Mr. Ivan Jayson A.

Macabenta, LPT
PRESENTED BY MR. IVAN JAYSON A. MACABENTA
Objectives for the Week
Spanish Colonial Period
Forms of Literature
Classification of the Literary Forms

2 1 st C E N T U R Y L I T E R A T U R E F R O M T H E P H I L I P P I N E S A N D T H E W O R L D
OBJECTIVES FOR THE WEEK

•
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
PROPAGATION ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
OF THE SECURITY OF POWER
CHRISTIAN
RELIGION

THREE REASONS TO COLONIZE

 On March 17, 1521, the Portuguese explorer
Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippine soil. He
landed in Limasawa, an island in Southern Leyte. It
was there that the first Catholic mass in the country
was celebrated. On April 14, 1521, after reaching the
island of Cebu, Fr. Pedro Valderrama baptized more
than 500 natives along with Rajah Humabon.
 Mexica n explo rer , Ru y
López de V il la lobos na m ed
the a rch ipela g o La s Is la s
Fil ipin a s in h onor of Pr in ce
Ph ilip I I of As t uria s , wh o
reign ed a s th e K in g of S pa in K I N G P H I L I P I I O F S P AI N
f rom 1 5 5 6 t o 1 5 98 .
In 1565, King Philip II of Spain
officially colonized the country and
assigned the new expedition to the
first Governor -General Miguel
López de Legazpi.
Six years later, he established his
capital in Manila, a location that
offered the harbor of Manila Bay, a
large population, and proximity to
the ample food supplies of the
Central Luzon rice lands.
1. Filipinos’ Surnames
and Change of
Native Names
2.Spanish Language
Influence
3.Catholicism and its
Patriarchal Politics
and Culture

IMPACT OF SPANISH
INFLUENCE
 FORMS OF LITERATURE DURING
THE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
• This is a narrative poem about the passion,
death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. It has
replaced the precolonial oral tradition that
the Filipino had since pasyon is recited in
churches. It consists of five -line stanzas with
eight syllables per line.
The earliest known pasyon is the Ang Mahal
na Pasión ni Jesu Christong Panginoon natin
na Tola in 1704.
Iginapos na si Kristo
sa isang haliging bato
hinampas na walang toto
mahigit na limang libo
na tagos hanggang sa buto.
At dito na nga natupad
yaong hulang isinulat
nang propetang si Isa-ias,
sa daratning mga hirap
nang pariritong Mesias.
Mula ulo hanggang paa
matatadtad nang suplina
walang lamang nakikita
kundi sugat na lahat na
ang buong katawan niya.
Excerpt of Pasyong Mahal
• This is a narrative poem that consists of 12
syllables per line and four lines per stanza.
The rhythm is slow and is usually
accompanied by the use of a guitar or
bandurya.
It expresses adoration of the Blessed Virgin
Mary as well as platonic and courtly love. A
famous example of an awit is Francisco
Balagtas’s Florante at Laura.
Cong siya mong ibig na aco,i, magdusa
Lan~git na mataás aquing mababata
iságì mo lamang sa púso ni Laura
aco,i, minsan minsang mapag ala-ala.
At dito sa laot n~g dusa,t, hinagpis,
malauac na luhang aquing tinatauid
gunitâ ni Laura sa naabáng ibig
siya co na lamang ligaya sa dibdib.

Excerpt of Florante at Laura

• A kurido is another narrative poem that
consists of eight syllables per line and four
lines per stanza. The rhythm is faster
compared with that of an awit. An example
of a kurido is Ibong Adarna, which contains
1,722 stanzas and has five parts.
Itong hari cong tinuran
si don Fernando ang ngalan
ang caniyang tinubuan
ang Berbaniang caharian.
Ang haring sinabi co na
ay may tatlóng anác sila,
tuturan co't ibabadyá
nang inyo ngang maquilala.
Si don Pedro ang panganay
na anác nang haring mahal,
at ang icalaua naman
si don Diego ang pangalan.

Excerpt of Ibong Adarna

• Dalit - This is a religious poem in honor of
the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saints
Dinhi sa siyudad sa Sugbo
ang matahum mong larawan.
sa unang mga misyonero,
sa usang balay hipalgan.
Kanila ikaw nagpakita
gikan da sa imong gugma.
Excerpt of Gozos to Sto. Nino

Kami'y namimintuho sa Birhen ng Aranzazu

Sa kanyang paglalakbay kami ay sasama
Kami ay aawit ng papuri sa Diyos
Upang ipahayag pagliligtas ni Hesus

Excerpt of Pamimintuho sa Birhen ng

Aranzazu
• Anecdotes - These are short and amusing
stories that contain lessons in life. Priests
often use anecdotes as part of their sermons.
An example of an anecdote is the Tagalog
translation and adaptation of Daniel Defoe’s
Robinson Crusoe entitled Ang Bagong
Robinson, Historiang Nagtuturo nang
Mabuting Caugalian, na Guinauang Tanungan
(The New Robinson, a Story That Teaches Good
Conduct, Done in Primer Form) by Joaquin
Tuason.
• A devastating earthquake struck Mexico city.
It killed several thousand people and caused
terrible damage. Those who survived dug
through the rubble to rescue as many as
possible who were trapped beneath the
masonry. One man, Marcos, nicknamed "The
Flea" because he was so small, less than 5
feet, was able to crawl through small
openings in the surface and go into cavities
in the rubble to rescue people. He helped
rescue 27 people.
• He helped rescue 27 people. He had been
nicknamed "The Flea" because of his small
stature, which must have been hurtful for
him, but what was originally painful turned
out to be a blessing during the earthquake.
• Planticas (Sermons) - These are lectures
presented by Spanish priests that dealt with
religious, biblical, and moral topics.
In 1864, Padre Modesto de Castro compiled
25 of his sermons in Planticas Doctrinales
(Sermons on Doctrines).
• These are a series
of prayers
repeated for nine
consecutive days
and are usually
prayers for
petition and
thanksgiving.
• Novels are long narrative stories , usually
with fictional characters and with a
sequence of events divided into chapters.
Examples of novels during the Spanish
colonial period include Pedro Paterno’s Ninay
(considered the first Filipino novel), Padre
Modesto de Castro’s Urbana at Feliza , Padre
Miguel Lucio y Bustamante’s Si Tandang Basio
Macunat, and Jose Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo.
• Essays -These are personal pieces of writing
that use the point of view of the writer.

One of the most important essays during

this period is “Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga
Tagalog” by Andres Bonifacio. It was published
in the newspaper Kalayaan.
Ngayon sa lahat ng ito'y ano ang sa mga
guinawa nating paggugugol nakikitang
kaguinhawahang ibinigay sa ating Bayan? Ano
ang nakikita nating pagtupad sa kanilang
kapangakuan na siang naging dahil ng ating
pag gugugol!

Excerpt of Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog

Wala kung di pawang kataksilan ang ganti sa
ating mga pagpapala at mga pagtupad sa
kanilang ipinangakung tayo'y lalung
guiguisingin sa kagalingan ay bagkus tayong
binulag, inihawa tayo sa kanilang hamak na
asal, pinilit na sinira ang mahal at magandang
ugali ng ating Bayan;

Excerpt of Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog

Yminulat tayo sa isang maling pagsampalataya
at isinadlak sa lubak ng kasamaan ang
kapurihan ng ating Bayan; at kung tayo 'y
mangahas humingi ng kahit gabahid na
lingap, ang naguiguing kasagutan ay ang
tayo'y itapon at ilayo sa piling ng ating
minamahal na anak, asawa at matandang
magulang.

Excerpt of Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog

 It is a form of poetic contest usually played
as part of the rites held in connection with the
death of a person. It is based on a legend
about a lady’s ring that fell in the middle of the
sea. The lady’s hand is offered in marriage as a
reward to any young man who could retrieve
the ring.
 It is another poetic contest held when a
person dies or during the wake. Duplo consists
of puns, jokes, and riddles in the vernacular to
relieve sadness.
 It is a play that portrays the life, passion,
and crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
 It tells how Reyna
Elena and her son
Constantino searched
for Jesus’s cross in
Mount Calvary.
It is a festival in celebration of
the life of Saint Longinus. Saint
Longinus was a blind Roman
soldier tasked to drive a spear
through Jesus to make sure he
was dead. A miracle happened
when Jesus’s blood touched
him. He regained his eyesight
and converted to Christianity.
Because of this change of faith,
Saint Longinus was beheaded
as ordered by Pontius Pilate.
It is a play written about the capture of a
Christian Filipino army. In 1637, Gran Comedia
de la Toma del Pueblo de Corralat y Conquista
del Cerro, written by Padre Geronimo Perez,
was the first moro-moro performed in Manila.
It is a play with songs and dances with up to five
acts, portraying the whimsies of romantic love.
This is a special
occasion participated in
by women in some
parts of Bicol region. It
is a presentation that
aims to make a vow,
make a petition, or offer
praise and love towards
religious icons such as
the Blessed Cross that
St. Helen planted.
 This is presented before 12:00 on Christmas
Eve. This is a presentation of the search of the
Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn where Mary
can give birth to Jesus.
 The Salubong depicts the moment when the
Risen Christ met his mother. This play is shown
during the Easter morning.
 This is a form of dramatic entertainment performed on a
moonless night during a town fiesta or on dark nights after a
harvest. This shadow play is made by projecting cardboard
figures before a lamp against a white sheet. The figures are
moved like marionettes whose dialogues are produced by
some experts.
This was a short musical
comedy popular during
the 18th century. They
were exaggerated
comedies shown
between acts of long
plays and were mostly
performed by characters
from the lower classes.
Themes were taken from
everyday life scenarios.
 SOCIAL STRUCTURE

• Peninsulares - Full-blooded
Spanish living in the Philippines
and born in Spain.
• Insulares - Full-blooded Spanish
living in the Philippines and born
in the Philippines as well.
• Ilustrados (The Enlightened Ones)
– Wealthy group of individuals
born in the Philippines and were
able to study abroad.
• Chinese/Spanish Mestizos - People
with mixed racial origins and
economically sufficient.
• Indio - Native/Full-blooded
Filipinos.
• Sangley - Full-blooded Chinese
living in the Philippines.
• Naturales - brown-skinned
Christianized native Malays of the
lowland and coastal towns.
• Salvajes Orinfieles - savages or
infidels.
• Remontados - those who refused
to live in towns and took to the
hills.
• Tulisanes (bandits) - all of whom
were considered to live outside
the social order.
THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo y
Realonda was born on June 19, 1861 at
Calamba, Laguna. His first teacher was his
mother Teodora Alonzo. He studied at the
Ateneo de Manila, started medicine at UST
and finished at the Universidad Central of
Madrid. He also studied at the University of
Berlin, Leipzig, and Heidelberg. He died by
musketry in the hands of the Spaniards on
December 30, 1896 on charges of sedition
and rebellion against the Spaniards. His
pen name was Laong Laan and
Dimasalang.
• Noli Me Tangere & El Filibusterismo.
These novels were banned in the Philippines as a
result of their portrayals of the Spanish government's
abuses and corruption. These novels, along with Rizal's
involvement in organizations that aimed to address and
reform the Spanish system and its issues, led to Rizal's
exile to Dapitan and eventual execution. Both the novel
and its predecessor, along with Rizal's last poem, are now
considered Rizal's literary masterpieces. The Spaniards
prohibited the reading of these novels, but a lot of
translations were able to enter stealthy in the country.
• Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell).
This was a poem by Rizal while he was incarcerated
at Fort Santiago and is one that can compare favorably
with the best in the world.
• Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinos (On the
Indolence of the Filipinos).
An essay on the so-called Filipino indolence and
an evaluation of the reasons for such allegations. It
is a response to the accusation of Indio or Malay
indolence. He admits the existence of indolence
among the Filipinos, but it could be attributed to a
number of reasons.
• Filipinas Dentro De Cien Años
(The Philippines within a Century).
An essay predicting the increasing influence of the
US in the Philippines and the decreasing interest of
Europe here. Rizal predicted that if there is any other
colonizer of the Philippines in the future, it would be
the US.
 Marcelo H. del Pilar is popularly
known for his pen name of Plaridel,
Pupdoh, Piping Dilat, and Dolores
Manapat. He was born at Cupang, San
Nicolas, Bulacan on August 30, 1850.
He established the Diariong Tagalog
in 1883 where he exposed the evils of
the Spanish government in the
Philippines. To avoid banishment, he
was forced to travel to Spain in 1888.
• Caiigat Kayo.
It criticized the Spanish government that controlled
the Philippines at the time. Originally published in the
newspaper "Diariong Tagalog," the piece mocks
Spanish friars in particular.
• Dasalan At Tocsohan (Prayers and Jokes).
Similar to a catechism but sarcastically done against
the parish priests, published in Barcelona in 1888.
Because of this, del Pilar was called “filibuster.” Done in
an admirable tone of supplication and excellent use of
Tagalog.
• Ang Cadaquilaan Ng Dios (God’s Goodness).
Published in Barcelona, it was also like a catechism
sarcastically aimed against the parish priests but also
contains a philosophy of the power and intelligence of
God and an appreciation for and love for nature.
• Sagot Sa Espanya Sa Hikbi Ng Pilipinas (Answer to
Spain on the Plea of the Filipinos).
A poem pleading for change from Spain. This poem
is in answer to that of Hermenigildo Flores’ Hikbi sa
Pilipinas (A Plea from the Philippines).
• Dupluhan…Dalit…Mga Bugtong (A poetical contest in
narrative sequence, psalms, riddles).
A compilation of poems on the oppression by the
priests in the Philippines.
Amain naming sumasaconvento ka, sumpain ang ngalan
mo, malayo sa amin ang kasakiman mo, quitlin ang liig
mo dito sa lupa para nang sa langit. Saulan mo cami
ngayon nang aming kaning iyong inaraoarao at
patauanin mo cami sa iyong pagungal para nang pag
papataua mo kung cami'y nacucualtahan; at huag mo
kaming ipahintulot sa iyong manunukso at iadya mo
cami sa masama mong dila. Amen.
He was born on December 18, 1856 in
Jaro, Iloilo. He is a known writer and
orator in the Philippines. He wrote 100
speeches that were published by
Remigio Garcia. Jaena left the
Philippines to Barcelona in Spain in 1887
wherein he established the first
magazine La Solidaridad.
 This later became the official voice of
the Association Hispano de Filipinas (a
Filipino-Spanish Association) composed
of Filipinos and Spaniards who worked
for reforms in the Philippines. Because of
this, Jaena successfully showed the
Spaniards and the people of the world
how a newspaperman can introduce
changes in law and reforms towards a
better life and progress. Graciano Lopez
Jaena died in a charity hospital in
Barcelona on January 20, 1896.
 He is widely known for his Ang
Fray Botod (Friar Botod). In this
story, he exposed how some of the
friars were greedy, ambitious, and
immoral. This is a satirical story that
depicted a fat and lecherous friar.
This incurred the fury of the friars.
Although the story was not
published, a copy circulated in Iloilo
but the friars could not prove that
López Jaena was the author.
 He was the editor of the revolutionary
paper La Independencia. He used the
pennames Paralitico for Spanish articles
and Lumpo and Taga-ilog in Tagalog
articles.
Luna was also active as an active
researcher in the scientific community
before he joined the Revolution. Most of
his works dealt with Filipino customs and
others were accusations about how the
Spaniards ran the government. His pen
name was Taga- ilog. He died at the age
of 33 in June 1899.
1. Noche Buena (Christmas Eve). It pictured true Filipino life.
2. Se Devierten (How They Diverted Themselves). A dig at a
dance of the Spaniards where the people were very
crowded.
3. La Tertulia Filipina (A Filipino Conference or Feast). Depicts
a Filipino custom which he believed was much better than
the Spanish.
4. Por Madrid (For Madrid). A denouncement of Spaniards
who claim that the Philippines is a colony of Spain but who
think of Filipinos as foreigners when it comes to collecting
taxes for stamps.
5. La Casa De Huepedes (The Landlady’s House). Depicts a
landlady who looks for boarders not for money but in order
to get a husband for her child.
 He was an editor-in-chief, biographer, and
researcher of the Propaganda Movement. He
used Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning as
pennames. The common themes of his works
were the values of education. He also wrote
about how the Filipinos were oppressed by
the foreigners and of the problems of his
countrymen.
Among his significant works was
Efemerides Filipinas, a column on historical
events in the Philippines which appeared in
La Oceania Española (1892–1893) and El Ideal
(1911–1912).
 Pedro Paterno was a scholar, dramatic,
researcher, and novelist of the
Propaganda Movement. The novel
explores the life and love story of the
female protagonist named Ninay, a
heartbroken young woman who died of
cholera. Her heartbreak was due to her
separation from her lover Carlos Mabagsic.
Ninay's misfortune became harder to bear
because of the loss of her parents. A
pasiam, the novena for the dead, was
being said and offered for the lifeless
Ninay.
THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT
Andres Bonifacio is best known as the
Father of the Katipunan because he
led in establishing the Kataas-taasan,
Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng
mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK). He
established the Katipunan which
triggered the spirit of freedom
especially when Rizal was banished to
Dapitan, Mindanao. Bonifacio is better
known as the great Revolutionary
rather than a writer, but he also wrote
things that paved the way for the
revolution.
• Ang Dapat Mabatid Ng Mga Tagalog (What the
Tagalogs Should Know)
• Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak Ng Bayan
(Obligations of Our Countrymen). This is an outline of
obligations just like the 10 commandments of God.
• Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love of One’s Native
Land). A poem with a title similar to that of Marcelo H.
del Pilar.
 Apolinario Mabini y Maranan (July
23, 1864 – May 13, 1903) was a Filipino
revolutionary leader, educator, lawyer,
and statesman who served first as a
legal and constitutional adviser to the
Revolutionary Government, and then
as the first Prime Minister of the
Philippines upon the establishment of
the First Philippine Republic. He is
regarded as the "Utak ng Himagsikan"
or "Brain of the Revolution".
Two of his works, El
Verdadero Decalogo (The
True Decalogue, June 24,
1898), and Programa
Constitucional dela
Republica Filipina (The
Constitutional Program of
the Philippine Republic,
1898) became
instrumental in the
drafting of what would
eventually be known as
the Malolos Constitution.
“Worship God in the form that your conscience that God
speaks to you, reproaching you for your misdeeds and
applauding you for your good deeds.”

Excerpt of El Verdadero Decalogo by Apolinario Mabini

courtesy of National Historical Commission
 Emilio Jacinto was the intelligent assistant
of Andres Bonifacio in the establishment of the
Katipunan. He is called the Brains of the
Katipunan. He edited Kalayaan (Freedom), a
Katipunan newspaper. Bonifacio withdrew his
writing of the Kartilya in deference to Jacinto’s
work as secretary of the Katipunan.
He is best known for his Kartilya Ng
Katipunan (A primer book on the Katipunan),
Liwanag At Dilim (Light and Darkness), and a
collection of essays on different subjects like
freedom, work, faith, government, love of
country.
“Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa
sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng
kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.”

Excerpt of Kartilya ng Katipunan of Emilio Jacinto

Jose Palma became popular
because of his poem, Filipinas which
eventually became the lyrics of the
Official March of the First Phillippine
Republic by Julian Felipe.