11 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

STATISTICS
and PROBABILITY
Quarter 3 - Module 7
T-Distribution
and Percentiles Using the T-Table
Statistics and Probability– Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 7: T-Distribution and Percentiles Using the T-Table
First Edition, 2020

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 11
Statistics
and Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 7
T-Distribution
and Percentiles Using T-Table
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to Grade 11-STATISTICS & PROBABILITY Alternative Delivery Mode

(ADM) Module on T-Distribution and Percentiles Using T-Table!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher
or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking
into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:
Welcome to Grade 11-STATISTICS & PROBABILITY Alternative Delivery Mode
(ADM) Module on T-Distribution and Percentiles Using T-Table!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while
being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
What I Know
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
What’s More
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
What I Have Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
What I Can Do help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

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 This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module, you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful

learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

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 I

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
▪ Illustrates the t-distribution (M11/12SP-IIIg-2)
▪ Identifies the percentiles using the t-table.
(M11/12SP-IIIg-5)

OBJECTIVES:
K: Illustrate the t-distribution and identify percentiles using t-table.
S: Use t-table correctly in finding t-values.
A: Appreciate the importance of sound and accurate estimation in
making decisions in real-life situations.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
A. Multiple Choice:
Direction: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer in your
notebook.

1. The following statements are true about the properties of t-distribution, except
a. The t-distribution is bell shaped.
b. It is symmetrical about the mean.
c. The total area under the curve is 100%.
d. The curve touches or intersects the x-axis.
2. In the t-distribution, the mean, median and mode are located at the center of the distribution.
a. True b. False c. maybe d. sometimes

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3. In the t-distribution, the confidence interval for the Mean when the standard deviation 𝜎 is
unknown and n < 30.
a. True b. False c. cannot be determined d. maybe
4. The t-distribution is a family of curves based on the degrees of freedom, which is a number
related to the sample size.
a. True b. False c. cannot be determined d. maybe
5. Given the t-distribution with 9 degrees of freedom. What is the t-value to the left of the t-
distribution at 0.90 or 90th percentile, +90?
a. 3.498 b. 2.8214 c. 2.2622 d. 1.3830

B. Find the t-values of the t distribution with a critical value 𝛼=0.05 given the following
degrees of freedom:
a. 16 b. 27

Lesson 1
Illustrating the T-Distribution and
Identifying the Percentiles Using the T-
Table

’s In

In previous lesson, we encountered the use of Central Limit theorem to estimate the
population mean. Theoretically, the population parameters are never known and can only be
discerned through a sample. For instance, it is never possible for anyone to determine the
average height of all male Filipino teenagers from Batanes to Sulu. But if one is asked to find
it out, the best he/she can do is to obtain a sample of some Filipino male teenagers. Then from
the sample, he/she can estimate with a certain degree accuracy what the average height of all
male Filipino male students is. How accurate his or her estimate is can be best computed using
the Central Limit theorem.

To do this is to use the z-table and the area under the standard normal distribution. We
call this interval 95% confidence interval for the true mean. Therefore, when we know the
standard deviation of the population mean, we can compute a z-score.

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 But sample sizes are sometimes small, and often we don’t know the standard deviation
of the population. When either of these problems occur, statisticians rely on the distribution of
the t -statistic (also known as the t score) whose formula is given as:
Type T-Statistic Degrees of Freedom

One-sample t-test 𝑥̅ − µ0 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛−1

t= 𝑠
⁄ 𝑛
√

where 𝑥̅ is the sample mean, µ is the population mean, s is the standard deviation of the sample,

and n is the sample size? The distribution of the t statistic is called the t distribution.
Standard Normal Curve
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/students-t-distribution-in-statisticsc/

’s New

How to Use the t-table

The t-table is a table of t-values of the t-distribution. The entries of the top-
most row are levels of significance denoted by 𝛼 while the entries of the left-most
column are degrees of freedom, denoted by v, (Greek-letter nu) or simply df and
inside the body of the table are the t-values. The student’s t-distribution was
created by William T. Gosset, an Irish Brewery worker.

TRY THIS

Look at the t-value of 𝛼 = 0.01 having 14 degrees of freedom.

Procedure:
Run your finger to the column under 𝛼 = 0.01 until you come across the
row where 14 degrees of freedom is located. The table entry of 2.624 is the t-value
when 𝛼 = 0.01 and df = 14, that is, t(0.01, 14) = 2.624.

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Critical Values of the t-Distribution

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 is It

The t-distribution
The t-distribution is a probability distribution that arises when estimating
the mean of a normally distributed population in situations where the sample size
is small, and population standard deviation is unknown.

The concept of the degrees of freedom is used in the t-distribution. The

degrees of freedom, denoted by df, are the numbers of values that are free to vary
after a sample statistic has been computed.

Properties of the t-distribution are as follows:

1. The t-distribution is bell shaped and symmetric about the mean.

2. The t-distribution is a family of curves, each determined by a parameter called

the degrees of freedom. The degrees of freedom are the number of free
choices left after a sample statistic is calculated. When you use a t-distribution
to estimate a population mean, the degrees of freedom are equal to one less
than the sample size, df = n-1.
3. The total area under a t-curve is 1 (or 100%).

4. The mean, median, and mode of the t-distribution are equal to zero.

5. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution approaches the normal

distribution. After 30 df the t-distribution is very close to the standard normal
z-distribution.

Degrees of Freedom

A degree of freedom occurs for every data value which is allowed to vary
once a statistic has been fixed. For a single mean, there are n – 1 degrees of
freedom. This value will change depending on the statistic being used.

If the population standard deviation, sigma is unknown, then the mean has
a student t distribution and the sample standard deviation and the sample standard
deviation is used instead of the population standard deviation.

What is t a/2, and why must we use it when n < 30 and 𝜎 is unknown?

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 When n < 30, the quantity does not have an approximately standard normal
distribution, even though we assume here that the population is normal. Instead, t
has a “Student’s t distribution with n- 1 degrees of freedom”.

There is a different t distribution for each value for the degrees of freedom
(df). These distributions are not normal, although they are symmetrical around
zero, and mound shaped.

The quantity 𝑡𝛼/2 denotes the t-value such that the area to its right under the
Student’s t distribution (with df = n-1) is 𝛼/2.

Example No. 1

1. Find the 𝑡𝛼/2 for a 99% confidence interval when the sample size is 20.

Solution:

𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1

= 20-1 = 19

Find 19 in the left column and 99% in the row labeled confidence intervals.
The intersection where the two meets gives the value for 𝑡𝛼/2 which is 2.861.

Confidence 0.800 0.900 0.950 0.980 0.990 0.998 0.999

interval
d.f. 0.100 0.050 0.025 0.010 0.005 0.001 0.0005
1
2
3

19 2.861

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How to find the Percentiles of the t-Distribution

When you want to find percentiles for a t-distribution, you can use the t-
table. A percentile is a number on a statistical distribution who is less-than the
probability in the given percentage; for example, the 95 th percentile of the t-
distribution with n – 1 degrees of freedom is that value of whose left-tail (less
than) probability is 0.05.

The t-table shows right-tail probabilities for selected t-distributions. You

can use it to solve the following problems.

Example No. 2

Suppose you have a sample size 10 and you want to find the 95 th percentile
of its corresponding t-distribution. You have n – 1 = 9. The 95th percentile is the
number where 95% of the values lie below it and 5% lie above it, so you want the
right-tail area to be 0.05. Move across the row, find the column for 0.05, and you
get 1.8331. This is the 95 th percentile of the t-distribution with 9 degrees of
freedom.

Now, if you increase the sample size to n = 20, the value of the 95 th
percentile decreases; look at the row for 20 – 1 =19 degrees of freedom, and in
the column for 0.05 (a right-tail probability of 0.05) you find 1.7291.

’s More

Activity 1. Supply the Missing Piece!

Find the missing value. Use the t-distribution Table.
1. Given: 90𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒, 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑛 = 10
Find the following:
a) 𝛼
b) t – value
c) df
2. Given: t-value = 2.492
Find the following:
a) sample size n
b) df
c) 𝛼
d) Percentile

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 I Have Learned

Activity 2
A. Find the values for each of the following degree of freedom and t-values with
the given percentile. Write your answer on the space provided.

1. 𝑡𝛼/2 and n = 16 for the 99% confidence interval

df = __________ 𝑡(.005,15) = ________________
2. 𝑡𝛼 and n = 25 for the 98% confidence interval
2
df = __________ 𝑡(.01,24) = ________________
3. 𝑡𝛼/2 and n = 8 for the 95% confidence interval
df = __________ 𝑡(.025,7) = ________________
4. 𝑡𝛼/2 and n = 12 for the 90% confidence interval
df = __________ 𝑡(.05,11) = ________________
5. 𝑡𝛼/2 and n = 20 for the 99% confidence interval
df = __________ 𝑡(.005,19) = ________________

B. Summarize the lesson by completing the sentences below:

1. When asked of an estimation of population mean but population standard
deviation is unknown, the _______________can be used.
2. The t-distribution is similar to the standard normal distribution in the
following ways:

2.1 __________________________________________
2.2 __________________________________________
2.3 __________________________________________
2.4 __________________________________________

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 I Can Do

Activity 3

(NOTE: For Students who can access Microsoft excel)

Use of Microsoft Excel in finding the t-value given degrees of freedom and
level of significance.

A. Finding the t-value given level significance (alpha) and degrees of freedom
v(nu)

(Note: The computer t-value is for two-tailed, thus α must be multiplied by 2.

Example t(0.01,14) = 2.624494

1. Highlight A1;
2. On A1, Type [=TINV(0.01*2,14)];→ 14-degrees of freedom;
3. Press ENTER
4. You will find the value 2.624494 on A1;
5. Good Luck!

I. Multiple Choice:
Direction: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct
answer on your activity notebook/activity sheets.
Confidence interval 0.800 0.900 0.950 0.980 0.990 0.998 0.999
d.f. 0.100 0.050 0.025 0.010 0.005 0.001 0.0005
1
2
3

19 2.861

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 For numbers 1 to 3, use the t table to answer the questions below.

1. Given 5 degrees of freedom at 5% level of significance, the t-value is equal

to __________.

a. 1.476 c. 2.015
b. 2.571 d. 3.365

2. At 10% level of significance with 10 degrees of freedom, the t-value is

__________.

a. 2.764 b.4.144 c. 1.372 d. 4.587

3. When n = 21 at 𝛼 = 0.005, the t-value is _______.

a. 1.323 b. 2.845 c. 2.831 d. 3.527

4. When the original variable is normally distributed, the distribution of the

sample means will be normally distributed for any sample size n.

a. True b. False c. maybe d. cannot be determined

5. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution approaches the

normal distribution. After 30 df the t-distribution is very far to the standard
normal z-distribution.

a. True b. False c. maybe d. cannot be determined

II. Find Find the t-values of the t distribution with a critical value 𝛼=0.05 given
the following degrees of freedom:

a. 16 b. 27 c. 26 d. 15

Note: Only for students who can access internet.

Use the link on Stattrek.com and statistics fun (video on How to calculate
t-distributions) for enrichment activity and write your learning insights in your
math journal.

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 15
PRE-ASSESSMENT:
A. 1. e 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. d
B. a. At df=16 t0.05 = 1.7459
b. At df=7 t0.05 = 1.7033
WHAT’S MORE
Activity 1
1. a) 0.10
b) 1.383
c) 9
2. a) n = 25
b) df = 24
c) 𝜶 = 0.01
d) 𝟗𝟗𝒕𝒉 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆
ASSESSMENT
I.
1. c 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. b
II.
a) 1.746
b) 1.703
c) 1.706
d) 1.753
References

Malate, Jose S. 2017. "Confidence Interval." In Statistics and Probability, by Jose S. Malate,
102-110. Purelybooks Trading, Inc.
Millard R. Mamhot, et al. n.d. "Statistics for General Education." 79-97. Purelybooks Trading
& Publishing Corporation.
Rene Belecina, et al. n.d. "T-Distribution." In Statistics and Probability, by Rene Belecina. Rex
Bookstore.
Agnes Ogee, Bruno Scibilia. n.d. surveymonkey.com/mp/t-tests-explained. Accessed January
2021.
https://www.google.com/search?q=t+statistic+formula&rlz=1C1CHWL_enPH920PH
920&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwinqLvbxrjuAhXewosBHcH3Ar
QQ_AUoAXoECBgQAw&biw=1036&bih=573#imgrc=WS6tG4qtTcwyVM.
2020. www.geeksforgeeks.org/students-t-distribution-in-statistics/. Jul 09. Accessed January
2021.
https://www.google.com/search?q=normal+curve+t+distribution&tbm=isch&ved=2ah
UKEwjE9qj9xrjuAhVG-pQKHQOcDA8Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=normal+curve+t+distribution&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoICAAQC
BAHEB5Q1-YLWMToC2C--
wtoAHAAeACAAaoBiAHDApIBAzAuMpgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAE
B&s.

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