively emitting two
photons of energy 22.95eV and 5.15eV respectively. Alternatively, the atom from the same
excited state can make transition to the second excited state by successively emitting two
photons of energies 2.4eV and 8.7eV respectively. Find the values of n and Z.
18. Which level of the doubly ionized lithium has the same energy as the ground state energy of the
hydrogen atom? Find the ratio of the two radii of corresponding orbits.

19. Obtain a relation between the frequencies of K, K and L lines for a target material.
20. A 20 keV energy electron is brought to rest in an X-ray tube, by undergoing two successive
bremsstrahlung events, thus emitting two photons. The wavelength of the second photon is
130 × 10–12 m greater than the wavelength of the first emitted photon. Calculate the
wavelengths of the two photons.
21. Figure shows K & K X-rays along with continuous X-ray. Find the energy of L X-ray.
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(Use hc = 12420 evÅ).
22. Photoelectrons are emitted when 400 nm radiation is incident on a surface of work function
1.9eV. These photoelectrons pass through a region containing -particles. A maximum energy
electron combines with an -particle to form a He+ ion, emitting a single photon in this process.
He+ ions thus formed are in their fourth excited state. Find the energies in eV of the photons,
lying in the 2 to 4eV range, that are likely to be emitted during and after the combination.
[Take, h = 4.14 × 10–15 eV-s ]
23. The wavelength of K X-ray of tungsten is 21.3 pm. It takes 11.3 keV to knock out an electron
from the L shell of a tungsten atom. What should be the minimum accelerating voltage across
an X-ray tube having tungsten target which allows production of K X-ray.
24. A potential difference of 20 kV is applied across an X-ray tube. The minimum wave length of
X - rays generated is ________ .
25. An electron, in hydrogen like atom, is in an excited state. It has a total energy of – 3.4 eV.
Calculate:
(i) The kinetic energy &
(ii) The De-Broglie wavelength of the electron.
(iii) What is the potential energy of the electron in this state?
(iv) Which of the answers above would change if the choice of the zero of potential energy is
changed?

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EXERCISE # (S-2)
1. A cooling object was emitting radiations of time varying wavelength  = 3000 + 40t, where  is
in Å and t is in second is incident on a metal sheet (of work function 2eV) such that the power
incident on sheet is constant at 100 watt. This signal is switched on and off for time intervals of
2 minutes and 1 minute respectively. Each time the signal is switched on,  again starts from
fresh value of 3000 Å. If the metal plate is grounded so that it always remains neutral and
electron clouding is negligible then find the maximum photocurrent (mA). The photoemission
efficiency is 0.01% and remains constant. (Take hc =12400eV-Å)
2. A light of wavelength 3540 Å falls on a metal having work function of 2.5 eV. If ejected
electron collides with another target metal inelastically and its total kinetic energy is utilized to
raise the temperature of target metal. The mass of target metal is 10–3 kg and its specific heat is
160 J/kg/ºC. If 1018 electrons are ejected per second, then find the rate of raise of temperature
(in ºC/s) of the metal [Assume there is no loss of energy of ejected electron by any other
process, all the electron are reaching the target metal with max kinetic energy and take
hc=12400 ev-Å]
3. A beam of light has three wavelengths 4144Å, 4972Å & 6216 Å with a total intensity of
3.6×10–3 W.m–2 equally distributed amongst the three wavelengths. The beam falls normally on
an area 1.0 cm2 of a clean metallic surface of work function 2.3 eV. Assume that there is no
loss of light by reflection and that each energetically capable photon ejects one electron.
Calculate the number of photoelectrons liberated in two seconds.
4. In a photo electric effect set-up, a point source of light of power 3.2 × 10–3 W emits mono
energetic photons of energy 5.0 eV. The source is located at a distance of 0.8 m from the centre
of a stationary metallic sphere of work function 3.0 eV & of radius 8.0 × 10 –3 m . The
efficiency of photo electrons emission is one for every 106 incident photons. Assume that the
sphere is isolated and initially neutral, and that photo electrons are instantly swept away after
emission.
(a) Calculate the number of photo electrons emitted per second.
(b) Find the ratio of the wavelength of incident light to the De - Broglie wave length of the
fastest photo electrons emitted.
(c) It is observed that the photo electron emission stops at a certain time t after the light
source is switched on. Why ?
(d) Evaluate the time t.
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5. Two identical nonrelativistic particles move at right angles to each other, possessing De Broglie
wavelengths,  & . Find the De Broglie wavelength of each particle in the frame of their
centre of mass.
6. Assume that the de-Broglie wave associated with an electron can form a standing wave
between the atoms arranged in a one dimensional array with nodes at each of the atomic sites. It
is found that one such standing wave is formed if the distance ‘d’ between the atoms of the
array is 2 Å. A similar standing wave is again formed if ‘d’ is increased to 2.5 Å but not for any
intermediate value of d. Find the energy of the electrons in electron volts and the least value of
d for which the standing wave of the type described above can form.
7. A gas of identical hydrogen like atoms has some atoms in the lowest (ground) energy level A &
some atoms in a particular upper (excited) energy level B & there are no atoms in any other
energy level. The atoms of the gas make transition to a higher energy level by the absorbing
monochromatic light of photon energy 2.7eV. Subsequently, the atoms emit radiation of only
six different photon energies. Some of the emitted photons have energy 2.7 eV. Some have
energy more and some have less than 2.7 eV.
(i) Find the principal quantum number of the initially excited level B.
(ii) Find the ionization energy for the gas atoms.
(iii) Find the maximum and the minimum energies of the emitted photons.
8. A monochromatic light source of frequency  illuminates a metallic surface and ejects

photoelectrons. The photoelectrons having maximum energy are just able to ionize the
hydrogen atoms in ground state. When the whole experiment is repeated with an incident
radiation of frequency (5/6) , the photoelectrons so emitted are able to excite the hydrogen
atom beam which then emits a radiation of wavelength of 1215 Å . Find the work function of
the metal and the frequency .
9. A neutron of kinetic energy 65 eV collides inelastically with a singly ionized helium atom at
rest . It is scattered at an angle of 90º with respect of its original direction. (Given: Mass of He
atom = 4 × (mass of neutron), ionization energy of H atom =13.6 eV)
(i) Find the allowed values of the energy of the neutron & that of the atom after collision.
(ii) If the atom gets de-excited subsequently by emitting radiation, find the frequencies of the
emitted radiation.
10. A beam of ultraviolet light of wavelength 100 nm – 200 nm is passed through a box filled with
hydrogen gas in ground state. The light coming out of the box is split into two beams ‘A’ and
‘B’. A contains unabsorbed light from the incident light and B contains the emitted light by
hydrogen atoms. The beam A is incident on the emitter in a photoelectric tube. The stopping
potential in this case is 5 volts. Find the work function of the emitter. In the second case the
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beam B is incident on the same emitter. Find the stopping potential in this case. You can
assume that the transition to higher energy states are not permitted from the excited states. Use
hc = 12400 eVÅ.
11. Electromagnetic waves of wavelength 1242 Å are incident on a metal of work function 2eV.
The target metal is connected to a 5 volt cell, as shown. The electrons pass through hole A into
a gas of hydrogen atoms in their ground state. Find the number of spectral lines emitted when
hydrogen atoms come back to their ground states after having been excited by the electrons.
Assume all excitations in H-atoms from ground state only. (hc = 12420 eVÅ)
12. A He+ ion in ground state is fired towards a Hydrogen atom in ground state and at rest. What
should be the minimum kinetic energy (in eV) of He+ ion so that both single electron species
may get excited?
13. Consider a universe in which the -meson orbits around the nucleus instead of electron.
Assuming a Bohr model for a -meson of mass m and of the same charge as the electron is in
h
a circular orbit of radius r about the nucleus with an orbital angular momentum . If the
2
radius of a nucleus of atomic number Z is given by R = 1.6 × 10–15 Z1/3 m. The total number of
 N − 1
elements in this universe that can exist is given as ‘N’. Fill  in OMR sheet.
 12 
 0h 2 m
[Given = 0.53Å;  = 265 ; neglect any shielding effect for the heavier atoms and
 me e 2
me
assume non relativistic physics to be applicable and take 51/4  1.5]
14. The peak emission from a black body at a certain temperature occurs at a wavelength of 6000
Å. On increasing its temperature, the total radiation emitted is increased 16 times. These
radiations are allowed to fall on a metal surface. Photoelectrons emitted by the peak radiation at
higher temperature can be bought to rest by applying a potential equivalent to the excitation
potential corresponding to the transition for the level n = 4 to n = 2 in the Bohr’s hydrogen

atom. The work function of the metal is given by eV where  is the numerical constant.
100
Find the value of . [Take : hc = 12420 eV-Å ]
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15. A neutron beam, in which each neutron has same kinetic energy, is passed through a sample of
hydrogen like gas (but not hydrogen) in ground state. Due to collision of neutrons with the ions
of the gas, ions are excited and then they emit photons. Six spectral lines are obtained in which
one of the lines is of wavelength (6200/51) nm. What is the minimum possible value of kinetic
energy of the neutrons for this to be possible. The mass of neutron and proton can be assumed
to be nearly same. Find the answer in the form 25 × 10–2 eV and fill value of .
16. Suppose you are given a chance to repeat the alpha-particle scattering experiment using a thin
sheet of solid hydrogen in place of the gold foil. (Hydrogen is a solid at temperatures below
14 K.) What results do you expect? [NCERT]
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17. Answer the following questions, which help you understand the difference between Thomson’s
model and Rutherford’s model better. [NCERT]
(a) Is the average angle of deflection of -particles by a thin gold foil predicted by
Thomson’s model much less, about the same, or much greater than that predicted by
Rutherford’s model ?
(b) Is the probability of backward scattering (i.e., scattering of  -particles at angles greater
than 90°) predicted by Thomson’s model much less, about the same, or much greater
than that predicted by Rutherford’s model?
(c) Keeping other factors fixed, it is found experimentally that for small thickness t, the
number of -particles scattered at moderate angles is proportional to t. What clue does
this linear dependence on t provide ?
(d) In which model is it completely wrong to ignore multiple scattering for the calculation
of average angle of scattering of -particles by a thin foil ?
18. Electrons in a hydrogen like atom (Z = 3) make transitions from the fourth excited state to the
third excited state and from the third excited state to the second excited state. The resulting
radiations are incident on a metal plate and eject photoelectrons. The stopping potential for
photoelectrons ejected by shorter wavelength is 3.95 eV. Find the work function (in eV) of the
metal plate.
19. Classically, an electron can be in any orbit around the nucleus of an atom. Then what
determines the typical atomic size? Why is an atom not, say, thousand times bigger than its
typical size? The question had greatly puzzled Bohr before he arrived at his famous model of
the atom that you have learnt in the text. To simulate what he might well have done before his
discovery, let us play as follows with the basic constants of nature and see if we can get a
quantity with the dimensions of length that is roughly equal to the known size of an atom
(~ 10–10 m). [NCERT]
(a) Construct a quantity with the dimensions of length from the fundamental constants e,
me, and c. Determine its numerical value.
(b) You will find that the length obtained in (a) is many orders of magnitude smaller than
the atomic dimensions. Further, it involves c. But energies of atoms are mostly in non-
relativistic domain where c is not expected to play any role. This is what may have
suggested Bohr to discard c and look for ‘something else’ to get the right atomic size.
Now, the Planck’s constant h had already made its appearance elsewhere. Bohr’s great
insight lay in recognizing that h, me, and e will yield the right atomic size. Construct a
quantity with the dimension of length from h, me, and e and confirm that its numerical
value has indeed the correct order of magnitude.
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20. If Bohr’s quantisation postulate (angular momentum = nh/2) is a basic law of nature, it should
be equally valid for the case of planetary motion also. Why then do we never speak of
quantisation of orbits of planets around the sun ? [NCERT]
21. Obtain the first Bohr’s radius and the ground state energy of a muonic hydrogen atom [i.e., an
atom in which a negatively charged muon (–) of mass about 207me orbits around a proton].
[NCERT]
22. A potential difference of V volts is applied on two parallel electrodes separated by a distance of
4.0 × 10–2 m. The electrons of very low energy are injected into the region between the
electrodes which contains argon at low pressure. The average distance the electrons travel
between collisions with argon atoms is 8 × 10–5 m. The ionization energy of argon atom is 16
eV. Estimate the minimum value of V(in kV) such that the electrons will cause ionization in
argon atoms by collision.
23. A hydrogen atom at rest is in ground state. It is struck by a He+ ion in first excited state.
Assuming the collision to be head on and the mass of He+ to be four times that of hydrogen
atom, find the least value of kinetic energy of incoming particle which can excite both the
particles to second excited state.
24. In an X-ray tube the accelerating voltage is 20 KV. Two targets A and B are used one by one.
For ‘A’ the wavelength of the K line is 62 pm. For ‘B’ the wavelength of the L line is 124 pm.
The energy of the ‘B’ ion with vacancy in ‘L’ shell is 15.5 KeV higher than the atom of B.
[Take hc= 12400 eVÅ]
(i) Find min in Å.
(ii) Can K – photon be emitted by ‘A’? Explain with reason.
(iii) Can L – photons be emitted by ‘B’? What is the minimum wavelength (in Å) of the
characteristic X-ray that will be emitted by ‘B’.
25. An X-rays tube is working at a potential difference of 38.08 kV. The potential difference is
decreased to half its initial value. It is found that difference of the wavelength of K X-ray and
the most energetic continuous X-rays becomes 4 times of the difference prior to the change of
voltage. Assuming K line is present in both cases, find the atomic number of the target
element. [Take Rch = 13.6 eV]
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26. A graph of v (where  is the frequency of K line of the characteristic X-ray spectrum ) is
plotted against the atomic number Z of the elements emitting the characteristic X-ray .The
intercept of the graph on the Z-axis is 1 and the slope of the graph is 0.5 × 108 S.I. units. The
frequency of the K line for an element of atomic number 41 is given as  × 1016 Hz. Find the
value of .
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EXERCISE # (O-1)
1. The Andromeda Nebula, at a distance of 2 × 1022 m from the Earth, radiates 8 × 1027 W in the
spectral line of frequency 1420 MHz. The number of photons received per second when the
nebula is observed by a radio telescope of collecting area 100 m2, is
(A) 1.7 × 108 (B) 1.7 × 105 (C) 3.4 × 102 (D) None of these
2. Let nr and nb be respectively the number of photons emitted by a red bulb and a blue bulb of
equal power in a given time.
(A) nr = nb (B) nr < nb (C) nr > nb (D) data insufficient
3. 10–3 W of 5000 Å light is directed on a photoelectric cell. If the current in the cell is 0.16 A,
the percentage of incident photons which produce photoelectrons, is
(A) 0.4% (B) .04% (C) 20% (D) 10%
4. In a photo-emissive cell, with exciting wavelength , the maximum kinetic energy of electron
3
is K. If the exciting wavelength is changed to the kinetic energy of the fastest emitted
4
electron will be:
(A) 3K/4 (B) 4K/3 (C) less than 4K/3 (D) greater than 4K/3
5. If the frequency of light in a photoelectric experiment is doubled, the stopping potential will
(A) be doubled (B) halved
(C) become more than double (D) become less than double
6. The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted from a surface when photons of energy
6 eV fall on it is 4 eV. The stopping potential in Volts is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 10
7. The stopping potential for the photo electrons emitted from a metal surface of work function
1.7 eV is 10.4 V. Identify the energy levels corresponding to the transitions in hydrogen atom
which will result in emission of wavelength equal to that of incident radiation for the above
photoelectric effect
(A) n = 3 to 1 (B) n = 3 to 2 (C) n = 2 to 1 (D) n = 4 to 1
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8. When a photon of light collides with a metal surface, number of electrons, (if any) coming out is
(A) Only one (B) Only two (C) infinite (D) depends upon factors
9. The frequency and the intensity of a beam of light falling on the surface of photoelectric
material are increased by a factor of two. Treating efficiency of photoelectron generation as
constant, this will:
(A) increase the maximum energy of the photoelectrons, as well as photoelectric current by
a factor of two.
(B) increase the maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons and would increase the
photoelectric current by a factor of two.
(C) increase the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons by a factor of greater than
two and will have no effect on the magnitude of photoelectric current produced.
(D) not produce any effect on the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons but will increase
the photoelectric current by a factor of two.
10. A point source of light is used in a photoelectric effect. If the source is removed farther from
the emitting metal, the stopping potential:
(A) will increase (B) will decrease
(C) will remain constant (D) will either increase or decrease.
11. A point source causes photoelectric effect from a small metal plate. Which of the following
curves may represent the saturation photocurrent as a function of the distance between the
source and the metal?
I I I I
(A) (B) (C) (D)

r r r r
12. In a photoelectric experiment, the potential difference V that must be maintained between the
illuminated surface and the collector so as just to prevent any electron from reaching the
collector is determined for different frequencies f of the incident illumination. The graph
obtained is shown. The maximum kinetic energy of the electrons emitted at frequency f1 is
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V1
(A) hf1 (B) (C) h (f1 – f0) (D) eV1(f1 – f0)
(f1 − f 0 )
13. Radiation of two photon energies twice and five times the work function of metal are incident
successively on the metal surface. The ratio of the maximum velocity of photoelectrons emitted
is the two cases will be
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 1 : 4 (D) 4 : 1
14. Cut off potentials for a metal in photoelectric effect for light of wavelength 1, 2 and 3 is
found to be V1, V2 and V3 volts if V1, V2 and V3 are in Arithmetic Progression and 1, 2 and
3 will be:
(A) Arithmetic Progression (B) Geometric Progression
(C) Harmonic Progression (D) None
15. Photons with energy 5 eV are incident on a cathode C, on a photoelectric cell. The maximum
energy of the emitted photoelectrons is 2 eV. When photons of energy 6 eV are incident on C,
no photoelectrons will reach the anode A if the stopping potential of A relative to C is
(A) 3 V (B) – 3V (C) – 1V (D) 4 V
16. In a photoelectric experiment, the collector plate is at 2.0V with respect to the emitter plate
made of copper  = 4.5eV). The emitter is illuminated by a source of monochromatic light of
wavelength 200nm.
(A) the minimum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons reaching the collector is 0.
(B) the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons reaching the collector is 3.7eV.
(C) if the polarity of the battery is reversed then answer to part A will be 0.
(D) if the polarity of the battery is reversed then answer to part B will be 1.7eV.
17. By increasing the intensity of incident light keeping frequency (v > v0) fixed on the surface of
metal
(A) kinetic energy of the photoelectrons increases
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(B) number of emitted electrons increases

(C) kinetic energy and number of electrons increases
(D) no effect
18. In a photoelectric experiment, electrons are ejected from metals X and Y by light of intensity I
and frequency f. The potential difference V required to stop the electrons is measured for
various frequencies. If Y has a greater work function than X ; which one of the following
graphs best illustrates the expected results?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
19. An image of the sun is formed by a lens of focal-length of 30 cm on the metal surface of a
photoelectric cell and a photo-electric current I is produced. The lens forming the image is then
replaced by another of the same diameter but of focal length 15 cm. The photo-electric current
in this case is
(A) I/2 (B) I (C) 2I (D) 4I
20. Monochromatic light with a frequency well above the cutoff frequency is incident on the
emitter in a photoelectric effect apparatus. The frequency of the light is then doubled while the
intensity is kept constant. How does this affect the photoelectric current?
(A) The photoelectric current will increase.
(B) The photoelectric current will decrease.
(C) The photoelectric current will remain the same.
(D) None of these
21. In the experiment on photoelectric effect using light having frequency greater than the
threshold frequency, the photocurrent will certainly increase when
(A) Anode voltage is increased
(B) Area of cathode surface is increased
(C) Intensity of incident light is increased
(D) Distance between anode and cathode is increased.
22. If a parallel beam of light having intensity I is incident normally on a perfectly reflecting
surface, the force exerted on the surface, equals F. When the surface is held at an angle , the
force is
(A) 2F tan  (B) F cos  (C) F cos2  (D) 2F
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23. If h is Planck’s constant in SI system, the momentum of a photon of wavelength 0.01 Å is:
(A) 10–2 h (B) h (C) 102 h (D) 1012 h
24. Let K1 be the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted by a light of wavelength 1
and K2 corresponding to 2. If 1 = 22, then:
K
(A) 2K1 = K2 (B) K1 = 2K2 (C) K1 < 2 (D) K1 > 2K2
2
25. Imagine a Young's double slit interference experiment performed with waves associated with
fast moving electrons produced from an electron gun. The distance between successive maxima
will decrease maximum if
(A) the accelerating voltage in the electron gun is decreased
(B) the accelerating voltage is increased and the distance of the screen from the slits is
decreased
(C) the distance of the screen from the slits is increased.
(D) the distance between the slits is decreased.
26. A proton and an electron are accelerated by same potential difference have de-Broglie
wavelength p and e.
(A) e = p (B) e < p (C) e > p (D) none of these.
27. An electron with initial kinetic energy of 100 eV is accelerating through a potential difference
of 50 V. Now the de-Broglie wavelength of electron becomes
(A) 1 Å (B) 1.5 Å (C) 3Å (D) 12.27 Å
28. In a hypothetical system a particle of mass m and charge –3q is moving around a very heavy
particle having charge q. Assuming Bohr’s model to be true to this system, the orbital velocity
of mass m when it is nearest to heavy particle is
3q 2 3q 2 3q 3q
(A) (B) (C) (D)
20 h 40 h 20 h 40 h
29. De-Broglie wavelength of an electron in the nth Bohr orbit is n and the angular momentum is
Jn, then:
1
(A) Jn  n (B) n  (C) n  J 2n (D) none of these
Jn
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30. Light coming from a discharge tube filled with hydrogen falls on the cathode of the
photoelectric cell. The work function of the surface of cathode is 4eV. Which one of the
following values of the anode voltage (in Volts) with respect to the cathode will likely to make
the photo current zero.
(A) – 4 (B) – 6 (C) – 8 (D) – 10
3h
31. The angular momentum of an electron in the hydrogen atom is . Here h is Planck’s constant.
2
The kinetic energy of this electron is:
(A) 4.53 eV (B) 1.51 eV (C) 3.4 eV (D) 6.8 eV
32. Consider the electronic energy level diagram of H-atom. Photons associated with shortest and
longest wavelengths would be emitted from the atom by the transitions labeled.
(A) D and C respectively (B) C and A respectively

(C) C and D respectively (D) A and C respectively
33. In a hydrogen atom, the binding energy of the electron in the nth state is En, then the frequency
of revolution of the electron in the nth orbits is:
(A) 2En /nh (B) 2Enn/h (C) En/nh (D) Enn/h
34. If the electron in a hydrogen atom were in the energy level with n = 3, how much energy in
joule would be required to ionise the atom? (Ionisation energy of H-atom is 2.18 × 10–18J):
(A) 6.54 × 10–19 (B) 1.43 × 10–19 (C) 2.42 × 10–19 (D) 3.14 × 10–20
35. In hydrogen and hydrogen like atoms, the ratio of difference of energies E4n–E2n and E2n–En
varies with its atomic number Z and n as:
(A) Z2 /n2 (B) Z4/n4 (C) Z/n (D) Z0 n0
36. In a hydrogen atom, the electron is in nth excited state. It may come down to second excited
state by emitting ten different wavelengths. What is the value of n:
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 5
37. Difference between nth and (n +1)th Bohr’s radius of ‘H’ atom is equal to its (n–1)th Bohr’s
radius. The value of n is:
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(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
38. An electron in hydrogen atom after absorbing energy photons can jump between energy states
n1 and n2 (n2 > n1). Then it may return to ground state after emitting six different wavelengths
in emission spectrum. The energy of emitted photons is either equal to, less than or greater than
the absorbed photons. Then n1 and n2 are:
(A) n2 = 4, n1 = 3 (B) n2 = 5, n1 =3 (C) n2 = 4, n1 = 2 (D) n2 = 4, n1 = 1
39. The electron in a hydrogen atom makes transition from M shell to L. The ratio of magnitudes of
initial to final centripetal acceleration of the electron is
(A) 9 : 4 (B) 81 : 16 (C) 4 : 9 (D) 16 : 81
40. The electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition n1 → n2 whose n1 and n2 are the principal
quantum numbers of the two states. Assume the Bohr model to be valid. The frequency of
orbital motion of the electron in the initial state is 1/27 of that in the final state. The possible
values of n1 and n2 are
(A) n1= 4, n2 = 2 (B) n1 = 3, n2 = 1 (C) n1 = 8, n2 = 1 (D) n1 = 6, n2 = 3
41. The radius of Bohr’s first orbit is a0. The electron in nth orbit has a radius:
(A) na0 (B) a0/n (C) n2a0 (D) a0/n2
42. The ionisation potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 volt. The energy required to remove an
electron from the second orbit of hydrogen is:
(A) 3.4 eV (B) 6.8 eV (C) 13.6 eV (D) 27.2 eV
43. Electron in a hydrogen atom is replaced by an identically charged particle muon with mass 207
times that of electron. Now the radius of K shell will be
(A) 2.56 × 10–3 Å (B) 109.7 Å (C) 1.21 × 10–3 Å (D) 22174.4 Å
44. Monochromatic radiation of wavelength  is incident on a hydrogen sample containing in

ground state. Hydrogen atoms absorb the light and subsequently emit radiations of ten different
wavelengths. The value of  is
(A) 95 nm (B) 103 nm (C) 73 nm (D) 88 nm
45. An electron collides with a fixed hydrogen atom in its ground state. Hydrogen atom gets
excited and the colliding electron loses all its kinetic energy. Consequently the hydrogen atom
may emit a photon corresponding to the largest wavelength of the Balmer series. The min. K.E.
of colliding electron will be
(A) 10.2 eV (B) 1.9 eV (C) 12.1 eV (D) 13.6 eV
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46. The frequency of revolution of electron in nth Bohr orbit is n. The graph between log n and log
(n / 1) may be
(A) (B) (C) (D)
47. Consider the spectral line resulting from the transition n = 2 → n = 1 in the atoms and ions
given below. The shortest wavelength is produced by :
(A) hydrogen atom (B) deuterium atom
(C) singly ionized helium (D) doubly ionized lithium
48. In an atom, two electrons move around the nucleus in circular orbits of radii R and 4R. The
ratio of the time taken by them to complete one revolution is : (neglect electric interaction)
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 4 : 1 (C) 1 : 8 (D) 8 : 1
49. The electron in hydrogen atom in a sample is in nth excited state, then the number of different
spectrum lines obtained in its emission spectrum will be :
(A) 1 + 2 + 3 + ..........+(n – 1) (B) 1 + 2 + 3 + ....................+ ( n )
(C) 1 + 2 + 3 + ..........+(n + 1) (D) 1 × 2 × 3 × ...................× (n – 1)
50. The total energy of a hydrogen atom in its ground state is -13.6eV. If the potential energy in the
first excited state is taken as zero then the total energy in the ground state will be :
(A) -3.4eV (B) 3.4 eV (C) – 6.8eV (D) 6.8eV
51. The magnitude of angular momentum, orbit radius and frequency of revolution of electron in
hydrogen atom corresponding to quantum number n are L, r and f respectively. Then according
to Bohr's theory of hydrogen atom,
(A) fr2L is constant for all orbits (B) frL is constant for all orbits
2
(C) f rL is constant for all orbits (D) frL2 is constant for all orbits
52. Radius of the second Bohr obit of singly ionised helium atom is
(A) 0.53 Å (B) 1.06 Å (C) 0.265 Å (D) 0.132 Å
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53. An electron in Bohr’s hydrogen atom has an energy of –3.4 eV. The angular momentum of the
electron is
(A) h /  (B) h / 2
(C) nh / 2 ( n is an integer) (D) 2h / 
54. In a characteristic X– ray spectra of some atom superimposed on

continuous X– ray spectra:
(A) P represents K line
(B) Q represents K line
(C) Q and P represents K and K lines respectively
(D) Relative positions of K and K depend on the particular
atom
55. Which of the following wavelength falls in an X-ray region?

(A) 10,000 Å (B) 1000 Å (C) 1 Å (D) 10–2 Å
56. The penetrating power of X-ray increases with the

(A) Increase of its velocity (B) Increase in its intensity
(C) Decrease in its velocity (D) Increases in its frequency.
57. The wavelength of the K line for an element of atomic number 57 is . What is the
wavelength of the K line for the element of atomic number 29?
(A)  (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8
58. If the frequencies of K, K and L X-rays for a material  K ,  K ,  L respectively, then
(A)  K =  K +  L (B)  L =  K +  K (C)  K =  K +  L (D) none of these
59. In X-ray tube, when the accelerating voltage V is doubled, the difference between the
wavelength of K line and the minimum cut off of continuous X-ray spectrum:
(A) remains constant (B) becomes more than two times
(C) becomes half (D) becomes less than 2 times.
60. A X-ray tube operates at an accelerating potential of 20 kV. Which of the following
wavelengths will be absent in the continuous spectrum of X-ray.
(A) 12 pm (B) 45 pm (C) 65 pm (D) 95 pm
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61. The “K” X-rays emission line of tungsten occurs at  = 0.021 nm. The energy difference
between K and L levels in this atom is about
(A) 0.51 MeV (B) 1.2 MeV (C) 59 keV (D) 13.6 eV
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EXERCISE # (O-2)
1. In photoelectric effect, stopping potential depends on
(A) frequency of the incident light
(B) intensity of the incident light by varies source distance
(C) emitter’s properties
(D) frequency and intensity of the incident light
2. The figure shows the variation of photo current with anode potential for a photosensitive
surface for three different radiations. Let Ia, Ib and Ic be the intensities and fa, fb and fc be the
frequencies for the curves a, b and c respectively:
Photo current
c
b a
O Anode potential
(A) fa = fb (B) Ia < Ib (C) fc < fb (D) Ic > Ib

1
3. A small plate of area 1 cm2 is placed at a distance of m from an isotropic point source

1
emitting light of frequency 1014 Hz, at a power of 2.00 mW. Assume the plate to be
6.63
normal to the incident photons. [Where h = 6.63 × 10–34 J-s]. Select CORRECT alternative(s)
(A) Energy possessed by each photon is 10–20 J
(B) Photon emission rate is 2 × 1017 s–1
1
(C) The fraction of area intercepted by the plate is  10−4
4
12
(D) The rate of photons striking the plate is 5 × 10 per second.
4. A metallic sphere of radius r remote from all other bodies is irradiated with a radiation of
wavelength  which is capable of causing photoelectric effect.
(A) the maximum potential gained by the sphere will be independent of its radius
(B) the net positive charge appearing on the sphere after a long time will depend on the radius
of the sphere
(C) the kinetic energy of the most energetic electrons emanating from the sphere will keep on
declining with time
(D) the kinetic energy of the most energetic electrons emanating from the sphere initially will
be independent of the radius of the sphere.
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5. Two electrons are moving with the same speed v. One electron enters a region of uniform
electric field while the other enters a region of uniform magnetic field, then after sometime if
the de–Broglie wavelengths of the two are 1 and 2, then:
(A) 1 = 2 (B)1 > 2 (C) 1 < 2 (D) 1 > 2 or 1 < 2
6. A particle moves in a closed orbit around the origin, due to a force which is directed towards
the origin. The de Broglie wavelength of the particle varies cyclically between two values 1,
2 with 1 > 2. Which of the following statements is/are true?
(A) The particle could be moving in a circular orbit with origin as centre
(B) The particle could be moving in an elliptic orbit with origin as its focus.
(C) When the de Broglie wave length is 1, the particle is nearer the origin than when its value
is 2.
(D) When the de Broglie wavelength is 2, the particle is nearer the origin than when its value
is 1.
7. An electron in hydrogen atom first jumps from second excited state to first excited state and
then, from first excited state to ground state. Let the ratio of wavelength, momentum and
energy of photons in the two cases be x, y and z, then select the wrong answer/(s) :
(A) z = 1/x (B) x = 9/4 (C) y = 5/27 (D) z = 5/27
8. An electron is in an excited state in hydrogen-like atom. It has a total energy of –3.4 eV. If the
kinetic energy of the electron is E and its de-Broglie wavelength is , then
(A) E = 6.8 eV,  = 6.6 × 10–10 m (B) E = 3.4 eV,  = 6.6 × 10–10 m
(C) E = 3.4 eV,  = 6.6 × 10–11 m (D) E = 6.8 eV,  = 6.6 × 10–11 m
9. A particular hydrogen like atom has its ground state binding energy 122.4eV. It is in ground
state. Then:
(A) Its atomic number is 3
(B) An electron of 90eV can excite it.
(C) An electron of kinetic energy nearly 91.8eV can be brought to almost rest by this atom.
(D) An electron of kinetic energy 2.6eV may emerge from the atom when electron of kinetic
energy 125eV collides with this atom.
10. The energy levels of a hypothetical one electron atom are shown in the figure
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 0 eV
n=5 –0.80 eV
n=4 –1.45 eV
n=3 –3.08 eV
n=2 –5.30 eV
n=1 –15.6 eV
(A) The ionization potential of this atom is 15.6 V
(B) The short wavelength limit of the series terminating at n = 2 is 2339 Å
(C) The excitation potential for the state n = 3 is 12.52 V
(D) Wave number of the photon emitted for the transition n = 3 to n = 1 is 1.009 × 107 m–1
11. A beam of ultraviolet light of all wavelengths passes through hydrogen gas at room
temperature, in the x-direction. Assume that all photons emitted due to electron transition
inside the gas emerge in the y-direction. Let A and B denote the lights emerging from the gas in
the x and y directions respectively.
(A) Some of the incident wavelengths will be absent in A.
(B) Only those wavelengths will be present in B which are absent in A.
(C) B will contain some visible light.
(D) B will contain some infrared light.
12. If radiation of allowed wavelengths from ultraviolet to infrared is passed through hydrogen gas
at room temperature, absorption lines will be observed in the:
(A) Lyman series (B) Balmer series (C) both (A) and (B) (D) neither (A) nor (B)
13. In the hydrogen atom, if the reference level of potential energy is assumed to be zero at the
ground state level. Choose the incorrect statement.
(A) The total energy of the shell increases with increase in the value of n
(B) The total energy of the shell decrease with increase in the value of n.
(C) The difference in total energy of any two shells remains the same.
(D) The total energy at the ground state becomes 13.6 eV.
14. A neutron collides head-on with a stationary hydrogen atom in ground state. Which of the
following statements are correct (Assume that the hydrogen atom and neutron has same mass) :
(A) If kinetic energy of the neutron is less than 20.4 eV collision must be elastic.
(B) If kinetic energy of the neutron is less than 20.4 eV collision may be inelastic.
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(C) Inelastic collision may take place only when initial kinetic energy of neutron is greater than
20.4 eV.
(D) Perfectly inelastic collision cannot take place.
15. A free hydrogen atom in ground state is at rest. A neutron of kinetic energy ‘K’ collides with
the hydrogen atom. After collision hydrogen atom emits two photons in succession one of
which has energy 2.55 eV. (Assume that the hydrogen atom and neutron has same mass)
(A) minimum value of ‘K’ is 25.5 eV.
(B) minimum value of ‘K’ is 12.75 eV
(C) the other photon has energy 10.2 eV
(D) the upper energy level is of excitation energy 12.75 eV.
16. X-rays are produced by accelerating electrons across a given potential difference to strike a
metal target of high atomic number. If the electrons have same speed when they strike the
target, the X-ray spectrum will exhibit.
(A) a minimum wavelength
(B) a continuous spectrum
(C) some discrete comparatively prominent wavelength
(D) uniform density over the whole spectrum
17. In a Coolidge tube experiment, the minimum wavelength of the continuous X-ray spectrum is
equal to 66.3 pm, then
(A) electrons accelerate through a potential difference of 12.75 kV in the Coolidge tube
(B) electrons accelerate through a potential difference of 18.75 kV in the Coolidge tube
(C) de-Broglie wavelength of the electrons reaching the anticathode is of the order of 10mm.
(D) de-Broglie wavelength of the electrons reaching the anticathode is 0.01Å.
18. The potential difference applied to an X-ray tube is increased. As a result, in the emitted
radiation:
(A) the intensity increases (B) the minimum wave length increases
(C) the intensity decreases (D) the minimum wave length decreases
Paragraph for Q. 19 to 21
During the study of cathode rays some invisible rays emerged out from the tube which was not
even stopped when tube was wrapped several fold by black paper. They were called as X-rays
which travel by speed of light. These rays are produced by bombarding highly energetic
electrons on a heavy target having high melting point. When electrons enter the target, they are
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decelerated by lattice and according to electromagnetic theory they emit radiations which is
called X-radiation. But only a fraction (0.5%) of incident electron energy is converted into X-
radiation and remaining converts into heat that’s why target metal used is of high melting point.
Study of X-ray spectra when linked with quantum theory explain that there are two types of
spectra ‘continuous’ and ‘characteristic’.
There is existence of definite minimum wavelength in continuous spectrum which indicates
complete conversion of energy of electron in photon energy and characteristic spectra is
because of knocking out of electrons of the atoms from inner most shells by accelerated
electron and subsequent fall back of same electron or of another electron in gap created in inner
shells. The tube in which this experiment is carried out is having high vacuum. The X-rays are
of order of 1 × 10–10 m wavelength. They travel in straight lines and cannot be deflected by
electric magnetic fields. They can also ionize a gas.
19. The potential difference applied to an X-ray tube is increased. Therefore in emitted radiation
(A) Intensity will increase
(B) Minimum wavelength will increase
(C) Intensity remains same and minimum wavelength decreases
(D) Intensity decreases and minimum wavelength increases
20. An X-ray tube operates at 3 × 104 volts and current through it is 2 mA. The electric power
input, no. of electrons striking target in one second and lower wavelength limit of X-rays
emitted are respectively
(A) 60 W, 1.25 × 1016, 0.41 Å (B) 60 mW, 1.25 × 1016, 0.82 Å
(C) 30 W, 1.6 × 1019, 0.82 Å (D) 30 mW, 1.6 × 1024, 0.41 Å
21. In X-ray tube, the beam coming out will be

(A) having all wavelength from zero to infinity
(B) having all wavelengths from some minimum value to infinity
(C) having all wavelength from some minimum value to maximum value
(D) having all wavelength from zero to fixed maximum value
22. Some quantities related to the photoelectric effect are mentioned under Column I and Column
II. Match each quantity in Column I with the corresponding quantities in Column II on which
it depends
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IIT- JEE- 2021- 2022
Column I Column II
(A) Saturation current (P) Frequency of light
(B) Stopping potential (Q) Work function
(C) de-Broglie wavelength of photoelectron (R) Area of photosensitive plate
(D) Force due to radiation falling on the photo-plate (S) Intensity of light (at constant frequency)
(T) None of these
23. When we write expression for energy of electron in nth orbit of helium ion (He+) we take zero
potential energy for n = , but the potential energy depends on reference. If we take total
energy of atom for n = 1 orbit as zero then
Column–I Column–II
(A) Total energy of electron in n = 2 (P) 54.4 eV
(B) Ionization energy from ground state (Q) 40.8 eV
(C) Energy required to exit electron from n = 1 to n = 2 (R) depends on reference level
(D) Negative of potential energy of electron in n = 1 (S) independent of reference level.
(T) 70.3 eV
24. In each situation of column–I a physical quantity related to orbiting electron in a hydrogen like
atom is given. The terms 'Z' and 'n' given in column–II have usual meaning in Bohr's theory.
Match the quantities in column–I with the terms they depend on in column–II :
Column-I Column-II
(A) Frequency of orbiting electron (P) Is directly proportional to Z2
(B) Angular momentum of orbiting electron (Q) Is directly proportional to n
(C) Magnetic moment of orbiting electron (R) Is inversely proportional to n3
(D) The average current due to orbiting of (S) Is independent of Z
electron (T) None of these
25. Match the entries of column–I with the entries of column–II :

Column-I Column-II
(I) Characteristic X-ray (P) Inverse process of photoelectric effect
(II) Photoelectric effect (Q) Emission of electrons
(III) Thermo-ionic emission (R) Moseley's law
(IV) Continuous X-ray (S) Emission of radiations
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IIT- JEE- 2021- 2022
Then choose the correct matching.

(A) (i) → (RS) ; (ii) → (RS) ; (iii) → (S) ; (iv) → (PS)
(B) (i) → (RS) ; (ii) → (Q) ; (iii) → (Q) ; (iv) → (PS)
(C) (i) → (RS) ; (ii) → (S) ; (iii) → (S) ; (iv) → (PRS)
(D) (i) → (RS) ; (ii) → (Q) ; (iii) → (Q) ; (iv) → (PRS)
26.  versus Z graph for characteristic X–rays is as shown in figure. Match the following :
 1
2 3
4
Z
Column I Column II
(A) Line – 1 (P) L
(B) Line – 2 (Q) L
(C) Line – 3 (R) K
(D) Line – 4 (S) K
(T) Both K and L
Paragraph for question nos. 27 to 29

The circuit shown is placed in vacuum. Both the capacitors are identical
and they have the same capacitance C. Light is incident on the left plate of
the upper capacitor. When all the switches are open then the hf versus
KEmax is shown by the straight line (1). In all the cases, we are measuring S1 S3 S2 S4
the KEmax when the electron reaches the opposite plate. V
When only S1 the switches and S2 are closed, the graph becomes (2).
When only S3 and S4 are closed then the graph becomes (3).
27. What is the work function of the cathode?

(A) E (B) E1 (C) E + E1 (D) none of these
28. What is the value of eV?

(A) E (B) E1 (C) E + E1 (D) none of these
29. What is the value of E1?

(A) 3E (B) 3E/2 (C) E/2 (D) none of these
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IIT- JEE- 2021- 2022
Paragraph for Question Nos. 30 to 32

An electron is orbiting in a circular orbit of radius r under the influence of a constant strong
magnetic field of strength B. Assuming that Bohr’s postulate regarding the quantisation of
angular momentum holds good for this electron, find
 h 
30. The allowed values of the radius ‘r’ of the orbit  here a 0 = 
 2eB 

1
(A) r = n a0 (B) r = n a0 (C) r = 2 n a0 (D) None of these
2
31. The time period of revolution of electron in nth orbit is :-
3m m m 2 m
(A) (B) (C) (D)
eB eB 2eB eB
32. The total magnetic flux due to the magnetic field B passing through the nth orbit
2n h nh nh 4n h
(A)  = (B)  = (C)  = (D)  =
e e 2e e
33. Figure shows a Coolidge tube being used to produce X-ray. Column–I shows change in various
parameters while column–II shows effects occurring due to change in the parameters. Match
them correctly. Initially filament circuit is in resonance condition and M series X-ray was
obtained. The emitted X-rays were incident on a metallic target, such that photo electrons were
emitted.
Electric filament
Coolant
V1 = V0sint ~
L
X-ray
C
Battery
V2
metallic
target
(A) On increasing frequency () of AC source (P) Photo current from metallic target
increases
(B) On increasing pressure of gas inside the (Q) Photo current from metallic target
tube keeping temperature of gas constant decreases
(C) On increasing peak voltage (V0) of AC (R) Penetrating power of X-ray increases
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IIT- JEE- 2021- 2022
(D) On increasing emf (V2) of battery. (S) Spectrum has more number of
characteristic X-ray lines.
(T) Temperature of coolant at output
would be higher.
EXERCISE # (JM)
1. The threshold frequency for a metallic surface corresponds to an energy of 6.2 eV and the
stopping potential for a radiation incident on this surface is 5V. The incident radiation lies in-
[AIEEE-2006]
(1) ultra-violet region (2) infra-red region (3) visible region (4) X-ray region
2. The time taken by a photoelectron to come out after the photon strikes is approximately-
(1) 10–4 s (2) 10–10s (3) 10–16 (4) 10–1 s [AIEEE-2006]
3. The anode voltage of a photocell is kept fixed. The wavelength  of the light falling on the cathode
is gradually changed. The plate current I of the photocell vary as follows: [AIEEE-2006]
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4. Photon of frequency  has a momentum associated with it. If c is the velocity of light, the
momentum is-
(1) /c (2) hc (3) h/c2 (4) h/c [AIEEE-2007]
5. Which of the following transitions in hydrogen atoms emit photons of highest frequency ?
(1) n = 2 to n = 6 (2) n = 6 to n = 2 (3) n = 2 to n = 1 (4) n = 1 to n = 2
k
6. Suppose an electron is attracted towards the origin by a force where ‘k’ is a constant and 'r'
r
is the distance of the electron from the origin. By applying Bohr model to this system, the
radius of the nth orbital of the electron is found to be ‘rn’ and the kinetic energy of the electron
to be ‘Tn’. Then which of the following is true? [AIEEE-2008]
1
(1) Tn  2 , rn  n (2) Tn independent of n, nr  n
2
n
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IIT- JEE- 2021- 2022
1 1
(3) Tn  , rn  n (4) Tn  , rn  n 2
n n
7. The transition from the state n = 4 to n = 3 in a hydrogen like atom results in ultraviolet
radiation. Infrared radiation will be obtained in the transition from: - [AIEEE-2009]
(1) 4 → 2 (2) 5 → 4 (3) 2 → 1 (4) 3 → 2
8. The surface of a metal is illuminated with the light of 400 nm. The kinetic energy of the ejected
photoelectrons was found to be 1.68 eV. The work function of the metal is : (hc = 1240 eV-nm)
[AIEEE-2009]
(1) 1.51 eV (2) 1.68 eV (3) 3.09 eV (4) 1.41 eV
Directions: Question number 9 contains Statement-1 and Statement-2. Of the four choices
given after the statements, choose the one that best describes the two statements.
9. Statement-1 : When ultraviolet light is incident on a photocell, its stopping potential is V0 and
the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is Kmax. When the ultraviolet light is
replaced by X-rays, both V0 and Kmax increase.
Statement-2 : Photoelectrons are emitted with speeds ranging from zero to a maximum value
because of the range of frequencies present in the incident light. [AIEEE - 2010]
(1) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false
(2) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is the correct explanation of
Statement–1
(3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is not the correct explanation of
Statement–1
(4) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true
10. If a source of power 4kW produces 1020 photons/second, the radiation belongs to a part of the
spectrum called :- [AIEEE-2010]
(1) -rays (2) X-rays (3) ultraviolet rays (4) microwaves
11. Energy required for the electron excitation in Li++ from the first to the third Bohr orbit is:-
(1) 108.8 eV (2) 122.4 eV (3) 12.1 eV (4) 36.3 eV [AIEEE-2011]
12. This question has Statement-1 and Statement-2. Of the four choices given after the statements,
choose the one that best describes the two statements.
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IIT- JEE- 2021- 2022
Statement–1: A metallic surface is irradiated by a monochromatic light of frequency v > v0

(the threshold frequency). The maximum kinetic energy and the stopping potential are Kmax and
V0 respectively. If the frequency incident on the surface is doubled, both the Kmax and V0 are
also doubled.
Statement-2: The maximum kinetic energy and the stopping potential of photoelectrons emitted
from a surface are linearly dependent on the frequency of incident light. [AIEEE-2011]
(1) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true, Statement–2 is not the correct explanation of
Statement–1
(2) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true
(3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false
(4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true, Statement–2 is the correct explanation of
Statement–1
13. Hydrogen atom is excited from ground state to another state with principal quantum number
equal to 4. Then the number of spectral lines in the emission spectra will be :- [AIEEE-2012]
(1) 6 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 5
14. The anode voltage of photocell is kept fixed. The wavelength  of the light falling on the
cathode is gradually changed. The plate current I of the photocell vary as follows: [AIEEE-2013]
(1) (2) (3) (4)
15. In a hydrogen like atom electron makes transition from an energy level with quantum number n
to another with quantum number (n–1). If n >> 1, the frequency of radiation emitted is
proportional to : [JEE Main-2013]
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 3
n n n 2 n
16. As an electron makes a transition from an excited state to the ground state of a hydrogen - like
atom/ion: [JEE Main-2015]
(1) kinetic energy decreases, potential energy increases but total ene0rgy remains same
(2) kinetic energy and total energy decrease but potential energy increases
(3) its kinetic energy increases but potential energy and total energy decreases
(4) kinetic energy, potential energy and total energy decrease
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IIT- JEE- 2021- 2022
17. Match List-I (Fundament Experiment) with List-II (its conclusion) and select the correct option
from the choices given below the list: [JEE Main-2015]
(1) A-ii, B-i, C-iii (2) A-iv, B-iii, C-ii (3) A-i, B-iv, C-iii (4) A-ii, B-iv, C-iii
18. Radiation of wavelength , is incident on a photocell. The fastest emitted electron has speed .
3
If the wavelength of changed to , the speed of the fastest emitted electron will be:- [JEE Main-2016]
4
1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2
3 4 4 4
(1) =    (2)     (3)     (4) =   
5 3 3 3
19. An electron beam is accelerated by a potential difference V to hit a metallic target to produce
X-rays. It produces continuous as well as characteristic X-rays. If min is the smallest possible
wavelength of X-ray in the spectrum, the variation of log min with log V is correctly
represented in : [JEE Main-2017]
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
20. Some energy levels of a molecule are shown in the figure. The ratio of the wavelengths
r = 1/2, is given by : [JEE Main-2017]
Modern Physics-1_
IIT- JEE- 2021- 2022
3 1 4 2
(1) r = (2) r = (3) r = (4) r =
4 3 3 3
m
21. A particle A of mass m and initial velocity v collides with a particle B of mass which is at
2
rest. The collision is head on, and elastic. The ratio of the de–Broglie wavelengths A to B
after the collision is: [JEE Main-2017]
A 2 A 1 A 1 A
(1) = (2) = (3) = (4) =2
B 3 B 2 B 3 B
22. If the series limit frequency of the Lyman series is L, then the series limit frequency of the
Pfund series is: [JEE Main-2018]
(1) L/25 (2) L (3) L (4) L\16
23. An electron from various excited states of hydrogen atom emit radiation to come to the ground
state. Let n, g be the de broglie wavelengths of the electron in nth state and the ground state
respectively. Let n be the wavelength of the emitted photon in the transition from the nth state
to the ground state. For large n, (A,B are constants) [JEE Main-2018]
B
(1)  2n   (2)  n  A + 2 (3)  n  A + B n (4)  2n  A + B 2n
n
24. Surface of certain metal is first illuminated with light of wavelength 1 =350 nm and then, by
light of wavelength 2 = 54D nm. It is found that the maximum speed of the photo electron in
the two cases differ by a factor of 2. The work function of the metal (in eV) is close to :
1240
(energy of photon = eV ) [JEE Main-2019]
(innm)
(1) 1.8 (2) 1.4 (3) 2.5 (4) 5.6
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IIT- JEE- 2021- 2022
25. The magnetic field associated with a light wave is given, at the origin, by
B = B0 [sin(3.14 × 107)ct + sin(6.28 × 107)ct]. If this light falls on a silver plate having a work
function of 4.7 eV, what will be the maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons ?
(c = 3 × l08ms–1, h = 6.6 × 10–34 J-s) [JEE Main-2019]
(1) 12.5 eV (2) 8.52 eV (3) 6.82 eV (4) 7.72 eV
26. A metal plate of area 1 × 10–4 m2 is illuminated by a radiation of intensity 16 mW/m2.The work
function of the metal is 5eV. The energy of the incident photons is 10eV and only 10% of it
produces photo electrons. The number of emitted photo electrons per second and their
maximum energy, respectively, will be : [1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19J] [JEE Main-2019]
12 10 14 11
(1) 10 and 5 eV (2) 10 and 5 eV (3) 10 and 10 eV (4) 10 and 5 eV
27. A hydrogen atom, initially in the ground state is excited by absorbing a photon of
wavelength 980Å. The radius of the atom in the excited state, it terms of Bohr radius a0, will be
: (hc = 12500 eV – Å) [JEE Main-2019]
(1) 9a0 (2) 4a0 (3) 25a0 (4) 16a0
28. If the deBronglie wavelenght of an electron is equal to 10–3 times the wavelength of a photon of
frequency 6 × 1014 Hz, then the speed of electron is equal to :
(Speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s [JEE Main-2019]
–34
Planck's constant = 6.63 × 10 J.s
Mass of electron = 9.1 × 10–31 kg)
(1) 1.7 × 106 m/s (2) 1.45 × 106 m/s (3) 1.1 × 106 m/s (4) 1.8 × 106 m/s
29. In a hydrogen like atom, when an electron jumps from the M - shell to the L- shell, the
wavelength of emitted radiation is . If an electron jumps from N-shell to the L-shell, the
wavelength of emitted radiation will be :- [JEE Main-2019]
27 20 16 25
(1)  (2)  (3)  (4) 
20 27 25 16
30. In a photoelectric experiment, the wavelength of the light incident on a metal is changed from
 hc 
300 nm to 400 nm. The decrease in the stopping potential is close to :  = 1240nm − V 
 e 
[JEE Main-2019]
(1) 2.0 V (2) 1.0 V (3) 0.5 V (4) 1.5 V
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31. A particle A of mass 'm' and charge 'q' is accelerated by a potential difference of 50 V. Another
particle B of mass '4 m' and charge 'q' is accelerated by a potential difference of 2500 V. The

ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths A is close to : [JEE Main-2019]
B
(1) 10.00 (2) 0.07 (3) 4.47 (4) 14.14
1 2
32. kr . If Bohr's
A particle of mass m moves in a circular orbit in a central potential field U(r) =
2
quantization conditions are applied, radii of possible orbitals and energy levels vary with
quantum number n as: [JEE Main-2019]
1 1
(1) rn  n , E n  (2) rn  n 2 , E n  2 (3) rn  n, E n  n (4) rn  n, En  n
n n
33. When a certain photosensitive surface is illuminated with monochromatic light of frequency ,
the stopping potential for the photo current is –V0/2. When the surface is illuminated by
monochromatic light of frequency /2, the stopping potential is –V0. The threshold frequency
for photoelectric emission is: [JEE Main-2019]
4 3 5
(1) 2v (2) (3) (4)
3 2 3
34. In a Frank-Hertz experiment, an electron of energy 5.6eV passes through mercury vapour and
emerges with an energy 0.7eV. The minimum wavelength of photons emitted by mercury
atoms is close to :- [JEE Main-2019]
(1) 220 nm (2) 1700nm (3) 250 nm (4) 2020 nm
35. Radiation coming from transitions n = 2 to n = 1 of hydrogen atoms fall on He+ ions in
n = 1 and n = 2 states. The possible transition of helium ions as they absorb energy from the
radiation is [JEE Main-2019]
(1) n = 2 → n = 5 (2) n = 2 → n =4 (3) n = 2 → n = 3 (4) n = 1 → n = 4
36. Two particles move at right angle to each other. The de Broglie wavelengths are 1 and 2
respectively. The particles suffer perfectly inelastic collision. The de Broglie wavelength , of
the final particle, is given by [JEE Main-2019]
1 1 1 2 1 1  + 2
(1) 2 = 2 + 2 (2)  = 1 2 (3) = + (4)  = 1
 1  2  1  2 2
40
37. The ratio of mass densities of nuclei of Ca and 16 O is close to : [JEE Main-2019]
(1) 1 (2) 0.1 (3) 2 (4) 5
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38. A nucleus A, with a finite de–broglie wavelength A, undregoes spontaneous fission into two
nuclei B and C of equal mass. B flies in the same direction as that of A, while C flies in the
opposite direction with a velocity equal to half of that of B. The de–Broglie wavelengths B
and C of B and C are respectively : [JEE Main-2019]
A A
(1)  A , (2) 2A, A (3) , A (4) A, 2A
2 2
ur 2x
39. The electric field of the light wave is given as E = 10−3 cos  −7
 N
− 2 6 1014 t  xˆ This
 5 10  C
light falls on a metal plate of work function 2eV. The stopping potential of the photo-electrons
is:
12375
Given, E (in eV) = o [JEE Main-2019]
(A)
(1) 0.48 V (2) 2.0 V (3) 0.72 V (4) 2.48 V
40. Taking the wavelength of first Balmer line in hydrogen spectrum (n = 3 to n = 2) as 660 nm,
the wavelength of the 2nd Balmer line (n = 4 to n = 2) will be: [JEE Main-2019]
(1) 388.9 nm (2) 488.9 nm (3) 642.7 nm (4) 889.2 nm
41. A particle 'P' is formed due to a completely inelastic collision of particles 'x' and ‘y' having
de-Broglie wavelengths '' and 'y' respectively. If x and y were moving in opposite directions,
then the de-Broglie wavelength of 'P' is : [JEE Main-2019]
xy xy
(1) (2) (3) x + y (4) x –y
x + y x − y
42. A He+ ion is in its first excited state. Its ionization energy is : [JEE Main-2019]
(1) 6.04 eV (2) 54.40 eV (3) 48.36 eV (4) 13.60 eV
43. In a photoelectric effect experiment the threshold wavelength of light is 380 nm. If the
wavelength of incident light is 260 nm, the maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons will
be : [JEE Main-2019]
(1) 15.1 eV (2) 4.5 eV (3) 3.0 eV (4) 1.5 eV
44. Two radioactive materials A and B have decay constants 10 and  respectively. If initially
they have the same number of nuclei, then the ratio of the number of nuclei of A to that of B
will be 1/e after a time : [JEE Main-2019]
1 11 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
11 10  9 10 
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45. A 2 mW laser operates at a wavelength of 500 nm. The number of photons that will be emitted
per second is : [JEE Main-2019]
[Given Planck’s constant h = 6.6×10–34 Js, speed of light c = 3.0×108 m/s]
(1) 2×1016 (2) 1×1016 (3) 1.5×1016 (4) 5×1015
46. In Li+ +, electron in first Bohr orbit is excited to a level by a radiation of wavelength . When
the ion gets deexcited to the ground state in all possible ways (including intermediate
emissions), a total of six spectral lines are observed. What is the value of  ? (Given : h = 6.63
× 10–34 Js; c = 3 × 108 ms–1) [JEE Main-2019]
(1) 12.3 nm (2) 9.4 nm (3) 11.4 nm (4) 10.8 nm
47. Light is incident normally on a completely absorbing surface with an energy flux of
25 Wcm–2. If the surface has an area of 25 cm2, the momentum transferred to the surface in 40
min time duration will be : [JEE Main-2019]
–4 –6 –3
(1) 6.3 × 10 Ns (2) 1.4 × 10 Ns (3) 5.0 × 10 Ns (4) 3.5 × 10–6 Ns
48. An excited He+ ion emits two photons in succession, with wavelengths 108.5 nm and 30.4 nm,
in making a transition to ground state. The quantum number n, corresponding to its initial
1240eV
excited state is (for photon of wavelength , energy E = ) [JEE Main-2019]
(in nm)
(1) n = 5 (2) n = 6 (3) n = 4 (4) n = 7
49. The stopping potential V0 (in volt) as a function of frequency () for a sodium emitter, is
shown in the figure. The work function of sodium, from the data plotted in the figure, will be :
[JEE Main-2019]
(Given: Planck's constant (h) = 6.63 × 10 –34 Js, electron charge e = 1.6 × 10 –19 C)
(1) 1.66 eV (2) 1.82 eV (3) 1.95 eV (4) 2.12 eV
50. Half lives of two radioactive nuclei A and B are 10 minutes and 20 minutes, respectively. If,
initially a sample has equal number of nuclei, then after 60 minutes, the ratio of decayed
numbers of nuclei A and B will be: [JEE Main-2019]
(1) 3 : 8 (2) 1 : 8 (3) 8 : 1 (4) 9 : 8
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51. Consider an electron in a hydrogen atom, revolving in its second excited state (having radius
4.65 Å). The de-Broglic wavelength of this electron is : [JEE Main-2019]
(1) 3.5 Å (2) 12.9 Å (3) 6.6 Å (4) 9.7 Å
52. The electron in a hydrogen atom first jumps from the third excited state to the second excited

state and subsequently to the first excited state. The ratio of the respective wavelengths, 1 , of
2
the photons emitted in this process is : [JEE Main-2019]
27 7 20 9
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 5 7 7
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EXERCISE # (JA)
1. If the atom 100Fm257 follows the Bohr model and the radius of 100Fm257 is n times the Bohr
radius, then find n.
(A) 100 (B) 200 (C) 4 (D) 1/4 [JEE 2003]
2. The attractive potential for an atom is given by v = v0 ln, (r/r0) v0 and r0 are constant and r is the
radius of the orbit. The radius r of the nth Bohr's orbit depends upon principal quantum number
n as : [JEE' 2003 (Scr)]
(A) r  n (B) r  1/n 2
(C) r  n 2
(D) r  1/n
3. Frequency of a photon emitted due to transition of electron of a certain element from L to K

shell is found to be 4.2 × 1018 Hz. Using Moseley's law, find the atomic number of the element,
given that the Rydberg's constant R = 1.1 × 107 m–1. [JEE' 2003]
4. In a photoelectric experiment set up, photons of energy 5 eV fall on the cathode having work
function 3 eV.
(a) If the saturation current is iA = 4A for intensity 10–5 W/m2, then plot a graph between
anode potential and current.
(b) Also draw a graph for intensity of incident radiation of 2 × 10–5 W/m2. [JEE' 2003]
5. In a photoelectric experiment anode potential is plotted against plate current [JEE-2004 (Scr.)]
I
B
C
A
(A) A and B will have different intensities while B and C will have different frequencies.
(B) B and C will have different intensities while A and C will have different frequencies.
(C) A and B will have different intensities while A and C will have equal frequencies.
(D) A and B will have equal intensities while B and C will have different frequencies.
6. A proton has kinetic energy E = 100 keV which is equal to that of a photon. The wavelength of
photon is 2 and that of proton is 1. The ratio of 2 / 1 is proportional to [JEE-2004 (Scr.)]
(A) E2 (B) E1/2 (C) E–1 (D) E–2
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7. In a photoelectric setup, the radiations from the Balmer series of hydrogen atom are incident
on a metal surface of work function 2eV. The wavelength of incident radiations lies between
450 nm to 700 nm. Find the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectron emitted.
(Given hc/e = 1242 eV-nm).
8. The wavelength of K X-ray of an element having atomic number Z = 11 is . The wavelength
of K X-ray of another element of atomic number Z' is 4. Then Z' is [JEE' 2005 (Scr)]
(A) 11 (B) 44 (C) 6 (D) 4
9. A photon of 10.2 eV energy collides with a hydrogen atom in ground state inelastically. After
few microseconds one more photon of energy 15 eV collides with the same hydrogen atom.
Then what can be detected by a suitable detector.
(A) one photon of 10.2 eV and an electron of energy 1.4 eV
(B) 2 photons of energy 10.2 eV
(C) 2 photons of energy 3.4 eV
(D) 1 photon of 3.4 eV and one electron of 1.4 eV [JEE' 2005 (Scr)]
10. In Young’s double slit experiment an electron beam is used to form a fringe pattern instead of
light. If speed of the electrons is increased then the fringe width will : [JEE' 2005 (Scr)]
(A) increase (B) decrease
(C) remain same (D) no fringe pattern will be formed
11. The potential energy of a particle of mass m is given by

E 0  x 1 
V(x) =  0 
0 x 1 
1 and 2 are the De-Broglie wavelengths of the particle, when 0  x  1 and x > 1 respectively.
If the total energy of particle is 2E0, find 1/2. [JEE 2005]
12. The graph between 1/ and stopping potential (V) of three metals having work functions 1, 2
and 3 in an experiment of photo-electric effect is plotted as shown in the figure. Which of the
following statement(s) is/are correct? [Here 
is the wavelength of the incident ray].
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(A) Ratio of work functions 1 : 2 : 3 = 1 : 2 : 4

(B) Ratio of work functions 1 : 2 : 3 = 4 : 2 : 1
(C) tan  is directly proportional to hc/e, where h is Planck’s constant and c is the speed of light
(D) The violet colour light can eject photoelectrons from metals 2 and 3. [JEE 2006]
13. In hydrogen-like atom (Z = 11), nth line of Lyman series has wavelength  equal to the de-
Broglie’s wavelength of electron in the level from which it originated. What is the value of n?
[Take: Bohr radius (r0) = 0.53 Å and Rydberg constant (R) = 1.1 × 107 m–1] [JEE 2006]
14. The largest wavelength in the ultraviolet region of the hydrogen spectrum is 122 nm. The smallest
wavelength in the infrared region of the hydrogen spectrum (to the nearest integer) is [JEE 2007]
(A) 802 nm (B) 823 nm (C) 1882 nm (D) 1648 nm
15. Statement-1: If the accelerating potential in an X-ray tube is increased, the wavelengths of the
characteristic X-rays do not change. [JEE 2007]
Because
Statement-2: When an electron beam strikes the target in an X-ray tube, part of the kinetic
energy is converted into X-ray energy.
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true;Statemeni-2 is the correct explanation of
Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true;Statemeni-2 is NOT the correct explanation of
Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(D) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
16. Electrons with de-Broglie wavelength  fall on the target in an X-ray tube. The cut-off
wavelength of the emitted X-rays is [JEE 2007]
2mcλ 2
2h 2m c λ
2 2 2
(A) λ 0 = (B) λ 0 = (C) λ 0 = (D) 0 = 
h mc h2
17. Which of the following statements is WRONG in the context of X-rays generated from an
X-ray tube? [JEE 2008]
(A) Wavelength of characteristic X-rays decreases when the atomic number of the target
increases
(B) Cut-off wavelength of the continuous X-rays depends on the atomic number of the target
(C) Intensity of the characteristic X-rays depends on the electrical power given to the X-rays
tube
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(D) Cut-off wavelength of the continuous X-rays depends on the energy of the electrons in the
X-ray tube.
Paragraph for Q.No. 18 to 20
In a mixture of H - He gas (He+ is singly ionized He atom), H atoms and He+ ions are excited to
+
their respective first excited states. Subsequently, H atoms transfer their total excitation energy to
He+ ions (by collisions). Assume that the Bohr model of atom is exactly valid. [JEE 2008]
18. The quantum number n of the state finally populated in He+ ions is
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
19. The wavelength of light emitted in the visible region by He+ ions after collisions with H atoms is
(A) 6.5 ×10–7 m (B) 5.6 × 10–7 m (C) 4.8 × 10–7 m (D) 4.0 × 10–7 m
20. The ratio of the kinetic energy of the n = 2 electron for the H atom to that of He+ ion is
1 1
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) 2
4 2
When a particle is restricted to move along x-axis between x = 0 and x = a, where a is of
nanometer dimension, its energy can take only certain specific values. The allowed energies of
the particle moving in such a restricted region, correspond to the formation of standing waves
with nodes at its ends x = 0 and x = a. The wavelength of this standing wave is related to the
linear momentum p of the particle according to the de Broglie relation. The energy of the
p2
particle of mass m is related to its linear momentum as E = . Thus, the energy of the
2m
particle can be denoted by a quantum number ‘n’ taking values 1,2,3, ... (n = l, called the
ground state) corresponding to the number of loops in the standing wave. Use the model
described above to answer the following three questions for a particle moving in the line x = 0
to x = a. Take h = 6.6 × 10–34 Js and e = 1.6 × 10–19 C. [JEE-2009]
21. The allowed energy for the particle for a particular value of n is proportional to
(A) a–2 (B) a–3/2 (C) a–1 (D) a2
22. If the mass of the particle is m = 1.0 × 10–30 kg and a = 6.6 nm, the energy of the particle in its
ground state is closest to:
(A) 0.8 meV (B) 8 meV (C) 80 meV (D) 800 meV
23. The speed of the particle, that can take discrete values, is proportional to
(A) n–3/2 (B) n–1 (C) n1/2 (D) n
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24. Photoelectric effect experiments are performed using three different metal plates p, q and r
having work functions fp = 2.0 eV, fq = 2.5 eV and fr = 3.0 eV, respectively. A light beam
containing wavelengths of 550 nm, 450 nm and 350 nm with equal intensities illuminates each
of the plates. The correct I-V graph for the experiment is : [JEE 2009]
I I
p
q
(A) (B)
r p
q
r
V V
I I
r
(C) q (D)
p r q
p
V V
25. An –particle and a proton are accelerated from rest by a potential difference of 100 V. After
p
this, their de Broglie wavelengths are  and p respectively. The ratio , to the nearest

integer, is [JEE 2010]

The key feature of Bohr’s theory of spectrum of hydrogen atom is the quantization of angular
momentum when an electron is revolving around a proton. We will extend this to a general
rotational motion to find quantized rotational energy of a diatomic molecule assuming it to be
rigid. The rule to be applied is Bohr’s quantization condition. [JEE 2010]
26. A diatomic molecule has moment of inertia I. By Bohr’s quantization condition its rotational
energy in the nth level (n =0 is not allowed) is
1  h2  1  h2   h2   h2 
(A)   (B)   (C) n  2  (D) n 2  2 
n 2  82I  n  8 2 I   8 I   8 I 
27. It is found that the excitation frequency from ground to the first excited state of rotation for the
4
CO molecule is close to 1011 Hz . Then the moment of inertia of CO molecule about its

center of mass is close to [Take h = 210–34 Js)
(A) 2.76  10–46 kg m2 (B) 1.87  10–46 kg m2
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(C) 4.67  10–47 kg m2 (D) 1.17  10–47 kg m2
28. In a CO molecule, the distance between C (mass = 12 a.m.u.) and O (mass = 16 a.m.u.), where
5
1 a.m.u. = 10−27 kg
3
(A) 2.4  10–10m (B) 1.9  10–10m (C) 1.3  10–10m (D) 4.4  10–11m
29. The wavelength of the first spectral line in the Balmer series of hydrogen atom is 6561 Å. The
wavelength of the second spectral line in the Balmer series of singly-ionized helium atom is
(A) 1215 Å (B) 1640Å (C) 2430Å (D) 4687Å [JEE 2011]
Paragraph for Question Nos. 30 and 31

A dense collection of equal number of electrons and positive ions is called neutral plasma.
Certain solids containing fixed positive ions surrounded by free electrons can be treated as
neutral plasma. Let ‘N’ be the number density of free electrons, each of mass ‘m’. When the
electrons are subjected to an electric field, they are displaced relatively away from the heavy
positive ions. If the electric field becomes zero, the electrons begin to oscillate about the
positive ions with a natural angular frequency ‘’, which is called the plasma frequency. To
sustain the oscillations, a time varying electric field needs to be applied that has an angular
frequency , where a part of the energy is absorbed and a part of it is reflected. As 
approaches , all the free electrons are set to resonance together and all the energy is reflected.
This is the explanation of high reflectivity of metals. [JEE 2011]
30. Taking the electronic charge as ‘e’ and the permittivity as ‘0’, use dimensional analysis to
determine the correct expression for .
Ne m 0 Ne 2 m 0
(A) (B) (C) (D)
m 0 Ne m 0 Ne 2
31. Estimate the wavelength at which plasma reflection will occur for a metal having the density of
electrons N   × 1027m –3. Take   10–11 and m  –30, where these quantities are in proper
SI units
(A) 800 nm (B) 600 nm (C) 300 nm (D) 200 nm
32. A silver sphere of radius 1 cm and work function 4.7 eV is suspended from an insulating thread in
free-space. It is under continuous illumination of 200 nm wavelength light. As photoelectrons are
emitted, the sphere gets charged and acquires a potential. The maximum number of photoelectrons
emitted from the sphere is A × 10Z (where 1 < A < 10). The value of ‘Z’ is [JEE 2011]
33. A proton is fired from very far away towards a nucleus with charge Q = 120 e, where e is the
electronic charge. It makes a closest approach of 10 fm to the nucleus. The de Broglie
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wavelength (in units of fm) of the proton at its start is (Take : The proton mass,
1
mP = (5/3) × 10–27 kg; h/e = 4.2 × 10–15 J.s/C; = 9 ×109 m/F; 1 fm = 10–15m) [JEE 2012]
4 0
Paragraph for Questions 34 and 35
The -decay process, discovered around 1900, is basically the decay of a neutron (n). In the
laboratory, a proton (p) and an electron (e–) are observed as the decay products of the neutron.
Therefore, considering the decay of a neutron as a two-body decay process, it was predicted
theoretically that the kinetic energy of the electron should be a constant. But experimentally, it
was observed that the electron kinetic energy has a continuous spectrum. Considering a three-
r
body decay process, i.e. n → p + e– + v e , around 1930, Pauli explained the observed electron
r
energy spectrum. Assuming the antineutrino ( v e ) to be massless and possessing negligible
energy, and the neutron to be at rest, momentum and energy conservation principles are
applied. From this calculation, the maximum kinetic energy of the electron is 0.8 × 106 eV. The
kinetic energy carried by the proton is only the recoil energy.
34. If the anti-neutrino had a mass of 3 eV/c2 (where c is the speed of light) instead of zero mass,
what should be the range of the kinetic energy, K, of the electron? [JEE 2012]
(A) 0  K  0.8106 eV (B) 3.0eV  K  0.8106 eV
(C) 3.0eV  K < 0.8106 eV (D) 0  K < 0.8106 eV
35. What is the maximum energy of the anti-neutrino? [JEE 2012]

(A) zero (B) much less than 0.8 ×106 eV
(C) Nearly 0.8 × 106 eV (D) Much larger than 0.8 × 106 eV
36. The work functions of Silver and sodium are 4.6 and 2.3 eV, respectively. The ratio of the
slope of the stopping potential versus frequency plot for Silver to that of Sodium is.[JEE 2013]
37. The radius of the orbit of an electron in a Hydrogen-like atom is 4.5 a0, where a0 is the Bohr
3h
radius. Its orbital angular momentum is . It is given that h is Planck constant and R is
2
Rydberg constant. The possible wavelength (s), when the atom de-excites, is (are) [JEE 2013]
9 9 9 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
32R 16R 5R 3R
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38. If cu is the wavelength of K X-ray line of copper (atomic number 29) and  M0 is the
wavelength of the K X-ray line of molybdenum (atomic number 42), then the ratio  cu /  M 0 is
close to [JEE Advanced-2014]
(A) 1.99 (B) 2.14 (C) 0.50 (D) 0.48
39. A metal surface is illuminated by light of two different wavelengths 248 nm and 310 nm. The
maximum speeds of the photoelectrons corresponding to these wavelengths are u1 and u2,
respectively. If the ratio u1 : u2 = 2 : 1 and hc = 1240 eV nm, the work function of the metal is
nearly [JEE Advanced-2014]
(A) 3.7 eV (B) 3.2 eV (C) 2.8 eV (D) 2.5 eV
40. Consider a hydrogen atom with its electron in the nth orbital. An electromagnetic radiation of
wavelength 90 nm is used to ionize the atom. If the kinetic energy of the ejected electron is
10.4 eV, then the value of n is (hc = 1242 eV nm) [JEE Advanced-2015]
41. For photo-electric effect with incident photon wavelength , the stopping potential is V0.
Identify the correct variation(s) of V0 with  and 1/. [JEE Advanced-2015]
v0 v0 v0
v0
(A) (B) (C) (D)

   
42. Planck’s constant h, speed of light c and gravitational constant G are used to form a unit of
length L and a unit of mass M. Then the correct option(s) is(are) [JEE Advanced-2015]
(A) M  c (B) M  G (C) L  h (D) L  G
43. An electron in an excited state of Li2+ ion has angular momentum 3h/2. The de Broglie
wavelength of the electron in this state is pa0 (where a0 is the Bohr radius). The value of p is
[JEE Advanced-2015]
44. In a historical experiment to determine Planck's constant, a metal surface was irradiated with
light of different wavelengths. The emitted photoelectron energies were measured by applying
a stopping potential. The relevant data for the wavelength () of incident light and the
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corresponding stopping potential (V0) are given below:

(m) V0 (Volt)
0.3 2.0
0.4 1.0
0.5 0.4
Given that c = 3×108 ms–1 and e = 1.6 × 10–19 C, Planck's constant (in units of Js) found from
such an experiment is [JEE Advanced-2016]
(A) 6.0 × 10–34 (B) 6.4 × 10–34 (C) 6.6 × 10–34 (D) 6.8 × 10–34
45. Highly excited states for hydrogen like atom (also called Rydberg states) with nuclear charge
Ze are defined by their principal quantum number n, where n >> 1. Which of the following
statement(s) is (are) true? [JEE Advanced-2016]
(A) Relative change in the radii of two consecutive orbitals does not depend on Z
(B) Relative change in the radii of two consecutive orbitals varies as 1/n
(C) Relative change in the energy of two consecutive orbitals varies as 1/n3
(D) Relative change in the angular momenta of two consecutive orbitals varies as 1/n
46. A hydrogen atom in its ground state is irradiated by light of wavelength 970 Å. Taking
hc
=1.237×10–6 eV m and the ground state energy of hydrogen atom as –13.6 eV, the number
e
of lines present in the emission spectrum is [JEE Advanced-2016]
47. An electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes a transition from an orbit with quantum number ni to
another with quantum number nf . Vi and Vf are respectively the initial and final potential
v
energies of the electron. If i = 6.25, then the smallest possible nf is [JEE Advanced -2017]
vf
48. A photoelectric material having work-function 0 is illuminated with light of wavelength
 hc 
,     . The fastest photoelectron has a de Broglie wavelength d. A change in wavelength
 0 
of the incident light by  results in a change d in d. Then the ratio d /  is proportional
to [JEE Advanced -2017]
(A) d/ (B)  d2 /  (C)  3d /  (D)  3d /  2
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49. In a photoelectric experiment a parallel beam of monochromatic light with power of 200 W is
incident on a perfectly absorbing cathode of work function 6.25 eV. The frequency of light is
just above the threshold frequency so that the photoelectrons are emitted with negligible kinetic
energy. Assume that the photoelectron emission efficiency is 100%. A potential difference of
500 V is applied between the cathode and the anode. All the emitted electrons are incident
normally on the anode and are absorbed. The anode experiences a force F = n × 10–4 N due to
the impact of the electrons. The value of n is __________. Given Mass of the electron
me= 9 ×10–31 kg and 1.0 eV = 1.6 ×10–19 J . [JEE Advanced -2018]
50. Consider a hydrogen-like ionized atom with atomic number Z with a single electron. In the
emission spectrum of this atom, the photon emitted in the n = 2 to n = 1 transition has energy
74.8 eV higher than the photon emitted in the n = 3 to n = 2 transition. The ionization energy of
the hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. The value of Z is __________. [JEE Advanced -2018]
51. A free hydrogen atom after absorbing a photon of wavelength a gets excited from the state n =
1 to the state n = 4. Immediately after that the electron jumps to n = m state by emitting a
photon of wavelength e. Let the change in momentum of atom due to the absorption and the
1
emission are pa and pe respectively. If a/e = , which of the option(s) is/are correct?
5
[JEE Advanced -2019]
–9
[Use : hc = 1242 eV nm ; 1 nm = 10 m, h and c are Planck’s constant and speed of light,
respectively]
(A) m = 2
1
(B) pa/pe =
2
1
(C) The ratio of kinetic energy of the electron in the state n = m to the state n = 1 is
4
(D) e = 418 nm
52. A perfectly reflecting mirror of mass M mounted on a spring constitutes a

4M
spring-mass system of angular frequency  such that = 1024 m–2
h
with h as Planck’s constant. N photons of wavelength  = 8 × 10–6 m
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strike the minor simultaneously at normal incidence such that the minor gets displaced by 1
µm. If the value of N is X × 1012, then the value of X is______.
[Consider the spring as massless] [JEE Advanced -2019]
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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # (S-1)
–34
1. 6.59 × 10 Js 2. (a) 3.38 × 10–19 J = 2.11 eV (b) 3.0 × 1020 photons/s
3. (a) 3 × 1031 s–1 (b) 104s–1 4. 5.76 × 10–11 A 5. 15/8 V
5 10 20
6. (a) 0.6 volt; (b) 2.0 mA 7. , 8. 2 eV, 6.53 × 10–34 J-s
16 80
9. 1.6 × 107 s 10. (a) 2.25eV, (b) 4.2eV, (c) 2.0 eV, 0.5 eV
11. – h/eEt2 12. 8.6 MeV 13. 22.8 nm
1 2
14. 0004 15.
1 +  2
h
16. (i) 5 (ii)16.5 eV (iii)36.4 Å (iv) 340 eV, – 680 eV, (v)1.06×10–11 m
2
17. Z = 3, n = 7 18. n = 3, 3 : 1 19. fb = fa + f 'a
20. 62.5 × 10–12, 192.5 × 10–12 21. 6210 eV 22.
23. 69.5 keV 24. 0.61Å
25. (i) KE = 3.4 eV, (ii) l = 6.66 Å(iii) – 6.8 eV
(iv) The potential energy, and the total energy of the state
EXERCISE # (S-2)
1. 5 2. 1 3. 1.1 × 1012 4. (a) 105 s–1 (b) 286.18 (d) 111 s
212
5. =
12 + 22
6. KE  151 eV, dleast = 0.5 Å
7. (i) 2 ; (ii) 23.04 ×10–19J ; (iii) 4 → 1 , 4 → 3
8. 6.8 eV, 5 × 1015 Hz
9. (i) Allowed values of energy of neutron = 6.36 eV and 0.312 eV ; Allowed values of energy of
He atom = 17.84 eV and 16.328 eV ,
(ii) 18.23 × 1014 Hz , 9.846 × 1015 Hz , 11.6 × 1015 Hz
10. 7.4 eV, 4.7 Volts 11. 6 12. 255 13. 3
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Atom will exist if size of nucleus is less than the orbit of -meson
0.53
 1.6 × 10–15 Z1/3 <  Z < 37.5
265Z
14. 159 15. 255
16. No large-angle scattering.
17. (a) About the same. (b) Much less. (c) Scattering is predominantly due to a single collision
(d) Thomson’s model
 e2  −15 4 0 (h/ 2 ) 2
18. 2 19. (a)   , 2.82  10 m; ,0.53 10−10 m
  0 mc 2
 me 2
20. Angular momenta associated with planetary motion are incomparably large relative to h.
21. 2.56 × 10–13m, –2.8 keV 22. 8
23. 98.25 eV 24. (i) 0.62Å, (ii) No, (iii) Yes 0.8 Å
25. 41 26. 400
EXERCISE # (O-1)
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. A
8. A 9. C 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. A 14. C
15. B 16. B 17. B 18. A 19. B 20. B 21. BC
22. C 23. D 24. C 25. B 26. C 27. A 28. A
29. A 30. D 31. B 32. C 33. A 34. C 35. D
36. A 37. D 38. C 39. D 40. B 41. C 42. A
43. A 44. A 45. C 46. C 47. D 48. C 49. B
50. C 51. B 52. B 53. A 54. C 55. C 56. D
57. C 58. C 59. B 60. AB 61. C
EXERCISE # (O-2)
1. AC 2. ABD 3. BCD 4. ABCD 5. AD 6. BD 7. B
8. B 9. ACD 10. ABCD 11. ACD 12. A 13. B 14. AC
15. ACD 16. ABC 17. B 18. AD 19. B 20. A 21. B
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22. (A)→RS; (B)→PQ; (C)→PQ; (D)→PRS;

23. (A)→QR;(B)→PS;(C)→QS;(D)→ PR
24. (A)→(P,R) ; (B)→(Q,S) ; (C)→(Q, S) ; (D)→(P,R)
25. B
26. (A) → (S); (B) → (R); (C) → (Q); (D) → (P)
27. A 28. A 29. B 30. A 31. D 32. C
33. (A)→(Q) ; (B)→(Q); (C)→(P, T); (D)→(P,R,T)
EXERCISE # (JM)
1. (1) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4. (4) 5. (3) 6. (2) 7. (2)
8. (4) 9. (1) 10. (2) 11. (1) 12. (2) 13. (1) 14. (4)
15. (4) 16. (3) 17. (1) 18. (2) 19. (3) 20. (2) 21. (4)
22. (1) 23. (2) 24. (1) 25. (4) 26. (4) 27. (4) 28. (2)
29. (2) 30. (2) 31. (4) 32. (3) 33. (3) 34. (3) 35. (2)
36. (1) 37. (1) 38. (3) 39. (1) 40. (2) 41. (2) 42. (4)
43. (4) 44. (3) 45. (3) 46. (4) 47. (3) 48. (1) 49. (1)
50. (4) 51. (4) 52. (3)
EXERCISE # (JA)
1. D 2. A 3. Z = 42 4. 5. A
6. B 7. 0.55eV 8. C 9. A 10. B 11. 2 12. AC

13. n = 24 14. B 15. B 16. A 17. B 18. C 19. C
20. A 21. A 22. B 23. D 24. A 25. 3 26. D
27. B 28. C 29. A 30. C 31. B 32. 7 33. 7
34. D 35. C 36. 1 37. AC 38. B 39. A 40. 2
41. AC 42. ACD 43. 2 44. B 45. ABD 46. 6 47. 5
48. D 49. 24.00 50. 3.00 51. AC 52. 1.00
Modern Physics-1_
IIT- JEE- 2021- 2022

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Modern Physics-1_

BY PRAVEEN KUMAR PACHAURI (PKR SIR, IIT BOMBAY)

3. PLANK'S QUANTUM THEORY:

4. PHOTO ELECTRIC EFFECT:

Photon energy = K. E. of electron + work function.

5. WAVE NATURE OF MATTER:

(b) RUTHERFORD MODEL: (Nuclear Model)

(c) BOHR ATOMIC MODEL:

FOR HYDROGEN ATOM : (Z = atomic number = 1)

(ii) Balmer Series: (Landing orbit n = 2)

10. IONIZATION POTENTIAL:

(v) Intensity of X - rays depends on number of electrons hitting the target.

HCV Exercises (Chapter No. 42 - 1 to 35)

HCV Worked out Examples (Chapter No. 43 - 1 to 19)

HCV Exercises (Chapter No. 43 - 2 to 46)

(Use hc = 12420 evÅ).

HCV Exercises (Chapter No. 44 - 1 to 27)

8. A monochromatic light source of frequency  illuminates a metallic surface and ejects

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(B) number of emitted electrons increases

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(A) D and C respectively (B) C and A respectively

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

44. Monochromatic radiation of wavelength  is incident on a hydrogen sample containing in

(A) (B) (C) (D)

54. In a characteristic X– ray spectra of some atom superimposed on

55. Which of the following wavelength falls in an X-ray region?

56. The penetrating power of X-ray increases with the

(A) fa = fb (B) Ia < Ib (C) fc < fb (D) Ic > Ib

21. In X-ray tube, the beam coming out will be

25. Match the entries of column–I with the entries of column–II :

Then choose the correct matching.

Paragraph for question nos. 27 to 29

27. What is the work function of the cathode?

28. What is the value of eV?

29. What is the value of E1?

Paragraph for Question Nos. 30 to 32

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Statement–1: A metallic surface is irradiated by a monochromatic light of frequency v > v0

(1) (2) (3) (4)

(1) 1.66 eV (2) 1.82 eV (3) 1.95 eV (4) 2.12 eV

3. Frequency of a photon emitted due to transition of electron of a certain element from L to K

11. The potential energy of a particle of mass m is given by

(A) Ratio of work functions 1 : 2 : 3 = 1 : 2 : 4

Paragraph for Question Nos. 26 to 28

(C) 4.67  10–47 kg m2 (D) 1.17  10–47 kg m2

Paragraph for Question Nos. 30 and 31

35. What is the maximum energy of the anti-neutrino? [JEE 2012]

(A) (B) (C) (D)

corresponding stopping potential (V0) are given below:

52. A perfectly reflecting mirror of mass M mounted on a spring constitutes a

22. (A)→RS; (B)→PQ; (C)→PQ; (D)→PRS;

6. B 7. 0.55eV 8. C 9. A 10. B 11. 2 12. AC

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