bicol university college of engineering

mechanical engineering department

NTRODUCTION TO

eer in g
Eng in
r aw in g
D l Engineering
Mechanica
for BS

ENGR. MARY JOY R. MANDANE

instructor 1
 module 3

e n ta l
In str u m
es a n d
Fig ur
m etr i c
Ge o
c ti o n s
o n s tr u
C

ENGR. MARY JOY R. MANDANE

instructor 1
MOTIVATIONAL QUOTE:
Philippians 4:13"I can do all Have a blessed today! Today I will discuss to you
the INSTRUMENTAL FIGURES AND GEOMETRIC
things through him who CONSTRUCTIONS
strengthens me"
In this discussion you will be able to learn:

INSTRUMENTAL FIGURES
& GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS

INSTRUCTIONS FOR OUTPUT 2 AND 3 

4 PICS & 1 WORD GAME

LET'S HAVE SOME FUN!
While taking up this module, you need to answer this game correctly. Every page I will give you a
LETTER as a clue. At the end of the module, you will receive the final instruction.

ENGR. MARY JOY MANDANE - PAGE 1

 INSTRUMENTAL FIGURES &
GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS

Objectives:
At the end of this chapter students should be able to:
♦♦ Define geometric nomenclatures like angles, lines etc
Discuss the steps to construct different instrumental/geometric figures like lines, arcs,
polygon, ellipse etc

GEOMETRIC NOMENICLATURE
A. POINTS IN SPACE
A point is an exact location in space or on a drawing surface. A point is actually represented
on the drawing by a crisscross at its exact location.
B. LINE
Lines are straight elements that have no width, but are infinite in length (magnitude), and
they can be located by two points which are not on the same spot but fall along the line.

C. ANGLE
An angle is formed by the intersection of two lines. There are three major kinds of angles:
right angels, acute angles and obtuse angles. The right angle is an angle of 900, an acute
angle is an angle less than 900, and an obtuse angle is an angle more than 900. A straight line
is 1800. The symbol for an angle is < (singular) and <’s (Plural). To draw an angle, use the
drafting machine, a triangle, or a protractor.

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D. TRIANGLES
A triangle is a closed plane figure with three straight sides and their interior angles sum up
exactly 1800. The various kinds of triangles: a right triangle, an equilateral triangle, an isosceles
triangle, and an obtuse angled triangle.

E. QUADRIALTERAL
It is a plane figure bounded by four straight sides. When opposite sides are parallel, the
quadrilateral is also considered to be a parallelogram.

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F. POLYGON
A polygon is a closed plane figure with three or more straight sides. The most important of these
polygons as they relate to drafting are probably the triangle with three sides, square with four
sides, the hexagon with six sides, and the octagon with eight sides.

G. CIRCLE
A circle is a closed curve with all points on the circle at the same distance from the center point.
The major components of a circle are the diameter, the radius and circumference.
♦center The diameter of the circle is the straight distance from one outside curved surface through the
♦radius point to the opposite outside curved surface.
The radius of a circle is the distance from the center point to the outside curved surface. The
♦♦ AA central
is half the diameter, and is used to set the compass when drawing a diameter.
angle: is an angle formed by two radial lines from the center of the circle.
♦oriented
sector: is the area of a circle lying between two radial lines and the circumference.
A quadrant: is a sector with a central angle of 900 and usually with one of the radial lines
♦♦ AA chord:
horizontally.
is any straight line whose opposite ends terminate on the circumference of the circle.
♦♦ Concentric
segment: is the smaller portion of a circle separated by a chord.
circles are two or more circles with a common center point.
Eccentric circles are two or more circles with out a common center point.

ENGR. MARY JOY MANDANE - PAGE 4

H. SOLIDS
They are geometric figures bounded by plane surfaces. The surfaces are called faces, and if these
are equal regular polygons, the solids are regular polyhedra.

TECHNIQUES OF GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTIONS

To construct the above mentioned geometric figures, we have to know some principles and
procedures of geometric construction. Thus, the remaining of this chapter is devoted to illustrate
step-by-step geometric construction procedures used by drafters and technicians to develop
various geometric forms.

G
ENGR. MARY JOY MANDANE - PAGE 5
A. How to Bisect a Line or an Arc
To bisect a line means to divide it in half or to find its center point. In the given process, a line
will also be constructed at the exact center point at exactly 90 degree.

Given: Line A-B

Step 1: Set the compass approximately two-thirds of the length of line A-B and swing an arc
from point A.
Step 2: Using the exact same compass setting, swing an arc from point B.
Step 3: At the two intersections of these arcs, locate points D and E
Step 4: Draw a straight-line connecting point D with point E. Where this line intersects line A-
B, it bisects line A-B. Line D-E is also perpendicular to line A-B at the exact center point.

B. HOW TO DIVIDE A LINE IN TO Number of EQUAL PARTS

Given: Line A-B
Step 1: Draw a construction line AC that starts at end A of given line AB. This new line is longer
than the given line and makes an angle of not more than 30 deg with it.
Step 2: Find a scale that will approximately divide the line AB in to the number of parts needed
(11 in the example below), and mark these divisions on the line AC. There are now ‘n’ equal
divisions from A to D that lie on the line AC (11 in this example).
Step 3: Set the adjustable triangle to draw a construction line from point D to point B. Then
draw construction lines through each of the remaining ‘n-1’ divisions parallel
to the first line BD by sliding the triangle along the 44 straight edge. The original line AB will
now be accurately divided.

I
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 DIVIDING A LINE INTO 7 EQUAL PARTS USING DIVIDER
C. How to Bisect an Angle
To bisect an angle means to divide it in half or to cut it in to two equal angles.

Given: Angle BAC

Step 1: Set the compass at any convenient radius and swing an arc from point A
Step 2: Locate points E and F on the legs of the angle, and swing two arcs of the same identical
length from points E and F, respectively. 
Step 3: Where these arcs intersect, locate point D. Draw a straight line from A to D. This line
will bisect angle BAC and establish two equal angles: CAD and BAD.

D. How to Draw an Arc or Circle (Radius) Through Three Given Points

Given: Three points in space at random: A, Band C.

Step 1: With straight line, lightly connect points A

to B, and B to C,
Step 2: Using the method outlined for bisecting a
line, bisect lines A-B and B-C
Step 3: Locate point X where the two extended
bisectors meet. Point X is the exact center of the
arc or circle.
Step 4: Place the point of the compass on point X
and adjust the lead to any of the points A, B, or C
(they are the same distance), and swing the circle.
If all work is done correctly, the arc or circle
should pass through each point.

ENGR. MARY JOY MANDANE - PAGE 7

E. How to Draw a Square
Method-1
Given: The locations of the center and the required distance across the sides of a square.
Step 1: Lightly draw a circle with a diameter equal to the distance around the sides of the square.
Set the compass at half the required diameter.
Step 2: Using triangles, lightly complete the square by constructing tangent lines to the circle.
Allow the light construction lines to project from the square, with out erasing them.
Step 3: Check to see that there are four equal sides and, if so, darken in the actual square using the
correct line thickness.

Method-2

Given one side AB.

Through point A, draw a perpendicular. With A as a center, and AB as radius; draw the arc to
intersect the perpendicular at C. With B and C as centers, and AB as radius, strike arcs to intersect
at D. Draw line CD and BD.

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ENGR. MARY JOY MANDANE - PAGE 8
F. How to Draw A Pentagon (5 Sides)
Given: The locations of the pentagon center and the diameter that will circumscribe the pentagon.
Step 1: Bisect radius OD at C.
Step 2: With C as center, and CA as radius, strike arc AE. With A as center, and AE as radius,
strike arc EB.
Step 3: Draw line AB, then set off distances AB around the circumference of the circle, and draw
the sides through these points.

Example on how to draw pentagon with a given side

G. How to Draw A Hexagon (6 Sides)

Example on how to draw hexagon with a given side

H. To Draw Any Sided Regular Polygon

To construct a regular polygon with a specific number of sides, divide the given diameter using
the parallel line method as shown in fig below.

H
ENGR. MARY JOY MANDANE - PAGE 9
I. To Draw Tangents to Two Circles
Move the T-square and triangles as a unit until one side of the triangle is tangent, by inspection,
to the two circles; then slide the triangle until the other side passes through the center of one
circle, and lightly mark the point of tangency. Then slide the triangle until the side passes
through the center of the other circle, and mark the point of tangency. Finally slide the triangle
back to the tangent position, and draw the tangent lines between the two points of tangency.
Draw the second tangent line in similar manner.

J. How to Draw an Ogee Curve

An ogee curve is used to join two parallel lines. It forms a gentle curve that reverses itself in a neat
symmetrical geometric form.
Given: Parallel lines A-B and C-D
Step 1: Draw a straight line connecting the space between the parallel lines. In this example, from
point B to point C.
Step 2: Make a perpendicular bisector to line B-C to establish
point X.
Step 3: Draw a perpendicular from line A-B at point B to intersect the perpendicular bisector of B-
X, which locates the first required swing center. Draw a perpendicular from line C-D at point C to
intersect the perpendicular bisector of CX, which locates the second required swing center.
Step 4: Place the compass point and adjust the compass lead to point B, and swing an arc from B to X.
Place the compass point on the second swing point and swing an arc from X to C. This completes the
ogee curve.

O
ENGR. MARY JOY MANDANE - PAGE 10
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 INSTRUCTION FOR
OUTPUTS 2 & 3

MATERIALS NEEDED tips on making your output

-Vellum Long Bond Paper 1. Prepare all the materials needed.
- Pencil (H/2H/3H) either of 2. Make sure that your paper is clean .
three 3. Draw first the Border Lines and Title Block using
- Technical Pens (0.5, 0.3, 0.8) your pencil. (For the sizes and format please see
- Ruler below)
- Ellipse/Circle Templates 4. Make sure to follow all the instructions given.
- Eraser 5. Make sure to use your tools properly.
-Triangles 6. Be careful always.

BORDER LINES AND TITLE BLOCK

0.5 inches 

Use 0.8 technical pen for Border lines

8.5 inches

0.5 inches 
0.5 inches 

3 inches  3 inches  3 inches  2 inches  1 inch

0.3 inch
1 inch

0.5 inches 

13 inches

SCHOOL: TITLE: NAME: DATE FINISHED: OUTPUT NO.

BICOL UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
INSTRUMENTAL
FIGURES
MARY JOY R. MANDANE
BSME 1A SEPTEMBER 30, 2020 2
NOTE: Use Technical pen 0.3 for the title block, make sure to follow the format and all must be in CAPITAL LETTERS. 
You need to estimate the spacing and erase all the guidelines. Lastly, the height of the lettering must be the same.

ENGR. MARY JOY MANDANE - PAGE 12

 INSTRUMENTAL
FIGURES 2

It depends on you for the sizes of the shapes Use 30mm for the labelling 
NOTE: For your engineering drawing outputs, always use technical pen 0.5; use ruler for estimating
the spaces; erase all the guidelines after using technical pens, follow the format and use the drawing
equipment properly and effectively.

NOTE: For the geometric constructions Output 3, you can decide on what geometric construction art
you can do. You can check the images on the next page for YOUR reference. Show your creativity by
using coloring materials such as color pens, glittered pens or any other coloring materials.
But, I need to see on how will you apply the learning for this topic. Therefore, make sure to use and
apply the geometric constructions lessons.

Do as many as you can.

GEOMETRIC
CONSTRUCTIONS 3

ENGR. MARY JOY MANDANE - PAGE 13

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 4 PICS & 1 WORD

If you get the correct answer, that is your last clue for your project!
Proceed to the next module to know your first project!

ENGR. MARY JOY MANDANE - PAGE 15