Statistics and Probability: Quarter 3 - Module 7 T-Distribution and Percentiles Using The T-Table
Statistics and Probability: Quarter 3 - Module 7 T-Distribution and Percentiles Using The T-Table
STATISTICS
and PROBABILITY
Quarter 3 - Module 7
T-Distribution
and Percentiles Using the T-Table
Statistics and Probability– Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 7: T-Distribution and Percentiles Using the T-Table
First Edition, 2020
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For the learner:
Welcome to Grade 11-STATISTICS & PROBABILITY Alternative Delivery Mode
(ADM) Module on T-Distribution and Percentiles Using T-Table!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time.
You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while
being an active learner.
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This is a task which aims to evaluate your
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competency.
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lesson learned.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
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If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
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I
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
▪ Illustrates the t-distribution (M11/12SP-IIIg-2)
▪ Identifies the percentiles using the t-table.
(M11/12SP-IIIg-5)
OBJECTIVES:
K: Illustrate the t-distribution and identify percentiles using t-table.
S: Use t-table correctly in finding t-values.
A: Appreciate the importance of sound and accurate estimation in
making decisions in real-life situations.
PRE-ASSESSMENT
A. Multiple Choice:
Direction: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer in your
notebook.
1. The following statements are true about the properties of t-distribution, except
a. The t-distribution is bell shaped.
b. It is symmetrical about the mean.
c. The total area under the curve is 100%.
d. The curve touches or intersects the x-axis.
2. In the t-distribution, the mean, median and mode are located at the center of the distribution.
a. True b. False c. maybe d. sometimes
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3. In the t-distribution, the confidence interval for the Mean when the standard deviation 𝜎 is
unknown and n < 30.
a. True b. False c. cannot be determined d. maybe
4. The t-distribution is a family of curves based on the degrees of freedom, which is a number
related to the sample size.
a. True b. False c. cannot be determined d. maybe
5. Given the t-distribution with 9 degrees of freedom. What is the t-value to the left of the t-
distribution at 0.90 or 90th percentile, +90?
a. 3.498 b. 2.8214 c. 2.2622 d. 1.3830
B. Find the t-values of the t distribution with a critical value 𝛼=0.05 given the following
degrees of freedom:
a. 16 b. 27
Lesson 1
Illustrating the T-Distribution and
Identifying the Percentiles Using the T-
Table
’s In
In previous lesson, we encountered the use of Central Limit theorem to estimate the
population mean. Theoretically, the population parameters are never known and can only be
discerned through a sample. For instance, it is never possible for anyone to determine the
average height of all male Filipino teenagers from Batanes to Sulu. But if one is asked to find
it out, the best he/she can do is to obtain a sample of some Filipino male teenagers. Then from
the sample, he/she can estimate with a certain degree accuracy what the average height of all
male Filipino male students is. How accurate his or her estimate is can be best computed using
the Central Limit theorem.
To do this is to use the z-table and the area under the standard normal distribution. We
call this interval 95% confidence interval for the true mean. Therefore, when we know the
standard deviation of the population mean, we can compute a z-score.
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But sample sizes are sometimes small, and often we don’t know the standard deviation
of the population. When either of these problems occur, statisticians rely on the distribution of
the t -statistic (also known as the t score) whose formula is given as:
Type T-Statistic Degrees of Freedom
where 𝑥̅ is the sample mean, µ is the population mean, s is the standard deviation of the sample,
and n is the sample size? The distribution of the t statistic is called the t distribution.
Standard Normal Curve
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/students-t-distribution-in-statisticsc/
’s New
TRY THIS
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Critical Values of the t-Distribution
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is It
The t-distribution
The t-distribution is a probability distribution that arises when estimating
the mean of a normally distributed population in situations where the sample size
is small, and population standard deviation is unknown.
4. The mean, median, and mode of the t-distribution are equal to zero.
Degrees of Freedom
A degree of freedom occurs for every data value which is allowed to vary
once a statistic has been fixed. For a single mean, there are n – 1 degrees of
freedom. This value will change depending on the statistic being used.
If the population standard deviation, sigma is unknown, then the mean has
a student t distribution and the sample standard deviation and the sample standard
deviation is used instead of the population standard deviation.
What is t a/2, and why must we use it when n < 30 and 𝜎 is unknown?
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When n < 30, the quantity does not have an approximately standard normal
distribution, even though we assume here that the population is normal. Instead, t
has a “Student’s t distribution with n- 1 degrees of freedom”.
There is a different t distribution for each value for the degrees of freedom
(df). These distributions are not normal, although they are symmetrical around
zero, and mound shaped.
The quantity 𝑡𝛼/2 denotes the t-value such that the area to its right under the
Student’s t distribution (with df = n-1) is 𝛼/2.
Example No. 1
1. Find the 𝑡𝛼/2 for a 99% confidence interval when the sample size is 20.
Solution:
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1
= 20-1 = 19
Find 19 in the left column and 99% in the row labeled confidence intervals.
The intersection where the two meets gives the value for 𝑡𝛼/2 which is 2.861.
19 2.861
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How to find the Percentiles of the t-Distribution
When you want to find percentiles for a t-distribution, you can use the t-
table. A percentile is a number on a statistical distribution who is less-than the
probability in the given percentage; for example, the 95 th percentile of the t-
distribution with n – 1 degrees of freedom is that value of whose left-tail (less
than) probability is 0.05.
Example No. 2
Suppose you have a sample size 10 and you want to find the 95 th percentile
of its corresponding t-distribution. You have n – 1 = 9. The 95th percentile is the
number where 95% of the values lie below it and 5% lie above it, so you want the
right-tail area to be 0.05. Move across the row, find the column for 0.05, and you
get 1.8331. This is the 95 th percentile of the t-distribution with 9 degrees of
freedom.
Now, if you increase the sample size to n = 20, the value of the 95 th
percentile decreases; look at the row for 20 – 1 =19 degrees of freedom, and in
the column for 0.05 (a right-tail probability of 0.05) you find 1.7291.
’s More
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I Have Learned
Activity 2
A. Find the values for each of the following degree of freedom and t-values with
the given percentile. Write your answer on the space provided.
2.1 __________________________________________
2.2 __________________________________________
2.3 __________________________________________
2.4 __________________________________________
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I Can Do
Activity 3
A. Finding the t-value given level significance (alpha) and degrees of freedom
v(nu)
I. Multiple Choice:
Direction: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct
answer on your activity notebook/activity sheets.
Confidence interval 0.800 0.900 0.950 0.980 0.990 0.998 0.999
d.f. 0.100 0.050 0.025 0.010 0.005 0.001 0.0005
1
2
3
19 2.861
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For numbers 1 to 3, use the t table to answer the questions below.
a. 1.476 c. 2.015
b. 2.571 d. 3.365
a. 16 b. 27 c. 26 d. 15
Use the link on Stattrek.com and statistics fun (video on How to calculate
t-distributions) for enrichment activity and write your learning insights in your
math journal.
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PRE-ASSESSMENT:
A. 1. e 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. d
B. a. At df=16 t0.05 = 1.7459
b. At df=7 t0.05 = 1.7033
WHAT’S MORE
Activity 1
1. a) 0.10
b) 1.383
c) 9
2. a) n = 25
b) df = 24
c) 𝜶 = 0.01
d) 𝟗𝟗𝒕𝒉 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆
ASSESSMENT
I.
1. c 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. b
II.
a) 1.746
b) 1.703
c) 1.706
d) 1.753
References
Malate, Jose S. 2017. "Confidence Interval." In Statistics and Probability, by Jose S. Malate,
102-110. Purelybooks Trading, Inc.
Millard R. Mamhot, et al. n.d. "Statistics for General Education." 79-97. Purelybooks Trading
& Publishing Corporation.
Rene Belecina, et al. n.d. "T-Distribution." In Statistics and Probability, by Rene Belecina. Rex
Bookstore.
Agnes Ogee, Bruno Scibilia. n.d. surveymonkey.com/mp/t-tests-explained. Accessed January
2021.
https://www.google.com/search?q=t+statistic+formula&rlz=1C1CHWL_enPH920PH
920&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwinqLvbxrjuAhXewosBHcH3Ar
QQ_AUoAXoECBgQAw&biw=1036&bih=573#imgrc=WS6tG4qtTcwyVM.
2020. www.geeksforgeeks.org/students-t-distribution-in-statistics/. Jul 09. Accessed January
2021.
https://www.google.com/search?q=normal+curve+t+distribution&tbm=isch&ved=2ah
UKEwjE9qj9xrjuAhVG-pQKHQOcDA8Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=normal+curve+t+distribution&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoICAAQC
BAHEB5Q1-YLWMToC2C--
wtoAHAAeACAAaoBiAHDApIBAzAuMpgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAE
B&s.
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