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Steinmetz Circuit Influence On The Electric System Harmonic Response
Steinmetz Circuit Influence On The Electric System Harmonic Response
Abstract—Single-phase loads such as traction systems cause Steinmetz circuit is connected to a system in order to balance
voltage asymmetries and damage power quality. Reactors suitably a single-phase load. The results of the study are validated with
connected to single-phase loads are used to reduce this unbalance. experimental measurements.
The set formed by reactors and single-phase loads is more com-
monly known as Steinmetz circuit. In nonsinusoidal conditions,
the resonance between the reactors of the Steinmetz circuit and II. CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE-PHASE UNBALANCE
the system reactances can worsen the harmonic disturbances. This
paper studies the harmonic response of an electric power system Unbalanced three-phase phasors ( , , ) can be
in the presence of a Steinmetz circuit. The study allows the parallel decomposed into three symmetrical phasors named zero-,
resonance to be predicted. The obtained results are validated with positive-, and negative-sequence components ( , , ) by
experimental measurements. applying the Fortescue transformation
Index Terms—Frequency scan, harmonic analysis, power
quality. (1)
Fig. 2. Harmonic behavior of the supply system and the Steinmetz circuit.
(7)
TABLE I
STRAIGHT LINES PARAMETERS
(9)
(8)
where the parameters of these curves have been calculated from where , and . The slope value
close-fitting of the curves obtained from (6). Their values are is also shown in Table I and is labeled in Fig. 6(a) as point Q.
shown in Table II. Once this slope is calculated, the supply system reactance
The fitted curves and the error between them and the which provokes a resonance in the seventh harmonic when the
curves calculated from the driving impedance expressions, Steinmetz circuit is connected can be determined as
Error , are also (point Q in Fig. 5(a)).
shown in Fig. 6(b). It can be observed that the adjusted curves From the data of Table I, the impedance of phase at the
allow the slope to be characterized with an acceptable resonance point can also be determined,
error. This characterization allows the location of the resonance (point Q in Fig. 5(b)). Although the
for any fundamental power factor when the symmetrizing resistances of the supply system and the Steinmetz circuit
elements are connected to balance the consumed single-phase inductance have been neglected in the numerical study, the slight
currents. differences in the example results are only due to neglecting
As an example, the resonance shown in Fig. 3(a) can be pre- the supply system resistance. This is analyzed in the next
dicted with the results of the previous numerical study. section.
1148 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 2, APRIL 2005
APPENDIX
In the Steinmetz circuit, the reactors, capacitors and single-
phase loads, suitably interconnected, allow the network to be
loaded with balanced currents, Fig. 1. Therefore, the procedure
to design the Steinmetz circuit determines the analytical expres-
sion of the unbalance factor and forces this factor to be zero [4].
To obtain the expression of the unbalance factor, the three-
phase harmonic currents are determined from the phase-phase
harmonic voltages (Fig. 1)
(11)
where ,
and .
The symmetrical components of three-phase fundamental
currents , , are then obtained with the Fortescue
transformation, (1), and subsequently the unbalance factor is
determined analytically
(12)
The influence of the Steinmetz circuit on the system harmonic where is the fundamental power factor of the
response is studied. A shunt resonance exists between the supply single-phase load and .
and Steinmetz impedances. It is more critical in those phases Finally, the symmetrizing reactive elements are obtained by
between which the capacitor is connected. The resonance fre- forcing the fundamental current unbalance factor (13) to be zero
quency value and the impedance value at this frequency have
been characterized numerically, and analytical expressions have
been proposed to calculate them. From these analytical expres-
sions, the parallel resonance if the Steinmetz circuit is con-
nected to a system in order to balance a single-phase load can be (14)
1150 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 2, APRIL 2005