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  • Lab #2 Ac Measurements: EE 200 - Electronic Circuits Implementation

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    Poyraz Emel
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    The document summarizes an electronics lab experiment with two parts. In part one, node analysis was used to calculate thevenin resistance (Rth), open circuit voltage (VOC), and short circuit current (ISC) of a circuit. The calculated values matched closely with simulation results. Part two created a pulsed DC circuit and examined the input and output waveforms. The time constant was determined by expanding the waveform edges. Changing the frequency showed how the output voltage decreases at high frequencies as the capacitor acts like a short circuit.

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    Postlab Report #2

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    The document summarizes an electronics lab experiment with two parts. In part one, node analysis was used to calculate thevenin resistance (Rth), open circuit voltage (VOC), and short circuit current (ISC) of a circuit. The calculated values matched closely with simulation results. Part two created a pulsed DC circuit and examined the input and output waveforms. The time constant was determined by expanding the waveform edges. Changing the frequency showed how the output voltage decreases at high frequencies as the capacitor acts like a short circuit.

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    50 views8 pages

    Lab #2 Ac Measurements: EE 200 - Electronic Circuits Implementation

    Uploaded by

    Poyraz Emel
    The document summarizes an electronics lab experiment with two parts. In part one, node analysis was used to calculate thevenin resistance (Rth), open circuit voltage (VOC), and short circuit current (ISC) of a circuit. The calculated values matched closely with simulation results. Part two created a pulsed DC circuit and examined the input and output waveforms. The time constant was determined by expanding the waveform edges. Changing the frequency showed how the output voltage decreases at high frequencies as the capacitor acts like a short circuit.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 8

    EE 200 – Electronic Circuits Implementation

    Lab #2
    AC MEASUREMENTS

    Poyraz Emel
    26547
    Session E

    08.03.2021

    Spring 2020/2021
    Introduction
    The purpose of this experiment is to make the circuit as simple as possible by
    calculating the current in the short circuit and thevenin resistance of the circuit
    using the norton and thevenin equation in the first part. The other purpose is to
    make comments by comparing the results we found in the simulation with our
    hand solution. In the first part, using node analysis as a method, Voc was found.In
    the second part, to find the time constant by creating a transist, changing the
    frequency of the circuit we have created, and observing the movements of the
    formed waves.

    Data / Results

    In-Lab:

    Part 1

    • Set up the circuit shown in Figure 2 with four different resistors you select for R1, R2, R3, R4 (Make
    sure that resistors are in 1-20 kΩ range) and a load resistor RL =1 kΩ.

    • Connect the DC power supply and set it to 10V (Vin is the DC power supply).

    a) Calculate the VOC, ISC and Rth of the circuit that you built across node A and B without RL.
    In this figure R2 and R3 in parallel and R2 and R3 both them in series with R5 and R1 is in parallel all
    Req(R2,R3 and R5).

    Rth= (((8k//12k) + 16k)//8k) => (8x12/12+8)+16k // 8k ==> (4.8k+16k) // 8k ==> 20.8k//8k==>

    20.8x8 / 20.8 + 8 == 5.77k ohm

    Node Analysis on Point Va and Voc:

    For Point Voc:

    Voc-Va/16 +Voc-10/8 =0 3Voc – Va =20

    For Point Va:

    Va/12 + Va-Voc/16 + Va-10/8=0 26Va = 120 + 6Voc

    Combining two equations

    3Voc-Va=20 6Voc = 40 +2Va


    26Va = 120+ 6Voc 26Va = 120 + 40 + 2Va 24Va=160 Va=6.66V

    3Voc – Va = 20 3Voc -6.66 =20 Voc = 8.88V

    For Finding Isc:

    Voc=Isc.Rth

    Isc=Voc/Rth 8.88/5.77x10e3 1.54mA

    b) List your simulation results and compare them with the values that you calculated before. Do they
    agree?

    My Results Simulation Results

    • VOC: 8.88 V 8.8888893 V

    • ISC: 1.54 mA 1,538462 mA

    • Rth: 5.77k ohm 5.77777631k ohm

    Part 2:

    • Set up the circuit in Figure 3. Take R = 1 kΩ and C = 47 nF.

    • Using the voltage generator, apply a 5 Vpp square wave at whatever frequency you like.

    • Simulate the Vpp and frequency values with the transient simulation.

    • Observe the waveforms at the input and at the output.

    • Change the amplitude and frequency settings on the voltage generator. See the waveform at the
    input and at the output.
    a) Expand the rising edge and the falling edges closely by expanding the time axis. Calculate the time
    constant. Determine the time constant of the circuit experimentally. What is the time constant? How
    can you determine it experimentally?. Is it same with the calculated value? Sketch all the waveforms
    necessary, show all your calculation method explicitly.

    Time constant= R.C

    1000 ohm x 4,7.10e-8 Hand Calculations Simulation Result 4,8150886 ms

    T= 4.7 e-5 4.7 ms

    b) Play with the frequency of the square-wave and write down what you observe. What happens at
    high frequencies?
    When we increase frequency(T will drop because T=1/f) Vout will decrease and capacitor will be almost
    short circuit and voltage can be 0.

    When we decrease frequency(T will increase because T=1/f) Vout will increase.
    Discussion / Analysis
    In-lab:
    Part 1:
    In the first experiment, to find Rth, the overall resistance of the circuit was
    calculated by removing the voltage from the circuit and turning R1 into an open
    circuit. This resistance value we found also gave us Rth. Then, by analyzing the
    circuit at two different points and combining the equations, we reached the Voc
    value. Finally, we reached the Isc value by using the Voc = Isc.Rth equation. We
    placed our circuit in the simulation and compared the values we found with the
    values in the simulation.
    Part 2:
    In the second experiment, our aim was to create an pulsed DC circuit. In order to
    create this circuit, we took the normal voltage source and transformed it into
    "PULSE" from the voltage settings and entered values such as frequency, voltage,
    period and examined the waves created by the circuit. Our aim in the circuit was
    to observe the movements of the wave in part b by playing with the frequency
    value in the circuit.

    Post-Lab Assignment
    1. What is the practical use of Thevenin Equivalent circuits?
    To determine the voltage across the load resistors we use thevenin equivalent
    and we don’t need to re calculate whole circuit with different load resistors.
    2. Do the function generator and oscilloscope always give us the same values? If
    not, why could it be, and which one must we trust, why?
    Could be in case oscilloscope is calibrated properly. We should trust function
    generator since it provides defined signal of function.
    3. What must one do if you want to see only the AC part of a signal on the
    oscilloscope?
    Select "AC" from input Chanel selection mode.
    4. Explain what trigger is. Also explain the reason why signal is not steady with
    some settings of the trigger.
    Oscilloscope provides a trigger function. When the repetitive waveforms occur in
    the oscilloscope trigger helps to see that waveforms in steady form in
    oscilloscope. If oscilloscope has not enough trigger capability, signal can be seen
    as unsteady because oscilloscope will start to acquire datas in random way and it
    will not be synchronized way.
    5. How can the inductor have a voltage that exceeds the input voltage at the
    instants when the pulse switches sign?
    Since the magnetic field that occurs momentarily when the circuit is first closed,
    induces voltage in the inductor.

    Conclusion

    As a result, we found the Norton and Thevenin resistances, short circuit current
    and Thevenin voltage by using "node analysis" and V = ir in the first circuit we
    made. Then we compared the results we found by simulating the Norton and
    Thevenin circuit through the Ltspice and the results we found are very close to
    the results obtained in the simulation.

    In the last phase, we created a pulsed Dc circuit in the simulation and examined
    the resulting signals. Then, we made a comparison by looking at the Vin and Vout
    results of the circuit we created. In the last part, we changed the frequency values
    of the circuit and observed the changes of the signals generated by the circuit
    depending on the frequency.

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