Chapter 2:

Communication and Globalization

Lesson 1:
Communication and Globalization

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
During the learning engagements, the learners are able to:
1. Share ideas and knowledge about globalization as an economic phenomenon.
2. Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of globalization on communication.

MOTIVATION:

1. What is the image saying about the world today?

2. What do you think has contributed to the easy

access and exchange of information these days?
Why?

3. In transacting or communicating in a global

setting, what vital preparations must be done?
Why?

INCULCATING CONCEPTS:

Globalization
− the process by which people and goods move
easily across borders. It is an economic concept
– the integration of markets, trade and
investment with few barriers to slow the flow
of products and services between nations.
There is also a cultural element, as ideas and
traditions are traded and assimilated. (Gray,
2017)
− the communication and assimilation among
individuals, ethnicities, races, institutions,
governments of various nations supported by
technology and compelled by international
trade. Globalization is not a new process or
concept. Years before the advent of technology,

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 people had been purchasing and selling each other properties, goods, and other objects of
certain value.

The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication

➢ Increased Business Opportunities

Many companies today hire employees that are in
other countries. Using communication vehicles
such as video calling make it simple to converse
with colleagues across the globe, almost making
it feel as if they are in the same room. Technology
also makes it easier to connect with suppliers and
customers all over the world, and to streamline
relationship through improved ordering,
shipment tracking and so on. With this kind of
communication technology, many businesses are
able to take advantage of opportunities in
different countries or cities, improving the
economic outlook on a global level.

➢ Fewer Cultural Barriers

Many people perceive culture to be the root of communication challenges. When people from two
different cultures try to exchange information, the way they speak, their body language or their
mannerisms can be
interpreted differently by
the other person. The way
people approach problems
and how they participate in
communities is all influenced
by culture.
Globalization has made it
possible, for example, for
someone in Japan to
understand how someone in
the U.S. goes about their day.
With television and movies,
cultural barriers are
becoming less prevalent. Being able to communicate effectively and frequently with colleagues or
friends across the planet helps people understand each other‘s cultures a little better.

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 ➢ Creation of a Global Village

You ‘ve likely heard of the phrase "global village," coined by theorist Marshall McLuhan. Affected
both by globalization and global communication, the global village is created when distance and
isolation no longer matter because people are connected by technology. Wide-spread telephone
and internet access have been life-
changing for many people across the
world, especially those in developing
countries. Many are now enrolling in
universities across the world without
having to leave their desk chair. Virtual
assistant jobs are becoming common
place, where employees from
developing countries work with
companies in North America or Europe,
providing administrative
support and other business services
that can easily be conducted over the
phone or via the internet.

DO YOU KNOW?
Eye Contact

-North America views direct eye contact as a sign of honesty

-Asians views direct eye contact as a form of disrespect

Why do we need to study this?

The transmission of the message from sender to recipient can be affected by a lot of factors. These
include cultural situation, the medium used to communicate, and even our location. However,
because of globalization, communication goes well
and easy. These topics made the students aware of
the following:

➢ Globalization and global communication

have made it easier to see people on the
other side of the world as a neighbor,
instead of a stranger from a faraway land.
There is so much knowledge about other
countries and cultures available online
that it‘s no longer a complete mystery.

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 ➢ Some effects of globalization to global
communication are having or increased
business opportunities, fewer cultural barriers
as well as creating a global village or making the
world or the community connected with the use
of technology.

LESSON 2:
Local and Global Communication in Multicultural
Setting
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
During the learning engagements, the learners are able to:

1. Cite examples on how to enhance one’s ability to communicate

with people from diverse cultures.
2. Explain how cultural diversity affects effective
communications.

MOTIVATION:

How do you get to communicate effectively across cultures? Indicate whether you agree or
disagree with each of the following statements:
1. I am interested in interacting with people who are both like me and different from me.
2. I am sensitive to the concerns of all minority and majority groups in our multicultural
country.
3. I can sense when persons from other cultures seem not to understand me or get confused
by my actions.
4. I have no fear communicating with persons from both minor and major cultural groups.
5. People from other cultures may
6. get angry with my cultural affiliates.
7. I deal with conflicts with people from other cultures depending on the situation and their
cultural background.
8. My culture is inferior to other cultures.
9. I can manage my behavior when dealing with people of different cultures.
10. I show respect to the diverse communication practices of other people.

Note: The greater number of agreements you have indicates the more prepared you are in
expanding your communication arena by welcoming people from different cultures.

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 INCULCATING CONCEPTS:

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Intercultural communication
− a discipline that studies communication across different cultures and social groups, or
how culture affects communication. It describes the wide range of communication
processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context
made up of individuals
from different religious,
social, ethnic, and
educational backgrounds.
In this sense it seeks to
understand how people
from different countries
and cultures act,
communicate and
perceive the world
around them.

According to Science, each person is genetically unique (except for identical twins) . Each
has a unique genetic composition. This uniqueness is heightened by individual
experiences. Humans are formed by forces other than genetics:

Family background, religious affiliation, educational achievements, etc. (Madrunio and

Martin. 2018).

This situation - the diversity of people and cultures - impacts communication. People interacting
with those coming from unfamiliar cultures may have difficulties in communication. Some thought,
it’s because of speaker’s lack of proficiency in a language.

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But even those with excellent language
skills may still experience
miscommunication.

Global communication becomes more

complicated when there are multiple
recipients from different cultures with
different languages all receiving the
same message, as well as when there
are more layers added to the channel.
For example, if a world leader makes a
speech broadcast across the globe,
people from one region may rejoice at
the news, while others may find it
offensive. In this case, the channel itself can involve many different layers, as translators, news,
editors, and commentators each interpret the message differently before passing it on to the
intended audiences.

COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES

Communicating across cultures is challenging. Each culture has set rules that it’s members take
for granted. Few of us are aware of our own cultural biases because cultural imprinting is begun at
a very early age. And while some of culture ‘s knowledge, rules, beliefs, values, phobias, and
anxieties are taught explicitly, most of the information is absorbed subconsciously.

HIGH CONTEXT VS. LOW CONTEXT

High Context Cultures leave much of the message unspecified, to be understood through context,
nonverbal cues, and between-the-lines interpretation of what is said (Latin American, African,
European). Low context cultures expect message to be explicit and specific.
(most Germanic and English-speaking countries.

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SEQUENTIAL VS. SYNCHRONIZING
In Sequential Culture, businesspeople give full attention to one agenda item after another. (North
American, English, German, Swedish, Dutch)
In Synchronic culture, the flow of time is viewed as a circle, with the past, present and future all
interrelated. (South American, Southern Europe, Asia)

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AFFECTIVE VS. NEUTRAL

Members of Neutral cultures do not

telegraph their feelings but keep them
carefully controlled and subdued.
In cultures with high affect, people show
their feelings plainly by laughing, smiling,
grimacing, scowling and sometimes crying.
This does not mean that people in neutral
cultures are cold or unfeeling, but during
normal business activities, neutral cultures are more careful to monitor the amount of emotion
they display.
Emotional Reactions were found to be least acceptable in Japan, Indonesia, the UK, Norway, and
the Netherlands and most acceptable in Italy, France, the US, and Singapore.

BARRIERS TO LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION

IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS
Some of the barriers to effective communication are language, medium of communication,
personality, and culture. Culture became barrier to an effective communication when a person has
different language bearing, and they have different interpretation to such words.

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LESSON 3:
Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written
Language

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
During the learning engagements, the learners are able to:
1. Identify the Three Varieties of English (World Englishes);
2. Determine the importance of using appropriate varieties and registers of language in certain
communication context;
3. Explain the differences between Spoken and Written Language.

MOTIVATION:

Have you ever experienced having a conversation with a foreigner? How was it? Did you have fun?
What were your most unforgettable experiences?

INCULCATING CONCEPTS

VARIETIES OF ENGLISH (WORLD ENGLISHES)

Three Concentric Circles of English by Braj Kachru:

The Inner Circle with ENL (English as a Native Language)

− English is used as a mother tongue.

The Outer Circle with ESL (English as a Second Language)

− English is used as an official language or language of Education and Government.

The Expanding Circle with EFL (English as a Foreign Language)

− English is used by speakers whose native languages are different.
WORLD ENGLISHES

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LANGUAGE REGISTERS (Madrunio and Martin, 2018)
• Language Register refers to the formality of language which one speaks. Different registers
are used in different situations.
• It is in register that you are able to determine the kind of lexicon or vocabulary to use as
well as the kind of structure to be used.

Formal Register
Formal register is used in formal speaking ad writing situations. In a state of the nation address
classified as a formal communication situation, the speech is usually delivered using highly polished
language, read from a manuscript.

On the other hand, a priest delivering his homily, often, speaks extemporaneously and uses
ordinary language. This is so since the audience is composed of various audiences coming from
different walks of life.

Moreover, formal register is likewise appropriate for use in professional writing like project
proposals, position papers, and business letters as in the case of writing to a superior or to a head of
a certain organization. It is more impersonal, objective and actual.

Informal Register
Informal register, which is more casual in tone, is appropriate for people with whom you have
established a more personal relationship as in the case of friends and relatives. This type of writing
may sometimes be emotional as an intimate relationship exists between the speaker and listener or
writer and reader.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF WRITTEN LANGUAGE

Permanence - means when students write something, they already set in their mind to be done in
one session. They don‘t think that they can edit or revised their written to be better because
students think their written is subject to permanence. In this case teacher perhaps notice all of
students that they just write everything that comes in their written.

Production time - this part plays a crucial issue for the agents. In
this part, students will think about the deadline. The possible case in
here is the students will just only focus on the deadline and
would resort to not give importance on the content itself. As
the result, their written work will not be maximized and or to
be improved. Moreover, this is a job for the teachers to push
students to think about the process of learning rather than the
result itself.

Distance - having a relationship with the audience

anticipation. Before students start to write, they must know
who the audience will be to read their output.

Orthography - this part is talk about the technical of appearance.

After writer consider about the word, phrase, and sentence that
they will use students also consider about the front, size and
also the picture. All appearance must connect with the topic
and target of the reader.

Complexity - this is talk about the sentence whether students use

simple sentence combine or complex sentence. We as a teacher will know the students‘ progress of
learning. And for the academic writing, students should provide reference.

Vocabulary - talk about word richness we (teacher) can see what a new vocabulary that they
already acquired.

Formality - this is complex convention for academic writing (describe, explain, compare, criticize,
argue, etc). If the writer creates academic writing it means the product have to be formal. Because
of that, the language that they use has to be formal and polite. The font or size has to consistent
with the guideline that they use (APA style, MLA etc).

CHARACTERISTICS OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE

1. Variation in Speed
2. Loudness or Quietness
3. Gestures
4. Intonation
5. Stress
6. Rhythm
7. Pitch Range
8. Pausing and Phrasing

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

WRITTEN:
➢ Tends to be more complex and intricate than speech with longer sentences and many
subordinate clauses. The punctuation and layout of written text also have no spoken
equivalent.
➢ Usually permanent and written texts cannot usually be changed once they have been
printed/written out.
➢ Written text can communicate across time and
space for as long as the language and writing
system is still understood.
➢ Writers can make use of punctuation,
headings, layouts, colors and other graphical
effects in their written texts.
➢ Some grammatical constructions are only used
in writing as are some kinds of vocabulary
such as some complex chemical and legal
terms.

SPOKEN:
➢ Tends to be full or repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections, and interruptions except for
formal speeches and other scripted forms of speech such as news reports and scripts for plays
and films.
➢ Usually transient unless recorded and speakers can correct themselves and change their
utterances as they go along.
➢ Speech is usually used for immediate interactions.
➢ Speech can us timing, tone, volume and tremble to add emotional context.
➢ Some types of vocabulary are used only or mainly speech. These include slang expressions,
and tags like y’know, like, etc.

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