Unit 4: Culture shock

A. Shopping

Harrods is a tourist attraction, but for shopping in London try other big department stores, such as Selfridges, Lewis’s and
Debenhams. A good place for clothes is Marks and Spencer. Take a stroll along Oxford Street, the main shopping centre. When
there are sales on, you are
allowed, and even expected, to bargain with the shop assistant to try and get a better price for goods. If there are a lot of people,
you should wait for your turn to be served. Most large stores also have restaurants where customers can have lunch or a quick
snack.

B. Visiting friends

If you are invited to dinner at someone’s home, you should take some flowers or a box of chocolates. If you are invited to an
informal party, it is quite common to take a bottle of wine or even a few bottles of beer. At English parties, men are expected to
wear a suit and tie. If you wish to bring a friend along, that’s fine, but it is polite to ask first. You are not expected to turn up with
very expensive presents.

C. Punctuality

People in Britain are generally quite careful about time. When you are invited to someone’s house, you should either arrive on time
or no later than fifteen minutes after the time arranged. If in doubt, give your hosts a ring. You should be careful about overstaying
your welcome. Look out for signs of tiredness in your hosts. The best time to leave if when they appear with their pyjamas on. You
can say, ‘Well, I think it’s time we were going …’

D. Introductions

Usually in Britain we introduce people by their first name or their first name and surname together. Most people use first names at
informal parties. It is usual to shake hands with men and to kiss women on the cheek when you are introduced to them. Do not
embrace, however, on this first encounter, and do not stand too close to the other person. As you are introduced to someone you
say, ‘How do you do?’ or ‘Please to meet you.’ You need not wait to be introduced – just introduce yourself.

E. Meeting people for the first time

You can ‘break the ice’ with strangers by talking about the weather: ‘Shame about the weather.’ ‘Is it still raining?’ or ‘Bit chilly
today, don’t you think?’ When you have broken the ice like this, you can then go on to ask the person you are talking to how much
money they earn. Another good topic for conversation is work. However, people do not like talking about politics except in a
general way, and you should avoid asking them what political party they vote for. On first meeting someone, it is not appropriate
to
ask about their age or how much they weigh.

F. Going out in the evening

A pub is where you drink beer or other alcoholic drinks, but light refreshments are also available. Pubs serve drinks at fixed times
and generally accept last orders at about 11 pm. It may be difficult to get a drink after this time. At lunch-time and sometimes in
the evening, food is served. If you order more than three pints of beer, the food is free of charge, so drink as much as you can and
then ask (politely) for your free meal. People may pay for their own drinks or take it in turns to buy a ‘round’, in other words, to
pay for the whole group.

1. E 2. C 3. F 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. E 8. F 9. B 10. A 11. F
Unit 5: A Comic genius – his name is Charlie Chaplin.

His early life was a time of great hardship. He was born in a very poor part of London, but his family were at first well off enough
to afford a maid. However, while he was still a child, his family gradually lost everything. His father was a comedian and his
mother worked as a dancer and singer. Neither of them was very successful and the family had very little money. They were so
poor that, at one time, he and his brothers had only one pair of shoes between them and they had to take turns wearing them. His
father eventually deserted the family and later died of alcoholism. The strain caused by this desertion affected his mother deeply.
Her career fell apart and in the end she became insane. When his mother had to go into an asylum, he was sent to an orphanage.

The first time he himself earned any money was by dancing and singing when he was only five years old. As a young boy he had
many different jobs, but what he loved most of all was working in the theatre. As he said in his autobiography, he felt quite ‘at
home’ on the stage, in more ways than one – the stage became an escape from the pain of his family life. When he was about
fifteen, he joined a travelling theatre company and went on trips to America. On one such tour he was offered a part in a film, so
he went to Hollywood, where eventually he became both an actor and a film director.

In his films we see the influence of his early life: a strong feeling of pity for the poor, a romantic view of women (he worshipped
his mother) and a love of applause. His comedies were immediately successful. As well as making policemen look foolish, he also
often used the situation where people find themselves in a ridiculous position, but refuse to admit they have a problem. The best
example of this is the drunken man who, though obviously drunk in the way he walks and talks, tries to pretend he has not
touched a drop. One of his most famous roles is the little tramp who tries but fails to be a gentleman, and so makes us laugh. His
films are not always comic; they are often sad and some, like The Great Dictator, contain a strong political message.

As a director he was known to be a perfectionist and sometimes made actors repeat a scene many times until he was finally
satisfied with it. Many of the people he worked with found him mean and tyrannical, but it was probably his early experiences of
poverty that made him so anxious to be successful. He is undoubtedly the most popular comedian of all time. He died in
Switzerland in 1977 at the age of 88. There is now a statue of him in London, the city of his birth.

1. Although the family were poor B. He made a film about his mother.
A. they got on well with each other. C. He showed the life of the poor.
B. they quickly became famous. D. He wanted his films to make money.
C. things had once been better.
D. they were able to make ends meet. 5. The drunken man is funny because
A. he behaves seriously.
2. His mother’s career ended when B. he talks in a drunken manner.
A. she began to drink too much. C. he behaves as if he is sober.
B. she went mad. D. he keeps falling down.
C. her husband left her.
D. she became too old. 6. His films can be described as
A. just entertainment.
3. What he liked most about the theatre was B. political and romantic.
A. that it helped him to forget his problems. C. serious and comic.
B. the money he earned. D. love stories.
C. the applause of the audience.
D. that his family worked there. 7. What was he like as a director?
A. He was difficult to please.
4. In what way did his early life affect his work in B. He was keen to please everyone.
cinema? C. He was anxious to finish.
A. He wanted to make people laugh. D. He was never satisfied with his work.
Unit 6: Taking sense - Why we need two ears

1. D needs. Some animals can hear notes much higher than any
sound your ears can hear, and others have ears that work
Both our ears work in the same way. Even if you only had
best for listening to very deep notes. Some animals can hear
one ear that worked properly, you would still hear sounds
faint noises, while others are completely deaf.
and understand them. But having two ears helps us find out
more about what is going on around us. With two ears we 6. A
can tell which direction a sound is coming from.
Snakes do not have ears at all and people used to think they
2. H were deaf. But we now know that they can hear sounds
through a bone that lies under the skin of their face. The
Ears act as direction finders because sound arrives at one ear
bone vibrates when the air or the ground vibrates. Most
before it reaches the other ear. Your brain measures the
insects are deaf but grasshoppers can hear through their
difference and automatically works out the direction of the
legs. They call to one another by making chirping sounds
sound. Even very young babies turn to look in the direction
with their legs.
a noise is coming from.
7. I
3. B
Dogs have superior hearing to us; they can hear notes that
As we grow up, we get better at working out where a noise
are higher than those we hear. If you blow a special dog
is coming from and how far away the thing making the
whistle that makes a very high note, you will not be able to
noise is. This skill is called directional hearing and it was
hear it, but any dogs nearby will hear the note and might
very important to our ancestors. They had to be able to
come running. You may have noticed the way dogs twitch
track animals to hunt food. They also had to know which
their ears to and fro: they do this to find out where a sound
way to run when large animals were tracking them.
is coming from.

4. F
8. G

Wild animals still need this skill today, and many of them
To demonstrate some of these facts, try this experiment.
have better directional hearing than people. Bats, for
Find some space in the middle of a room, making sure you
instance, use echo-location to find their way in the dark. But
are at a safe distance form any furniture. Now stand up
directional hearing is still a very useful skill for us too. If
straight with your hands by your side. Raise your left or
you heard someone shouting for help, you would know
right leg, it doesn’t matter which. Can you still stand up
which way to run to get them.
straight? Try the same thing again, but this time plug one

5. C ear with your finger so you can’t hear. Now plug both ears,
still standing on one leg. Hold this position for about a
Our ears work best at listening to sounds like music or
minute. What do you notice?
people talking, but animals have ears suited to different

A. Strange ears
B. A very old skill True or False?
C. A variety of ears
D. Two ears are better than one 1. We need two ears so we can hear sounds from far away. f
E. How cats hear 2. Dogs can hear higher notes than we can. t
F. Ears for seeing in the dark 3. Bats use sound to find their way in the dark. t
G. A little test 4. Snakes are deaf. f
H. A built-in skill 5. Grasshoppers have ears in their legs. t
I. Sounds we can’t hear
Unit 7: Leisure for pleasure - Sightseeing Tours are left to wonder at the reasons and intelligence which
A. Ghosts and Ancient Taverns built this structure so many centuries ago. Our next stop is
Tonight we explore the crooked alleyways and ancient the ancient Roman city of Bath, whose distinctive Palladian
buildings of the city. Come with us and discover the streets style buildings create to this day the atmosphere of Georgian
haunted by the infamous Jack the Ripper. With a superb England.
guide and a coach driver who knows every winding alley, D. Oxford, Stratford and Warwick Castle
explore those parts denied to most tourists. Walk down a We will have a guided tour of a college before going to
medieval street to follow the route of the Death Cart and Woodstock, passing thatched cottages en route to Stratford
hear the cry, ‘Bring out your dead’ echo once more through upon Avon, where we will have time for a meal and a visit
the lanes of the old city. Visit a plague pit where 50 000 to Shakespeare’s birthplace in Henley Street. We take a short
victims of the Black Death lie in their awful tomb. Listen to tour of the town to see the Memorial Theatre on the banks
excerpts from Shakespeare’s plays and Dickens’ novels set in of the Avon and also Shakespeare’s grave. We then leave for
the very places which we visit. Follow the Jack the Ripper Warwick Castle, dating back to the fourteenth century and
murder trail and learn the true identity of the Ripper. reputed to be the most impressive in Britain. We will see the
B. Windsor Castle State Rooms in their original splendour. You may also
Leaving Central London we go direct on the motorway to explore the Dungeons, the Ghost Tower and stroll with the
Windsor. We visit Runnymede Meadows, where in 1215 peacocks in the gardens.
King John signed the Magna Carta, which gave the people of E. Museums
England the right of trial before punishment. We cross over No tour of London would be complete that did not take in
the Long Walk with magnificent views of the Castle and are some of the finest museums in Britain. The most famous of
soon at Windsor Castle. We see the Guard before visiting the all is, of course, the British Museum in Great Russell Street,
State Apartments and St George’s Chapel. Windsor Castle where we begin our tour. It is indeed one of the best
has been a royal residence since the eleventh century, when museums in the world, with numerous treasures grouped by
William the Conqueror built the fortifications on the site. date and nationality. Here you will get the chance to see
During your visit many treasures will be seen. If the Queen scenes from prehistoric Britain, perfectly preserved Egyptian
is in residence, we will visit Queen Mary’s Dolls House mummies and a whole range of Roman and Greek
instead. After the visit, there will be time for shopping antiquities, including the unique collection known as the
before rejoining the coach. Elgin Marbles – the famous statues and sculptures from the
C. Salisbury, Stonehenge and Bath Parthenon in Athens. And for something a bit more up-to-
Salisbury Cathedral, dedicated to St Mary and founded in date, and for those of you who have the energy, a bus will
1220, has a beautiful spire which dominates the take you to the exhibition of the Guinness World of Records
surrounding countryside. This gothic cathedral is a classic of which illustrates feats form the famous Guinness Book of
architecture and mustn’t be missed. We continue to Records. For anyone interested in weird and wonderful
Stonehenge, whose stones have stood for over 4 000 years world records, form the tallest man to the fastest runner,
amongst the burial mounds of a prehistoric community. We this colourful exhibition is a must.

Which tour or tours would you recommend for someone

who: is interested in the British Royal family? 11. B
enjoys murder stories? 1. A is interested in classical history? 12.E 13. C
likes visiting churches? 2.B 3.C is interested in sport? 14. E
enjoys things to do with the theatre? 4.A 5.C 15. Where has this text come from?
wants to stay in London? 6.E 7.D B A. a leaflet about guided tours
would like to see the finest castle in England? 8. D B. a history book
likes ancient history? 9.C 10. E C. a guide to British cities
D. a travel book
Unit 8: Sherlock Holmes – The Mystery of the Creeping Man
Vocabulary and Use of English

1. Match the words in list A with their meanings in list B.

A B
laconic
huddled curled up
gloomy sad, depressing
investigate examine, inquire into
reflect show as in a mirror
trivial not important
curious strange, wanting to know more

2.

1. Holmes had refilled his pipe and sat down again, paying 4. It was a Sunday evening, early in September, when I
no attention to my question. received one of Sherlock Holmes’ laconic messages, ‘Come
at once. Urgent.’
2. After several minutes, he told me that he had learnt
something very curious which had made him think that dogs 7. When I got to Baker Street, I found Holmes huddled up
might be able to help detectives in their work.  5 his armchair deep in thought, with his pipe in his mouth.

3. ‘But isn’t all this rather an exaggeration?’ I asked.  1

4. It was a Sunday evening, early in September, when I 2. After several minutes, he told me that he had learnt
received one of Sherlock Holmes’ laconic messages, ‘Come something very curious which had made him think that dogs
at once. Urgent.’ might be able to help detectives in their work.  5

5. He explained that what he had said about dogs was very

important to the problem he was involved in at present.

6. ‘A dog,’ he explained, ‘is like a mirror – it reflects the life

6. ‘A dog,’ he explained, ‘is like a mirror – it reflects the life
of its owners. One never sees a happy dog in a gloomy
of its owners. One never sees a happy dog in a gloomy
family, or a sad dog in a happy dog in a gloomy family, or a
family, or a sad dog in a happy dog in a gloomy family, or a
sad dog in a happy one. Dangerous people have dangerous
sad dog in a happy one. Dangerous people have dangerous
dogs.’
dogs.’
7. When I got to Baker Street, I found Holmes huddled up
3. ‘But isn’t all this rather an exaggeration?’ I asked.  1
his armchair deep in thought, with his pipe in his mouth.

1. Holmes had refilled his pipe and sat down again, paying
no attention to my question.

5. He explained that what he had said about dogs was very

important to the problem he was involved in at present.
Unit 11: Meat: to eat or not to eat? - New link found between humans and Mad Cow Disease
Mad Cow Disease is a deadly illness of the brain and it is the non-technical term for BSE or Bovine Spongiform
Encephalitis. This is so difficult to say that journalists and even some doctors prefer the more vivid Mad Cow Disease. It is believed
to be caused when cows eat food made from the bones and organs of diseased animals, particularly sheep. Cows are basically
vegetarian and the policy of farmers in Britain of feeding them a cheap, meat-based diet seems to be responsible for Mad Cow
Disease.
When the disease appeared in the 1990s, it caused a huge controversy, but it had first been discovered in cows in the late
1980s. Many people began to be afraid to eat beef because it was not known whether the disease could be caught by humans who
ate meat from infected cows. The disease in its human form is known as Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease or CJD, and it became familiar
to the general public, not only in Britain but also in Europe, when several people were thought to have died from the disease after
eating beef infected with BSE. In 1995, several European governments banned the import of beef products from Britain. This action
caused outrage in Britain in the popular press and amongst government ministers, who continued to claim the link between Mad
Cow Disease and CJD had not been scientifically proven.
The British government now admits that people might get Creutzfedlt Jakob from eating beef, after scientists found
symptoms of CJD, which is always fatal, in ten victims. Since then, the sales of beef have dropped dramatically, except amongst the
poorer members of the community, who have taken the opportunity of a drop in prices to enjoy beef in a way they could not in the
past. Fast food stores all over Europe have begun to market a new (and they claim even tastier) version of their popular burger, the
‘vegiburger’, which does not contain meat.
Scientists working in Britain have now published evidence in the science journal Nature that could show Mad Cow Disease
and CJD are closely connected. They say brain proteins linked with both diseases show very close similarities. This could explain
why people develop CJD after eating meat from cows infected with BSE. The research could also explain why people never got CJD
from eating sheep, which also suffer from a kind of ‘mad sheep disease’. We do not share the protein ‘prion’ with sheep, but it is
something people and cows have in common.
What happens exactly when human beings get the disease? The key seems to be the protein prion. Normal prions are
important if the brain is to function normally. When things go wrong with prion, however, the brain becomes sponge-like, which is
also what happens in cows who suffer from Mad Cow Disease. Scientist Professor Krakauer and his colleagues have been exploring
genetic similarities between humans and cows. ‘We needed to find a similarity we share with cattle that we don’t share with sheep,’
said Krakauer, ‘and that’s what we have found.’ They compared cow prion genes and human prion genes to those found in other
animals such as sheep and monkeys. They found two striking similarities in cows, humans, chimpanzees and gorillas. Scientists
believe these findings ‘have to be taken seriously as they are the first that link humans with cattle’.
1. We use the expression Mad Cow Disease because D. a new kind of beefburger has been invented
A. it is more accurate. 4. Scientists believe CJD
B. it is easier to say. A. is caused by eating beef
C. it links cows with people. B. may be caused by eating sheep’s meat.
D. it sounds less scientific. C. is caused by lack of proteins.
2. Cows are infected with the disease because D. may be caused by eating beef.
A. they need a vegetarian diet. 5. What do we know about mad sheep disease?
B. they are forced to eat dead sheep A. It is dangerous to humans.
C. they eat meat from infected cows. B. It could be fatal.
D. they are fed parts of diseased animals. C. It is similar to Mad Cow Disease.
3. As a result of Mad Cow Disease D. It cannot cause CJD.
A. people have stopped eating meat 6. Prion is protein found in
B. good meat has become expensive A. sheep and cows.
C. poor people are eating more beef B. people and sheep.
C. cows and people. A. We know little about the real causes.
D. a number of animals. B. There is no danger in eating meat.
7. What does the passage suggest about our C. Little progress has been made by scientists.
understanding of Mad Cow Disease? D. We know things we did not know before.
Unit 9: Vocabulary, SB, p. 80/239

Word formation: fright and fear and afraid

1. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the words above. Sometimes there is more than one
possibility.
1. Some people are very ___ afraid____ of spiders.
2. Her worst __fear___ is failing her exams.
3. The little girl was __afraid____ her mother wouldn’t come back.
4. There was a ___frightful____ smell in the room and I just had to open the window.
5. A good reporter is ___fearless ____ in the face of danger.
6. When the rescue team reached him, he was shaking with ___fear______.

2. Complete these sentences using some of the verbs below to form -ed or -ing adjectives.
excite, depress, frighten, amuse, fascinate, bore, intrigue, disgust
1. Are you ___frightened_____ of dogs?
2. An old, empty house at night is _____frightening _______.
3. I feel ____excited_______ the day before a big match.
4. It wasn’t an ___fascinating_______ match, unfortunately.
5. The news was all about various disasters. I found it a bit ___depressing_____.
6. I felt very _____depressed____ after failing my exams.
7. He tells very ____boring___ jokes.
8. I’m not ____amused______ by your jokes; I don’t find them funny at all.

Phrasal verbs with look

look over, look into, look through, look on, look out, look after, look up

1. Replace the underlined words in these sentences with the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs above.
1. The police are investigating the crime. looking into
2. If you can’t remember the number, you can always find it in the telephone book. look it up
3. If you are not careful, you are going to have an accident one day. do not look out
4. Can you please read the text quickly and find all the phrasal verbs. look over look through the text
5. You should examine the property carefully before you decide to buy it. look through look over
6. Who takes care of the kids when you go out in the evening? looks after
7. It was terrible … while the little, old lady was being mugged, several passers-by just stood there watching! looking on
Phrasal verbs with down

let down, come down, put down, take down, pull down, turn down, knock down

2. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs above.
1. A good friend never ____lets____ you _____down____.
2. The show is over. We can ____take down_______ the poster now.
3. They offered her a lot of money for the house but she _____turned___ them ____down_____.
4. As the old lady was crossing the road she was ____knocked down_____ by a bus.
5. It was such an old house they decided to have it ____pulled down_______.
6. put down
7. Prices in the shops never seem to _____come down_____: they’re always going up.

Words often confused

fall, throw, drop, pass, knock, push

3. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the words above.
1. _____Pass____ the salt and pepper, please.
2. Be careful, you’re going to ___drop____ that glass.
3. He ___threw____ a stone at the window and broke it.
4. How do cats always manage to ___fall_____ on their feet?
5. The child ____knocked_____ the glass over and spilt all the milk.
6. Just ___push______ the green button and the door will open.
Unit 9: Mysterious monsters - It’s big, it’s ugly, it’s wild and nobody can capture it!
1. B D 4. G C

A 57-year-old woman was mauled yesterday, by what she Exmoor, however, seems to be one of the mysterious
claims was ‘a huge, black cat’, as she was walking her two monster’s favourite haunts. This is the latest in a whole
dogs near Bodmin Moor in the West Country. Local police series of incidents in which a black, cat-like creature has
are investigating her story, which follows a spate of similar been sighted by people living in the area of Exmoor. The
reports in the area in recent months. Residents and visitors creature, which looks like a puma say local farmers, has
to the West Country have been warned to avoid the Bodmin been killing sheep and other livestock. ‘It should be caught
area. immediately and shot,’ said one farmer who has lost five
sheep in recent months. Several other farmers have reported
2. D G
the loss of livestock following attacks by an unidentified

Mrs Williams, the wife of a local farmer, described the cat as creature, assumed by many until recently to have been a

‘just like something out of the jungle. It was jet-black all wolf. ‘A wolf has not been sighted in these areas in living

over with a white-tipped tail. It had short legs but was very memory,’ commented one farmer.

strong’. More details were not available, as the creature

5. A
moved too fast and Mrs Williams only managed to catch a
glimpse of it. The incident occurred when Mrs Williams was Exmoor police have been trying to track the ‘Beast of
taking her dogs for a walk, as she always does on Sunday Bodmin’, as it’s called, since it was first spotted some years
morning. Suddenly something ‘bashed’ her really hard on ago, but they have so far come up with nothing except for a
the back of the head, causing her to fall to the ground, few very large animal tracks and a trail of dead sheep.
stunned. Claims that the creature was sighted in a school playground
recently are being investigated. ‘Our policy is to look into all
3. F
reports of this sort, however ridiculous,’ said Chief

“When I came to, there it was – a huge, black cat staring Constable John Witmoor.

down at me with its glittering, green eyes, I got the fright of

6. C B
my life, I can tell you,’ said Mrs Williams. ‘It was a
horrifying experience,’ she told reporters, as she sipped a Investigations have been intensified and local police have
cup of tea to calm her down, still visibly shaken. ‘If it hadn’t brought in zoologists to assist them in the hunt for the Beast
been for my Labrador, who chased the monster away, it of Bodmin. Meanwhile, local people and visitors to the area
would have savaged me to death. It was about six foot long, have been warned not to walk alone on the moor. Parents
the size of a large Alsatian.’ Mrs Williams’ description have been advised to keep their children at a safe distance
matches that of other eye witnesses in incidents involving from the area. Motorists have also been asked to keep an
strange creatures in various parts of the country. eye out for anything suspicious and to report sightings to
the police immediately.

1. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G

for each part (1 – 6) of the text. There is one extra
2. Read the text again. For question 1-7, choose the
heading which you do not need to use.
A. Police on the case correct answer A, B, C or D.

B. Beware of the cat

1. How did the police react to what Mrs Williams said?
C. Drastic steps
A. They accepted her story.
D. Woman attacked
B. They did not believe her.
E. Seen at night
C. They are taking it seriously.
F. Saved by a dog
D. They say they have heard it all before.
G. Not a quiet stroll
 A. The animal must be a wolf.
2. What did the creature do to Mrs Williams? B. It is nothing new.
A. It walked towards here. C. The reports are not very serious.
B. It hit her on the back. D. The animal could be dangerous.
C. It knocked her over.
D. It bit her. 7. How are the police trying to find the creature?
A. They have asked parents to help them.
3. How does she feel now? B. They have asked for expert advice.
A. She is still shocked. C. They are looking for more tracks.
B. She feels dizzy. D. They are interviewing visitors to the area.
C. She is calm.
D. She is tired and thirsty.
5. Find words in the text that mean:
- attacked and hurt badly (part 1)
4. Which description fits the creature?
- a large number of (part 1)
A. a large, black cat with a short tail
- animal (part 2)
B. a large, black cat with a white tail
- hit hard (part 2)
C. a large, black dog
- looking steadily at (part 3)
D. a large, black wolf
- very frightening (part 3)
- large, frightening animal (part 4)
5. When was the creature first seen?
- accepted as true without proof (part 4)
A. last year
- stupid, foolish (part 5)
B. yesterday
C. in recent months
D. a few years ago

6. What is the police view of the situation?

Unit 10: What’s in a face? Face to Face
1. a C 5. f G A

They often have a pear-shaped head. They are intelligent The full, fleshy lips and the prominent jaw are usually signs
but can also be absent-minded. They like to spend time at of sincerity, warmth and strong emotions of the romantic
home where they can think in peace and quiet. Most of the variety. These types are outgoing and sociable. They often
time they are either thinking, studying or sleeping. They get married young. Although they may not shine, they will
remain single, or put off getting married till later in life. do well both at work and at play.

2. D g 6. e H

They are well-built and courageous and they do not lack The distinguishing feature of this type is that the width and
self-confidence. They are easily insulted and get angry height of the face are roughly the same. They give the
quickly. They are quite hard-working at school or at work, impression of being melancholy. They are usually red-faced
but without overdoing it. They enjoy the simple life. They and look healthy. They have large, dark eyes and bushy
do not often become rich. eyebrows. They have a wide nose and a large mouth. These
types are tough and determined, even aggressive. They
3. F b
strike first and ask questions later.

They are a bit overweight. They are adaptable and know

7. d A G
how to do a good job, though they are not very energetic.
They are easy-going and get on well with people. They often This type has a triangular face, with a wide forehead and a
do well in business. On the negative side, they can very narrow chin. They usually have even, well-shaped
occasionally be self-centered and insensitive towards others. features, except for their mouth, which will be either too
small or too big. Their eyes are large and often very dark.
4. c B
Their nose is narrow at the top but has wide nostrils. Their

They tend to be thin. They are inflexible and do not change personality is bright and cheerful, but they can also be tense

their ideas easily. They are usually honest. They take their and edgy. They think a lot and take a lot of what goes on

time doing things and do not learn quickly. Their thin lips around them.

suggest a certain coldness or hardness of character. They

often make good farmers, engineers or administrators.

A. The passionate type E. The criminal type

B. The bony type F. The plump type
C. The brainy type G. The happy type
D. The muscular type H. The quarrelsome type

Vocabulary
Words often confused
polite, kind, gentle, respectable, respectful
1. Match the words above with their definitions
- not rough or violent
- having good manners
- behaving in a way which shows you admire someone or accept their position in society
- caring for and helping others
- having qualities that society admires

2. Complete these sentences using one of the words above.

1. Be __________ when you give the baby a bath.
2. It was very ________ of you to carry my bag for me.
3. The crow stood at a _________ distance as the president walked past.
4. Why don’t you get a _________ job like your father?
5. It wasn’t very __________ to go without saying thank you.

Phrasal verbs (time)

put back, take up, carry on, get on, hold on, put off, hang around, hold up
1. If it rains, we’ll have to ____put off____ the match till next week.
2. Can you just ____hold on_____ a minute? I want to finish this exercise.
3. Sorry I’m late. I was _____hold u______ by traffic.
3. Although the teacher told them to be quiet they ___carried on_____ talking.
5. He’s not as young as he used to be; he’s ___getting on_____ a bit now.
6. Instead of going home, the fans ___hang around_____ outside the stadium causing trouble.
7. Can I just have a quick word with you? It shouldn’t ____put back_take up___ too much time.

The greatest writer of all time

Graphology is the study and (1) ANALYSE (n)____analysis________ of handwriting as a way of telling you about the writer’s (2)
PERSON_____personality________. In order to carry out a (3) SUCCESS ____successful______ study of someone’s character, graphologists
need a full-page specimen of someone’s handwriting. This has to be (4) WRITE ___written_______ spontaneously under normal
conditions.

One of the most widely analysed (5) SIGN _____signatures_____ is that of the greatest English writer of all time, William Shakespeare.
The only examples we have of Shakespeare’s (6) ABLE ____ability_______ to write are six examples of his signature. (7) FORTUNATE
____Unfortunately_____, experts do not agree on whether he wrote them at all. If he did, he could (8) HARD _______hardly______ have
been the writer who ‘never blotted a line’. The signatures are nearly (9) LEGIBLE ______illegible_______ and it can be seen that the
name is spelt in several (10) DIFFER ______differences__ different______ ways and written in several different styles. The three most
(11) CONTROVERSY ____controversial______ signatures are those on Shakespeare’s will. Their shaky letters may be a symptom of the
writer’s deathbed (12) WEAK ______weakness______. However, some expert graphologists claim that these signatures were not written
by Shakespeare at all, but by his (13) LAW _____lawyer(s)________. One graphologist, Duming-Lawrence, claims with (14) CERTAIN
____certainty________ that the greatest writer of all time could not so much as manage to scrawl his own name.
Unit 11 – Vocabulary

Food and farming

1. Match the words in the list A with their definitions in list B.

A B C
harvest the killing of many animals, often cruelly slaughter
cereal animals kept on a farm livestock
slaughter food like wheat and corn cereal
starvation to care for animals in order to use them for food rear
adjust terrible shameful
shameful to change adjust
livestock gathering crops on a farm harvest
rear chicken and other farmbirds poultry
poultry dying because of lack of food starvation

2. Find the words from list A in the advertisement below.

Underline them and check the meanings according to the context.

Livestock farming isn’t just killing animals.

Meat is not cheap. Apart from costing the lives of countless millions of animals each year, its production is also causing starvation
for millions of people all over the world.

How can the production of food result in people going hungry? Because over half the world’s cereal harvest is fed to livestock
being reared for slaughter, and not to men, women and children.

And it takes a full 3 lbs of that grain to product just 1 lb of poultry. Or 10 lbs of grain to yield a mere 1 lb of intensively reared
beef. It’s a shameful waste of resources. One that you can help to correct by rejecting meat from your diet. Because the more
people who go vegetarian, the more the agricultural industry will be forced to adjust its methods of operation and reduce its
production, as demand for meat goes down.

5. Match words from list A with words from list B to make compound nouns. You can use some of the words more than
once.

A: pork, rare, chicken, roast, boiled, cheese, sausage, hot, ham, mince, apple, tomato, fried, lamb

B: beef, dog, sauce, chop, roll, burger, soup, pie, egg, steak, sandwich, meat

rare steak, chicken soup, roast beef, boiled egg, cheese sauce,pie,sandwich, hotdog, ham burger, mince beef, apple pie, tomato
sauce, soup , fried egg, lamb chop, pork chop, pork pie, chicken pie, chicken sandwich, sausage roll, ham sandwich
6. Put the words in the box under the following headings:

- meat:veal, mutton, lamb, beef, steak, ham, pork

- vegetables: cabbage, pepper, Brussels sprout, mushroom, onion, carrot, cauliflower, pumpkin, courgetti, pea, bean

- fruit:cherry, plum, apricot, pear, grape, tangerine, raisin, watermelon, melon, peach

cabbage, veal, pea, bean, cherry, mutton, pepper, Brussels sprout, plum, lamb, apricot, pear, grape, tangerine, mushroom, raisin,
beef, watermelon, steak, ham, melon, onion, carrot, cauliflower, peach, pumpkin, courgette, pork

Vocabulary

Phrasal verbs (food)

give up, go off, run out, put on, cut up, cut down

1. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs above.

1. We’ve _____run out______ of cheese. I’ll have to go and get some more.

2. I’ve _____put on______ two kilos since I stopped playing basketball.

3. This beef smells awful; it must have ___gone off______!

4. After the Mad Cow Disease scare, a lot of people _____gave up______ eating meat completely.

5. Before you put the pork in the pan it should be _____cut up_____ into little pieces.

6. I’ve not stopped eating meat completely, but I’ve ____cut down_____.

Words often confused

price, worth, cost, value

2. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the words above.

1. Our local museum has a ____valuable______ collection of paintings. priceless

2. I bought this jacket in the sales for a very good ____price______.

3. The ____cost_______ of rebuilding the city will be enormous.

4. Will the ____worth_______ of my property go down if they build a factory nearby? value

5. The ____cost____ of houses has gone up sharply in the last few years. price/value

6. I thought the ring was made of gold, but it turned out to be ___priceless_____. worthless

7. I have bought fifty pounds’ _____value_____ of drink for the party. Do you think that will be enough? worth

8. This car was a real bargain; it only ______worth______ me a thousand pounds. cost
Unit 12 – The power and magic of dreams

1. D 4. A

If any book in the twentieth century can be said to have There is something about dreams that leads people to
brough about a revolution in the way we think, it is The believe there must be some meaning behind them. Dreams
Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud. Freud himself have aroused our curiosity since ancient times. Four
said, ‘It contains the most valuable of all the discoveries I thousand years before Freud was born, Egyptian priests
have had the good fortune to make.’ The book was claimed to be able to interpret dreams and they believed
published for the first time in 1900 and nearly one hundred that dreams could foretell the future. Aristotle, in the fourth
years later it has become a classic. It changed the way we century BC, regarded dreams as an early warning system
think about sleep and dreams forever. But how did it all about the state of our health.
start?
5. C
2. G
What causes dreams and what do they mean? A touch or a
On the night of 24 July 1895, Sigmund Freud had an sound may become part of a dream if it occurs during dream
unusually long and vivid dream. He dreamt that he was periods. Over the centuries, people have believed dreams
giving a party in a large room. One of the guests was a are brought on by the weather, the stars, the Devil,
female patient of his, who told him (in the dream) that she indigestion, a knocking at the door, very strict parents and
was seriously ill. Freud believed here, but felt she was not as even pickles. Dreams may express important wishes and
seriously ill as she thought. There was nothing unusual fears of the dreamer. However, dreams are so personal that
about the dream – the events and the people in it were quite deep down many of us may be quite pleased that they
ordinary. When he woke up, Freud wrote down the dream cannot be fully explained.
in as much detail as he could remember. He studied all of
6. E
the details carefully and realized that they were not random
– they meant something. Gradually, he discovered what he The scientific study of dreams only really began in 1952,
believed each of the symbols in his dream really meant. when a researcher at the University of Chicago attached
electrodes to his son’s body and discovered the existence of
3. F
REM. This is the period during sleep when there is rapid eye
Nowadays, if Freud were to attend a scientific conference on movement. This is also referred to as D-sleep (or dream
dreams, he would be able to choose from a hundred or so sleep). It has since been discovered that we all dream, even
different theories about the significance of dreams. Dreams if we do not remember our dreams.
are also a subject studied in universities around the world.
7. B H
On the Internet, hundreds of people share their dreams with
other interested parties. We have our most vivid dreams during REM, which starts
about 90 minutes after we have fallen asleep. As we go
deeper into sleep, we dream more often and for longer
periods. Typically, a person has four or five periods of D-
sleep during the night. Dreams occur roughly every 90
minutes and altogether make up about 25% of the night’s
sleep.

A. Interest in the meaning of dreams goes back a long time. E. Scientific work on dreams has only a short history.
B. Why it is important to discuss you dreams. F. There is an enormous interest in dreams nowadays.
C. It is difficult to decide on what dreams really mean. G. An ordinary dream can mean quite a lot.
D. How an influential book was born. H. There are different kinds of sleep.
1. What do you believe about dreams? Agree or disagree with these statements. Which of the beliefs about dreams below
are mentioned?
1. Dreams are caused by the food you eat. A
2. Animals do not dream. D
3. Dreams can predict the future. A
4. Dreams express our secret desires. A
5. Dreams appear only in black and white. D
6. Dreams can tell you if you’re going to be ill. D
7. We dream for four hours every night. A
4. Find words in the text that mean:
- caused (phrasal verb) (part 1) brough about
- bright, clear (part 2) vivid
- slowly, not suddenly (part 2) Gradually
- shapes or objects which are used to represent something else (part 2) symbols
- the importance that something has (part 3) significance
- awakened interest in something (part 4) curiosity aroused
- desire to know something (part 4) curiosity
- decide what something means (part 4) regarded interpret
- say what will happen in the future (part 4) foretell
- very quick (part 6) rapid
- about (part 7) roughly
5. Complete these questions using one of the words from exercise 4 in each space.
1. Do you have ____vivid______ dreams in bright, clear colours?
2. Do you believe we can _____ interpret____ our dreams?
3. Do you feel any _____curiosity____ to know what your dreams really mean?
4. Do you fall asleep ____gradually_____ or immediately?
5. Do you think that dreams can ______ foretell ______ what is going to happen?
Warm up
crime buster = an informal expression meaning someone who fights crime
squad = a special team of policemen (or soldiers)
fingerprint brushing = a technique for making a copy of fingerprints left on objects a criminal may have touched
civic = to do with a city and its citizens
foster = encourage
get-away car = a car used by criminals to escape from the scene of a crime.
Unit 13: Goodies and baddies - Young crime busters win praise

Swedish ten-year-olds are learning the ways of Sherlock Holmes – and helping to cut crime in their home town. Alex Farnsworth
(Stockholm). An elite force of detectives has had a dramatic effect on the crime rate in the Swedish town of Uppsala. But the
hundred members of the crack squad are no ordinary crime busters – they are only ten years old. The youngsters work under Goran
Harde, a policeman who has been running a detective training course for the past five years. 1. __B___ Harde, a 25-year veteran of
the force, boasts that he has ‘one hundred small detectives and the lowest crime rate in town’.

Recently, when a woman went missing from an old people’s home, Harde called the local school and asked them to ‘let out his
detectives’. Within half an hour they had found her sitting in a café. 2. ____G_____ When a bicycle is reported stolen, an almost daily
occurrence in the university town, Harde sends out his ‘Emil and the Detectives’ team. The children trace and return an average of
three bicycles a week. In return they receive a pass to the local swimming pool. 3._______A___________

The young detectives are Harde’s eyes and ears and each of them is responsible for an area close to his or her home. If they see
anything suspicious, they report it to their chief. Following a recent robbery in Uppsala, the police saw the get-away car head into
Harde’s district. 4_____D_____ ‘I gave the car number to my children,’ he said proudly. ‘Within an hour and a half I could confirm to
my bosses that the car was not in my district.’

Every Monday evening, the detectives attend their training courses. They study the Detectives’ Handbook, learn the art of fingerprint
brushing and watch non-violent mystery classics. 5_____E____ They are also sent on fact-finding missions. The school transforms the
town council dining room into a bustling forensic laboratory of which Sherlock Holmes would have been proud.

The year-long course is for twenty young detectives, after which the children receive a diploma. 6____C___ Seventeen are chosen for
the course on a first come, first served basis; the last three Harde chooses himself from problem families.

By offering fun-filled detective classes, Harde hopes to encourage a sense of civic responsibility in his pupils and to foster a
situation in which society can police itself. He claims that the detective club is more than just a novel approach to police work. He
believes it is an investment in the future. The children who are involved in the programme are much more likely to grow into
responsible law-abiding citizens. They also get lots of fun out of the experience. 7__H___ One young detective, Anna Egenalm, said
she doesn’t share her knowledge with her friends: “It’s a secret,” she declared.

A. This is a pretty impressive success rate for young detectives.

B. The scheme has grown in popularity since it was launched in 1987.
C. The course is so popular that there are not enough places for all those who apply and a selection has to be made.
D. There was no time to lose, so the young sleuths were called in.
E. It is all much more fun than ordinary lessons.
F. Harde is quick to point out that the children are never asked to do anything dangerous.
G. They called their boss, who had her returned safely to the old people’s home.
H. There is a feeling of belonging to a group with a common purpose.

Find the words or phrases in the text that mean:

  the number of crimes committed (p1)
 someone who has been doing a job for a long time (p1)
 an event, an incident (p2)
 the boss, leader (p3)
 area, part of a city (p3)
 somewhere where experiments are carried out (p4)
 new, unusual (p6)

Vocabulary
1. Put the words in the box under the following headings:
criminal, culprit, accuse, release, offender, charge, prison, suspect, accused, sentence, police, court, detective, robbery, lawyer,
mugging, free, prosecutor, assassination, cell, judge, jury, convict, blackmail, burglary, witness, shoplifter, assassin, drug
trafficking, prisoner, jail, station
 people who break the law: criminal, culprit, offender, suspect, accused, shoplifter, assassin, prisoner, convict
 people who defend the law: police, detective, lawyer, prosecutor, jury, witness, judge
 names of crimes: robbery, mugging, assassination, blackmail, burglary, drug trafficking
 places connected with the law: prison, court, cell, jail, station
 actions connected with the law: accuse, release, charge, sentence, free, judge, convict, witness, suspect, jail

2. Match the verbs with the prepositions they go with

Verbs: arrest, charge, accuse, fine, sentence, punish, suspect, blame
Prepositions: for, of, with, to
arrest for, charge with, accuse of, fine for, sentence to, punish for, suspect of, blame for
- She is arrested for drug trafficking.
- He was charged with murder.
- She accused him of lying.
- She was fined for speeding.
- The judge sentenced him to hang.
- She will be punished for her crime.
- He was wrongly suspected of the crime.
- Why is he blaming others for his problem?
3. Complete this table
Verb Person Crime
steal thief thieves theft/stealing
rob robber robbery
burgle burglar burglary
mug mugger mugging
kidnap kidnapper kidnapping
hijack hijacker hijacking
blackmail blackmailer blackmail
smuggle smuggler smuggling
shoplift shoplifter shoplifting
pickpocket pickpocket pickpocketing

4. Use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
Kidnapped!
The Metropolitan police have launched a nationwide hunt for the (1) KIDNAP_______kidnappers______ of a wealthy businessman,
Charles Webster, who was held for ransom at the weekend.
The police are offering 25 000 pounds for (2) INFORM_______information_________ leading to the arrest of the (3)
CRIME_______criminals__________. Webster, chairman of the famous chocolate factory Candberry Sweets and father of three, was
released on Monday after his (4) RELATE______relatives________ paid a ransom of nearly one million pounds. The three wanted men
are highly (5) DANGER___dangerous_______, escaped convicts. Webster told (6) JOURNAL_____journalists_________ how his ordeal began
last Friday morning as he was on his way to work. The 55-year-old (7) BUSINESS____businessmen____________ was dragged from his
car at gunpoint by two men who took him to an (8) KNOW______unknown________ destination. They then telephoned Webster’s
brother, who is also the family (9) LAW________lawyer________, demanding a ransom of a million pounds and warning him not to
involve the police in (10) NEGOTIATE________negotiations______________ . On Monday morning, the two sides came to a compromise
agreement and the kidnappers released Webster in exchange for 850 000 pounds.

5. Match the words above with their definitions

evidence, proof, clue
1. Information used in court to decide whether the accused is guilty or not: evidence
2. Information that shows that something is definitely a fact or not: proof
3. Information or a sign that helps you to find the correct answer: clue

6. Complete these sentences using one of the words above.

1. Have you any __________proof__________ that you were at home on the night of the murder?
2. Several witnesses gave ____clue____evidence___ about the crime.
3. Are there any ______clues________ as to who might have committed the crime?
4. The blood on his clothes may be useful ___clue___evidence___ but it is not absolute _____proof______ that he is the murderer.
5. I can’t guess who is coming for dinner. Can you give me a ______clue_______?
Unit 14: TV Highlights

A. Love Hurts headaches to liver complaints. This film follows the police
The second series of this highly acclaimed drama reunites on the killing trail in Korea, where the bears are almost
unlikely lovers Frank Craver and Tessa Piggott, played by extinct, across the Pacific to Canada, where conservationists
Adam Faith and Zoe Wanamaker. Plumber-cum-millionaire battle to save this endangered species.
Frank has lost his home, money and Tessa, who has moved  Acoustic Tragedies
from doing charity work to the board of Blaublatt, run by Noise is one of the most complained about environmental
the thirteenth richest man in the USA. But Frank is not a problems and the fastest growing form of pollution. This
man to be kept down for long and soon starts doing business film follows negotiations between mother of four, Mrs Rafei,
in Russia – just as Tessa’s work takes her to Eastern and and her neighbours, up-and-coming heavy metal band
Central Europe. Will their affair begin again? Peach. Will anyone compromise or will band practice
continue to drive Mrs Rafei to tears?
B. Fawlty Towers
Basil has big plans for his hotel, Fawlty Towers, although E. Under the Sun
the guests stand in the way of progress and his staff – This award-winning series takes a look at the more unusual
Manuel (Andrew Sachs), the incompetent waiter from lifestyles and relationships of individuals, tribes and nations
Barcelona; Polly, the seemingly sane chambermaid and from all corners of the globe. The Women Who Smile is the
Basil’s dragon-like wife Sybil (Prunella Scales), who divides first part of The Hamar Trilogy, a portrait of a group of
her time between nagging her husband and gossiping – are people who live in south-western Ethiopia. Barely touched
also an obstacle. Hilarious one-liners, comic insults and by the war in the north, they continue to live a traditional
amusing slapstick make Fawlty Towers the most popular TV life. Each film concentrates on the proud and outspoken
comedy of all time. Hamar women whose lives – their struggles and tragedies –
offer many reflections of our own. The women speak frankly
C. Great Ormond Street about their lives, particularly Duka, who in the films
‘The Child First and Always’ is the slogan of the world’s matures from a young, unmarried girl to a wife and mother
most famous children’s hospital in central London. This with two young children.
eight-part series aims to show how those words are put into
practice each day, as the cameras capture the moving stories F. The Accountant
of the young patients, their parents and the special medical Directed by Lee Balir and starring Alfred Molina as the
teams who work there. The hospital does important medical accountant, this film, a dark and dangerous drama with lots
research, but its daily concerns often involve matters of life of humour, has won the British Academy Award for Best
and death. Single drama, the Royal Television Society Award and two
Broadcasting Press Guild Awards. Lionel Ellerman (Molina)
D. Nature is a small-time London accountant, who has been asked to
A series of six programmers which focus on environmental trace to a small debt for his friend Bernie, who lives in
problems and possible solutions, including: Manchester. But this task is not as innocent as it sounds and
 Bear Necessities Lionel finds that the Mafia are taking a close interest in his
The Asian black bear is hunted for its gall, an important part son’s Bar Mitzvah.
of Oriental medicine used in the treatment of anything from
Which programme or programmes would you recommend for someone who:
likes watching programmes set in other countries? 1AD, 2E
is interested in environmental issues? 3D
enjoys crime stories? 4DF
likes English humour? 5B, 6F
likes documentaries about social issues? 7C, 8D, 9E
likes stories about modern relationships? 10A
is interested in scientific developments? 11C
watches anything that has won an award? 12E, 13F
Unit 14: TV Highlights

A. Love Hurts headaches to liver complaints. This film follows the police
The second series of this highly acclaimed drama reunites on the killing trail in Korea, where the bears are almost
unlikely lovers Frank Craver and Tessa Piggott, played by extinct, across the Pacific to Canada, where conservationists
Adam Faith and Zoe Wanamaker. Plumber-cum-millionaire battle to save this endangered species.
Frank has lost his home, money, and Tessa, who has moved  Acoustic Tragedies
from doing charity work to the board of Blaublatt, run by Noise is one of the most complained about environmental
the thirteenth richest man in the USA. But Frank is not a problems and the fastest growing form of pollution. This
man to be kept down for long and soon starts doing business film follows negotiations between mother of four, Mrs Rafei,
in Russia – just as Tessa’s work takes her to Eastern and and her neighbours, up-and-coming heavy metal band
Central Europe. Will their affair begin again? Peach. Will anyone compromise or will band practice
continue to drive Mrs Rafei to tears?
B. Fawlty Towers
Basil has big plans for his hotel, Fawlty Towers, although E. Under the Sun
the guests stand in the way of progress and his staff – This award-winning series takes a look at the more unusual
Manuel (Andrew Sachs), the incompetent waiter from lifestyles and relationships of individuals, tribes and nations
Barcelona; Polly, the seemingly sane chambermaid and from all corners of the globe. The Women Who Smile is the
Basil’s dragon-like wife Sybil (Prunella Scales), who divides first part of The Hamar Trilogy, a portrait of a group of
her time between nagging her husband and gossiping – are people who live in south-western Ethiopia. Barely touched
also an obstacle. Hilarious one-liners, comic insults and by the war in the north, they continue to live a traditional
amusing slapstick make Fawlty Towers the most popular TV life. Each film concentrates on the proud and outspoken
comedy of all time. Hamar women whose lives – their struggles and tragedies –
offer many reflections of our own. The women speak frankly
C. Great Ormond Street about their lives, particularly Duka, who in the films
‘The Child First and Always’ is the slogan of the world’s matures from a young, unmarried girl to a wife and mother
most famous children’s hospital in central London. This with two young children.
eight-part series aims to show how those words are put into
practice each day, as the cameras capture the moving stories F. The Accountant
of the young patients, their parents and the special medical Directed by Lee Balir and starring Alfred Molina as the
teams who work there. The hospital does important medical accountant, this film, a dark and dangerous drama with lots
research, but its daily concerns often involve matters of life of humour, has won the British Academy Award for Best
and death. Single drama, the Royal Television Society Award and two
Broadcasting Press Guild Awards. Lionel Ellerman (Molina)
D. Nature is a small-time London accountant, who has been asked to
A series of six programmers which focus on environmental trace to a small debt for his friend Bernie, who lives in
problems and possible solutions, including: Manchester. But this task is not as innocent as it sounds and
 Bear Necessities Lionel finds that the Mafia are taking a close interest in his
The Asian black bear is hunted for its gall, an important part son’s Bar Mitzvah.
of Oriental medicine used in the treatment of anything from
Which programme or programmes would you recommend for someone who:
likes watching programmes set in other countries? 1, 2 A, D E
is interested in environmental issues? 3 D
enjoys crime stories? 4 F
likes English humour? 5, 6 B, F
likes documentaries about social issues? 7, 8, 9 C, D, E
likes stories about modern relationships? 10 A
is interested in scientific developments? 11C
watches anything that has won an award? 12, 13 F, E
1. Put the words in the box under the following headings connected with TV:
- people presenter, newscaster, viewer, announcer, producer, interviewer
- programmes: film, episode, series, cartoon, newsflash, commercial, scene, sitcom, drama, comedy, documentary, talk show, quiz,
repeat, informative, show
- verbs switch, repeat, show, quiz, broadcast, film

film, presenter, newscaster, broadcast, episode, switch, series, cartoon, newsflash, viewer, commercial, scene, quiz, repeat,
informative, sitcom, announcer, show, producer, drama, comedy, interview, documentary, talk show

2. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the words above.
spend, waste, pass
1. Where are you going to ____spend______ your holidays this year?
2. Let’s get started. We’ve _____wasted______ enough time already.
3. We ____passed______ the hotel without seeing it.
4. I’m not doing anything special, just _____wasting_____ the time. passing
5. How much will we have to _______spend_______ to repair the roof?
6. Time seems to have ____passed______ very quickly.
7. Don’t ____waste______ your time on him – he’s not worth it.
8. I love ___spending_____ time with my friends, don’t you?

3. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs above. Use one of the verbs twice.
keep on, keep out, keep at, keep off, keep up, keep in
1. ______KEEP OFF _____ THE GRASS
2. Don’t give up - ________keep at_______ it.
3. ‘If you don’t finish your homework, I’ll ____keep _____ you in till you do,’ said Mum.
4. Do you want to go to bed? I hope I’m not ____keeping________ you ____up_______
5. He _____kept on____ talking though no one was listening
6. PRIVATE PROPERTY ________KEEP OUT____________.
7. Well done! _____Keep up_____ the good work
4. Match the phrasal verbs in the list A with their meanings in list B
A B
keep up become ill go down with
get on tolerate put up with 5.
put up with escape get away with Complete
go down with think of a plan or a solution come up with these

come up with visit someone for a short while drop in sentences

get away with be friendly with get on using the

correct
drop in move at the same speed as something keep up
form of
one of the phrasal verbs above.
1. After thinking about the problem for days, we finally ___came up with____ a solution.
2. Last winner I ___went down with____ the flu and had a week off work.
3. The athlete could not ____keep up____ with the rest of the runners and came last.
4. She’s so lazy, always trying to _____get away with___ doing as little work as possible.
5. I don’t have much time but I’ll try and ___drop in___ on you next time I’m in your neighbourhood.
5. Bill and Ben don’t ___get on____ with each other at all; they’re always quarrelling.
7. She couldn’t ____put up with_______ her boss’s behaviour so she decided to resign.
Unit 15: The end of intelligence?

‘Will machines ever be more intelligent than humans? The answer is clearly, yes!’ So began a lecture given last month to the British
Association for the Advancement of Science by Professor Kevin Warwick of Reading University.

Sounding like a mad scientist from a bad movie, Professor Warwick went on to draw some worrying conclusions from his
prediction. ‘If machines can be made as intelligent as humans,’ he said, ‘then that’s really it for the human race.’ 1__G______ The
machines will take over and either destroy us or force us to lead a slave-type existence. People who say it will never happen are not
being realistic.’

At first glance, this looks like the fantasy of a man who has spent too long with toy robots and has lost touch with reality. 2____A____
For perhaps the most worrying thing about his views on the future of robots and the human race is that many other people
working in artificial intelligence do not think such views are particularly eccentric.

A few years ago, Hans Moravec, the director of Mobile Robot Laboratory in Pittsburgh, published a book called Mind Children.
3__D____ He also predicted that robots – the children of our minds – will be able to develop more quickly than we can to face the
enormous challenges in the larger universe. We humans will benefit for a time from their work, but sooner or later, like natural
children, they will seek their independence. 4____H________

Neither Moravec nor Warwick is writing about the distant future, thousands of years from now. They both seem to believe that, as
Moravec puts it, ‘Robots with human intelligence will be common within 50 years’, or as Professor Warwick claims, machines that
are more intelligent than humans will be built ‘certainly within the lifetime of our children’.

Are all the people working in computers mad? 5___C_____ Is there any reason to believe these predictions? ‘At present,’ Warwick
claims, ‘we can make an exact copy of the brain and intelligence of some more primitive forms, for example insects. We can also
create artificial animals with their own individual behavior patterns, for example taking on a more defensive or aggressive role.’

This sounds impressive, but what does it mean in practice? 6____F____ When you move towards them, they will run away, and when
the ‘threat’ is gone, they will go back again to what they were doing before, i.e., charging about randomly. Interesting, certainly,
but it looks like a long step from there to world domination. 7_____E______

Are there any more convincing demonstrations of the intelligence and power of the ‘mind children’? Well, next summer, at the
World Robot Championships to be held at the Royal Concert Hall in Glasgow, we shall perhaps see.

A. But if Professor Warwick is mad, then so are a lot of his colleagues.

st
B. Children in the 21 century may have their own robot to help out with homework.
C. Or do they know something we don’t?
D. In it he predicted the coming of the robot age and the end of the human race.
E. They hardly pose a threat to the United States Army.
F. It means that Warwick and his team have built seven tiny robots, named after Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
G. His view is that, ‘If something is superior to us, we will not be top dogs on Earth anymore.
H. Meanwhile we, their aged parents, will fade away
Unit 15: The end of intelligence?

‘Will machines ever be more intelligent than humans? The answer is clearly, yes!’ So began a lecture given last month to the British
Association for the Advancement of Science by Professor Kevin Warwick of Reading University.

Sounding like a mad scientist from a bad movie, Professor Warwick went on to draw some worrying conclusions from his
prediction. ‘If machines can be made as intelligent as humans,’ he said, ‘then that’s really it for the human race.’ 1___G_____ The
machines will take over and either destroy us or force us to lead a slave-type existence. People who say it will never happen are not
being realistic.’

At first glance, this looks like the fantasy of a man who has spent too long with toy robots and has lost touch with reality. 2___A____
For perhaps the most worrying thing about his views on the future of robots and the human race is that many other people
working in artificial intelligence do not think such views are particularly eccentric.

A few years ago, Hans Moravec, the director of Mobile Robot Laboratory in Pittsburgh, published a book called Mind Children.
3___D___ He also predicted that robots – the children of our minds – will be able to develop more quickly than we can to face the
enormous challenges in the larger universe. We humans will benefit for a time from their work, but sooner or later, like natural
children, they will seek their independence. 4_____H_______

Neither Moravec nor Warwick is writing about the distant future, thousands of years from now. They both seem to believe that, as
Moravec puts it, ‘Robots with human intelligence will be common within 50 years’, or as Professor Warwick claims, machines that
are more intelligent than humans will be built ‘certainly within the lifetime of our children’.

Are all the people working in computers mad? 5____C____ Is there any reason to believe these predictions? ‘At present,’ Warwick
claims, ‘we can make an exact copy of the brain and intelligence of some more primitive forms, for example insects. We can also
create artificial animals with their own individual behavior patterns, for example taking on a more defensive or aggressive role.’

This sounds impressive, but what does it mean in practice? 6____F____ When you move towards them, they will run away, and when
the ‘threat’ is gone, they will go back again to what they were doing before, i.e., charging about randomly. Interesting, certainly,
but it looks like a long step from there to world domination. 7____E_______

Are there any more convincing demonstrations of the intelligence and power of the ‘mind children’? Well, next summer, at the
World Robot Championships to be held at the Royal Concert Hall in Glasgow, we shall perhaps see.

A. But if Professor Warwick is mad, then so are a lot of his colleagues.

st
B. Children in the 21 century may have their own robot to help out with homework.
C. Or do they know something we don’t?
D. In it he predicted the coming of the robot age and the end of the human race.
E. They hardly pose a threat to the United States Army.
F. It means that Warwick and his team have built seven tiny robots, named after Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.
G. His view is that, ‘If something is superior to us, we will not be top dogs on Earth anymore.
H. Meanwhile we, their aged parents, will fade away
Unit 16: Good luck, bad luck

A. Breaking a mirror ‘something old, something new, something borrowed and

The superstition that if you break a mirror, you will have something blue’. Blue in the rhyme stands for truth.
seven years’ bad luck, comes from the belief in ancient times E. Rice
that a person’s reflection was part of their soul. As a result, In certain primitive tribes, the act of eating rice together
people used to think that if you broke anything with this was the way people got married. This was probably because
reflection on it, such as a mirror, you would harm the soul. eating together symbolized living together and rice
B. Thirteen happened to be the local food. In some cultures, rice is
In most hotels all over the world, you will not find a room thrown at weddings to protect the couple from evil spirits. It
with the number thirteen, and if the hotel is a skyscraper, it was believed that evil spirits appeared at weddings and had
will go from floor twelve to floor fourteen. The superstition to be fed to keep them from doing harm to the newlyweds.
that thirteen is unlucky can be traced back to a Rice is also thrown at weddings because it represents
Scandinavian myth. There were originally only twelve gods fertility and is a symbolic way of wishing the couple many
and then along came the god Loki to make thirteen. Loki children.
was a mischievous god who brought suffering to people. F. The evil eye
Nowadays, people avoid planning important events on In some Mediterranean countries, the ‘evil eye’ refers to the
th th
Friday 14 (or Tuesday 13 in some cultures), and if things fact that if you say something good about someone, you
go wrong on that day, like the loss of a wallet or a key they might bring them bad luck. This probably began when
blame it on the date. people believed that if you praise someone a lot and give
C. Cats them pleasure, the devil becomes envious and finds ways of
Cats have always been surrounded by superstitions. In spoiling that pleasure. Saying a baby is beautiful may bring
ancient Egypt cats were considered sacred, but in medieval bad luck, so superstitious people often pretend to be spitting
Europe many people believed cats were witches in disguise. and say to the child ‘Let me not give you the evil eye.’
A popular superstition about cats is that a black cat, crossing People also think they can protect themselves from the evil
your path from left to right, will bring you bad luck. eye by not boasting about their success.
However, in some cultures, a black cat is thought to be a G. Touching wood
good omen rather than a bad one. In many Christian countries, “Touch wood” is a superstitious
D. The bride’s dress expression that is supposed to prevent bad luck. Often
There are some customs connected with the marriage people actually touch wood as they say it, and if there is
ceremony which go back thousands of years. When the bride nothing made of wood within reach, they touch their head
puts on her white dress, she is wearing the sacred colour of or someone else’s head instead. If someone asks, “Have you
the Greeks, which represents purity and innocence. Like a ever had a car accident?”, you might reply “No, touch
modern pride, the ancient Greek bride wore a veil and a wood.” meaning “I hope it never happens.” The origin of
crown and was carried over the threshold by the groom. On this custom dates almost certainly from the time when
the day she gets married, a woman is supposed to wear people wore a crucifix made of wood and touched it as if to
say “May Christ protect me”.
Which superstition or supersititions:
is to do with getting married? 1D, 2E
involves a specific period of bad luck? 3BA
involves saying something? 4F, 5G
involves people wearing something? 6D
involves your hand? 7G
involves an accident? 8A
will affect which room people sleep in? 9B
encourages people to be modest? 10F
involves throwing food at someone? 11E
can affect important days in your life? 12B
involves an animal? 13C
Find words in the text that mean:
 from a long time ago (part A)
 an image you see in a mirror or water (part A)
 badly behaved (part B)
 dressed as someone else (part C)
 a sign that something is going to happen in the future (part C)
 injury, damage (part E)
 jealous (part F)
 to stop something from happening (part G)
1. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the words above.
harm, hurt, damage, injure, break
1. It wasn’t my fault. I didn’t mean to ___hurt_____ anyone.
2. When I ______broke___ my arm I had to have it in plaster for a month.
3. He was _____injured______ in the last game and will have to miss the final.
4. Strong sunlight can seriously _____damage____ the retinas of your eyes.
5. Stop pulling my hair – it ____hurts____ !
6. Trust me and I promise you’ll come to no ___injure____. harm
7. I’m sorry, I think I’ve _____broken_____ your alarm clock.
8. The building was badly ____damaged_____ by the fire.
9. There is always a lifeguard at the swimming pool to make sure no one comes to any ___hurt_____. harm
10. The bomb killed two people and ___injured____ ten more.

Phrasal verbs with do and make

A B
do up need do with
make of put powder and cream on one’s face make up
do with manage in spite of not having something do without
make off fasten do up
do without abolish/get rid of do away with
make up leave quickly make off
do away with think/have an opinion about make of

3. Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs above.
1. What do you ______make of____ all these rumours about Mad Cow Disease?
2. I’m starving; I could really ____make of__ do with ___ something to eat! do with
3. You’ll have to ______do without___ your supper tonight because we haven’t got any food.
4. I think they should ___do without_ do away with __ boxing because it’s such a dangerous sport.
5. The thief should ___make off____ as soon as he saw the policeman coming.
6. ____Do____ your jacket __up___– you’ll catch a cold!
7. She __makes______ herself ___up____ before she goes out with her boyfriend.
Phrasal verbs with make
4. Match the phrasal verbs in list A with their meanings in list B. Two of the verbs have more than one meaning
A B
make up invent
make for see or hear something with
difficulty
make out form something
write a cheque
pretend
move quickly towards
become friends again

5. Match the sentences in list A with the sentences in list B.

A
1. Two good friends are not talking to each other.
2. We need to decide who is going to be on the committee.
3. No one believed the witness’s story.
4. I didn’t want to go to school yesterday because I wasn’t ready for the rest.
5. I can’t pay in cash now, I’m afraid.
6. I’ve left my glasses at home.
7. The robber heard the police arriving.

B.
a. Can I make out a cheque instead?
b. It needs to be made up of two men and two women.
c. I made out I was ill.
d. I can’t make out what the sign says.
e. She probably made it all up.
f. Isn’t it about time you shook hands and made up?
g. He made for the door.

Review: Units 13-16: The coming of the robot age

A few years ago, Hans Moravec, the (41) ____DIRECT____ of the Robot Laboratory in Pittsburgh, published a book called Mind
Childrem. According to Moravec, the coming of the robot age will (42) ________DRAMA__________ changes to the world as we know it.
He predicts that robots will develop to such an (42) ____EXTEND________ that within 50 years machines with human (44)
_____INTELLIGENT________ will be common. At first we will benefit from the work that robots do for us, but gradually, as their (45)
____ABLE__________ increase, they will become more and more (46) ____________DEPEND_________ of humans. Moravec also makes the
frightening (47) ________ PREDICT___________ that one day robots will take over the world and we will face (48)_ ________
EXTINCT___________. Are these claims in Mind Children (49) _______LIKE________ to come true? At present, (50) ______SCIENCE_______ can
create robots which have their own learned behaviour patterns. However, so far what robots can actually do on their own is very
simple compared to what human life is capable of.
Answer
41. director
42. dramatic
43. extent
44. intelligence
45. abilities
46. independent
47. prediction
48. extinction
49. likely
50. scientists

Unit 16: Good luck, bad luck

(I do -911)
A. Breaking a mirror go wrong on that day, like the loss of a wallet or a key they
The superstition that if you break a mirror, you will have blame it on the date.
seven years’ bad luck, comes from the belief in ancient times C. Cats
that a person’s reflection was part of their soul. As a result, Cats have always been surrounded by superstitions. In
people used to think that if you broke anything with this ancient Egypt cats were considered sacred, but in medieval
reflection on it, such as a mirror, you would harm the soul. Europe many people believed cats were witches in disguise.
B. Thirteen A popular superstition about cats is that a black cat, crossing
In most hotels all over the world, you will not find a room your path from left to right, will bring you bad luck.
with the number thirteen, and if the hotel is a skyscraper, it However, in some cultures, a black cat is thought to be a
will go from floor twelve to floor fourteen. The superstition good omen rather than a bad one.
that thirteen is unlucky can be traced back to a D. The bride’s dress
Scandinavian myth. There were originally only twelve gods There are some customs connected with the marriage
and then along came the god Loki to make thirteen. Loki ceremony which go back thousands of years. When the bride
was a mischievous god who brought suffering to people. puts on her white dress, she is wearing the sacred colour of
Nowadays, people avoid planning important events on the Greeks, which represents purity and innocence. Like a
th th
Friday 13 (or Tuesday 13 in some cultures), and if things modern pride, the ancient Greek bride wore a veil and a
crown and was carried over the threshold by the groom. On
the day she gets married, a woman is supposed to wear people believed that if you praise someone a lot and give
‘something old, something new, something borrowed and them pleasure, the devil becomes envious and finds ways of
something blue’. Blue in the rhyme stands for truth. spoiling that pleasure. Saying a baby is beautiful may bring
E. Rice bad luck, so superstitious people often pretend to be spitting
In certain primitive tribes, the act of eating rice together and say to the child ‘Let me not give you the evil eye.’
was the way people got married. This was probably because People also think they can protect themselves from the evil
eating together symbolized living together and rice eye by not boasting about their success.
happened to be the local food. In some cultures, rice is G. Touching wood
thrown at weddings to protect the couple from evil spirits. It In many Christian countries, “Touch wood” is a superstitious
was believed that evil spirits appeared at weddings and had expression that is supposed to prevent bad luck. Often
to be fed to keep them from doing harm to the newlyweds. people actually touch wood as they say it, and if there is
Rice is also thrown at weddings because it represents nothing made of wood within reach, they touch their head
fertility and is a symbolic way of wishing the couple many or someone else’s head instead. If someone asks, “Have you
children. ever had a car accident?”, you might reply “No, touch
F. The evil eye wood.” meaning “I hope it never happens.” The origin of
In some Mediterranean countries, the ‘evil eye’ refers to the this custom dates almost certainly from the time when
fact that if you say something good about someone, you people wore a crucifix made of wood and touched it as if to
might bring them bad luck. This probably began when say “May Christ protect me”.
Which superstition or supersititions:  an image you see in a mirror or water (part A)
is to do with getting married? 1, 2 D E  badly behaved (part B)
involves a specific period of bad luck? 3 A  dressed as someone else (part C)
involves saying something? 4, 5 F G  a sign that something is going to happen in the
involves people wearing something? 6 D future (part C)
involves your hand? 7 G  injury, damage (part E)
involves an accident? 8 G A  jealous (part F)
will affect which room people sleep in? 9 B  to stop something from happening (part G)
encourages people to be modest? 10 F
involves throwing food at someone? 11E
can affect important days in your life? 12 B
involves an animal? 13 C
Find words in the text that mean:
 from a long time ago (part A)
Unit 17: Worth a thousand words More than 5000 years ago, the Egyptians began painting the
world around them on the walls of the Pharaohs’ tombs. The
A. Cave Paintings
Egyptians believed there was life after death, so they

The cave paintings on the walls of caves in Spain and painted pictures of mythological stories and of daily life.

southern France are the earliest form of art we have. They People and animals were shown involved in daily activities,

show a wide variety of animals, such as bears, horses and such as hunting, farming and eating.

deer. The pictures were painted in bright colours, which

C. Greek Art
were made of various minerals mixed with animal fat, egg
whites, plant juices and even blood. They were almost The most artistic people of any age were, perhaps, the
certainly connected with hunting. In one famous example, in Greeks around 500BC. Their aim in sculpture was the
a cave in Laseaux in France, a man is shown among some imitation of life, but life in its perfect or ideal form. We
animals and there are several dark dots in the painting. The have many examples of Greek sculpture, which is
meaning of the painting is not certain, but it shows that the characterized by the beauty of its forms and amazing
cave dwellers had superb artistic skills. knowledge of human anatomy. Most of the sculptures
portray gods and goddesses from mythology.
B. Egyptian Paintings
Most Greek wall paintings have not survived, but we have a is the oldest? 2 A
few examples by the Minoans of Crete in the ancient royal shows scenes from mythology? 3C, 4B
palaces of Knossos and Santorini. These pictures are very is directly influenced by a previous style of painting? 5 D

realistic and lively. The most common subjects are sports, tried to be very different from previous styles? 6F
makes people seem more beautiful than they really are? 7C
celebrations, dolphins, and beautiful young people.
shows people having fun? 8E C
D. The Renaissance began in the nineteenth century? 9E
may at first seem to be badly drawn? 10 F
The Renaissance is usually defined as the rebirth of the
do not show objects clearly? 11E
painting and literature inspired by classical models, is found in museums in most countries? 12D
especially those of ancient Greece. The Renaissance lasted
from the fifteenth to the sixteenth century and its centre was
Italy. The great artists of the period, who include
Michelangelo, Leonardo and Botticelli, were able to paint
nature and people with great accuracy. More than any other Unit 17: Worth a thousand words
style, the works of the Italian Renaissance can be seen in
A. Cave Paintings
museum collections throughout the world.
The cave paintings on the walls of caves in Spain and
E. Impressionism
southern France are the earliest form of art we have. They
The name cones from a picture by Monet, ‘Impression, show a wide variety of animals, such as bears, horses and
Sunrise’ (1872). This painting shows Monet’s interest in deer. The pictures were painted in bright colours, which
analysing tone and colour and, above all, the way light were made of various minerals mixed with animal fat, egg
reflects on the surface of objects. As a result, the objects do whites, plant juices and even blood. They were almost
not always have a clear outline. The first Impressionist certainly connected with hunting. In one famous example, in
exhibition was held in 1874 when Monet, Renoir, Cézanne, a cave in Laseaux in France, a man is shown among some
Degas and others announced that the aim of the movement animals and there are several dark dots in the painting. The
was to achieve greater naturalism in painting. Most meaning of the painting is not certain, but it shows that the
Impressionist pictures are of landscapes and the cave dwellers had superb artistic skills.
Impressionists liked to use bright colours, even when
B. Egyptian Paintings
portraying shadows; this often gives their work a joyful,
optimistic feel. More than 5000 years ago, the Egyptians began painting the
world around them on the walls of the Pharaohs’ tombs. The
F. Modernism
Egyptians believed there was life after death, so they
Following the Impressionist movement, artists such as painted pictures of mythological stories and of daily life.
Picasso and Braque tried to change the style of painting People and animals were shown involved in daily activities,
from naturalistic to more abstract. Instead of trying to make such as hunting, farming and eating.
a realistic copy of an object, they wanted to show it from a
C. Greek Art
variety of different angles. In their paintings, several views
of an object or person are combined, which often results in The most artistic people of any age were, perhaps, the
such things as eyes and noses appearing in unusual places or Greeks around 500BC. Their aim in sculpture was the
at strange angles. Some people conclude from these imitation of life, but life in its perfect or ideal form. We
paintings that the artists could not draw. On the contrary; have many examples of Greek sculpture, which is
Picasso and Braque were perfectly capable of painting characterized by the beauty of its forms and amazing
naturalistic paintings, but this was not their aim in art. knowledge of human anatomy. Most of the sculptures
portray gods and goddesses from mythology.
Which style or styles of art:
first showed scenes from everyday life? 1C B
Most Greek wall paintings have not survived, but we have a is the oldest? 2 A
few examples by the Minoans of Crete in the ancient royal shows scenes from mythology? 3, 4 B C
palaces of Knossos and Santorini. These pictures are very is directly influenced by a previous style of painting? 5 D

realistic and lively. The most common subjects are sports, tried to be very different from previous styles? 6 F
makes people seem more beautiful than they really are? 7 C
celebrations, dolphins, and beautiful young people.
shows people having fun? 8 E C
D. The Renaissance began in the nineteenth century? 9E
may at first seem to be badly drawn? 10 E
The Renaissance is usually defined as the rebirth of the
do not show objects clearly? 11E
painting and literature inspired by classical models, is found in museums in most countries? 12 D
especially those of ancient Greece. The Renaissance lasted
from the fifteenth to the sixteenth century and its centre was
Italy. The great artists of the period, who include
Michelangelo, Leonardo and Botticelli, were able to paint
nature and people with great accuracy. More than any other
style, the works of the Italian Renaissance can be seen in to feel blue = to feel sad

museum collections throughout the world. in the red = owning money to a bank, having an overdraft
in the black = having no overdraft in a bank account
E. Impressionism to be/turn as red as a beetroot = to blush deeply
to turn green = to feel sick
The name cones from a picture by Monet, ‘Impression,
1. We often use colours in idiomatic expressions.
Sunrise’ (1872). This painting shows Monet’s interest in She was green with envy when I won first prize in the race.
analysing tone and colour and, above all, the way light 1. Breaking the window was a _____black_______ mark against
reflects on the surface of objects. As a result, the objects do you. Be careful next time.
not always have a clear outline. The first Impressionist 2. Are you afraid to fight? You’re not ____yellow____, are you?
exhibition was held in 1874 when Monet, Renoir, Cézanne, Come on, don’t be a coward!
Degas and others announced that the aim of the movement 3. The government gave us the ___green____ light to go ahead
was to achieve greater naturalism in painting. Most with the plan.

Impressionist pictures are of landscapes and the 4. He saw ___red_____. He was absolutely furious!
5. I’m interested in the environment and in ___green____
Impressionists liked to use bright colours, even when
issues generally.
portraying shadows; this often gives their work a joyful,
6. You’re as _____white____ as a sheet. Have you seen a ghost
optimistic feel.
or something?
F. Modernism 7. It’s freezing outside; your hands are ___blue_____ with cold.

Following the Impressionist movement, artists such as Phrasal verbs with on and off
Picasso and Braque tried to change the style of painting drop off, try on, set off, come off, hand on, catch on, break
from naturalistic to more abstract. Instead of trying to make off
a realistic copy of an object, they wanted to show it from a 2. Replace the underlined words in these sentences with
variety of different angles. In their paintings, several views the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs above.

of an object or person are combined, which often results in 1. What time shall we begin our journey tomorrow? set off
2. They ended their relationship when they realized they
such things as eyes and noses appearing in unusual places or
didn’t get on. broke off
at strange angles. Some people conclude from these
3. It’s an ambitious plan. Do you think it will succeed? come
paintings that the artists could not draw. On the contrary;
off
Picasso and Braque were perfectly capable of painting
4. You don’t have to take me all the way – just leave me on
naturalistic paintings, but this was not their aim in art.
the corner. drop me off
5. Do you think this new style of dress will ever become
Which style or styles of art:
popular? catch on
first showed scenes from everyday life? 1 B
6. These jewels were passed to me by my father who was
given them by his father. handed on
7. Don’t buy that pullover before you have put it on to see if
it fits you. tried me on
Words often confused
power, strength
3. Complete these sentences using the correct form of
one of the words above.
1. The president has enormous __power_____ to make
decisions.
2. She has a very ____strong_____ character.
3. He’s a very ____strong_____ man. He can tear a telephone
booth in tow.
4. You don’t have enough __strength_____ to lift that box.
5. The boat is driven by two _____powerful_____ motors.
6. She has ____strong_____ beliefs, so you won’t persuade her
easily.
7. He made a _____powerful____ speech asking the government Unit 18: One small step
to take action.
Race to the Moon
On 4 October 1957, the USSR launched into orbit the
world’s first satellite, Sputnik 1. It was a tremendous success:
the Earth had a new moon and it bore the letters CCCP.
Then the USA launched its first satellite, Explorer 1, on 31
January 1958. Six months later, President Eisenhower
created NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, which immediately began the Mercury
programme to launch a manned space vehicle. (1)_F_____

On 25 May 1961, President John F Kennedy told the US

Congress ‘that this nation should commit itself to achieving
the goal, before the decade is out, of launching a man on the
Moon and returning him safely to Earth’. The Apollo project
had been born. (2)_______B________ That came when an Atlas
rocket sent John Glenn into space for five hours on 20
February 1962.

Behind the scenes, however, NASA was very uncertain about

exactly how to get a man on the Moon. Von Braun favoured
sending two rockets into orbit round the Earth, one to refuel
the other, which would then travel to the Moon. But other
scientists at NASA preferred to fire a two-part spacecraft
direct to the Moon, where it would separate, with two crew
members descending to the surface while a third circled the
Moon in the other part. When the lunar landing was over,
the spacemen on the Moon would rejoin their companions,
leaving their landing vehicle behind. (3) _G_________
Finally, on 16 July 1969, Apollo 11 set off for the Moon. The guests: several hundred scientists for whom it will be the
names of the astronauts on that trip would go down in first home in space. It is not unlikely that after several
history: Neil Armstrong, Edwin Buzz Aldrin and Michael decades, or perhaps a century later, these igloos will have
Collins. Neil Armstrong, after four days in space, climbed increased in number. (8)___C_______
down the ladder of the lunar module Eagle, which had
landed on the Moon’s Sea of Tranquility. He stepped off on Eight sentences have been removed from the text. Choose
to the surface of the Moon. (4)______I____ from the extracts A-I the one which fits each gap (1-8).
There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.
Other visits to the Moon followed. The last time was on 15 A. On the twentieth anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission,
December 1972 and it was, as President Nixon had President Bush, imitating Kennedy, announced grandly that
predicted, to be ‘the last time in this century that men will the USA should aim to send a man to Mars before the year
walk on the Moon’. (5)____A_______ Experts, however, brought 2029.
him down to earth saying the President had ‘good intentions B. But the Americans had still not managed to get a man
but they are unrealistic’. into orbit.
C. Is this vision that some people will be living on the Moon
Although NASA has decided to leave the Moon in peace, the one day any crazier than the idea, say 50 or 100 years ago,
same cannot be said of the private sector. Private space that a man would walk on the Moon?
companies such as International Space Enterprises and D. Many scientists claim that if human beings are ever
General Dynamics, both based in California, will be forced in the future to emigrate to another planet, the Moon
launching their first manned space flights to the Moon in the would be their first choice.
near future. In the long term, they aim to fund the first E. Members of the public were beginning to express concern
colonies on the Moon. (6)_____D____ at the enormous cost of the space race.
F. Then, on 12 April 1961, the Soviets stole another march
The plan looks a bit like this: the first stage will take place on the Americans when Vostok 1 took Yuri Gagarin for a
in 2010, when robot explorers will be sent to the Moon to single orbit around the Earth, becoming the first man in
gather information concerning the suitability of the soil. Ten space.
years later, by which time the ideal area will have been G. The plan was riskier than Von Braun’s but it was the one
found, astronauts will arrive to carry out experiments on the that was eventually adopted.
spot and they will start building the first station. (7)_H___. H. By then, scientists hope they will have identified suitable
rocks and other minerals for the construction of the Moon
If all goes well, by 2060 the first colony on the Moon will be station.
ready: a huge space station shaped like an igloo, which will I. Millions watched on TV screens all over the world as
have been equipped with all the latest technological Armstrong ‘took one small step for man; one giant leap for
gadgets. It will also have been furnished to receive its first mankind’.
Unit 18: One small step Moon and returning him safely to Earth’. The Apollo project
had been born. (2)_______F____B___ That came when an Atlas
Race to the Moon
rocket sent John Glenn into space for five hours on 20
On 4 October 1957, the USSR launched into orbit the
February 1962.
world’s first satellite, Sputnik 1. It was a tremendous success:
the Earth had a new moon and it bore the letters CCCP.
Behind the scenes, however, NASA was very uncertain about
Then the USA launched its first satellite, Explorer 1, on 31
exactly how to get a man on the Moon. Von Braun favoured
January 1958. Six months later, President Eisenhower
sending two rockets into orbit round the Earth, one to refuel
created NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space
the other, which would then travel to the Moon. But other
Administration, which immediately began the Mercury
scientists at NASA preferred to fire a two-part spacecraft
programme to launch a manned space vehicle. (1)_B__F__
direct to the Moon, where it would separate, with two crew
members descending to the surface while a third circled the
On 25 May 1961, President John F Kennedy told the US
Moon in the other part. When the lunar landing was over,
Congress ‘that this nation should commit itself to achieving
the spacemen on the Moon would rejoin their companions,
the goal, before the decade is out, of launching a man on the
leaving their landing vehicle behind. (3) ____G______
 C. Is this vision that some people will be living on the Moon
Finally, on 16 July 1969, Apollo 11 set off for the Moon. The one day any crazier than the idea, say 50 or 100 years ago,
names of the astronauts on that trip would go down in that a man would walk on the Moon?
history: Neil Armstrong, Edwin Buzz Aldrin and Michael D. Many scientists claim that if human beings are ever
Collins. Neil Armstrong, after four days in space, climbed forced in the future to emigrate to another planet, the Moon
down the ladder of the lunar module Eagle, which had would be their first choice.
landed on the Moon’s Sea of Tranquility. He stepped off on E. Members of the public were beginning to express concern
to the surface of the Moon. (4)_____I_____ at the enormous cost of the space race.
F. Then, on 12 April 1961, the Soviets stole another march
Other visits to the Moon followed. The last time was on 15 on the Americans when Vostok 1 took Yuri Gagarin for a
December 1972 and it was, as President Nixon had single orbit around the Earth, becoming the first man in
predicted, to be ‘the last time in this century that men will space.
walk on the Moon’. (5)____A_______ Experts, however, brought G. The plan was riskier than Von Braun’s but it was the one
him down to earth saying the President had ‘good intentions that was eventually adopted.
but they are unrealistic’. H. By then, scientists hope they will have identified suitable
rocks and other minerals for the construction of the Moon
Although NASA has decided to leave the Moon in peace, the station.
same cannot be said of the private sector. Private space I. Millions watched on TV screens all over the world as
companies such as International Space Enterprises and Armstrong ‘took one small step for man; one giant leap for
General Dynamics, both based in California, will be mankind’.
launching their first manned space flights to the Moon in the
near future. In the long term, they aim to found the first Find words in the text that mean:
colonies on the Moon. (6)____D_____ send spacecraft into the sky (p1)
succeeding in doing something (p2)
The plan looks a bit like this: the first stage will take place preferred (p3)
in 2010, when robot explorers will be sent to the Moon to said what is going to happen in the future (p5)
gather information concerning the suitability of the soil. Ten people who know a lot about something (p5)
years later, by which time the ideal area will have been start an organization or build a town (p6)
found, astronauts will arrive to carry out experiments on the
spot and they will start building the first station. (7)_H__. Complete this table. Make positive and negative
adjectives from the verbs on the left, using the prefixes
If all goes well, by 2060 the first colony on the Moon will be un- and in-, and the suffixes -able and -ible.
ready: a huge space station shaped like an igloo, which will verb positive/negative adj
have been equipped with all the latest technological
achieve achievable, unachievable
gadgets. It will also have been furnished to receive its first
guests: several hundred scientists for whom it will be the
beat beatable, unbeatable
first home in space. It is not unlikely that after several
decades, or perhaps a century later, these igloos will have believe believable, unbelievable
increased in number. (8)____C_____
compare comparable, incomparable

Eight sentences have been removed from the text. Choose count countable, uncountable
from the extracts A-I the one which fits each gap (1-8).
There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. cure curable, uncurable incurable
A. On the twentieth anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission,
defeat defeatable, undefeatable
President Bush, imitating Kennedy, announced grandly that
the USA should aim to send a man to Mars before the year defend defendable, undefendable defensible, indefensible
2029.
B. But the Americans had still not managed to get a man define definable, undeniable indefinable
into orbit.
 describe describable, indescribable forgive forgivable, unforgivable

destroy destroyable, undestroyable destructible, indestructible

pronounce pronounceable, unpronounceable

digest digestible, undigestible indigestible recognize recognizable, unrecognizable

drink drinkable, undrinkable value valuable, unvaluable invaluable

eat edible, inedible, eatable, uneatable

explain explainable, unexplainable explicable, inexplicable

Odd one out 2. Complete these sentences using the correct form of
one of the words in bold above.
Underline the words that do not go with the verbs in
1. NASA was ______founded________ in 1958 by President
bold.
Eisenhower.
1. launch: rocket, bicycle, spacecraft, lesson, boat, attack,
2. Robots will be sent to ____explore______ the surface of the
campaign
Moon and bring back information.
2. discover: America, television, truth, penicillin, light bulb,
3. A lot of people came to see the rocket being
a new plant
____launched_____.
3. explore: jungle, crime, the coast, space, disease, a
4. Livingstone was the first European to make a/an
country, possibilities
__eploration__ of the Zambezi river in Africa.
4. found: colony, treasure, city, institute, money, school,
5. I _____spent______ far too much money when I visited
hospital
London.
5. commit: error, success, murder, yourself, shopping, crime,
6. I can’t ___commit_____ myself to having children.
suicide
6. spend: money, time, the night, one’s holidays, effort,
energy, homework

Unit 19: From rags to riches other, but people still prefer a group of numbers with a
completely random sequence, such as 45 27 32 11 43 17.
The Secret of numbers
3. _____D__C____
As the number of people pinning their hopes on winning the
Lottery soars, David Jones investigates their chances of Nevertheless, every week about ten thousand people do
winning. choose the number 1 2 3 4 5 6 when they play in the
Lottery. Bearing in mind that the National Lottery is shared
1._____C___A____
every week among all the ticket holders with the winning

Britain’s latest national sport seems to have caught the number, this means that when 1 2 3 4 5 6 does finally come

imagination of millions of people up and down the country. up (and it is likely to do so in the next 250 000 years), the

The first studies published, however, do seem to suggest winners will receive, by today’s standards, between one and

that it is the less well-off who spend more on the Lottery. four pounds each.

What chance do they have of winning the countless millions

4. __F_____
they dream of?
Now consider these numbers:
2. __E_____
7 17 23 32 38 42 12 15 26 44 46 49
The winning numbers for all lotteries are chosen at random.
Everyone has to believe that their numbers have as good a What is the difference between these numbers? The answer
chance as any of coming up. The fact is that a combination is 17 280 000 pounds. The first number won the Lottery on
like 1 2 3 4 5 6 has as much chance of coming up as any 15 January and there were 133 winners – they won 122 000
pounds each. The second sequence came up in the Lottery of
10 June and was won by only a single ticket, whose happy 3. For questions 1-7, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D.
owner won 17.4 million pounds. 1. What kind of people is the Lottery most popular
with?
5. ___H______ A. people who dream of becoming rich
B. people in the north and south of Britain
The conclusion is that if we knew the secret of numbers, it
C. people from all social classes
would be worth quite a lot of money. Sadly, we don’t –
D. the poorer members of society.
there is no statistical explanation for this difference. There is
2. Most people who play on the Lottery choose a
no reason why one number should be more likely to come
number like
up than another, though you wouldn’t have thought so,
A. 3 5 1 4 7 2
looking at the careful way in which people choose their
B. 2 4 6 8 10 12
lottery tickets.
C. 1 2 3 4 5 6
6. __G____ D. 9 8 7 6 5 4
3. What will happen when the number 1 2 3 4 5 6 wins?
Again, what is the difference between the numbers 14 24 33 A. The winners will get enormous sums.
38 42 47 and 14 17 22 24 42 47? The answer, in this case, B. The winners will share 4 000 pounds
is life and death. The first sequence represents the numbers C. A few people will share a lot of money.
played every week by Tim O’Brien and Steve Sumner, until D. A lot of people will share a lot of money.
O’Brien’s death last June. The second series of numbers is 4. Why did the number on 10 June win 17.4 million
that which came up the night before he died. O’Brien had pounds?
forgotten to renew his ticket and, believing that he had lost A. It was only the second time it had come up.

his share of the jackpot (a share worth around two million B. There were a lot of winners.

pounds), he committed suicide the next day. C. There was only one winner.
D. The lucky ticket was worth a lot of money.
7. ____B____ 5. Why did O’Brien commit suicide? He thought
A. he had bought the wrong ticket.
The numbers, however, do not match. Indeed, it is hard to
B. his ticket had not won.
see how anyone could think that they did match. All that
C. he had forgotten to buy a ticket.
they have in common (apart from the four numbers that
they share) is a random ‘look’, but this was enough the D. he had nearly won a lot of money.

unfortunate O’Brien. In fact, he had lost, or would have lost, 6. In fact O’Brien ticket would have

only 54 pounds, which was the prize for marching four A. won nothing

numbers out of six. Numbers are lucky for some but they B. won a small amount of money.

can be fatal for others. C. nearly won a lot of money.

D. won two million pounds
Headings: 7. What is the author saying about buying a lottery
A. A new craze ticket?
B. A fatal mistake A. choose it very carefully
C. A slim chance B. know about statistics
D. A waste of time and money C. choose any number
E. All numbers are random D. work out which number is likely to come up
F. Small gains and a big gain
G. Absent-minded
H. Magic numbers: a closed secret

Unit 20: An American dream 1.____D______ The American way of life is now everywhere and
exerts a magnetic influence on young and old in countries as
We are all Americans now
far part as China and Argentina. Many Europeans worry that
their own culture will be swamped by inferior American A. If people had to choose another country in which to live,
products. Hollywood is one example: about 75% of all they would probably choose America.
feature films seen in Europe are American in origin and the
B. So even though they have only five per cent of the
European film industry faces the threat of extinction.
world’s population, the Americans have managed to get
2. ____E__G___ The language which most people use when virtually everyone to speak their language.
they make contact with other nationalities is English: when
C. English has also crept into everyday use in many
a Chinese person meets someone from Spain, they will
countries alongside their own language.
probably speak in English, not in Chinese or Spanish.
English is the international language of communication, and D. A recent survey published in ‘The European’ newspaper
is spoken by about 900 million people all over the world. It reported that the majority of Europeans do not approve of
is also the language of science, business and advertising. the ever-increasing influence of American culture.

3. ____B______ E. The use of English naturally brings with it American

culture, which influences our lifestyle from food to fashion.
4. _____C______Many English (or American) words are in
common use: cool, sorry, goodbye, basketball and so on. In F. Amongst the younger generation, American pop and rock
France, where the older generation objects to the influence music are an essential feature of youth culture.
of English, they have given this phenomenon a name,
G. Modern communications from the jumbo jet to the
‘Franglais’ and in Latin America they talk of ‘Spanglish’.
Internet have brought us all closer together.
5. _____F_____ Young people in Latin America have accepted a
H. All this confirms that the world has indeed become a
universal, popular culture in which Latin rhythms and
global village.
Spanglish combine with a strong diet of American songs,
words and images. A lot of young people even welcome this
media invasion form the north, in spite of warnings from
some academics that Latin Americans risk losing their
identity. Jorge Asis, a respected Argentine author, lost his
job as Minister of Culture when he suggested it was time to
discuss the use of English words in advertising.

6. _____A__E____ An obvious example is McDonalds, the fast

food chain. There are now approximately 18 500
McDonalds’ restaurants in 93 countries. Coca Cola is
available not only in McDonalds’ restaurants but 80% of all
sales of Coca Cola are sold outside the United States.

7. _____H_____ The chief of the village is the American

President and the village hall is the White House. The
village policeman wears an American uniform and tries to
keep the peace between squabbling neighbours. If one city
had to be chosen as the world’s capital, it would
undoubtedly be New York. When we wake up, we may have
a breakfast of American cereal; when we go to bed, we
dream the American dream.

Sentences Words often confused

descend, decrease, reduce
1. Complete these sentences using the correct form of f, 6, I’d like to report the loss of some
one of the words above. supermarke traveller’s cheques.
1. It became cooler as we ___descended_____ the mountain. t
2. There has been a __decrease_reduction__ in the number of
7, A one-way to London, please.
robberies in our area.
3. The number of people getting married is ____decreasing__
8, I’d like to send it registered mail,
all the time.
please
4. Shops _reduce___ their prices during the sales.
5. Last year there was a __reduce_decrease__ of three per cent 9, Take the lift up to the third floor
in the rate of inflation.
10, The Times and a box of matches,
6. The balloon ____decreased_____ gradually as the air came
please
out.

11, I’ll need a trolley for all these bags.

Phrasal verbs with get (1)
get along, get by, get across, get round, get away 12, I’d like to open a deposit account.
2. Complete these sentences using the correct form of
one of the phrasal verbs above. Use two of the verbs
2.Underline the odd word out in each group. Say why it
twice.
is different.
1. She’s very good at ___getting____ her message ___across____.
1.precious, priceless, invaluable, cheap
2. It’s important to be able to __get along___ with your
2. cash register, cash desk, check-out, cash card
neighbours.
3. newsagent, bookseller, tailor, stationer
3. It’s a serious problem. We must ___get round_____ it
4. dear, costly, bargain, pricey
somehow.
5. dairy, fishmonger, florist, grocer
4. I’ll come to the meeting but I’ll have to ___get away____ a
bit early.
5. The robbers ____got away____ with a million pounds.
Words often confused
6. We don’t have much money but we have enough to _get
salary, income, pay, pension, grant, expenses, allowance,
by____.
pocket money, wage
7. The news of his death _____got round____ very quickly.

1. Complete these sentences using one of the words

Shops and services
above.
1. Where would you hear the following sentences?
1. When I was at university, my parents gave me a
Match the places in list A with the sentences in list B.
monthly__allowance__.
A B
2. Shop assistants generally earn low __wages___.
a, post 1, You’ll have to pay for it at the check- 3. Teachers’ __income__salaries_ seem to be worth less and
office out a, 2, 8, less every month.
4. I am going to get a ___pay____ rise next month.
b, 4, 6, 12,
b, bank 2, How much is it if I send it express? 5. When I was a child, my parents used to give me two
c, 5, 9
pounds _pocket money___ every week.
c, 3, Which platform? d, 10,
6. I don’t know how my grandfather manages to live on his
department e, 3, 7, 11
_______pension___________.
store f, 1, 11
7. You must declare all your ____income____ to the tax
d, 4, I’d like to withdraw my savings. authorities.
newsagent 8. Some students in England get a ___grant____ from the
government to help with their studies.
e, railway 5, On which floor is the toy department? 9. The company pays my travel and
station accommodation__expenses____.
Phrasal verbs with get (2) hoarding parking lot
get out, get on, get through, get over, get down
unattractive truck
2. Complete these sentences using the correct form of
one of the phrasal verbs above. Use two of the verbs
toilet = bathroom fall
twice.
1. Has she ____got over____ her illness yet? tap = faucet quit
2. This cloudy weather every day is beginning to _get___
film = movie trunk
me_down__.
3. How are you __getting on__ with the exercise? Have you chemist = pharmacy purse
finished it yet?
4. The prisoners must have ___got through__out_ through a bloke = guy homely
tunnel.
5. She was very upset at first, but I think she’s _getting
Words often confused
on_got over_ it now.
meet, know, inform, acquaint
6. Did you ____get down_____ the licence number of the
1. Complete these sentences using the correct form of
thieves’ car?
one of the words above.
7. I’ve been trying to phone you all day but I couldn’t _get
1. I’ll let you ___know___ if we decide to go to the cinema.
over_through_.
2. We ___met_____ by chance at a party.
3. We got _____acquainted___ at a conference and we have
British and American words
kept in touch ever since.
1. Match the British English words form list A with
4. You should go out more and get to ___meet__know____
American English words from list B that have the same
more people.
meaning.
5. He is shy and nervous about ____meeting_____ new people.
6. I like to keep ____informed______ about what’s happening in
other countries
7. He’s not really a friend, just an ___acquaintance___.
A B
8. It’s nice when people come to the airport to __meet___ you.
bumper = fender movie 9. Have you ___informed____ the police about the burglary
yet?
leave = quit motor

2. Complete these sentences using one of the words

car boot = TRUNK billboard
above.
railway = railroad mall touch, contact
1. Can you __contact_____ me next time you’re in town?
engine = motor store 2. Don’t ___touch___ food with dirty hands.
3. It was dark, so I relied on my sense of ____touch____.
lorry = truck pharmacy
4. There isn’t enough ____contact____ between teachers and
sweets = candy railroad parents.
5. English people avoid physical ___touch___ with strangers.
car park = parking lot fender
6. In some countries, you need ___contacts___ to succeed in

spirit faucet life.

7. Are you in ___touch___ with the latest developments in
shop = store liquor American rock music?
Phrasal verbs with put
handbag = purse candy
put off, put out, put forward, put up, put away, put on, put

shopping centre = mall guy through

3. Complete these sentences using the correct form of
autumn = fall bathroom one of the phrasal verbs above.
1. Can you please learn to ___put___ your clothes ___away___ in 5. ___Put off__out___ the light and go to sleep now.
the right place? 6. ‘I’ll just _____put___ you ____through__ to the manager’s
2. Loud music ____put__ me __off____ when I’m studying. I just office,’ said the secretary.
can’t concentrate. 7. All the hotels are full. Could you ___put_____ me ___up_____
3. Eating all those cakes has made me ___put on______ a bit of for the night?
weight.
4. If you have some suggestions to make, please __put__ them
__forward_____ at the next meeting.
1. Put the words in the box under the following
headings:
types of holiday fun-fair, , adventure, cruise, camping, camping, resort, museum, queues, bed and breakfast (B&B),
seaside, adventure, beach relax, seaside, crowds, delays, sunbathing, fun-fair, caravan,
places where people stay on holiday resort, bed and adventure, rows, sightseeing, beach, tent, cruise, lost
breakfast (B&B), tent, youth hostel, caravan luggage, youth hostel, excursion, sunburn
places people visit on holiday museum, seaside, beach, fun-
fair
things people do on holiday relax, sunbathing, excursion,
sightseeing, Last passage
problems people can have on holiday queues, crowds,
delays, rows, lost luggage, sunburn

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