RS883 - Prasasan 127 Issue Contents 12-29

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Web : www.moga.gov.np, E-mail: [email protected]
PRASHASAN
(The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration)
April 2017, 127th Issue
Editorial Board
Mohan Krishna Sapkota, Secretary - Chairperson

Shivaram Neupane, Joint Secretary - Member
Bharat Prasad Dhakal, Under Secretary - Member
Ganesh Prasad Acharya, Section Officer - Member
Pradeep Pariyar, Section Officer - Member Secretary
Computer designing: Narayan Basnet
Government of Nepal
Ministry of General Administration
Planning and Human Resource Development Division
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: 4200187, 4200367, 4200368, 4200369, Fax No.: +977-1-4200187
Web: www.moga.gov.np, E-mail: [email protected]
k|fSsyg
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgaf6 lglb{i6 eP cg'?k;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf P]g/ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t
/fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg ug{sf nflu sfg"g th{'df u/L
nfu" ul/g'sf ;fy} ;/sf/sf txut sfo{ ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df ;+u7g ;+/rgf tof/ u/L lghfdtL
;]jfnfO{ ;Ifd, ;'b[9 / pQ/bfoL agfO{ /fHoaf6 gful/snfO{ pknJw u/fOg] ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf
clej[l4 ug{' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;+3Lotfaf/] cfjZos 1fg, hfgsf/L
xfl;n ug{sf nflu / e/kbf]{ ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf] ?kdf pkof]u ug{ ;dfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] :jLs[t
aflif{s sfo{qmd cGtu{t k|zf;g klqsfsf] !@& cf}+ c+snfO{ ;+3Lotfljifos cs+sf] ?kdf k|sfzg
ul/Psf] 5 .
;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg'?k :yfgLo, ;+3 / k|b]z txdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;+3Lotf ;DaGwL
cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg' ;d–;fdlos / ;fGble{s x'G5 . t;y{ laifout plrt 1fg /
cj;/n] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtfdf j[l4 eO{ ;]jf k|jfxdf u'0f:t/tf sfod ug{ ;lsG5 .
lghfdtL sd{rf/L / gful/s aLrsf] ;xsfo{nfO{ ;an agfpg b'j} kIfsf] ;fdflhs / dfgjLo
1fg, ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ cfjZos eO{;s]sf] 5 . lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ /fHo k'gM;+/rgf kZrft
gful/sx¿sf] rfxgfcg'¿k ;]jfk|bfg ug{ ;Ifd ;+oGqsf] ¿kdfljsf;ub}{ b]zdf ePsf] /fhgLlts,
k|zf;lgs P+j ;fdflhs kl/jt{g / ltgn] kfg]{ k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / ;doqmd;Fu} ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gdf b]vfkg]{ r'gf}tL/ ;d:ofx?;Fu h'Wb} /fli6«o lxtdf ;dlk{t x'g ;Sg] hgzlQm ;lxtsf]
ultzLn lghfdtL sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{'kg]{ ePsf]n] oL ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6\g klg o;
lsl;dsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsfx?sf] ;fGble{stf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
ctM ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;+3Lotf s]lG›t u/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ r':t b'?:t agfpg
k|zf;g klqsfsf] o; cs+n] ;+3Lotf laifodf ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lsf ?kdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 eGg]
cfzfsf ;fy o; k|zf;g klqsfnfO{ cg'ej / lj1tf ;lxt ;do;fGble{s n]v /rgf pknJw
u/fO{ lbg' x'g] k|a'4 n]vs ju{, klqsf k|sfzgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' x'g] ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf
sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ ;xof]uL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;Dkfbs d08n xflb{s s[t1tf Pj+ cfef/ JoQm ub{5 .
;Dkfbs d08n
o; klqsfdf k|sflzt n]vdf JoQm ljrf/ n]vssf :jtGq Pj+ lghL x'g\ . o;k|lt
;Dkfbs d08n / k|sfzs hjfkmb]xL x'g] 5}gg\ . æk|zf;gÆ klqsfdf k|sflzt n]vaf/] ljrf/
pQ]hs k|ltlqmof JoQm ug{ OR5's kf7snfO{ :jfut 5 . ;fy}, k|ltlqmofx? yojana@moga.
gov.np df k7fpg cfu|x ul/G5 . k|fKt k|ltlqmofsf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt n]vsnfO{ hfgsf/L
lbO{ ;Dej eP;Dd hjfkm ;d]t k|sflzt ul/g]5 . JolQmut ¿kdf cf/f]lkt / nfl~5t ug]{
clek|fon] k7fOPsf k|ltlqmof k|sfzg ug{ ;Dkfbs d08n afWo x'g]5}g .
ljifo ;"rL
1 ;+3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] d"No, dfGotf / cEof; 1

– sfzL/fh bfxfn
2 k|fb]lzs ;fdYo{ tyf sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg – 8f= lvdnfn b]jsf]6f 14
3 ;+3Lotf / k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgf – k"0f{rGb| e§/fO{ 22
4 /fHo k'gM;+/rgf / ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] ;+of]hg

39
– uf]kLgfy d}gfnL
5 g]kfnsf] ;ljwfgdf /fh:j lhDd]jf/L (Revenue Assignments) 58

;DaGwL Joj:yf – u+ufbQ cj:yL
6 k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of; / ;+3Lotfdf cfjZostf 73

– lzj/fd Gof}kfg]
7 ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df lghfdtL If]qsf]
85
tof/L – lai0f' l3ld/]
8 ;+3Lotfdf ;+u7g Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f – gGb/fh 1jfnL] 92

9 ;+3Lotfdf ul/aLsf] klxrfg / u/LaL lgjf/0f
102
– 8f= nf]sgfy e'iffn
10 g]kfndf ;+3Lotf / o;sf] r'gf}lt – lbnLks'df/ >Ljf:tj 110
11 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+3Lotf, :yfgLo txsf] k'g;{+/rgf, clwsf/

119
/ sfo{x? – eljZj/ l3ld/]
12 ;+3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf jftfj/0fLo kIfx? 124

– s]zj/fh hf]zL
13 ;+3Lotf k|0ffnLdf /fHozlQmsf] af8kmf8 / ljQ Joj:yfkg 129
- afns[i0f ;'a]bL
14 ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf OdfGbf/Ltf / ;fy{s kxn h?/L

136
- ;fu/ kl08t
15 Federalism: Prospects and Challenges - Indra B. Poudel

141
;+3Lotfsf ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf]
d"No dfGotf / cEof;
–sfzL/fh bfxfn*
ljifo k|j]zM
;dfhnfO{ ;xL dfu{ b]vfO{ hLjGt / ultzLn agfpg lglZrt l;4fGt / d"No dfGotfx?
cg'ej / Jojxf/af6 vfl/P/ :yflkt ePsf x'G5g\ . To:tf l;4fGt / d"No dfGotfsf] cjnDag,
cg';/0f / cEof;n] ;dfhnfO{ ;'v ;d[l4 k|bfg ub{5 . /fHo ;~rfngsf lglDt cfwf/e"t l;4fGt
/ ;+j}wflgs d"No dfGotfx? ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v u/L ;f]xL cg'?k zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ul/g]
cfw'lgs ;+j}wflgs ljlwzf:q / ;+ljwfgjfbsf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . cfw'lgs /fHon] ;+j}wflgs
nf]stGqsf] cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotf cg'?k /fHo ;~rfng ug{ ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, sfg'gsf]
zf;g, gful/s clwsf/ / dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f, lgikIf :jtGq / cfjlws lgjf{rg,
jx'njfbdf cfwfl/t k|ltikwL{ jx'bnLotf, zlQmk[ysLs/0f, zlQm;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f, :jtGq / ;Ifd
Gofokflnsf, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf, /fHozlQm k|of]u ug]{ lgsfosf] sfd sf/jfxLdf hjfkmb]lxtf /
kf/blz{tf, cfly{s cg'zf;g, e|i6frf/d'Qm zf;g, ;'zf;g h:tf l;4fGt lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;+ljwfgjfbsf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{
;lsPg eg] ljleGg ljs[lt, lj;+ult, e|i6frf/, s'k|zf;g h:tf l:ylt >[hgf eO{ d'n's åGå /
lx+;fsf] e"Fj/Ldf kl//xG5 . h;sf sf/0f dfgj hLjg si6k|b x'G5 . /fHodf lbuf] zflGt, ljsf;,
;'zf;g / ;d[l4sf lglDt alnof] /fHo cfjZos kb{5 . /fHo alnof] x'g /fHosf] j}wflgs zlQmdf
IfoLs/0f x'g' gx'g], /fHok|ltsf] jkmfbfl/tf vl:sg' gx'g], ljlwsf] zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf, ;jn
cy{tGq, hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;+:s[lt h:tf s'/fx? cfjZos 5 . alnof] /fHon] g} gful/ssf] rfxgf /
cfsf+IffnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;Sb5 .
/fHo / ;dfhnfO{ ;+ul7t / Jojl:yt ?kdf /fVg ;+ljwfg agfOG5 . ;+ljwfg /fHo
;~rfng ug]{ b"/b[li6sf] d"n sfg'g xf] . ;+ljwfg ag]/ dfq ;dfh ;Eo / ;d[4 x'g] xf]Og .
;+ljwfgnfO{ hfGg], a'em\g] / dfGg] ;+j}wflgs ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f TolQs} dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . Pp6f ;Eo
/ ;Ël7t ;dfh lgdf{0fsf lglDt gful/sdf pRr r]tgfsf] :t/, ljj]sk"0f{ lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd
* cWoIf, pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ;ldlt
k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf 1
/ Ifdtfo'Qm ljwflosf, lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL sfo{kflnsf, :jtGq / ;Ifd Gofokflnsf, ;lqmo
gful/s ;dfh / zflGtsf] ;+:s[lt h:tf s'/fx? cfjZos x'G5g\ .
;+ljwfgn] lglZrt d"No dfGotf / l;4fGtsf dfWodåf/f Pp6f k4lt / k|0ffnLsf] dfu{lrq
lbg] xf] . j'l4, ljj]s / rl/q ;+ljwfgn] lbg ;Sb}g . To;sf] s'g} sf/vfgf klg x'Fb}g . ;+j}wflgs
;+:s[lt ;+j}wflgs r]tgfaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . gful/ssf] ;+j}wflgs r]tgfaf6 /fli6«o Pstf, ;fdflhs
;b\efj, ;+ljwfg dfGg] k|j[lQ, ;Eo, cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt ;dfh / /fHo k|0ffnlsf] ljsf; x'g]
xf] . clxn];dfhdf ;fj{hlgs ;bfrf/ / g}ltstfsf] ;+:s[lt vl:s+bf] 5 . ;fdflhs ;b\efj /
;lxi0f'tf vnaln+bf] 5 . /fHok|ltsf] jkmfbfl/tfdf Iflos/0f eO/x]sf] 5 . st{Jod'vL ;dfh lgdf{0f
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dod} lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsPg eg] d'n's c;kmn x'g] vt/f
/lx/xG5 . h'g d'n'sdf ljlw eGbf JolQmn] zf;g u5{, ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ x'G5, r':t /
k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx /fHon] k|bfg ug{ ;Sb}g, e|i6frf/ s'k|zf;g 5, ;'zf;g 5}g, b08xLgtf 5,
To:tf] d'n's c;kmn x'G5 . cfh ljZjsf sltko d'n'sx? ;'zf;gsf d"No dfGotfsf cfwf/df
zf;g ;~rfng ug{ g;Sbf c;kmn /fHosf ?kdf kl/0ft ePsf 5g\ . o; s'/fnfO{ g]kfnn] klg
x]Ssf /fvL ;'wf/ / ?kfGt/0fsf sfo{ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfx?df ljrngM

;+ljwfg / sfg'g /fHo / hgtf aLrsf] ;+emf}tfsf] jGwg xf] . ;+ljwfg / sfg'g ;fk]Iotfdf
;'wf/ x'G5 . ;Eo ;dfhdf sfg'g eGbf dfly Gofo x'G5 . GofoeGbf dfly g}ltstf x'G5 . g}ltstfsf]
d"No dfGotfsf] w/ftndf plePsf] ;dfh g} ;Eo / ;+ul7t x'G5 . ;bfrf/sf] ;+:s[ltn] lgb]{lzt
g]kfnL ;dfhdf clxn] lglh :jfy{sf] sf/0f / gful/s lzIffsf] cefjn] ;fj{hlgs g}ltstf Hofb}
vl:sPsf] cj:yfdf 5 . k]zfut dof{bf / cfr/0fsf ;Ldfx? elTsPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf lglDt
b'w 9'jfgL ug]{ ;jf/Ldf dlb/f cf];f/k;f/ ug]{, k/f]ksf/L sfddf k|of]u x'g] PDa'n]G; nfu" cf}ifw
/ /QmrGbgsf] cf];f/ k;f/df k|of]u x'g], t/sf/L kmnkm"ndf ljiffbLsf] cTolws k|of]usf] sf/0f
cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf] lrh cfkm} / cfkm\gf ufO{ j:t'nfO{ ;d]t vfg glbg] c?sf lglDt /fd|f]
egL ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{, cf}ifwLdf ld;fj6, vfB ;fdu|L u'0f:t/xLg, :jf:Yo / lzIffdf nfk/jfxL,
gSsnL k|df0fkq agfO{ lrlsT;f h:tf] ;+j]bgzLn If]qdf sfd ug]{, /fHosf zlQm / k|efjdf
/x]sfx?n] cf}ifwf]krf/ / ;'ljwfsf gfddf /fHosf]ifaf6 cg'lrt bf]xg ug]{, gSsnL jLn / ekf{O{af6
/fHosf]ifsf] b'?kof]u ug]{, :jfy{ aflemg] u/L gLlt lgod sfg'g agfpg], cfkm\gf] l;kmfl/; cfkm}
ug]{, 8LeL / lkcf/wf/Lx?n] /fHok|ltsf] jkmfbfl/tf eGbf cGoqs} df]x b]vfpg], ;fj{hlgs ;Dkbf
;+/If0f ug]{ bfloTj ePsfx?n] ;fj{hlgs ;Dkbf / To:sf] cg'lrt bf]xg ug{], ;+j]bgzLn lgsfosf]
k|d'vx?n] lgj[t x'gf;fy To; leqsf ;+j]bgzLn s'/fx? ;fj{hlgs ug]{,/fhgLlt / 7]Ssf k§f
nufotsf sf/f]jf/ Pp6}n] ug]{, :jfy{ aflemg] u/L /fli6«o lxt lj?4sf] sfo{x? ug]{ h:tf Jojxf/sf]
ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . gful/s st{Jo / ;bfrf/sf] ;+:s[lt k|foM n'Kt x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .
2 PRASHASAN The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration

/fhgLlts ljrf/ lj1fg eGbf hLj lj1fgaf6 rNg], 8gjfb / wgjfbn] /fhgLltnfO{ k|efj
kfg]{, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf bnLos/0f ug]{, ;'ne x'g'kg]{ Gofo To:tf] gx'g] h:tf l:yltx? /fHo
Joj:yfdf /Xof] eof] eg] To:tf] /fHo sdhf]/ eO{ cGttM c;kmn x'G5 . s'g} lbg blIf0f sf]l/of,
dn]lzof / g]kfn p:t}–p:t} cj:yfdf /x]ePsf]df cfh blIf0f sf]l/of / dn]lzofn] cfly{s ;d[4tf
k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yf / g]kfnsf] sxfnLnfUbf] ul/jLsf] l:yltnfO{ x]bf{ ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t d"No
dfGotfaf6 ljrng eO{ /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfng ubf{sf] kl/0ffdn] eGg] b]lvG5 . d'n'sn] ;'zf;g
lbg g;Sbf s'g} lbg ljZjsf !& :jtGq / ;fj{ef}d /fi6« dWo] Ps :jtGq/fHosf] ?kdf /x]sf] g]kfn
clxn] o:tf] ul/aLsf] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|g' k/]sf] 5 . k'vf{ / cu|hx?n] ;Eotf / ;+:s[lt Pjd\ ;fj{ef}d
d'n's x:tfGt/0f u/]sfdf pgsf ;Gtfg / pQ/flwsf/Ln] ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfsf]
s;Ldf zf;g ;~rfng ug{ g;Sbf d'n's sdhf]/ cj:yfaf6 u'lh|g' k¥of] . ca bf]if s;}nfO{ lbP/
dfq x'Fb}g . cfkm}af6 ;'wf/sf] cleofg k|f/De ug'{ kb{5 . ljs[lt / lj;+ultn] ufFh]sf] ;dfhdf
;+ljwfg aGb}df dfq ;'wf/ eOxfNg] xf]Og . o;sf lglDt ;f]r / ;+:sf/, cfr/0f / Jojxf/df ;'wf/
/ ?kfGt/0f cfjZos 5 . ;Eo ;dfhsf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfsf] cjnDagåf/f g} ;'wf/ ;+ej 5 .
;'wf/sf] k|lqmof cfkm}af6 k|f/De ug{ cfr/0fsf lgodx?, nf]stflGqs ;dfhsf d"No
dfGotfx? Pjd\ ;+ljwfgsf cGtlg{lxt l;4fGtx?sf] kfngf ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf lglDt ;bfrf/sf]
;+:s[lt cfjZos 5 . ;TojfbL, st{Jok|ltsf] b[9tf, sfddf cfj]u / qmf]wsf] cefj Pjd\ sfd
sf/jfxLdf ljj]ssf] k|of]uaf6 g} ;bfrf/sf] ljsf; x'G5 eGg] dfGotf 5 -w[lt Ifdf bdf]:t]o+
zf}rldlGbolgu|x Û wLlj{wf ;Toda|f]wf] bzsd\ wd{ nIf0fd\ . dg':d[lt ^.(@_ . d'n's sdhf]/ /fHosf]
?kdf /x]sf] 5 . c;n zf;g lbg lqmofzLn x'g] eGbf klg ;/sf/L / ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] cfkm"
cg's"n k|of]u ug{ vf]Hg] k|j[lQ a9]sf]] 5 . v/fa zf;gsf] ef/ a9L u/La, ;LdfGts[t / sdhf]/
ju{df k/]sf] 5 . /fHosf cË Pjd\ lgsfok|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; a9fpg Pjd\ d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf]
cg'e"lt lbg lbnfpg ;a} If]qdf ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] cfjZostf 5 . g}ltstf gePsf] /fhgLlt /
Jofj;flostf gePsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gaf6 ;'zf;g ;+ej x'Fb}g . åGåkl5sf] d'n'sdf lbuf] zflGt,
ljsf;, ;'zf;g / ;d[l4 sfod ug{ d"ntM /fli6«o Pstf, /fHosf] alnof] j}wflgs zlQm, /fli6«o lxt
cg'?k sfo{ ug]{ ;+:sf/, bl/nf] cy{tGq, ;Ifd / b"/bzL{ g]t[Tj Pjd\ s'zn /fhgLlts Joj:yfkg
cfjZos kb{5 (C3-Coercion, Capital & Charisma) .
;++ljwfg / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfM

;+ljwfg /fHo;~rfngsf] b"/b[li6sf] d"n sfg'g hf] cfkm}df Pp6f cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfsf]
b:tfj]h xf] . ;+ljwfgk|lt hgtfsf] ckgTj / :jLsfo{tf /x]ePdf g} ;+ljwfg hLjGt b:tfj]hsf]
?kdf kl/0ft x'G5 . g]kfndf lj=;+= @))$ ;fnb]lv @)&@ sflQ{s # ut];Dd d'n'sn] ^ j6f ;+ljwfg
abln;s]sf] 5 . clxn]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] eljio /fhgLlt ;~rfng ug]{x?sf] cfr/0f / Jojxf/df g}
e/ kb{5 . kl/jlt{t g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ n] g]kfnsf] ljljwtfo'Qm ljz]iftfnfO{ cfTd;ft

u/L ljljwtf aLrsf] Pstf, ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts P]Soj4tf, ;lxi0f'tf / ;b\efjnfO{ ;+/If0f Pjd\
k|jw{g ub}{ ;a} k|sf/sf lje]b cGTo u/L cfly{s ;dfgtf, ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug{
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{
;ÍNk u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;d[4 /fi6« lgdf{0f ug]{ jfrf
u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L ;+ljwfgn] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yfsf] dfWodåf/f lbuf]
zflGt, ;'zf;g, ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] cfsf+Iff k"/f ug]{ c7f]6 u/]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfgn] /fli6«o lxtnfO{ kl/eflift u/L gful/s st{Josf ;fy} clwsf/sf] ;'glZrttf
u/]sf] 5 . ;ª\3Lotf dfkm{t :jzf;g / ;fem]bf/L zf;gsf] l;4fGt cg'?k ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdf clwsf/sf] ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] dfGotf cg'?k /fHosf ;+/rgf / gLltx?
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] ;ÍNk / c7f]6nfO{ k"/f ug{ ;f]xL cg'?ksf] d"No dfGotf
cjnDag u/L ;'zf;g k|bfg ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj xf] .
;'zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttfåf/f r':t / k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx u/L /fHo Joj:yfk|ltsf] ljZjf;
a9fpg clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ljleGg r'gf}tLx? /x]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;j{:jLsfo{ agfpg' / ;+3Lo
k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojxf/df ?kfGt/0f ug'{ clxn]sf] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf d'Vo r'gf}ltx¿ x'g\ . ;+ljwfgsf]
sfof{Gjogåf/f /fhgLlts :yfloTj sfod geP;Dd ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L
x'g;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{
:jR5, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL{, e|i6frf/d'Qm, hgpQ/bfoL / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpFb} /fHoaf6
k|fKt x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf hgtfsf] ;dfg / ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ gLlt
cjnDag u/]sf] ;Gbe{df To;nfO{ ;fsf/ agfpg ljBdfg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] k'g/;+/rgf, ;f]xL
cg'?k cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf]] sfg'g lgdf{0f / To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
cfjZos 5 .
;fj{hgs ;]jfsf] d"No dfGotfM

nf]stGqsf] nfef+z hgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg] ;zQm dfWod eg]s} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g xf] .
/fHosf] gLlt sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ Pjd\ ;]jf / j:t'sf] k|jfx ug]{ :yfoL ;+oGq sd{rf/LtGq
ePsfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ /fHosf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/:tDe dflgG5 . hf]g /f]x/ -John Rohr) n]
;]jf k|jfxdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf / dxTjnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ /fHosf cËx? Joj:yflksf
/ Gofokflnsf geP klg ;/sf/ /xg ;Sb5 t/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / sd{rf/LtGqsf] cefjdf
;/sf/ rNg ;Sb}g (Government can exist without a legislature, even without Judiciary
but never without administration) egL ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] dxTj bzf{Psf 5g\ . /fhgLltnfO{
lg0f{o ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] b]lv sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ d'Vo bfloTj ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gs} lhDdfdf
/x]sf] 5 . cfhsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;dfh kl/jt{gsf] jfxssf] ?kdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 .
;/sf/ / hgtfsf] aLrdf ;]t'sf] sfd ug]{ b]lv /fHosf lgsfox?nfO{ rnfodfg ug]{ e"ldsfdf

;d]t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g /x]sfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gljb\x?n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ljsf;sf] d'6'
(Heart of Development) / ;/sf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ eg]sf 5g\ .;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cfkm}df
Pp6f cg'zf;g / ;]jfd"ns Joj;fo xf] . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] d'Vo Wofg
;'zf;gdf g} s]lGb|t ug{ ;f]xL cg'?ksf] d"No dfGotfx? lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf d"ntM k|efjsf/L ?kdf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfx ug'{, hgpQ/bfoL
x'g', sd nfutdf ;'ne ;]jf pknAw u/fpg', glthfd'vL / kl/0ffdd'vL sfo{;Dkfbgaf6 hgtfsf]
ljZjf; lhTg' h:tf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotf :yflkt 5g\ . ljleGg d'n'ssf] ;+ljwfgn] ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfsf]= lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; ;Gbe{df blIf0f clk|msfsf]
;+ljwfgn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf / l;4fGtdf ;dlk{t, Jofj;flos /
;Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pRrtd k|of]u ug{;Sg], ljsf;k|lt k|lta4, :jR5, ;dtfd"ns
k"jf{u|x/lxt, ;xeflutfd"ns, pQ/bfoL, kf/bzL{, j[lQ ljsf;sf cfwf/x?n]o'Qm, k|ltlglwd"ns,
of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t, sfg'gåf/f ;~rflnt, sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf lgikIf, /fhgLlts ?kdf t6:y, ;]jfk|lt
;dlk{t, OdfGbf/, j:t'ut ?kdf lg0f{o ug]{, ;a}k|lt ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ Pjd\ k|lti7fk"0f{ ;]jfsf]
?kdf ;fj{hlgs;]jfnfO{ ljsf; ul/g' kg]{ h:tf d"No dfGotfsf] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 .
cfw'lgs ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] d"No dfGotf / rl/qsf] JofVoftf d]S;j]j/n] ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;g vf;u/L sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljz]iftfx?df – -!_ cfb]z lbg] clwsf/L / sfd ;Dkfbg ug]{ aLr
:ki6 clwsf/sf] ljefhg -@_ :ki6 txut ;+/rgfut 9fFrf lgwf{/0f -#_ sfo{;Dkfbgsf lglDt
lnlvt lglZrt dfu{bz{g,-$_ lj1tf / ljlzli6s/0fsf cfwf/df ;]jfdf egf{ / lgo'lQm, -%_ ;]jf
;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt, -^_ kbLo cfwf/df st{Jo / clwsf/sf] lgwf{/0f h:tf s'/fx? pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
cfw'lgs ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]qdf gofF gofF dfGotfx?sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . To;nfO{ /fHon]
;Daf]wg ub}{ hfg' kb{5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf gljgtd dfGotfx?sf] ljsf;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ljZjJofkLs/0f, pbf/Ls/0f, lghLs/0f, ;'zf;g,
dfgjclwsf/, ;dfj]zLs/0f, gljg ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg, lglh If]q;Fusf] ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L,
;"rgf / ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; h:tf gljgtd dfGotfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ h:tf ljifox?
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] bfloTj leq /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] d"No dfGotf d'n'ssf] :yfloTj
/ ljsf;sf] lglDt dxTjk"0f{ zt{ xf] . lgwf{l/t d"No dfGotfsf] k|lts"nsf] Jojxf/n] ljZjsf sltko
d'n'sx? ljv08g ePsf 5g\ . /fHosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L hgtfsf cfsf+IffnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{
lglZrt d"No / dfGotfsf cfwf/df sfo{ ug{ /fHo lqmofzLn x'g'kb{5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf lgodx?n] OdfGbf/Lk"j{s st{Jo lgjf{x ug{ lgb]{lzt ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] d"No dfGotf eg]s} k|zf;sLo lqmofsnfk lgikIf, j:t'lgi7, hgtfk|lt OdfGbf/ eO{
lgi7fk"j{s sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{ xf] . lglZrt d"No dfGotfaf6 lgb]{lzt eO{ sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;s]df
g} k|zf;gsf] ;fv a9\g] xf] . cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs d'n'sn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]
;]jf k|jfxsf ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g r':t, k|efjsf/L / u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfxdf s]lGb|t
x'g'kg]{, zlQm / ;|f]t;fwgsf] lgIf]k0f / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fåf/f lz3| / ;'ne ;]jf k|jfx ug'{ kg]{, sd
nfutdf a9L kmfObf lbg] lsl;dn] sfo{ ug]{, Ifdtf clej[l4 / lzk ljsf;åf/f lbuf] ;]jf k|jfx
ug'{kg]{, kf/bzL{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf dfGotfnfO{ cjnDag u/L kl/0ffdd'vL sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ h:tf
dfGotfx? /x]sf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] d'Vo d"No dfGotf eg]sf] ;]jfefj, ;dfg Jojxf/, ;dfg
kx'Fr, Joj;flostf, :jR5, ;Ifd / lgikIf sfo{;Dkfbg g} xf] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lghLIf]qsf] h:tf]
gfkmfd'vL / j}olQms x'Fb}g . sfo{df ljlzli6s/0f, lj1tfsf] cg'ej, of]Uotfsf cfwf/df egf{
h:tf u'0fx? x'G5g\ . ;du|df x]bf{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df JolQmsf] k|j]z,
sfg'gåf/f st{Jo pQ/bfloTj / clwsf/sf] lgwf{/0f, txut kbLo ;+/rgf, ;Ë7gsf] p2]Zo ls6fgL
Joj:yf h:tf dfGotfx?af6 ;~rflnt x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ljj]sk"0f{ lsl;dn] sfo{ ug]{
sd{rf/LtGq (Rational bureaucracy) ePdf g} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf /xG5 . o;sf
lglDt d"ntM sfg'gåf/f lgwf{l/t l;4fGtsf] kfngf (Formalization), cf}hf/jfbsf] dfGotfsf
cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg (Instrumentalism) / ljj]sk"0f{ tl/sfn] sfg'gsf] clwsf/ k|of]u (Rational
legal authority) h:tf dfGotfx? /x]sf 5g\ .
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf cfkm\g} ljz]iftf / d"No dfGotfx? lgwf{/0f x'Fbf xF'b} klg ;fj{hlgs
;]jfk|lt cfnf]rgfTds l6Kk0fLx? gePsf xf]Ogg\ . d"ntM ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gk|ltsf] l6Kk0fLdf
kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xh ?kdf u|x0f u/L To;df cfkm"nfO{ ;dflxt / ?kfGt/0f ug{ g;Sg], cf}krfl/stf
/ k|lqmofd'vL a9L x'g], ;Ë7gsf] p2]Zo / ;+/rgf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf ;xhtfsf] l:ylt ;[hgf
gug]{, pbf/tfsf] ;§f cg'bf/ k|j[lQ b]vfpg], :jfy{ut k|j[lQn] sfo{ ug]{, ;Ë7gk|ltsf] jkmfbfl/tf
eGbf cfkm\gf] lglh kmfObfdf Wofg lbg], cfkm\gf] 1fg / ljj]s ;Ë7gsf] lxt / ;[hgzLntfdf k|of]u
/ kl/rfng ug{ pbfl;gtf b]vfpg], ;]jf k|jfxk|ltsf] k|ltj4tf eGbf lglh kmfObfdf Wofg lbg]
h:tf s'/fx? /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf gsf/fTds l6Kk0fLx?nfO{ dgg\ u/L ljj]sk"0f{ lg0f{oåf/f ;]jfefjn]
kl/0ffdd'vL glthf lbg] lsl;dn] sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ z}nLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|ltsf]
ljZjf; (Trust) a9\g uO{ nf]stGqsf] nfef+z gful/sx?n] ;xh?kdf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
;fj{hlgs ;]jf cfrf/zf:q (Ethics) sf] dfGo l;4fGt cg'?k ;~rfng x'g ;s]df g}
hgtfsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f u/]sf JolQmx? / To:tf lgsfok|ltsf] ljZjf;
(Trust of the people) a9]/ hfG5 . cfrf/zf:q eGgfn] g}lts l;4fGtsf] k|of]u / kfngfåf/f c;n
hLjg k4ltsf]= ljsf; ug{ dfgjLo cfr/0fnfO{ lgb]{lzt ug]{ dfGotfx? xf] . cfrf/zf:qn] l7s
a]l7s 5'6\ofpg d2t ug]{ / sfddf :jR5tf, z'4tf / OdfGbfl/tfsf nflu cfjZos dfu{bz{g k|:t't
ub{5 .;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg d'n'sx?n] cf–cfkm\gf] d'n'ssf] kl/j]z cg';f/
lglZrt l;4fGtx? ;+u|lxt u/L ;+lxtfx? hf/L u/]sf 5g\ . cd]l/sL ;dfhn] To:tf] cfrf/;+lxtfdf
d"ntM ;fj{hlgs st{Jo / bfloTj jxg ug'{kg]{ JolQmn] cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf]
;+/If0f / ;Djw{g ug'{kg]{, pRr cfbz{sf ;fy ;]jfefjn] hgtfsf] sfdk|lt ;dlk{t x'g'kg]{, ;+ljwfg

/ sfg'gsf] ;Ddfg / kfngf ug'{kg]{, kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]lxtf jxg ug]{, ;"rgf cBfjlws u/L
hgtfdf k|jfx ug]{, st{Jok|lt k|lta4 eO{ sfdåf/f hgtfsf] ljZjf; clej[l4 ug]{, pRr cfr/0f
/ ;bfrf/sf] Jojxf/ k|:t't ug]{, Jofj;flos pTs[i6tf (Professional Excellance) sfod ug]{
h:tf ljifox? /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L cd]l/sfn] lgS;g jf6/u]6 sf08kZrft ;fj{hlgs kbdf a;]sf
JolQmx?n] cfkm" / cfkm\gf kl/jf/sf gfddf /x]sf ;Dkltsf] ;|f]t ;lxtsf] ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs
ug'{kg]{, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] kbaf6 lgj[Q ePsf kbflwsf/Ln] ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfksf lj?4 bjfj
lbg] jf s'g} klg :jfy{ut åGå >[hgf x'g] lsl;daf6 sfo{ ug'{ gx'g] u/L ljz]if sfg'g (Ehics in
Government Act) ;g\ !(&* df hf/L u/L nfu" u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; Joj:yfsf] cg'udg ug{
l;g]6sf] :jLs[ltdf /fi6«kltn] To:tf] sfof{nosf] (Office Govenment of Ethics) dxflgb]{zs
lgo'lQmsf] Joj:yf u/L cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfPsf] 5 .
j]nfotdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jsn] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfrf/zf:qsf lgodx?df d"nt – -!_
;fj{hlgs lxtk|lts"n s'g} sfd ug'{ gx'g], cfkm" / cfkmGtnfO{ cfly{s kmfObf jf cGo kmfObf
k'¥ofpg] u/L s'g} sfo{ ug{ gx'g] (Selfessness), -@_ st{Jokfngdf OdfGbfl/tf jxg ug'{kg]{
(Integrity & Honesty) -#_ j:t'lgi6 eO{ sfo{ ug'{kg]{ -$_ cfkm\gf sfdsf/jfxL / lg0f{ox?
hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g'[kg]{ -%_ :jR5 Jojxf/af6 v'nf / kf/bzL{ ?kdf sfd ug'{kg]{ -^_ g]t[TjbfoL
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ h:tf ljifox? /x]sf 5g\ . o:t} ef/tdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jsn] kfngf ug'{kg]]{
dfu{bz{gsf ?kdf ckgfOPsf l;4fGtx?df– -!_ ;+ljwfg / sfg'g, nf]stGq, /fli6«otf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf,
cv08tf / d'n'ssf] ;'/Iffk|ltsf] lgi7f / elQm, -@_ /fhgLltaf6 d'Qm eO{ sfd ug]{ -#_ j:t'lgi7,
lgikIf, OdfGbf/, :jR5 / plrt Jojxf/k"j{s sfo{ ug]{, -$_ pRr g}ltstf :yflkt u/L u'0f:t/Lo
;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt, k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbg, zL3| lg0f{o ug]{ / zL3| sfof{Gjog ug]{, -%_ lg0f{ok|lt
hjfkmb]lxtf jxg ug]{, -^_ lgo'lQm, j9'jf / kb:yfkgdf of]UotfnfO{ cfwf/ lng] -&_ ljljwtfnfO{
;Ddfg ub}{ ToxL cg'?ksf] Jojxf/ ug]{ -*_ /fhgLlts sfo{sf/L0fLnfO{ OdfGbf/, lgikIf eO{ :ki6
?kdf ;xL ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbg] -(_ cfly{s ldtJolotfsf ;fy ;/sf/L jh]6 vr{ ug]{ h:tf
ljifox? b]lvG5g\ .
g]kfnn] klg d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{, ;dfj]zL
tyf hg;xeflutfd"ns agfO{ To;sf] k|ltkmn ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ pknAw u/fpg, sfg'gsf] zf;g,
e|i6frf/d'Qm / r':t k|zf;g, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, cfly{s cg'zf;g tyf ;fj{hlgs sfo{ / ;|f]tsf] s'zn
Joj:yfkg h:tf c;n zf;gsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;j{;fwf/0fn] kfpg'kg]{
;]jf l56f] 5l/tf] tyf sd vlr{nf] 9Ëaf6 kfpg] cj:yf >[hgf ug{, ;'zf;g kfpg] gful/ssf]
clwsf/nfO{ Jojxf/df ptf/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg / k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO{ ;]jf k|bfos ;+oGq
tyf ;xhstf{sf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f u/L d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] p2]Zon] ;'zf;g kfpg]
gful/ssf] clwsf/nfO{ Jojxf/df ptf/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg / k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO{ ;]jfk|bfos
;+oGq tyf ;xhstf{sf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f u/L d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] p2]Zon] ;'zf;g

-Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ P]g, @)^$ hf/L u/]sf] 5 . o; P]gsf] bkmf @# n] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f
u/]sf] JolQmn] cfkm" kbdf jxfn /xFbf jf h'g;'s} sf/0fn] cjsfz k|fKt u/]sf] ldltn] lglZrt
cjlw;Ddsf nflu sfg'gåf/f tf]lsPsf] kbLo jf k]zfut cfr/0f kfngf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/L ;]jfsf]
k|s[lt clg';f/ ljleGg cfr/0fsf lgodx? klg agfO{ nfu" ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . t/ o;sf] kfngf sdhf]/
/ lkmtnf] b]lvPsf] 5 . /fhgLlts If]qnfO{ lgodg ug]]{ jGwgsf/L zlQm;lxtsf] cfrf/;+lxtf
cfjZos 5 . cfrf/;+lxtfsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf h?/L 5 . /fhgLlts d'xfg ;kmf
geP;Dd cGo If]qdf ;'4tf cfpg] b]lvGg .
g]kfnsf] cEof;M
g]kfn Ps :jtGq, ;fj{ef}d / ljljwtfsf] aLr alnof] Pstf sfod u/L ljZj ;d'bfodf
cfkm\g} klxrfg agfPsf] /fi6« xf] .ljZjsf w]/} d'n'sx? ;fd|fHojfbsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] cj:yfdf klg
g]kfn :jtGq /fHosf] cl:tTj sfod ug{ ;kmn ePsf] d'n's xf] . g]kfnn] ;dosf] ljleGg sfnv08df
ljleGg lsl;dsf] /fhgLlts / k|zf;glgs ptf/ r9fj ef]Ub} /xg' k¥of] . g]kfnsf] k|flrg zf;g
Joj:yf g}ltstf / wd{df cfwfl/t lyof] . wd{zf:qaf6 dfq /fHo rnfpg sl7g ePsfn] lj=;+=
!(!) b]lv ;+lxtfa4 sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f k|f/De ul/of] . lj=;+= @))& ;fnkl5 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg] clek|fon] lghfdtL ;]jf nufot ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;DaGwL sfg'gx?sf]
th'{df ul/of] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf z'4tf sfod u/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg lj=;+=
@))( ;fnb]lv g} e|i6rf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL ljz]if sfg'gx? agfO{ nfu" ul/of] . tL sfg'gx?nfO{
;do ;fk]If agfpFb} nluof] . lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] kl/0ffd kZrft\ hf/L ePsf]
;+ljwfgsf] clwgdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ Jojl:yt / dof{lbt agfpg ;f]xL cg'?k ljleGg P]g
sfg'gx? lgdf{0f ul/of] . lj=;+= @)^# sf] kl/jt{gn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] ;dfj]zL nf]stGqnfO{ cy{k"0f{
agfpg ;f]xL cg'?k sfg'gx?df kl/jt{g ul/of] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ e|i6rf/d'Qm, cg'zfl;t /
lhDd]jf/ agfpg] p2]Zon] e|i6rf/ lgjf/0f P]g, ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf
;~rfng_ P]g h:tf dxTjk"0f{ P]gsfg'gx? agfO{ nfu" ul/of] . gofF ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / sfg'gx?df
;'wf/ u/] klg ;f]r / Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug{ g;Sbf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf r':t / k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf]
5}g .
lj=;+= @))& ;fndf k|hftGq :yfkgf ePkl5 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{ p2]Zon]
nf]s;]jf cfof]u, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;DaGwL ljleGg sfg'g / ;f]xL cg'?ksf] ;+/rgf, sfo{k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf; ug]{ ;Gbe{df ljleGg k|of;x? ePsf] b]lvP klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf glthfd'vL, hgd'vL /
kl/0ffdd'vL x'g ;s]sf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsPg . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ r':t / k|efjsf/L agfpg
ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf j'r sldzg -@))(_ b]lv bfxfn sldzg -@)&)_ ;Ddn] ljleGg
l;kmfl/; ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/]sf] eP klg /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm gx'Fbf To;n] d"t{ ?k lng
;s]sf] b]lvGg . /fhgLltn] ;xhtf / sd{rf/Ln] cg's"ntf vf]Hg] k|j[lQn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf d"No

dfGotfx?df IfoLs/0f eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . /fhgLlts :yfloTj sfod u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
?kfGt/0fåf/f ;d[4 d'n's lgdf{0f ug]{ ;ÍNkx? nfu" x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . d'n'sdf ul/jL, cefj
/ cl:y/tfsf] cGTo ug{ g;lsPsf sf/0f e|i6rf/nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ sfo{
r'gf}tLk"0f{ cj:yfdf 5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg b[9 /fhgLlts OR5f ;lxt pQ/bflok"0f{ Joj:yf,
s'zn g]t[Tj, of]hgfa4 ljsf;, ;|f]t;fwgsf] plrt k|aGw / kl/rfng, bIf hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg,
Ifdtf clej[l4, k|ljlwd}qL k|zf;g, ljlwsf] zf;g h:tf Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs
;]jfdf cemklg ;+/rgfut ;d:of, Joj:yfkgdf j]lylt / cfr/0fut kIfdf ljs[lt / lj;+ultsf
sf/0f d'n'ssf] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf r':t gePsf], Jofj;flos Ifdtf g/x]sf], sfo{z}nL :jR5 /
;]jfd'vL x'g g;s]sf] h:tf ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\ . ;du|df s'/f ubf{ g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf
;]jf ;+:s[ltsf] cefj, kl/jt{g / ?kfGt/0fnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] sld, /fhgLlt /
k|zf;g aLrsf] ;DaGw / ;Ldf Jojxf/df 5'l§g g;Sg', ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts/0f x'g',
sd{rf/L 6«]8 o"lgogsf] ultljlwnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] d"No dfGotf cg'?k agfpg g;Sg', j[lQ
ljsf; cg'dfgof]Uo x'g g;Sg', Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 ;]jf k|jfx ug{ g;Sbf emGeml6nf] Joj:yf x'g',
bL3{sfnLg ;'wf/ eGbf 6fn6'n] k|j[lQ b]lvg' h:tf d'Vo ;d:ofx? /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
;Fj{hlgs ;]jf, ck]Iff / ;'wf/M

/fHon] hgtfnfO{ r':t / k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug{ g;Sbf ljZjsf w]/} d'n'sx?df zf;g
Joj:yfx? elTsPsf 5g\ . ;+j}wflgs k|0ffnLsf :j?kx? ablnPsf 5g\ . sltko d'n'sx? åGå
/ lx+;fsf] e"Fj/Ldf kml;/x]sf 5g\ . s]xL d'n'sx? c;kmn /fHosf] ?kdf kl/0ft ePsf 5g\ .
/fhgLlts ljrf/jfbn] ;d:ofnfO{ ;'N6fpg g;Sbf ljrf/jfbx? elTsPsf 5g\ . zf;gsf] :j?kx?
ablnPsf 5g\ . d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ g;Sbf nf]stGqsf] ljt/0f k|efjsf/L gePsf]
cj:yfdf nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg ePsf d'n'sx?df klg ;d:ofx? alNemPsf 5g\ . s'g}klg d'n's
sdhf]/ ;d:ofu|:t / åGåsf] e"Fj/Ldf kl//xg'sf] sf/0f Tof] b]zsf] e"uf]n, hnjfo', k'/ftg dfGotf
lg0ff{os ge} zf;g k|0ffnL s} d'Vo bf]if dflgPsf] 5 . d'n'ssf] ;d[l4 To; d'n'[ssf] ;'zf;gsf]
l:yltdf lge{/ x'g] xf] . g]kfn h:tf] ;d:ofu|:t d'n'sn] lbuf] zflGt, ljsf;, ;'zf;g / ;d[l4sf
lglDt ;+j}wflgs l;4fGt / nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;f]xL cg'?ksf] cfr/0f,
Jojxf/ / sfo{z}nLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg
d"ntM b]xfosf If]qdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 .
• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ n] s]lGb|s[t /fHo Joj:yfn] >[hgf u/]sf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug{ ;+3Lo k|0ffnL ckgfPsf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;f]xL cg'?k k'g/;+/rgf ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . x'gtM ;+3Lo Joj:yf ;a} ;d:ofsf] cr's cf}iflw eg] xf]Og . bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] cGTo;Dd
cd]l/sf, :jL6\h/Nof08, Sofgf8f / ci6«]lnof $ j6f d'n'sdf dfq ;+3Lo Joj:yf lyof] .

bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kZrft hd{gL, ef/t, dn]l;of, blIf0f clk|msf nufot #) j6f d'n'sx? ;+3Lo
Joj:yfdf k|j]z u/]sf b]lvG5g\ . g]kfnn] klg ca ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g
Joj:yfnfO{ /f]h]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lglDt ;+3Lo Joj:yf Pp6f cj;/ / ;d:of b'j} xf] . o;nfO{
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsPg eg] ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /xg] 5 . ;+3Lo Joj:yf cfkm}df hl6n ePsfn]
sfof{Gjogdf cg]sf}+ r'gf}ltx? /x]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] jif{ lbg ljlt;Sbf klg ;+ljwfg
;j{:jLsfo{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|b]zsf ;Ldfgfsf ;DaGwdf slrËnx? 5Fb}5g\ . o; cj:yfdf
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ k'g/;+/rgf ug'{k"j{ ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;j{:jLsfo{ agfO{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txsf ;+/rgfx? lgdf{0f u/L ;f]xL cg'?k k|zf;lgs k'g/;+/rgf ug'{kg]{,
• ljBdfg k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfdf c;Gt'lnt sfo{ ljefh / sfdsf] bf]xf]/f]kg b]lvPsf] / k|b]z
txdf g} ljleGg k|fb]lzs dGqfnox? lgdf{0f x'g] ePsfn] s]Gb|df !@ eGbf a9L dGqfno g/fVg],
ljefu, ;ldlt, jf]8{ k|lti7fg h:tf cgfjZos ;+/rgfx? vf/]h ug]{, Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 ;]jf
k|jfx ug]{, :yfgLo ;+/rgfx? alnof] agfpg], :yfgLo txsf k'g/;+/rgf ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf]
cg';"rLdf tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ug]{ Ifdtf / ;]jfu|fxLn] ;xh ?kdf ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] h:tf
cfwf/df ;+Vof / ;Ldfsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{,
• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @*% adf]lhd ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf, cGo ;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jf, k|b]z /
:yfgLo txdf cnUu} ;/sf/L ;]jfx? u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf], o;sf cltl/Qm ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !%%, !%^ / !^! adf]lhd Gofo;]jf / ;/sf/L jsLnsf ;DaGwdf cnu} Joj:yf u/]sf] /
wf/f @^* sf] ;Gbe{df ;d]t nfu" ug{ ;a} ;]jfx?n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ Go"gtd zt{ / dfkb08x?
lgwf{/0f u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng
;DaGwL 5ftf P]gsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos /x]sf],
• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t
/fi6«;]js sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg u/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf
ldnfpg] egL ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;f]xL cg'?k cfjZos dfkb08 /
zt{x? lgwf{/0f u/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfof]hg / Joj:yfkg ug{ ljz]if sfg'g agfO{ sd{rf/Lsf]
;dfof]hg ug]{,
• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %! sf] v08 -v_ sf] pkv08 -$_ adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{
:jR5, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL{, e|i6rf/d"Qm, hgpQ/bfoL, ;xeflutfd"ns agfpFb} /fHoaf6
k|fKt x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf hgtfsf] ;dfg / ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt
ug]{ gLlt lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotf
/ l;4fGt cg'?k ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ /fhgLlt / k|zf;g aLrsf] ;DaGw / ;Ldf
lgwf{/0f u/L To;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf nfu" ug]]{ u/fpg], ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ s'g} klg
xfntdf bnLos/0f gug]{, ;'zf;gsf lglDt /fhgLlts bnx?n] ;fd"lxs k|lta4tf JoQm u/L
;f] cg'?ksf] Jojxf/ ug]{, e|i6rf/ ;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L e|i6rf/sf]
/f]syfd / lgoGq0f ug{ k|efjsf/L pkfox? cjnDag ug]{,

• ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug'{kg]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf lgsfo / kbflwsf/Ln] sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ /fi6« /
hgtfsf] j[xQ/ lxt, ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft, sfg'gsf] zf;g, dfgjclwsf/k|ltsf]
;Ddfg, sfd sf/jfxLdf kf/blz{tf, j:t'lgi7tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / OdfGbfl/tf, cfly{s cg'zf;g
Pjd\ e|i6rf/d'Qm r':t / hgd'vL k|zf;g, k|zf;g ;+oGqsf] t6:ytf tyf lgikIftf,
clwsf/sf] ljs]lGb|s/0f tyf lgIf]k0f, hg;xeflutf tyf :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] clwstd pkof]u
h:tf ;'zf;gsf lglDt cfjZos kg]{ sfg'gåf/f lglb{i6 u/]sf l;4fGtx?sf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf ug]{
u/L sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{, o:t} ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ P]g, @)^$ / ;"rgfsf] xs
;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf u/L ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt k|bfg ug]{, sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf]
cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{, b08lxgtfnfO{ cGTo u/L b08 /
k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf j:t'lgi7 / kf/bzL{ agfpg],
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfk|lt k|lta4 agfpg hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf gLlt
lgod agfpg] k4lt cjnDag ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;]jfu|fxLaf6
d"NofÍg u/fpg] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{,
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ jx'n ;fF:s[lts :j?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ / ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg Gofof]lrt
?kdf ug]{, o;sf lglDt k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] k|ltj]bg, @)&) n] u/]sf l;kmfl/;x? nfu" ug]{,
o;}u/L b'u{d If]qsf] ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg],
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ Jofj;flos / ;Ifd agfpg ;f]xL cg'?ksf] of]Uotf k|0ffnL cjnDag,
lzkd"ns tflnd k|lzIf0f, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gleq /x]/ /fhgLlt ug]{ pk/ sfg'gL sf/jfxL ug]{
b[9tf, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfx?sf] cfwf/df Jofj;flos agfpg To:tf
d"No dfGotfx? sfg'gdf ;dfj]z u/L To;sf] k"0f{ kfngf ug]{ u/fpg],
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfk|lt k|lta4 eO{ sfo{ ug{ sd{rf/L ;+3÷;+u7gsf]
ljBdfg Joj:yfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{, cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug]{ u/fpg],
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ pRr g}lts ;+u7gsf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ cfrf/zf:qn] lglb{i6
u/]sf] l;4fGtsf] ;+lxtf th'{df u/L cfr/0fsf lgodx?nfO{ s7f]/tfk"j{s nfu" ug]{ u/fpg],
/fhgLlt1x?sf ;DaGwdf klg ug{ x'g] / gx'g] ljifodf cfrf/;+lxtf agfO{ nfu" ug]{, /fhgLlts
bnsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf kf/blz{tf / ;'zf;gsf] dfGotf cg'?k sfd ug]{ u/L lgodx? lgdf{0f
ug]{, ;fj{hlgs g}ltstfdf Hofb} x|f; eO/x]sf] b]lv+bf g}ltsjfg, pRr rl/q, :jR5 5lj ePsf]
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljsf; ug{ ;f]xL cg'?ksf] dfkb08x? lgwf{/0f u/L To;nfO{ sfg'gL zlQm
k|bfg ug]{ / k|efjsf/L ?kdf nfu" ug]{ u/fpg], o;}u/L ;]jf lgj[Q x'gf;fy hLjgL jf cGo s'g}
gfddf ;fdu|L k|sfzg u/L /fHo Joj:yf leqsf ;+j]bgzLn lgsfosf ;+j]bgzLn kIfx?nfO{
pbfËf] agfpg] k|j[lQx? a9\b} uPsfn] To; ;DaGwdf ;d]t lgodg ug]{ :ki6 Joj:yf ug{],
:jfy{ aflemg] lsl;dn] gLlt lgod / ;xeflutf x'g] sfo{sf] /f]syfd ug]{ Joj:yf ug]{,

• ljutsf ;+ljwfgx?n] clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/L æcg'lrt sfo{Æ u/]sf] ljifodf clVotf/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cg';Gwfg u/L ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ n]lv
k7fpg] / To:tf] n]lvcfPdf ;DalGwt lgsfon] sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ jfWofTds Joj:yf ePsf]df
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ æcg'lrt sfo{Æ sf]
ljifodf cg';Gwfg / sf/jfxLsf] clwsf/ glbPsfn] clxn] z"Gotfsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 .
o;nfO{ z"Gotfsf] cj:yfdf g/fvL :ki6 Joj:yf ug{ h?/L 5 . cd]l/sfdf o:tf ljifox?df
cg';Gwfg u/L sf/jfxL ug{ ;g\ !(&* sf] 'Ethics in Government Act of 1978' n] Office
of Government Ethics sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ :yfkgf u/L To; sfof{nosf] dxflgb]{zs l;g]6sf]=
;xdltdf /fi6«kltn] lgo'lQm ug]{ Joj:yf u/L ;f] lgsfonfO{ ljz]if clwsf/ ;'Dk]sf] b]lvFbf
To:t} lsl;dsf] ;+/rgf jf cGo pko'Qm Joj:yf ug]{,
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ r':t / k|efjsf/L agfpg ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf
k|ltj]bgsf l;kmfl/;x? nfu" ug]{ b[9 /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm b]vfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
lgisif{M
;+ljwfgjfb adf]lhdsf] ;+ljwfg, ;+j}wflgs nf]stGqsf] d"No dfGotf cg'?ksf] sfo{ Jojxf/,
;+j}wflgs ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;åf/f ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt cfjZos 5 . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 agfPsf]
;+ljwfg g} bLuf] x'G5 eGg] ;f]rsf cfwf/df g]kfndf ;ft bzssf] ;+3if{ kl5 ;+ljwfg;efaf6
;+ljwfg agfOPsf] 5 . t/ klg ;+ljwfgk|lt ;a}sf] ckgTj / :jLsf/f]lQmsf] cj:yf aGg g;Sbf
sfof{Gjogdf ljleGg ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? >[hgf ePsf 5g\ . d'n's ;Fw} cfGbf]ng, ;+3if{ / åGåsf]
d'7e]8d} /xL /xg] xf] eg] ljsf; cj?4 eO{ gful/ssf] ;'zf;g kfpg] g};lu{s clwsf/sf]
sfof{Gjog hl6n aGb5 . ca /fhgLlts zlQmx?n] lglZrt ;xdlt sfod u/L d'n'ssf] /fhg}lts
;+j}wflgs :yfloTj sfod u/L d'n'ssf] cy{tGqsf] ;'wf/ / ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"ltdf s]lGb|t x'g'
kb{5 . /fhgLlt ;]jf efjn] ug]{ sfo{ xf] eGg] d"No dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L /fhgLlts bnx?n]
cf–cfkm\gf ultljlw / lqmofsnfk ;+j}wflgs nf]stGqsf] dfGo l;4fGtsf] kl/lw leq ug{ ;s]df
g} sfg'gL zf;g hLjGt x'g;Sb5 . d'n's sdhf]/ cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sfn] ;+ljwfgk|bQ sltko
df}lns xssf] sfof{Gjog ug{df 7"nf] wg/f;L /fHon] vr{ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . clxn]sf] cy{tGqn]
To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{;Sg] cj:yf b]lvGg . o;}n] d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf lglDt ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{
r':t / k|efjsf/L agfpg alnof] /fHo lgdf{0f, cy{tGqdf ;'wf/, ljlwsf] zf;gk|lt k|lta4 /
b08lxgtfsf] cGTo u/L hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; h:tf sfo{ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . kl/jlt{t
;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfnfO{ sfg'gåf/f jGwgsf/L zlQm k|bfg u/L
To;sf] cg'udgsf] ;+oGq ;lxt k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] cfjZostf 5 . o;}u/L /fHosf] sfo{If]q
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Dekker Inc, 1998
Watts, R.L., Comparing Federal System, Kingston, Queen's University Press, 1999
Wheare, K.C., Modern Constitutions, Oxford University Press, 1984
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;+sng lgs}g} Go"g 5 . k|b]zsf] /fhZj clwsf/df /x]sf] ;jf/L ;fwg s/, dgf]/Ghg s/, lj1fkg s/,
ko{6g z"Ns cflb :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ ;"lrdf ;d]t 5 .
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k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf ljrdf jfF8kmfF8 ul/g'kb{5 . ;jf/L ;fwg s/ -rfns cg'dlt kq / Jn' a"s
b:t'/ ;lxt_ af6 ? * c/j $% s/f]8 ;+sng ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;} u/L ;/sf/n] k|fs[lts ;fwg /
;|f]taf6 ? # c/j %$ s/f]8 /f]oN6L ;+sng u/]sf] 5 .

dfly pNn]lvt rf/j6f /fhZjsf If]qx? s[lif pTkfbgsf] ljqmL s/, 3/ hUuf /lh:6«]zg
b:t'/, ;jf/L ;fwg s/ / k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /f]ofN6Ldf ;+slnt s'n /fhZj ? @^ c/j
*$ s/f]8 dfq xf] . ;+slnt /fhZjdf ;jeGbf w]/} tLg gDj/ k|b]zdf ^# bzdnj ^) k|ltzt 5 .
o;kl5 qmdz M kfFr gDj/ k|b]zdf !! bzdnj !@ k|ltzt, rf/ gDj/ k|b]zdf * bzdnj !(
k|ltzt, Ps gDj/df & bzdnj &( k|ltzt / b'O{ gDj/ k|b]zdf ^ bzdnj z"Go ( k|ltzt 5 .
;jeGbf yf]/} ^ / & gDj/ k|b]zdf qmdz z"Go bzdnj *@ k|ltzt / @ bzdnj #* k|ltzt 5 .
cGo lhNnfdf cjl:yt k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pkof]uaf6 ;+slnt ? tLg c/j #! s/f]8 /fhZjsf]
ljj/0f sf7df8f}+ lhNnfdf /flvPsf] x'Fbf tLg gDj/ k|b]zsf] u|fkm cln dfly uPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] /fhZj
s6fpbf klg o; k|b]zsf] /fhZj ;jeGbf w]/} %! k|ltzt x'G5 . ;+slnt /fhZjdf ;jeGbf sd ^
gDj/ k|b]zsf] dfq ? @@ s/f]8 5 . ;aeGbf w]/} x'g] tLg gDj/ k|b]zsf] ? !# c/j ^( s/f]8 - ?
tLg c/j #! s/f]8 s6fP/ _ 5 . tfTsflns ?kdf k|b]zsf] ;~rfngsf nflu ;+slnt x'g] jf:tljs
/fhZjsf] ljj/0f oxL xf] . ;+ljwfg cg';f/ of] /fhZj klg cGo ;/sf/;Fu jfF8kmfF8 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
k|zf;lgs vr{M
k|b]z cGtut{sf lhNnfx?df cjl:yt ljleGg ;/sf/L sfof{nox?sf] cf=j=)&@÷&# df
sd{rf/Lsf] kfl/>lds ;'ljwf, sfof{no ;~rfng vr{ h:t} kfgL, ljh'nL, ;~rf/, 3/ ef8f, O{Gwg,
dd{t ;Def/, uf]i7L, tflnd, k/fdz{ ;]jf, cg'udg, cflb nufotsf If]qdf s'n ? !#$ c/j
vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; vr{df sf7df8f}+ EofnLsf lhNnfdf cjl:yt ljleGg dGqfno, ljefu,
cfof]u, k|lti7fg, cfof]hgfx?, cflbdf ePsf] sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnj eQf nufotsf] k|zf;lgs vr{
klg ;dfj]z 5 . cfo / vr{ bflvnf ;DjlGw g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljBdfg k|0ffnL klg crDds} 5 .
dGqfno, ljefu, cfof]u, k|lti7fg, cflb nufotsf lgsfodf ePsf] tnj eQf nufotsf] sfo{If]qdf
ePsf] vr{ sf7df8f}+ lhNnfdf ;dfj]z x'g' t :jefljs} xf] t/ cGoq lhNnfdf x'g] cfof]hgfsf]
vr{ ljj/0f klg sf7df8f}+ EofnLs} lhNnfdf ;dfj]z x'g' ljNs'n l7s x}g . n]vf k|0ffnL cfkm\gf]
:yfgdf l7s xf]nf . t/ o:tf] lsl;dsf] tYof+ÍLo ljlwn] ;dfhdf Ps lsl;dsf] åGbsf] l;h{gf
;d]t u/]sf] 5 . h:t} dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{, x'nfsL /fhdfu{, k~r]Zj/ ax'pb]ZoLo cfof]hgf,
j'9LuËf hnljB't cfof]hgf cflbdf ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] tnj eQf nufotsf] ljj/0f ;d]t sf7df8f}+
lhNnfdf 5 . jf:tljs ?kdf sf7df8f}+ EofnLsf lhNnfsf nflu Ps ?lkof klg vr{ gug]{ t/
unt n]vf k|0ffnLsf sf/0f oL lhNnfsf] vr{sf] u|fkm lgs} dfly hfg] u/]sf] 5 . cfwf eGbf j9L
dGqfno, ljefu, cfof]u, k|lti7fg cflbn] EofnLsf] lhNnfsf nflu l;Gsf] klg efFRb}gg . t/ jh]6
ljt/0f / vr{df sf7df8f}+ ;Fw} w]/} dfly b]lvg] x'bf cGo lhNnfsf jfl;Gbfsf nflu ;/sf/n] vfnL
jh]6 sf7df8f}+df dfq w]/} ljt/0f ub{5 eGg] unt ;Gb]z uPsf] 5 . dw]zjfbL bnx?n] t ;w}h;f]
o:tf] lsl;dsf] cf/f]k nufpg] u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . cy{dGqfnosf cg';f/ sf7df8f}+ EofnLsf tLg
j6f lhNnfdf cf=j= @)&@÷&# df ? %$ c/j @) s/f]8 k|zf;lgs vr{ ePsf] 5 . To; vr{df
? #@ c/j (* s/f]8 - ^)=*% k|ltzt _ ljleGg dGqfno, lgsfo / cfof]hgfx?sf nflu ePsf]
b]lvG5 . s'n k|zf;lgs vr{df kfl/>lds÷;'ljwfdf dfq ^^ k|ltzt 5 . kfl/>lds÷ ;'ljwf
cGtut{ sd{rf/Lsf] tnj, :yfgLo eQf, dx+uL eQf, lkmN8 eQf cflb kb{5 . o;kl5 ;jeGbf w]/}
vr{ sfo{qmd ;DjlGw zLif{sdf !% k|ltzt 5 . sfo{qmd ;DjlGw vr{ cGtut{ sd{rf/L tflnd,
ljleGg uf]li7 tyf ;]ldgf/x? cflb nufot kb{5 .
s'n k|zf;lgs vr{df ;jeGbf w]/} tLg gDj/ k|b]zsf] #@ bzdnj () k|ltzt 5 . olb
jf:tljs vr{ gs6fpg] xf] eg] vr{ k|ltzt $( bzdnj $$ k|ltzt x'G5 . tLg gDj/ k|b]zkl5
;jeGbf w]/} vr{ Ps gDj/ / kfFr gDj/ k|b]zsf] j/fj/L !$ k|ltzt 5 . tLg gDj/ k|b]zsf] vr{
k|ltzt !! 5 . ;jeGbf yf]/} vr{ ^ gDj/ / & gDj/ k|b]zsf] qmdz M cf7 / gf} k|ltzt 5 .
rf/ gDj/ k|b]zsf] vr{ !) k|ltzt 5 . k|b]z cGtut{sf ;j} ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df cjl:yt
sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnj eQf nufot k|zf;lgs vr{sf nflu cf=j= )&@÷&# df s'n ? !#$ c/j vr{
ePsf] 5 . dGqfno, ljefu, k|lti7fg, cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog lgsfo cflbsf] k|zf;lgs vr{ s6fpbf
? !)) c/j x'G5 . ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog ug]{ xf] eg] of] eGbf w]/} k|zf;lgs vr{ k|b]zdf x'G5 .
em08}÷em08} s]Gb|s} xf/fxf/Ldf dGqfno, ljefu nufotsf lgsfox? cj k|b]zdf x'G5g .
cf=j= )&@÷&# sf] s'n vr{df lzIffsf] !% k|ltzt / :jf:Yo ^ k|ltzt 5 . lzIffsf]
k|zf;lgs vr{df *) k|ltzt hlt lzIfsx?sf] tnj eQfdfg} vr{ x'G5 . o;} u/L :jf:Yosf] klg
lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no, x]Nykf]:6 / ;jx]Nykf]:6df sfo{/t hgzlQmsf nflu x'G5 . lzIffdf
dfWolds tx;Ddsf] clwsf/ :yfgLonfO{ 5 . o;} u/L :jf:Yodf cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] clwsf/
:yfgLo txnfO{ 5 . ;fdGo ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df lzIff tyf :jf:Yosf] s'n jh]6 vr{df ;+3 /
k|b]zsf nflu @)÷@) k|ltzt / :yfgLo txsf nflu ^) k|ltzt 5'6\ofpFbf vf;} km/s kb}{g . o;}
u/L s'n vr{df /Iffsf] of]ubfg ^ k|ltzt 5 . ;+ljwfg cg';f/ of] vr{ jh]6 k'/} ;+3sf nflu x'g
hfG5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo / /Iffsf] jh]6 s6fpFbf k|b]zsf] k|zf;lgs vr{ ? &% c/j *$ s/f]8 x'g
hfG5 . o; vr{df ;+3sf] clwsf/ If]qleq kg]{ s/, eG;f/, cbfnt, sf/fuf/, s]lGb|o ljZjljBfno,
c:ktfn - /fli6|o / ljlzi6 _ cflbsf] k|zf;lgs vr{ ;d]t ;dfj]z 5 . x'gt ;+ljwfgt k|fb]lzs
s/ sfof{no, k|fb]lzs ljZjljBfno tyf c:ktfn, cflb k|fb]lzs txdf klg x'g' cfjZos 5 .
o;} u/L o; vr{df s[lif, kz', dfnkf]t, ;xsf/L, gfkL, e"ld;'wf/, k|fljlws, e";+/If0f, dlxnf tyf
jfnjflnsf, cflb If]qsf] vr{ klg ;dfj]z 5 . ;+ljwfg cg';f/ k|fo oL sfo{If]qx? :yfgLosf]
ePtfklg k|b]zsf] clwsf/ If]q - Psn jf ;femfsf ?kdf _ df ;d]t ;dfj]z 5 . s'n vr{df oL
If]qsf] vr{ vf;} w]/} klg 5}g . jf:tjdf k|b]z ;/sf/n] oL ;j} If]qdf sfd ug'{ kg]{ g} x'G5 . oL
If]qdf ePsf] k|zf;lgs vr{ sl/j ? @) c/j s6fpbf k|b]zsf] k|zf;lgs vr{ ? %% c/j &&
s/f]8 x'g hfG5 . ;femf ;"lr ;lxt u/L k|b]zsf] cfo s]jn ? @^ c/j *$ s/f]8 dfq 5 . of]
;j} cfo k|b]zsf] x'g] cg'dfgsf cfwf/df klg cfwf eGbf j9L k|fb]lzs k|zf;lgs vr{ Go"g x'g
hfG5 . ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfd t k/} hfcf]; k|fo ;j} k|b]zsf] k|zf;lgs vr{ ;~rfng ug{ cfwf
eGbf j9L ljQLo ;xof]u ;+3sf] rflxG5 .
k|b]zsf] ;~rfng / cfjZos Go"gtd sd{rf/LM

;+ljwfg cg';f/ tLg txsf] ;/sf/ elgPtfklg d'n's clxn];Dd ;+3Lotfdf k|j]z u/]s}
5}g . d'n's ;+3Lotfdf tj k|j]z u5{ hj k|fb]lzs txsf] r'gfj x'G5 . o;} u/L k|fb]lzs txsf
;+/rgfx? tof/ eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfFp5g . ;+ljwfgn] ;ftj6f k|b]z x'g] sNkgf u/]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] cg';'lrdf k|b]z cGtut{ /xg] lhNnfsf] ;+Vof ;d]t 5 . k|b]zsf] ;~rfngsf nflu
tflnsf ! cg';f/sf ljleGg ;+:yfx? / tL ;+:yf ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos Go"gtd sd{rf/L
cfjZos 5 . Joj:yflksfsf nflu k|b]zdf ;+;b ejg / o;sf] ;lrjfno cfjZos 5 . Pp6f
k|b]zdf sfof{no ;xof]uL / ;'/IffsdL{ jfx]s slDtdf @% hgf sd{rf/L rflxG5 . o;} u/L Pp6f
k|b]zdf slDtdf klg !) j6f dGqfno cfjZos kg{ ;S5 . Pp6f dGqfno ;~rfng ug{ slDtdf
klg #) hgf sd{rf/L rflxG5 . !) j6f dGqfnosf nflu k|lt k|b]z #)) hgf sd{rf/L cfjZos
kb{5 . k|b]zdf slDtdf klg cf7j6f ljefusf] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . ljefu ;~rfngsf nflu slDtdf
klg %) hgf sd{rf/L cfjZos kb{5 . ;ftj6f k|b]z cGtut{sf ljefudf @*)) sd{rf/L rflxG5 .
Tflnsf ! M k|fb]lzs ;+:yf / sd{rf/L ;+Vof - Go"gtd_
;+:yf sd{rf/L ;+Vof
qm=;+= ;+:yf
k|lt k|b]z ;ft k|b]z k|lt k|b]z ;ft k|b]z
1 ;+;b ejg / k|b]z;ef ;lrjfno 1 7 25 175
2 k|fb]lzs dGqfno d'Vo dGqL ;lxt 10 70 300 2100
;efd'v, pk;efd'v / k|b]z ;efsf]

3 1 7 25 175
;lrjsf] ;lrjfno
4 pRr cbfnt 1 7 35 245
5 d'Vo GofoflwjQmf 1 7 10 70
6 k|fb]lzs ljefu 8 56 400 2800
7 nf]s;]jf cfof]u 1 7 30 210
8 k|d'v tLg j6f /fhgLlts bnsf sfof{no 3 21 6 42
9 lgjf;:yfg 0
9.1 d'VodGqL 1 7 2 14
9.2 dGqL 10 70 10 70
9.3 k|b]z k|d'v 1 7 2 14
9.4 ;efd'v 1 7 1 7
9.5 pk;efd'v 1 7 1 7
9.6 k|b]z ;efsf] ;lrj 1 7 1 7
hDdf 41 287 848 5936
Gff]6 M n]vs4f/f cg'dflgt . tflnsfdf pNn]lvt sd{rf/L oL ;+:yfsf ;fdGo ;~rfngsf nflu dfq
xf] . o;df sfof{no ;xof]uL / ;'/IffsdL{ ;dfj]z 5}g .
k|f/lDes r/0fdf k|lt k|b]z $! u/L ;j} k|b]zdf @*& Jf6f ;+:yfsf] lgdf{0f cfjZos 5 .

oL ;+:yf ;~rfngsf nflu sfof{no / ;'/IffsdL{ jfx]s nueu ^ xhf/ sd{rf/L cfjZos kb{5 .
zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefusf cg';f/ oL ;+:yfx?sf] lgdf{0f ug{ hUufsf] d"No jfx]s
slDtdf klg ? !$ c/j vr{ nfU5 . h:tf] ;+;b ejg tyf o;sf] ;lrjfno jgfpg k|lt ejgsf]
If]qkmn slDtdf klg !& xhf/ ju{ lkm6 rflxG5 . k|lt ju{ lkm6 ? % xhf/sf b/n] klg Pp6f
ejgsf] vr{ ? cf7 s/f]8 %) nfv kb{5 . o;} u/L ;efd'v, pk;efd'v / k|b]z ;efsf] ;lrjsf]
;lrjfnosf nflu ? ^ s/f]8, k|fb]lzs ljefusf nflu ? ;ft s/f]8 $) nfv cflb nfU5 .
;+ljwfgn] k|b]znfO{ s'n @! j6f ljz'4 clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . oL clwsf/x?sf] Go"gtd ?kdf
;~rfngsf nflu klg sl/j ;ft xhf/ sd{rf/L rflxG5 . h:tf] cg';"lr ^ sf] klxnf] clwsf/df
k|b]z k|x/L k|zf;g / zflGt ;'/Iff 5 . k|x/L k|zf;g / zflGt ;'/Iff u+le/ ljifo xf] . xfn klg
s]lGb|o :t/sf] k|x/L k|zf;gdf 7"nf] hgzlQm sfo{/t 5 . o; If]qdf lghfdlt sd{rf/L eGbf
klg k|x/L sd{rf/L w]/} rflxG5 . o;sf nflu slDtdf klg Pp6f k|b]zsf] ;lrjfnodf #)) hgf
k|x/L cfjZos 5 . cg';"lrs} bf];|f] clwsf/df g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] gLlt cg'?k ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf
;~rfng, ;xsf/L ;+:yf, s]Gb|sf] ;xdltdf j}b]lzs cg'bfg / ;xof]u;+u ;DjlGwt 5 . o; leq w]/}
lqmofsnfkx? kb{5g . ;fdfGo lqmofsnfk÷clwsf/sf ?kdf ;+lrt sf]if / cGo ;/sf/L sf]ifsf]
k|zf;g / n]vf ;DjlGw sfo{ klg x'g ;S5 . h:tf] xfn s]Gb|df dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no
5 . ;+lrt sf]if / n]vf ;DjlGw sfo{ ug{sf nflu klg Pp6f k|b]zdf slDtdf %) hgf sd{rf/L
cfjZos kb{5 . 5}6f+} clwsf/ k|b]z tYof+s;Fu ;DjlGwt 5 . xfn s]lGb|o :t/df tYofÍ ljefu 5 .
tYof+s ljefusf ljleGg lhNnfdf zfvf sfof{nox? ;d]t 5g . k|fb]lzs txsf] tYof+s ;+sng
, k|zf]wg tyf k|sfzg sfo{sf nflu klg Pp6f k|b]zdf slDtdf $) hgf sd{rf/L cfjZos kg{
;S5 . o;} u/L !* cf}+ clwsf/sf ?kdf /x]sf] efiff, lnkL, ;+:s[tL, nlntsnf / wd{sf] ;+/If0f
tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu Go"gtdf !% hgf sd{rf/L rflxG5 . tflnsfdf pNn]lvt ^ xhf/ / oL
;ft xhf/ u/L Go"gtd !# xhf/ sd{rf/L k|b]z txdf cfjZos kb{5 . oL sd{rf/Lsf nflu jflif{s
Go"gtd tnj dfq} ? ^ c/j nfU5 . of] ;fdfGo vr{ k|b]z :t/sf] dfq xf] . k|b]z ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf]
;+u7g hgtfsf] 3/b}nf];Dd lj:tf/ ug{ yk c/af}+ vr{ nfU5 . vr{sf] ;fdfGo ljZn]if0f dfly
k|zf;lgs vr{ zLif{sdf ;d]t 5 .
;+3Lotfdf hgtfn] Gofof]lrt, k|efjsf/L, u'0f:t/Lo, hjfkmb]xL / bLuf] ;]jf k|jfxsf]
ck]Iff u/]sf 5g\ . hgtfsf] ck]Iff cg';f/sf] ;]jf k|efjsf/L jgfpgsf nflu :yfgLo ;Fu;Fu}
k|fb]lzs :t/df ljljw ;+/rgfx? tof/ x'g cfjZos 5 . ljz]if u/L sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] o'4:t/df sfo{ ug{ cfjZos 5 . sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg x'g' eGbf cufl8
s] s:tf Go"gtd ;+/rgfx? k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo :t/df cfjZos x'G5 o; kIfdf klg Wofg hfg'
cfjZos 5 .
• • •

;+3Lotf / k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgf
*
–k"0f{rGb| e§/fO{{
;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLM
;+3Lo /fHo eg]sf] ljleGg txut ;/sf/ ;lxtsf] zf;g Joj:yf xf] hxFf lglZrt ef}uf]lns
;Ldf / If]q leq zf;g ;~rfngsf nflu /fHosf txx?df zlQm / sfo{If]qsf] ljefhg ul/Psf]
x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] :ki6 ef}uf]lns l;dfgf x'G5, :jzf;g x'G5 . xfn;Dd ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf ;b:o
!(@ d'n'sdWo]] @* d'n'sn] ;++3Lo k|0ffnLsf]1 cjnDag u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;+3Lo k|0ffnL cjnDag ug{]
d'n'ssf] kª\tLdf g]kfn klg ;dfj]z x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;+3Lo zf;gM

g]kfnn] nfdf] PsfTds zf;g k|0ffnL kZrft ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag cf/De
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $ n] d'n'snfO{ ;+3Lo nfstflGqs u0ftfGqfTds /fHosf] ?kdf
kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L wf/f %^ n] g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg
txsf] x'g] Joj:yf ub{} /fHo zlQmsf] k|of]u ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"g adf]lhd
ug{] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf tLg} txsf nflu ;+ljwfgk|bQ Psn clwsf/ tyf ;+3 / k|b]z
;/sf/ tyf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ;+o'Qm ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ u/L ;djtL{÷;femf clwsf/sf]
k|fjwfg ul/Psf] 5 . xfn} :yfgLo tx k'g{;+/rgf cof]un] &!( j6f :yfgLo txsf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f
ug{ l;kmfl/z ;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf ;+3Lo zf;gsf] cfjZostf dxz'; ul/gsf k5fl8 d"ntM tLg sf/0fx? klxrfg,
kx+F'r / k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrtf /x]sf5g\ . ;+3Lo /fHo ;+/rgfn] /fHonfO{ ;d'bfosf] a[xQ/ txdf
n}hfG5, hgtfsf] kxF'r ;xh x'G5 / :jfldTjaf]w ug{ ;S5g\ . hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf clwsflws
dfqfdf ;xefuL u/fpg] ;fwgsf] ?kdf d'n'sn] tLg txsf] /fHo ;+/rgf ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotf
cjnDag u/]sf] 5 .
1 8f= lvdnfn b]asf]6f cGt/jftf{, @& k'if @)&# sf/f]jf/ b}lgs
* ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ .

;+3Lotfsf] k|f?kM
;+3Lo k|0ffnL /fHo ;+/rgfsf] Pp6f nf]stflGqs dfWod jf ;fwg dfq} xf], ;fWo xf]Og .
;dfj]zL / ;dtfd"ns ljsf; g} o;sf] Ps k|d'v ;fWo xf] . ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sx?df ljljw
p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;+3Los/0f ul/Psf 5g\ .
cfw'lgs cy{df ;+3Lo /fHosf] cEof; cfw'lgs cd]l/sfsf] lgdf{0f;Fu} ePsf] xf] . cd]l/sf
/ :jL6h/n}G8nfO{ ;a}eGbf klxn] ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{ b]z dflgG5 . g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df ;+3Lotf cjnDags/0fsf p2]Zox? lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
• :yfloTj / ;'/Iff, cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;, hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfoL zf;g ;'lglZrt ug{,
• zf;g / ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsf/Ltf / pQ/bfloTj clej[l4 ug{,
• /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs tyf ljQLo k'g;+/rgf ug{,
• ;/sf/sf] k'g;{+/rgf / re-engineering, lghLs/0f tyf ljs]G›Ls/0f ug{ .
ljZjsf sltko d'n'sx?n] ;+3Lotfsf] p2]Zo xf+l;n ug{ p2]Zon] ;+3Lo k|0ffnL cGtu{t
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / lgIf]k0fnfO{ hf]8 lbg yfn]sf 5g\ . ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;g\ !((@ df ;+zf]wg u/L
;+3Lo k|0ffnL leq ljs]G›Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ff cfTd;ft\ u¥of], kfls:tfgdf ;g\ @))% df /fhgLlts
clwsf/x? lgIf]k0f u¥of] eg] s]Gofdf ;g\ @)!) sf] gofF ;+ljwfgn] lgIf]k0fdfkm{t ljs]G›Ls/0fsf]
cleofg yfn]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] eg] ;ljwfgaf6 g} /fHonfO{ tLg txdf Jojl:yt u/L :yfgLo
txsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;do +nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf cfwf/sf ?kdf g}
ax'bnLo Joj:yf, cfjlws lgjf{rg, ljZj ;+hfnLs/0f h:tf ljZjJofkL /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs
?kfGt/0fsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k ;/sf/nfO{ hgtfsf] glhs k'¥ofpg] dfWodsf ?kdf ;+3Lotf / tNnf
txx?df ljs]G›Ls/0fåf/f clwsf/ lgIf]k0fsf] ;fGble{stfdf an k'u]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df k|d'v tLg
ts{x? k|:t't ug]{ ul/G5 .
• klxnf] ts{M åGb Joj:yfkg / zflGt lgdf{0fsf nflu ;+3Los/0f– ;]jflad'v / lgd'vfx?sf]
cfjfh / kx'Fr tyf :jfldTj clej[l4sf ;fy} u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg u5{ . æg]kfndf ;ª\3Lotfsf]
Joj:yfkg eg]sf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf åGbx?sf] Joj:yfkg;Fu klg hf]l8Psf] ljifo xf]Æ .1*
• bf];|f] ts{M ljsf;sf nflu ;+3Los/0f– ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsf/Ltf clej[l4 ug{,
:yfgLo gful/ssf] dfu cg'?k ;]jf lbg] u/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] tx lgdf{0f ug{ / k|lt:kwf{, gljgtf
tyf cAan cEof; "Best Practices" k|j4{g u5{ .
• t];|f] ts{M ;'zf;gsf nflu ;+3Los/0f– /fhgLlts tyf ljQLo pQ/bfloTj, ;/sf/ / hgtfjLr
;lGgs6tf / gful/s kl/rfng, ;xefuLtf Pj+ :jfldTj clej[l4 u5{ .
1* g]kfndf /fHok'g;+{/rgf / ;ª\3Lotfsf] ax;, sNof0f /f]sf

;+3Los/0fsf cfofdx?M
;+3Los/0f ax'cfoflds cjwf/0ff xf] . o;sf /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs tyf ljQLo u/L k|d'v
tLg cfofdx? /x]sf5g\ M
-s_ /fhgLlts ;+3Lotfsf cfofdx?
• ;+ljwfgn] ;+3Lotfsf ;DaGwdf u/]sf Joj:yf vf;u/L ;+ljwfgn] s:tf] ;+3Lo
k|0ffnLnfO{ lglb{i6 u/]sf] 5< To;}n] g} d'n'ssf] ;+3LotfnfO{ lgb{]lzt u/]sf] x'G5 .
o;}u/L ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf ;/sf/sf txx? tLgsf] clwsf/ If]q, ;|f]t ;fwgsf]
;'lglZrttf, sfo{:jfoQtf / cGt/ ;DaGwsf ljifox? o;sf k|d'v kIfx? x'g .
o;}u/L k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf] /fhgLlts zlQm ;+/rgf klg o;sf] dxTjk"0f{ kf6f]sf]
?kdf /xg] ub{5 .
• lgjf{rg nf]stGqsf] k|f0f xf] . cfjlws lgjf{rg dfq xf]Og hgtfnfO{ cfk\mgf] glhssf]
;/sf/ r'Gg], To;dfkm{t zfl;t x'g] / sfdsf] cfwf/df b08 k'/:sf/ lbg] cfwf/ klg
lgjf{rg g} xf] . o;}n] cfjlws lgjf{rg, lgjf{rgdf ;xeflutf, lgjf{rg k|s[ofsf]
j}wflgstf / u'0f:t/ o;};+u hf]l8Psf ljifox? x'g\ .
• ;+3Lotfsf] /fhgLlts kf6f]df /fHosf txx?sf] ;+rfng / Joj:yfkgsf sfg"gx?sf]
Joj:yf, sfg"gx?sf] th{'dfdf ;fdf~h:otf, s]Gb| tyf pk/fHo txsf (Sub national)
jLr ;xsfo{tf, ;lGgs6tf / pQ/bfloTjsf] ;Gt'ng csf{] dxTjk0f{ kf6f]sf] ?kdf
/xG5 g} . o;}u/L /fHosf txx? jLrsf] Vertical / Horizantel ;DaGwsf] ;+/rgfn]
klg /fhgLlts cfofdx?sf] dfu{lgb{]lzt u/]sf] x'G5 .
-v_ k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotfsf cfofdx?
;+3Lotf /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ ljifo / zf;g k|0ffnL ePsf]n] ;+3Lotf /
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] lgs} 7"nf] cGt/;DaGw /xG5 . o;}n] ;+3Lotfsf cfofdx?dWo] k|zf;lgs
cfofd dxTjk"0f{ /xG5 h;n] ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] Delivery ub{5 . o;df :yfgLo e"uf]n,
cfk\mgf If]qsf of]hgf Joj:yfkg / lgodg, :yfgLo dfgj ;|f]t ;+zfwg Joj:yfkg, k|efjsf/L
/ ;dtfdd"ns :yfgLo ;]jf k|jfx h:tf kIfx? dxTjk"0f{ kf6f]sf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . PsfTds
zf;gdf rn]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;+3Los/0f ug{ k|zf;lgs k'g{;+/rgf Ps dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] .
o;df lgDg ljifox? kb{5g\ .
• sfo{lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/0fM ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ sfo{ljZn]if0f (Functional Analysis)
u/L ;/sf/sf ltg}] txdf sfo{lhDd]jf/Lsf] afF8kmfF8åf/f pQm clwsf/x? tt\tt\ lgsfodf
x:tfGt/0f x'g' kb{5 . o;}sf cfwf/df tLg} txsf ;/sf/sf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf :yfkgf x'g],
sd{rf/L Joj:yf tyf sfo{;Dkfbg cf/De tyf ;'rf? x'g ;Sb5 .
• ljjfb Joj:yfkg ;+oGq / o; ;DaGwL sfg"gx?sf] lgdf{0f M :jefj}n] PsfTds af6 ;+3Lo
k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0fsf qmddf y'k|} ljjfbx? cfpg ;Sb5g\ . ;+j}wflgs ljjfb, k|fs[lts >f]tsf]
afF8kmFf8, /fhZj afF8kmFf8, ;DklQsf] afF8kmFf8 tyf x:tfGt/0f, sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg tyf
Joj:yfkg nufotsf ax'If]qsf ljjfbx? cfpg] cj:yf /xg] ePsf]n] o; ;aGwL sfg"gx?sf]
lgdf{0f / ;/n lg?k0fsf] k|lqmof :yflkt x'g cfjZos x'G5 . s]Gofdf ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf
nflu Commission on Constitutional Implementation, Constitutional gfds ;+j}wflgs
;+:yfsf] u7g ePsf] lyof] .
• ljQLo clwsf/sf] x:tfGt/0fM ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ult pk–/fHo txdf slt ljQLo
clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f u/fPsf] 5 jf ul/b} 5 eGg] s'/fn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ;+3Lotfsf] :yfkgf
kZrft cfk\mgf] ;d:of glhsaf6 ;dfwfg x'g] hgrfxgf / gofF ;+/rgfx?sf] :yfkgfsf]
qmddf cfjZos 7"nf] ;|f]tjLr tfbtDotf x'g] u/L ljQLo ;|f]t tyf clwsf/ x:tfGt/0fn]
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjosf] dfu{ ;xh agfpFb5 . ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] cfly{s kIfsf] rrf{ ubf{ cfly{s
;fdYo{tfsf] ljifo hf]l8g k'Ub5 . cyf{t k|b]z ;+rfng ug{ cfly{s ?kdf ;Ifdtf h?/L x'G5 .
• /fhgLlts k|lqmofsf] ;'rf?tfM ;/sf/sf txx?sf] g]t[Tj ug{ lgjf{rgaf6 hgk|ltlglwx?sf]
axfnL h?/L 5 . k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx?n] g} tt\tt\ lgsfosf
sfg"gx?sf] lgdf{0f / sfo{;"rf? ug{] ePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgfsfnflu gjul7t
pk/fHo txdf lgjf{rg cTofjZos x'G5 . o;}u/L sl/j 8]9 bzs b]lv :yfgLo lgsfox?sf]
;+rfng sd{rf/Lx?af6 eO/x]sf] 5 . of] sfo{ef/ lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwdfkm{t ;'rf? ug{ /
gofF :yfkgf x'g] k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf hglgjf{lrt k|ltlglw cfpgf;fy sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg
cfjZos tof/L / k|lqmofx? o;df kb{5g\ .
• sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg tyf Joj:yfkgM ;/sf/sf ;j} txdf sd{rf/Lx?sf] k'g{Joj:yfkgn] tL
lgsfox?sf] sfo{;"rf? ub{5 . o;n] ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'e'lt dfq xf]Og gofF ;+u7gx?sf]
:yfkgf, sfo{ Joj:yfkg / ;'rf? ub{5 . ctM sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg / ;dfof]hg k|zf;lgs
k'gM;+/rgfsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ sl8 xf] . sd{rf/L ;dof]hg kZrft kl/jlt{t lhDd]jf/L cg';f/
pgLx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;, tfnLd, sfo{;Dkfbg dfkb08, pQ/bfloTj tyf hjfkmb]xL k|0ffnLsf]
:yfkgf tyf lgikIf egf{sf] ;'lglZrttfsf] cfjZos Joj:yf ;d]t ldnfpg' kg{] x'G5 .
• lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwL sfg"g, sfo{ljlw tyf dfgsx?sf] :yfkgfM gofF aGg] ;+3, k|b]z /
:yfgLo txsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] u7g, ;+rfng, ;]jfsf zt{x? tyf sd{rf/L k|zf;g tyf
Joj:yfkgsfnflu sfg"gL cfwf/x?, sfo;+kfbg ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw tyf dfkb08x?sf] th{'df
ug'{ kg{] x'G5 .
-v_ ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf cjojx?
ljQLo ;+3Lotf (Fiscal Federalism) sf] l;4fGtn] s/ /fh:j clwsf/, vr{ Joj:yf,
lgodg / ljQLo x:tfGt/0f ;+/rgf ;/sf/sf txx? aLr s] s;/L Jojl:yt ug'{ kb{5 eGg]

af/]df d"ne"t ?kdf ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . ljQLo ;+3Lotfn] ljleGg txsf ;/sf/x?aLrsf] ljQLo
;DaGw (Intergovernmental/Fiscal Relation) / ;f] ;+u ;DjlGwt d'2fx?nfO+{ ;+jf]wg ub{5 .
k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/df clwsf/ / sfo{ lhDd]jf/L k|bfg u/]kl5 pQm bfloTj lgjf{x ug{
;fwg ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;|f]t, ;fwg ljgf clwsf/n] jf:tljs ?k lng g;Sg] ePsf]n]
;+3Lotfsf] jf:tljs sfo{fGjogdf ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] cx+ dxTj /xG5 . ljQLo ;+3Lotfn] s]Gb|Lo
;/sf/df /x]sf] ljQLo zlQm / ljQLo ;fwg (Fiscal power and resources) ;/sf/sf cGo
txx?df (Subnational Level) x:tfGt/0f ug'{ xf] .
ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf vDafx? (Four Pillars of Fiscal Federalism): ljQLo ;+3Lotsf
rf/ cfofdx? 5g\ . tL x'g\–
• sfo{ lhDd]jf/L tyf vr{ clwsf/ (Expenditure Assignment)M o;df ;/sf/sf txx?sf
txut sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lx? s]–s] x'g\, s'g s'g sfo{ s;–s;n] ug]{ / ;f] sfo{sf nflu vr{ s;n]
ug]{ (Who will do what and who will pay for what) eGg] ljifosf] l5gf]kmfgf] ul/G5 .
ljQLo ;+3jfbsf] l;4fGtn] ljQLo ;|f]t sfo{ ;Dkfbg;+u cfj4 x'g'k5{ (Finance should
follow function) eGg] dt /fVb5 . cyf{t\ s;n] s] ug]{ (Who will do what?) / s;n] s]
sf] nflu ltg]{ (who will pay for what ?) eGg] d"ne"t kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g' kb{5 . xfd|f]
at{dfg ;Gbe{df s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/, k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo txx?n] s'g s'g sfd s–s;n] s;/L
ug{] eGg] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] txut aFf8kFmf8 ug]{ sfo{ o;df kb{5 .
• /fh:j ;DaGwL clwsf/ (Revenue assignment)M /fh:j ;DaGwL clwsf/df s'g s/x?
;+3n], s'g k|b]z ;/sf/n] / s'g s'g :yfgLo txsf] If]qflwsf/df kg]{ olsg x'g cfjZos
kb{5 . oxfF s/ clwsf/ eGgfn] s/sf cfwf/x? 5gf}6 ug]{ (Choosing tax base), s/sf
cfwf/x? ljZn]if0f ug]{ (Assess the tax base), s/sf b/x/ ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug{] (Deciding
the tax rate), s/x? ;+sng ug{] (Collecting the tax) / s/x? cfkm';Fu /fvL vr{ ug{
(Retaining the tax proceeds and spending it) kfpg] cflb ljifo j:t'x? kb{5g\ . /fh:j
;DaGwL clwsf/ d"ntM sfdnfO{ bfdn] kR5\ofpg' (Finance should follow the function)
k5{ eGg] xf] . s/ /fh:j ;+efJotf, k|zf;lgs nufot ;+sng vr{, ;+slnt /fh:jsf] ;b'kof]u
/ /fh:j ;|f]tsf] lgt/Gt/tfsf ljljw kIfx? ljrf/ u/L /fh:j clwsf/x? to ul/g' kb{5 .
• cGt/;/sf/L ljQLo x:tfGt/0f (Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers)M o;n] Ps txsf]
;/sf/af6 csf]{ txsf] ;/sf/ cyf{t\ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf aLr x'g] /sdsf]÷ljQLo
aFf8kmfF8nfO{ hgfpFb5 . Jojxf/df tNnf txsf ;/sf/sf] cfGtl/s cfDbfgL / vr{ cfjZostf
jLrdf 7"nf] kmf;nf (Gaps between Fiscal capacity and Expenditure needs) /xg] x'G5 .
tNnf txsf ;/sf/sf cfGtl/s cfDbfgL / vr{ cfjZostf jLrdf ljQLo c;Gt'ng sd ug{
;/sf/sf txx? aLr cGt/ ;/sf/L ljQLo x:tfGt/0fsf] cfjZostf kg{ hfG5 . cGt/ :yfgLo
;/sf/ aLr ;dtf (Horizontal equity) / cGt/;/sf/L ;dtf (Vertical Equity) sfod

ug{ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] lgMzt{ cg'bfg, ;zt{ cg'bfg, ah]6 ;xfotf tyf /fh:j afF8kmfF8sf]
dfWod ckgfO{ cGt/;/sf/L ljQLo x:tfGt/0f ug{] ub{5 .
• :yfgLo C0f clwsf/ (Local Government Borrowing)M tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{
lbOPsf] /fh:j clwsf/ / s]Gb|n] u/]sf] ljQLo x:tfGt/0fn] klg pk–/fHo txsf (Sub-
national level) ;/sf/sf sltko vr{ cfjZostf k"/f gx'g ;Sb5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf
pk–/fHo txsf ;/sf/sf] k"FhLut vr{ cfjZostf k"/f ug{ / :yfgLo cy{tGqnfO{ ultzLn
tyf rnfodfg agfO{ :yfgLo cfly{s j[l4 xfFl;n ug{ oL txsf ;/sf/x?nfO{ klg ljQLo
If]qx?af6 C0f p7fpg] clwsf/ cfjZos kb{5 . ;+3 jf k|fGtLo ;/sf/n]] :yfgLo txnfO{ C0f
Joj:yf ug{ C0fsf] hdfgL a;]/ (Loan Guarantees), ljQLo ;+:yfsf] Joj:yf u/]/, k|ToIf
C0f lbP/ tyf txut ;/sf/x?sf aLr ;fem]bf/Ldf ;+:yf v8f u/]/ / ljQLo ;+:yfx?nfO{
;dGjo u/fP/ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 . t/ o:tf] C0fn] ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTjdf g}
k|lts"n k|efjsf af/]df ;hutf plQs} cfjZs kb{5 .
;+3Lotfsf] ;kmn sfo{Gjogsf nflu /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs / ljQLo kIfx?nfO{ ;du|tfdf
ljZn]if0f ug]{ b[li6sf]0f cfjZos kb{5 .
% ;+3Los/0fsf nflu k|zf;lgs k'g{;+/rgfM
;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] Joj:yf cg'?k zf;g k|0ffnLsf k|d'v gLltx? tyf lgsfox?df ul/g]
sfg"gL clwsf/ ;lxtsf] kl/jt{g, ;'wf/ / x]/km]/ g} /fHosf] k|zf;lgs k'g;{+/rgf xf] . PsfTds
tyf s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g k|0ffnLaf6 ;+3Lotfdf k|j]z ubf{ cfjZos kg{] ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfkg,
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg'?ksf] k|zf;lgs aGbf]j:tsf ;fy} sfg"gL, ef}lts, ljQLo Pj+ ;+u7g ;+/rgf
nufotsf zf;sLo k"jf{wf/x?sf ljsf; tyf aGbf]a:t ldnfpg ;Sg] u/L k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO{
?kfGt/0f ug{ cfjZos 5 .
g]kfnsf] /fHosf] d"n ;+/rgf ;+3Lo tx, k|b]z tx / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txdf ljefhg
ul/Psf] 5 . ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog ubf{ s]Gb|df lglxt w]/} clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/Lx? k|fGt tyf :yfgLo
txdf ;g{] x'G5 . tL clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/Lx? k"/f ug{ gofF k|zf;lgs ;+oGq, ;+/rgfx? cfjZos
x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] zf;sLo :j?k / tLg txsf] ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjogsf
nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ k'g;{+/rgf ckl/xfo{ 5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/n] of]hgfj4 / Jojl:yt
k4lt;lxtsf] of]hgf agfO{ pko'Qm tof/L ug'{ kb{5 .
;+j}wflgs Joj:yfn] u/]sf] ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf] ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg ug{
k|zf;lgs k'g;{+/rgf u/L tLg} txdf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf u7g, txut ;+u7g ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f,
lghfdtL ;]jf tyf o;sf] u7g Pj+ xfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf tyf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf ;dfof]hg ug]{ ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 .

;+3Los/0f ePsf] hgk|zf;gsf ljz]iftfx?M
s]lG›s[t k|zf;g / ;+3Lo k|zf;g jLr w]/} ljifodf cGt/ /x]sf] x'G5 . ;+l3os/0f ePsf]
k|zf;gsf ljz]iftfx? lgDg adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
s_ ljleGg txsf ;/sf/x?sf] Psn tyf ;femf u/L b'a} k|sf/sf clwsf/x? x'G5g . tL
clwsf/x?nfO{ sfo{ ljZn]if0f / v08Ls/0f u/L ;f] sf] afF8kmf8åf/f :ki6 ul/Psf] x'G5 .
v_ ljleGg txsf ;/sf/x?sf] nflu ljleGg lghfdtL ;]jfx?sf] Joj:yf x'g] / tL ;]jfx?sf]
;+rfngsf cfwf/e"t ljifox?df Ps?ktf x'g ;Sg] eP klg sd{rf/L lgo'lQm, cjsfz /
cGo Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{x?df k|To]s txsf lghfdtL ;]jf :jfoQ /xG5g\ .
u_ ljleGg txsf ;/sf/x? cfˆgf] sfo{If]q Pjd\ cfjZostf cg'?k PsLs[t jf k[ys gLltut
Joj:yf u/L ;+rflnt x'G5g .
3_ ljleGg txsf ;/sf/x?sf sfo{ut clwsf/ / ljlQo ;|f]t Pjd\ Joj:yf jLr Ps?ktf
x'Fb}g . o;sf] nflu cGt/ ;/sf/L ljlQo ;|f]t :yfgfGt/0f Pjd\ tt\ ;DaGwL ;DaGwsf
ljleGg Joj:yfx? ul/Psf] x'G5 .
ª_ d'n'ssf] /fhg}lts Joj:yf / /fhg}lts bnx? cf–cfˆg} k|sf/sf /fhg}lts bz{g /
l;4fGtaf6 ;+rflnt x'g] x'Fbf /fhg}lts ljs]G›Ls/0f / cGo Joj:yfåf/f ;/sf/ / lghfdtL
;]jf jLrsf] ;DaGwdf s]xL /fhg}lts :yfgx? 5f]l8Psf] x'G5 .
r_ sltko cj:yfx?df /fhg}lts ljifox? cg'?k /fhg}lts bnx?sf] Ps csf{df d]n gvfg]
/fhg}lts :jfy{x? klg /x]sf x'G5g\ . tyflk tL :jfy{x? k5fl8 ;fd'lxs gLltut p2]Zox?
/x]sf x'G5g\ .
5_ k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/x?sf nflu cfˆgf] ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] sdL / ;+l3otf sfof{Gjog
;DaGwL w]/} Jojwfgx? /x]sf x'G5g\ .
h_ ljleGg txsf ;/sf/x? jLrsf] clwsf/ afF8kmf8 ;dfg gx'g' t 5Fb}5 Ps}txsf ;/sf/x?
jLr klg To:tf clwsf/x?sf] k"0f{t :ki6 ?kdf /fhg}lts afF8kmFf8 x'g ;s]sf] x'Fb}g .
sltko cj:yfdf tL ;/sf/x? Ps cfk;df ldn]/ ;femf sfd ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .
k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgfsf sfo{of]hgfM

g]kfnn] ;ª\3Lotftk{msf] gofF ofqf ;'? u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] ;ª\3LotfnfO{ zf;g k4ltsf]
cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf] ?kdf cËLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf sfof{Gjogsf nflu hgk|zf;g
nufot /fHosf ljleGg ;+:yfx?sf] df}lns k'gM;+/rgf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]
k'gM;+/rgfsf lgldQ b]xfo adf]lhd sfo{x? of]hgfa4 tj/n] ;Dkfbg ug{ cfjZos x'G5 .

-s_ sfo{x?sf] ljlgof]hg
;+3Lotfdf s]G›, k|fGt / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ljlgof]hg k|zf;lgs
k'gM;+r/gfsf] klxnf] cfwf/ xf] . o;nfO{ sfo{ljZn]if0f (functional Analysis) eGg] ul/G5 . o;
ljifodf s'g} ;j{JofkL ;"q pknAw 5}g (No “best way” formula) . ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ cg'?k txut
;/sf/x?sf] sfo{ ljlgof]hg ug{ kl/k"/0fsf] l;4fGt cjnDag ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs
;]jfx?nfO{ sd nfutdf s'zn Pjd\ k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] k|jfx ug{ tLg} txsf ;/sf/x?aLr sfo{,
lhDd]jf/L / clwsf/sf] :ki6 ljefhg x'g'k5{ . ;fy}, ;dk'/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ klg Wofg lbO{g'k5{ .
oßkL nfutsf] :t/, ;]jf ljt/0f k|fyldstf tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf k|zf;sLo Ifdtf h:tf ljifox?n]
sfo{ ljefhgdf k|efj kfg]{ x'G5 .
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] oxL sfo{ljefhg /x]sf] x'G5 . sdhf]/ jf c:ki6
/ cg'ko'Qm sfo{ ljefhgsf sf/0f sfo{x?df bf]xf]/f]kgf cfO{ ;|f]tsf] b'?kof]u x'g], ljleGg txsf
;/sf/jLr åGb, c:ki6 pQ/bfoLTj ;+/rgf agL sfo{;Dkfbgdf sl7gtf cfpg] ub{5 . tNnf] txdf
;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{x? æclt dflyNnf]Æ txnfO{ tf]lsPdf :yfgLo gful/ssf cfjZostf / dfusf]
;Daf]wg x'b}g, :jfldTj / pQ/bfoLTj sdhf]/ x'G5 eg] sltko sfo{x? bIftf / cfly{s nfut
nfesf b[li6n] pko'Qm txdf guO{ æclt tNnf]Æ txnfO{ tf]lsPdf Go"g ;]jfk|jfx, nfutdf a9f]Q/L
sf] cj:yf ;[hgf x'g ;S5 .
-v_ sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lx?sf] lj:t[tLs/0f (Unbundling of the Functional Responsibilities)
;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? ax'cfoflds k|s[ltsf / lj:t[tLs/0f u/L ljleGg txsf ;/sf/jLr
afF8kmfF8 ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf x'G5g . lglZrt If]q / sfo{ ;Ldfleq /xL o:tf lhDd]jf/Lx? kl/k"/0fsf]
l;4fGt lgDgfg';f/ afF8kmfF8 ug{ ;lsG5 M
• gLlt lgdf{0f tyf lgodg– k|fo ;a} lhDd]jf/Lx? s]G›Lo ;/sf/n] ug]{ / lglZrt ;Da4 gLltx?
;x–/fli6«o ;/sf/n] lgdf{0f ug]{,
• Financing: :yfgLo ;fdflhs ;]jfx? h:t} :jf:Yo, lzIff ;]jf s]G›Lo ;/sf/n] Financing
ug]{ / :yfgLo cfly{s sfo{x? :yfgLo ;/sf/n] g} finance ug]{
• Joj:yfkg / ;+rfng – ;du| ;]jf k|jfx :yfgLo txaf6 g} ug]{,
• ;]jfsf] pTkfbg / k|jfx – :yfgLo jf lghL If]qn] ug]{,
sfo{x?sf] afF8kmfF8 ubf{ sfo{, vr{ / /fh:jaLr ;+of]hg ug{' cToGt h?/L x'G5 . :yfgLo
lgsfox¿sf] cfsf/df leGgtf x'g ;Sg] ;Gbe{df ef}uf]lns k'g;{+/rgf, ;+o'Qm ?kdf ;]jfsf] s/f/,
ljz]if ;]jf k|jfx lhNnfx?sf] :yfkgf, pkNnf] lgsfonfO{ sfo{ k'gM tf]s]/ klg ;]jf k|jfxsf] nfut
36fpg / :yfgLo :t/df pQ/bfoLTj a9fpg ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL %, ^ / * n] ;+3 k|b]z / :yfgLo txsfnflu qmdzM #%, @!

/ @@ j6f clwsf/x?sf] ;"rL lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . o:t} u/L cg';"rL & / ( n] ;+3 / k|b]z tyf ;+3
k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L qdzM @% / !% j6f clwsf/nfO{ ;femf ;"rLsf] ?kdf /fv]sf] 5 . ;+3Lotf
sfof{Gjogsfnflu ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd tLg} txsf ;/sf/sf] sfo{;"rLsf] lj:t[tLs/0fsf]
sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . o;n] ;/sf/sf txut sfo{sf] lgwf{/0fu/L k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgfsf] cfwf/
tof/ u/]sf] 5 . k|ltjb]gn] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLdf pNn]lvt ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf clwsf/
;"rL / ;femf clwsf/sf ;"rLnfO{ sfo{ljZn]if0f u/L dl;GofPsf] 5 h;n] ;/sf/sf txx?jLrsf]
sfo{ lhDd]jf/L lj:t[tLs/0f tyf afF8kmfF8 ug{ ;xh x'g]5 . k|ltj]bgn] ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf tyf
cg";"rLdf pNn]lvt Psn tyf ;femf clwsf/ ;"rLx?sf] ljZn]if0fu/L ;+3df *&) sfo{x?, k|b]zdf
%^% sfo{x? / :yfgLo txdf #^) u/L s"n !&(% sfo{x?sf] klxrfg / vl08s/0f u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg nfu" ePb]lv ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df txx?df ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf
sfo{x?sf] lj:t[t ljefhg k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rsfnflu sf]z]9'Ëf xf] . o;} lj:t[t sfo{;"rLsf
cfwf/df ;/sf/n] cfk\mgf] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfsf] u7g ug{], k|b]z ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f, :yfgLo txsf]
k|zf;lgs vfsfsf] th{'df ub{5 . o; k|ltj]bg :jLs[t u/] kZrft ;+3+Lo dGqfnox?sf] ;+Vof,
;+/rgf / sd{rf/L b/aGbLx?sf] lgdf{0f ug{] sfo{ x'g]5 .
-u_ k|zf;lgs ;+qmd0fsf] Joj:yfkg
g]kfnsf] ;+3Lotfsf] gofF ofqfdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g nufot /fHosf ljleGg ;+:yfx?sf]
df}lns k'gM;+/rgf ug{' kg{] x'G5 . o;df k|zf;lgs Joj:yfnfO{ IfoLs/0f x'g glbO{ / ;]jfk|jfxdf
s'g} cj/f]w gcfpg] u/L k'/fgf] k|0ffnLaf6 Jojl:yt 9+uaf6 cufl8 a9\g] / gofF ;kmn ;'?jft
;'lglZrt ug{ ;+qmd0fsfnLg sfo{of]hgf cfjZos kb{5 .
o;df d"ntM ;+3Lo ;+/rgf, k|fb]lzs ;+/rgf tyf ;+:yfut k|aGw, :yfgLo tx, cfwf/e"t
sfg"gL k|aGw, gofF ;+/rgfsfnflu cfwf/e"t cfly{s ;|f]tx?, cGt/;/sf/L ljQLo ;DaGw, sd{rf/L
;dfof]hg tyf Joj:yfkg h:tf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x? ;Dkfbg x'g cfjZos kb{5g\ .
;+qmd0fsfnsf ;Defljt r/0fx?nfO{ tTsflng dWosflng / bL3{sflng ;do ;Ldf leq
/xL ;Dkfbg ug{' kg{] x'G5 h;dfM
! tTsflng -!–@ jif{_ r/0fdf ;Dkfbg x'g' kg{] d'Vo sfo{x?M
• ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|fGtLo / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] lgjf{rg,
• sfg"gL, /fhgLlts clwsf/, cfly{s clwsf/ ;lxt k|fGtLo / :yfgLo sfo{x? af+8kmf+8,
• k|fGtLo / :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;fgf k"FhLdf cfwfl/t k"jf{wf/ ljsf; x:tfGt/0f
@ dWosflng sfo{x? -#–% jif{_
• k|fGtLo / :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L / cfly{s sf]ifsf] x:tfGt/0f
• s]G›Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf / sd{rf/L b/aGbLsf] ;'lgZrLttf
# bL3{sflng sfo{x? -%–!) jif{_
• k"0f{ ?kdf clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L / cfly{s sf]ifsf] x:tfGt/0f ;fy} k|d'v If]qut k'FhLut
nufgL.
;+ljwfgsf k|fjwfg sfo{Gjog ug{ ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfkgsfnlu cfjZos ;+qmd0fsfnLg
/0fgLlt agfO{ ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0fsfnflu cfjZos sfg"gL ;+/rgf lgdf{0f, cflwsf/ /
lhDd]jf/Ldf :ki6tf, sfo{ (function), ljQ (finance) / ;+oGq (functionaries) aLr ;+of]hg,
gofF ;+:yf / ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgf, sd IftLdf ;+qmd0fsfnsf] Joj:yfkg tyf :yfgLo txdf clxn]
eO/x]sf] ;]jf k|jfxdf cj/f]w gk'¥ofO{ k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ;/sf/n] cfjZos
Joj:yf ug{'k5{ . ;fy;fy} ;+qmd0fLo Joj:yfkg ;+aGwL sfo{ 7Ls tj/af6 ;+kfbg ug{ cg's'ng
of]hgf / k|efjsf/L cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
-3_ ;+:yf / ;+u7gsf] lgdf{0f
;/sf/n] tf]lsPsf] sfo{x?nfO{ pknAw ljlQo ;fwg cg'?k sfof{Gjog Pjd\ ;+rfng ug{
ljleGg txsf ;/sf/ cGtu{t cfjZos sfo{;+u7gx? lgdf{0f ug{' k5{ . o;sfnflu sfo{ljZn]if0f
adf]lhd txut ?kdf ;+kfbg ug{' kg{] sfo{sfnflu s] s:tf] slt ;+u7g rflxG5< ;j} lgsfox?sf]
k|zf;lgs tyf Joj:yfksLo k'gM ;+/rgf u/L dGqfno, ljefu, cfof]u, lgsfo, ;ldlt, k|flws/0f
cflbsf] lgSof{}n ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;kl5 cfjZos kbx? / tL kbx?sf] sfo{ljj/0f tof/ u/L
pQm sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ s] s:tf] ;Lk / of]Uotfsf sd{rf/Lsf] cfjZostf kb{5 ;f] ;d]t olsg
u/L b/aGbLsf] ;[hgf ul/G5 . k|:tfljt sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg ljw]osn] o; k|of]hgsf]nflu ljz]if1
;lxtsf] ;ldltsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5, h;n] sfo{ljZn]if0f cg';f/ lg:kIf tj/n] cfjZos ;+/rgf,
;+u7g / b/aGbLsf] olsg u/L tbcg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfof]hg tyf gk'u hgzlQm / gk'u
Ifdtfsfnflu yk dfgj ;+zfwgsf] dfu{ k|z:t x'g] x'G5 . o:tf] k'gM;+/rgf ;ldltnfO{ sfd ug{
cfjZos sfo{ljlw / dfkb08x?sf] ;d]t cfjZostf kb{5 .
-ª_ sfg"gL Joj:yf
k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgf ;DaGwL sfo{x? sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt ul/g cfjZos 5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f #)@ n] xfnsf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] ;dfof]hg sfg"g adf]lhd ug{ lgb{]lzt u/]sf] 5 . o;}qmddf
;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, :yfgLo ;]jf P]g, ;jf{]Rr cbftn / ;/sf/L
jlsnsf] ;]jfsf zt{ tyf ;'ljwf ;DaGwL P]g, tLg} txsf ;+u7gsf kbflwsf/L ;DaGwL P]g
sfg"gx?sf] lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos x'G5 .
-r_ sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg tyf ;dfof]hg
;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] zf;sLo :j?k cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :j?knfO{ k'gJo{jl:yt
u/L tbcg';f/ sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg ug{' kb{5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k'gM;+/rgfn] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog

x'g yfNof] x} eGg] ;Gb]z hfg'kb{5 .1** ;fljssf ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ lglZrt
dfkb08 / txut sfo{lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8 cg';f/ ;dfof]hg ug{' kg{] x'G5 . cGo sltko d'n'sdf
em} g]kfndf klg k|b]z / :yfgLo txeGbf s]Gb|df a:g rfxg] dfgl;stfsf] -cfzlQm_ ;Gbe{df
;kmn ;dfof]hg Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . To;df klg k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] cfjZostf;Fu ljBdfg
sd{rf/Lsf] ;Lk of]Uotf / bIftf gldNbf yk ;d:ofx?sf] ;fdfgf ug{' kg{] x'G5 . xfn ;/sf/L
;]jfdf sfo{/t /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg u/L cg'ejL
sd{rf/Lx?af6 gofF ;+/rgfsf] sfo{ tyf ;]jf ;'rf? ug{ kg{] x'G5 . lgjf{rg cufj} o:tf] ;dfof]hg
x'g ;s]df of] k|lqmof ;xh x'gsf ;fy} lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwn] axfn x'gf;fy cfk\mgf] sfo{ ;d]t
;'rf? ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
;/sf/sf txx?df ;dof]hg jf b/aGbL ;[hgf ubf{ pQm txsf] ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ;|f]t
;fwgn] wfGg ;Sg], cfk"mk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] u/L kl/rfng ug{] sfg"gL Joj:Yff, gofF ;+/rgf / sfo{
cg'?k sfd ug{ tfnLd tyf Ifdtf ljsf; u/L ;fdflhsLs/0f ug{ klg plQs} h?/L x'G5 .
-5_ k"jf{wf/ Joj:yf
gofF aGg] ;+/rgfx?nfO{ sfd ug{sfnflu d'sfd, To;sf] lgldQ cfjZos sfg"g, gLlt, >f]t
;fwg, ljlw k|lqmof, dfkb08, sfo{:yn -ejg ;+/rgf_ k|zf;lgs nufot ;d:t k4lt÷pkk4ltx?
cflbsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . s]Gofsf] pbfx/0f x]bf{ Toxf+ sfp06Lsf] lgjf{rg cufj} g} o:tf gofF
;+/rgfsfnflu cfjZos ef}lts, dfgjLo / gLltut k"jf{wf/x? lgdf{0f eO;s]sf lyP . g]kfndf
;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] sl/j 8]9 aif{ Joltt x'Fbf ;d]t o; tkm{ ck]lIft sfo{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ctM
k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgfsf] ;Gbe{df k|b]z / :yfgLo txsfnflu cfjZos k|zf;lgs tx, ;+Vof /
;+/rgf lgdf{0f, gLltut Joj:yf, dfgj>f]t tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/nufotsf tof/L cufl8 a9fpg
cfjZos x'G5 .
-h_ lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/0f
k|b]z txsf] ;+/rgf g} sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . cfufdL lgjf{rg cufj} k|b]z txsf]
;fdfGo ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u/L lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwnfO{ sfd ug{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/ tyf ljlwsf] lgdf{0f
x'g cfjZos 5 . o;}u/L sl/j 8]9 bzsb]lv :yfgLo lgsfox? hgk|ltlglw ljlxg eP, To;df
xfn} :yfgLo txsf] k'gM;+/rgfaf6 cfk;df ufleg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . oL lgsfox?sf] ;j}
k|0ffnL :yfgLo txdf ?kfGtl/t u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{] lhDd]jf/L klg ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] bfloTjdf /x]sf] 5 .
-em_ cg'udg ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf tyf k|efjsfl/tfM
k'gM;+/rgfsf] sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ hf/L Road Map / If]qut ;+qmd0f of]hgfnfO{
sfof{Gjogsf] /]vb]v ug{ ;/sf/ / Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ;d]t cg'udg ;+oGqsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
1** æ;+3Lotfdf lghfdtL ;]jfÆ, ljzfn ef/åfh sflGtk'/ b}lgs, !$ df3 @)&#
;/sf/df k|wfgdGqLHo"sf] cWoIftfdf pRr:t/Lo ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;g k'gM;+/rgf
lgb]{zs ;ldlt / d'Vo ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;g k'gM;+/rgf ;ldlt
/x]sf] 5 eg] Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ;d]t ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %$ adf]lhd /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt,
gLlt / bfloTjsf] sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug{, cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f,
;dfj]zLs/0f, JolQm a]kQf 5fgaLg, ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk / åGå lkl8tx?sf] k'g:{yfkgf
tyf /fxt ;DaGwL sfd sf/jfxLsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg ul/
cfjZos lgb]{zg lbgsf]] nflu ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf lgb]{zg ;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
oL ;ldltx?nfO{ ;du| ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog / k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgfdf k|efjsf/L ?kdf
kl/rfng ug{sf ;fy} k|b]z ;lrjfnox?sf] :yfkgf u/L k|b]z tx / :yfgLo txsf] sfof{Gjog
k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg cfjZos x'G5 . ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf qmddf cfOkg{] cg'dflgt / cgk]lIft
;d:ofx?nfO{ oL ;ldltx?sf] lqmofzLntfdf ;dfwfg ub}{ lglZrt cjlw leq sfo{ ;DkGg u/]df
dfq ;+qmd0fsf] ;dodf g} ;dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-`_ ;dGjo, ;fem]bf/L / ;xsfo{M
;+ljwfgn] /fHo ;~rfngdf ;/sf/sf txx? jLr ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ cfjZos kg{]
;xsfl/tfdf cfwfl/t ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . x/]s txnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] k"0f{ clwsf/n]
pgLx?nfO{ tL If]qdf :jfoQtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] ;femf clwsf/sf] Joj:yfn] ;/sf/sf txx?
aLr k/:k/ lge{/tf, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug{'kg]{ cfjZoQmfsf] ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 . dxTjk"0f{ ljifox?
;femf clwsf/sf] ;"rLdf /flvPsf sf/0f ;/sf/sf] Ps txn] sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ / c¿ txsf
;/sf/n] To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yf of] ;+ljwfgn] :yfkgf u/]sf] ;xsf/L ;+3Lotfsf] csf]{
dxTjk"0f{ rl/q xf] .
k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotfdf clwsf/sf] ;fem]bf/L Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ kf6f]sf] ?kdf /xg] ub{5 .
o;}u/L s]Gb|n] tNnf] txsf ;/sf/nfO{ a9L eGbf a9L lqmofzLn u/fO{ ;+3Lo k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogsf]
g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng cfjZos x'G5 . s]Gb| cfkm} sfd ug{] eGbf gLlt, sfg"g, dfkb08 lgdf{0f u/L
tbcg';f/ eP gePsf] cg'udg tyf k[i7kf]if0fdf s]Gb|Lt eO{ tNnf txsf ;/sf/nfO{ s'zntfk"j{s
;Ifd agfpg' kb{5 . g]kfnh:tf] ;xsfo{tfdf cfwfl/t ;+3Lotf ePsf] d'n'sdf /fhgLlts txdf
dfq xf]Og k|zf;lgs / k|fljlws txdf ;d]t ;dGjo / ;~rf/sf] plQs} h?/t kb{5 .
-6_ Ifdtf ljsf;M
pk–/fHo txdf vl6g] sd{rf/LxnfO{ tfnLd, 1fg tyf cg'ejx?sf] cfbg k|bfg u/L
Ifdtf ljsf; ljgf k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotfn] /fd|f]u/L sfd ug{ sl7g x'G5 g} . gofF kl/j]z cg';f/
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sfo{jftfj/0f ;+u ;fdflhs/0f / Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{x? ;d]t ug{ cfjZos
x'G5 . o; kIfdf ;d]t plrt Wofg k'¥ofpg h?/L x'G5 .

-7_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/M
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g /fHosf] sfo{;Dkfbg / ;]jf k|jfxsfnflu xf] . /fHo k'gM;+/rgf
/ k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgfdf ePsf sfo{x? ;/f]sf/jfnf / ;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{ /fd|f];+u a'emfpg] /
pgLx?sf] cfjfh ;'Gg] k|0ffnLsfnflu /0fgLlts ;~rf/ cleofgsf] h?/L kb{5 . k'gM;+/rgfsf
af/]df cfdgful/snfO{ ;xL ;"rgf k|jfx x'g g;s]df /fd|f] p2]Zo / tof/L ;fy ul/Psf sfo{x? k|lt
;d]t hg;dy{g gx'g ;Sb5 h;n] ;|f]t ;fwg v]/ hfg] dfq xf]Og cljZjf; / åGbnfO{ lgDTofpg
;Sb5 . o;y{ ;/sf/n] ug{nfu]sf ;+3Los/0f / k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgfsf sfo{nfO{ cfd hgtf;+u
bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/af6 cfj4 ul/g cfjZos x'G5 .
-8_ Jojwfg ljgfsf] ;+qmd0fsfn Joj:yfkgM
;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] /fHosf] gofF zf;g Joj:yf cg'?k k|zf;gsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{
qmddf x'g] ;+qmd0fsfnnfO{ s'g} ;d:of jf ?sfj6 l;h{gf gx'g] u/L Jojl:yt ug{' k5{ .
k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgfsf] qmddf cfpg ;Sg] ;efJo d'2fx?M
d'n's nfdf] PsfTds zf;g Joj:yfaf6 ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f x'g] qmddf s]Gb«, k|b]z
/ :yfgLo tx dfq xf]Og gofF ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf ljz]if ;+/rgf -wf/f %^_ / ePsf] ;+3Lo
k|0ffnLnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ ;+3Lo 9f+rf lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ sd r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5}g .
• ;/sf/sf txx? jLr sfo{ljefhgM ;+ljwfg adf]lhd tLg txsf] ;/sf/ -wf/f%&_ sf] Psn
clwsf/ ;"rL -cg';"rL %, ^, *_, ;+3 / k|b]zsf] ;djtL{÷;femf clwsf/ ;"rL -cg';"rL &_
/ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;djtL{÷;femf clwsf/ ;"rL -cg';"rL (_ tyf ltgLx?aLrsf]
7f8f] (vertical) cGt/;DaGwsf] Joj:yfkg klg csf{] hl6n d'2f aGg ;Sb5 . o;}u/L txut
;/sf/df cjZo+efjL b]lvg] æ;xsfo{Æ nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ klg plQs} Wofg lbg' kg{] x'G5 .
;+3Los/0fsf] ;fË7lgs l;4fGtsf] ?kdf klg cfTd;ft\ ug{'k5{ .
• k|s[ofdf hl6ntfM ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df tLg} txsf] lgjf{rg, tLg} txsf ;/sf/sf]
;+u7g tyf hgzlQm Joj:yf, ;DklQ / bfloTjsf] afF8kmfF8 dxTjk"0f{ d'2f x'g\ . ;]jfk|jfxdf s'g}
b':k|efj gkfl/sg k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgf ug{', s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/Lx?sf] ljefhg tyf Joj:yfkg
cflb klg hl6n sfo{sf] ?kdf b]lvg] u/]sf] cGt/fli6«o cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5 .
• ax';/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;+nUgtfM ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogdf cTolws w]/} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;+nUgtf
/x]sf] x'G5 . /fhgLlts nfe xfgL, Joj;foLs :jfy{, sfg"gL bfpk]r cflb lg/Gt/ b]lvb} 5g\ .
ljutdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] sof{Gjogdf ;/f]sf/sf] clgR5f tyf cj/f]wx?af6 ult/f]w pTkGg
ePsf] lyof] .
• ax'ljwfo'Qm ax'If]qutM /fhg}lts, ljQLo, ;+:yfut h:tf ax'ljwfx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{' kg{sf
;fy} ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] If]qx?;+u ;+3Lo 9f+rf ;+of]hg x'g' kb{5 .

• ;dli6 cy{+tGq c:yL/tfM /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljtLo cfof]u / ;+3Lo cy{ dGqfnosf]
aLrdf gLlt ;'emfj, sfo{Gjog tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs ljQ Joj:yfkg Ifdtf
sdhf]/ x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf d'n'ssf] ;dli6 cfly{s l:y/tfsf] d'2f klg Ps dxTjk"0f{ kIfsf] ?kdf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
• If]qLo c;dfgtf / åGbdf a9f]Q/LM ;+3Lo /fHosf] :yfkgfdf ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGt cjnDag x'g
g;s]df o;n] d'n'sdf If]qLo c;dfgtf / o;}df cfwfl/t åGbdf a9f]Q/L x'g ;Sb5 .
• ;]jf k|jfxsf] :t/df x|f;M hf]vLddf /x]sfx?nfO{ k|bfg ug{'kg]{ ;]jfdf sdL cfpg ;S5 .
k'gM;+/rgfsf] qmddf ;+u7gx? vf/]h x'g], ufleg] / gofF ;[hgf x'g] qmddf ;]jf k|jfx k|efljt
x'gsf ;fy} ;+:yfut ;+:d/0f x/fpg] cflb ;d:ofx?sf] ;fdgf ug{' kg{] cj:yf cfpg ;Sb5g\ .
• e|i6«frf/df a9f]Q/LM ;'?jftL r/0fdf ;]jf k|jfx ;DaGwL ph'/hGo clgoldttf a9\g ;S5
lsgsL :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;lqmotf / ck]Iff a9]sf] x'G5 . To;df klg ;dodf lgjf{rg gx'g]
xf] eg] of] hf]lvd cem a9]/ hfg ;Sb5 .
• ;e|fGtx?sf] af]nafnfM ;+3Lotfsf] klxnf] r/0fdf /fhgLlts bnx? jLr ljefhg / kmf;nf
a9\b} hfFbf efiff, If]q, wd{, ;d'bfo cflbsf cfwf/df ;dfhsf ;+e|fGt jf 6f7faf7fsf] af]nfjfnf
/xgsf ;fy} bnx?df klg oxL ;d'bfosf] ljuljuL a9\g] ;d:ofx? b]lvg yfn]sf5g\ .
• ;f+:s[lts, ef}uf]lns / hflto ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkgM g]kfndf !@% hflt / !@# efiffx?
/x]sf5g\ . ;+3Lotfsf] ljsf; qmddf p7]sf cg]sf}+ hftLo, efiffut tyf cfTdlg0f{o h:tf
ljifox? ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogsf qmddf hl6n ?kdf p7\b} cfPsf 5g\ . Go"g ;|f]t / cfGtl/s
;|f]taf6 k|zf;lgs vr{ g} wfGg sl7g ePsf] g]kfn h:tf] d'n's ef}uf]lns cj:yf, hftLo Pj+
eflifs ljljwtfh:tf ljifox?sf Joj:yfkg ub}{ ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogdf hfg]qmddf cg'dfg
g} gu/]sf ;d:ofx?sf] lgldQ tof/ eP/ a:g' kg{] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
r'gf}tLx?M
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+3Los/0f / k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ sfo{x? r"gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5g\ . o;
l;nl;nfdf cfpg] d'Vo r'gf}tLx? lgDg adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
• ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ck]Iff Joj:yfkg– k|zf;gsf] ;+l3os/0f / k'g{;+/rgfaf6 k|zf;gsf
;/f]sf/jfnx?n] cfˆgf w]/} ;d:ofx? / dfux?sf] ;Daf]wg x'g] ck]Iff /fVg] x'Fbf tL c;+Vo /
cl;ldt cfsf+Iffx? k"/f ug{' ;/sf/sf] nflu r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ x'G5 . To;df klg gofF ;+/rgf,
Go"g;|f]t ;fwg, ;Lldt Ifdtfsf jLr cfd gful/ssf] pn{bf] rfxgf / ck]Iffn] r'gf}tL emg}
ef/L x'g] x'G5 .

• ;]jf k|jfxdf Jojwfg ljgf g} k'g{;+/rgf ug{]M ;+qmd0fLo Joj:yfkgsf qmddf sltko ;+:yf
tyf k|0ffnLx? elTsg], ;dfof]hg x'g] x'G5 g} . k|zf;gsf] ;+l3os/0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ul/g]
kl/jt{gx?nfO{ hgtfsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] k|jfxdf sd ;] sd ?sfj6
x'g] u/L lg/Gt/tf lb+b} hfg' k5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf klg cTofjZos tyf lgoldt ?kdf k|jfx
x'g' kg{] ;]jfx?df s'g} Jojwfg (disruption) lagf g} k|jfx ug{' ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] csf{]
r'gf}tL xf] .
• pRr txsf] k|ltj4tf / ;xsfo{tfM a[xt ;+3Lotf -;a} cfofd ;d]l6Psf]_ sf] sfof{Gjog,
lgb]{zg / cg'udg ug{ pRr :t/Lo /fhg}lts / k|zf;lgs ;xof]usf] ;'lglZrttf ug{' k5{ .
;+l3o Joj:yf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu clwsf/ / hjfkmb]lxtf ePsf] pko'Qm ;+:yfut ;+/rgf /
;+oGqx? klg cfjZos k5{ . pbfx/0ffy{M clk|msL d'n's s]Gofdf ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog cfof]u,
;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog /]vb]v ;ldlt, ;+qmd0fsflng k|flws/0f / cGt/;/sf/L ;DaGw k|fljlws
;ldlt h:tf ;+:yfut Joj:yfx? ePsf] kfO{G5 . g]kfndf pRr txsf] /fhgLlts k|lta4tf
tyf k|zf;lgs ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ ;'lglZrt ug{' csf{] r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ agL/x]sf] 5 eGg] egfO{n]
sfof{Gjog txsf uxg r'gf}tLsf] phfu/ ub{ 5 .
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLtfM :yfgLo ;d'bfo ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfk\mgf] cg'xf/sf]
k|ltlglwTj rfxG5 . oltdfq xf]Og :yfgLo efiffdf ;]jfsf] rfxgf klg plQs} rf;f]sf] ljifo
x'G5 h;nfO{ k|zf;lgs k'g;{+/rgfsf] qmddf ;fjwfgLk"j{s Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos x'G5 .
• sdhf]/ cGt/ ;sf/L ;DaGw tyf ;dGjoM ;+3Lo /fHo eg]sf] ;+3Lo k|b]zsf] :jzf;g dfq
geO{ ;fem]bf/Lsf] zf;g klg xf] . g]kfndf sfo{sf/L tkm{ pRr:t/Lo ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog
tyf k|zf;g k'gM;+/rgf lgb]{zs ;ldlt / d'Vo ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog
tyf k|zf;g k'gM;+/rgf ;dGjo ;ldlt /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf ;d]t Ps
;ldlt /x]sf] 5 . oL lgsfox?sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ljgf k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotf cufl8 a9\g g}
r'gf}ltk"0f{ x'G5 . o;}u/L ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txjLr ;xsf/L / :jfoQtfdf
cfwfl/t ;DaGw x'g] txut ;+u7gx? klg To;}u/L ;[hgf x'g] xF'bf cGt/ ;/sf/L lgsfo
jLrsf] cGt/;DaGwdf yk hl6ntf cfpFg ;Sb5 .
• Ifdtf tyf ;LkM tLg txsf ;/sf/ ;+rfng ug{ /fhgLlts If]qdf dfq xf]Og k|zf;lgs
hutdf ;d]t yk Ifdtf / ;Lksf] cfjZostf kb{5 . PsfTds /fHosf] cEof;df /x]sf]
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] ljutdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ ;kmn tj/n] xfFSg g;s]sf] oyfy{tf
n']s]sf] 5}g . o; ;Gbe{df tNnf] txdf clwsf/ lbg] / Ifdtfjfg agfO{ /fli6«o gLltx?sf]
bfo/fdf NofP/ d'n'snfO{ ;+rfng ug{ Ifdtf / ;LknfO{ r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf x]l/Psf] 5 .
• ;+qmd0fsf] lj:tf/M æof] 6«flGh;gdf hu alnof] agfOPg eg] ;+3Lotfsf] hu vNalnG5 . To;}n]
xfdL Psbd} /SsL 6«flGh;gdf 5f}F . ;le{; 8]lne/L klg;Fu} ug{'k5{, l/sG6«S;g klg ub}{ hfg'kg]{
5 . k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgf klg ug{'kof]{ / hgtfsf] v'zLnfO{ klg;Fu} nfg'kg]{ r'gf}tL xfdL;Fu

5 .Æ1# t/n /fhgLlts cj:yf ePsf] g]kfn h:tf] d'n'sdf ;dodf g} k'gM;+/rgfsf] sfo{
;Dkg x'g g;sL ;+qmd0fsf] lj:tf/ eO/x]g] hf]lvddf k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgf / Joj:yfkgsf]
sfo{ hl6n / nfdf] aGg ;Sb5 .
• lg/Gt/sf cj/f]wx? k|zf;lgs ;+l3os/0fsf] sfof{Gjogdf Ps bL3{sflng k|lqmof xf] .
;+qmd0fsfnsf] Joj:yf ug{ ›'t kmnbfoL (quick wins) / ;doa4 k|0ffnL kl/jt{g ;lxtsf]
;+qmd0fsfn /0fgLlts of]hgf th{'df u/L cjnDag ug{ /0fg}lts of]hgf agfpg' k5{, h;af6
lz3|nfe klg xf]; / qmlds kl/jt{gsf] nflu ;do klg k|fKt xf];\ . d'n'sdf ljBdfg
/fhgLlts cl:y/tf / k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx? jLrsf] a9\bf] b'/Ln] k|zf;lgs k'g{;+/rgfsf]
sfo{df lg/Gt/ cj/f]wx? l;h{gf eO/xg] r'gf}tLx? b]lvO/x]sf 5g\ .
• clwsf/ af+8kmFf8M laleGg txsf ;/sf/nfO{ s'g If]qsf slt clwsf/ lbg] eGg] s'/f ;+3Lotf
ckgfpg] k|s[ofsf bf}/fg ;aeGbf 7"nf] ljjfbsf] ljifo (bone of contention) / ;+3Lotfsf]
sfof{Gjogsf bf}/fg ;/sf/sf txx? aLr cfpg] If]qflwsf/sf] ljjfb / To;n] lgDTofpg] åGb
;+3Lotfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf r'gf}tL x'g] u5{g\ . ;+ljwfgn] ;/sf/sf txx? aLr laefhg u/]sf]
clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lsf] lj:t[t sfo{ ljZn]if0f / sfo{ ljefhg ubf{ ;se/ o:tf ljjfb /
åGbx? gcfpg] jf To;nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ lsl;dn] xf]lzof/Lk"j{s ug{' k5{ .
• ljQLo Joj:yfkgM k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgf Psbd vlr{nf] x'G5 . s'n ah]6sf] &) k|ltzt eGbf
a9L rfn' vr{ /x]sf] d'n'sdf 7"nf] ;+/rgf, dfgj ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg, zf;lso :j?k cg';f/
txut sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ cTofjZos k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf cflbdf 7"nf] /sd ljlgof]hg ug{' kg{]
x'G5 . /fhZjsf] cfsf/ cg';f/ a9\bf] vr{nfO{ jflG5t ;Ldfdf /fVg ;fgf] r"gf}tL b]lvb}g .
cj;/ / ;+efjgfx?M
k|zf;lgs k'g;{+/rgfsf] d'n p2]Zo /fHon] hgtfnfO{ lbg'kg{] ;]jf ;'ne, lgikIf / k|efjsf/L
?kdf ljgf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg' g} xf] . ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] o; kl/j]zn] cToGt ;'ema'emsf ;fy
k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgf ug{] df}sf (The Architecture of Administration) k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . k|zf;gsf]
alnof] hu a;fpg], :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ k|zf;lgs lx;fjn] ;Ifd OsfO{sf] (Viable Unit) df
abNg], u'd]sf] k|zf;gsf] ;fv k'gM cfh{g ug{], clwsf/ >f]t / hjfkmb]xL Ps} 7fpdf /xg] Joj:yf
ug{], sfdsf] afF8kmFf8sf] cfwf/df (Functions) ;+/rgf / dfgj >f]tsf] cfs+ng u/L cfk\mg} pQd
;+u7g, cEof; tyf k|0ffnL ljsf; / k|j4{g ub{} hfg], ;]jfnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgf
ug{] of] :j0fL{d cj;/ klg xf] .2##
1# d'Vo ;lrj 8f= ;f]dnfn ;'j]bL– ærf}tf/Ldf kftL pv]n]sf] ;j}n] b]V5g\, sfd u/]sf] s;}n] b]Vb}gg\Æ
cgnfOg va/, )&# df3 !! ut] .
2## lnnfd0fL kf}8\ofn, g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg åf/f g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljlzi7
>]0fLsf clws[tx?sf nflu cfof]lht uf]i7Ldf ldlt)&#.#.@$ df k|:t't sfo{kq .

pk;+xf/M
g]kfn /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] o"ufGtsf/L lhDd]jf/L lgjf{xsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . hgtfn] pRr
;fj{ef}ldstfsf] k|of]u ub{] hf/L u/]sf] ;+ljwfgn] hgtf zlQmzfnL x'g] u/L hgtfsf] glhs ;/sf/
k'¥ofpg] cj;/sf] ?kdf lnOg' kb{5 . æ;dfj]zLtfÆ / æ;+3LotfÆ af/] gofF ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf
u/]cg'?k k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgf / ;'b[9Ls/0fn] ?kfGt/0f k|lqmofsf] klg ;'?jft ub{5 . ;dsflng
ljZjdf :yfgLo tx / s]Gb|sf] k'nsf] ?kdf k|b]z tyf hgtfsf] glhssf] ;/sf/sf] ?kdf :yfgLo
txnfO{ ;'Jol:yt / sfof{Tds agfpg cfjZos 5 .
k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotfdf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf cxd\ x'g hfG5 . clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f hf]
s;}sfnflu klg c?rLs/ ljifo xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf s]Gb|n] ljifout dGqfnox? jLr 7f8f] / t];f{]
;dGjo, ;+:yfut k|aGwsf ;fy} tNnf lgsfox?df clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]Ng' kg{] x'G5 . sltko cj:yfdf tn clwsf/ hfg] s'/fsf] tof/L / ;+/rgf agfpg ;do nfUg]
x'G5 . ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] s]Gb| / txut ;/sf/x?jLr ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f u/L ;+3Lo
k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog cufl8 a9fpg' kg{] x'G5 .
;+3Los/0fsf] vfsf / /0fgLlt ;+j]bgzLn / d'n's ;fk]If Pad\ df}lnstfsf] ljifo xf] .
g]]kfndf ljutdf lgIf]k0fdf cfwfl/t :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g :yfkgfdf k|of;x? gePsf] xf]Og .
clwsf/k|ltsf] cTolws df]x ePsf] xfd|f] /fhgLlts k|zf;lgs jftfj/0f cj/f]wsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
l5k]sf] 5}g . ;+3Lo zf;gsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ljutsf] cg'ejaf6 lzIff lng g;s]df s]Gb|sf]
clwsf/ pk–/fHo txdf cfP/ v'DrL ZjfoQ zf;gsf] jf:tljs ljGb' :yfgLo tx;Dd ck]lIft
clwsf/ / ;|f]t ljGof; gk'Ug ;Sb5 . ctM d'n'ssf] zf;g k|0ffnLdf h/fwf/ txb]lv hgtfsf]
;+nUgtf, nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfsf] cEof; / nf]stGqsf kmnsf] pkef]u ug{] u/L ;+3Lo
k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjog x'g] u/L k|zf;lgs k'g;{+/rgf ckl/xfo{ b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|LM
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@
;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g M cj;/ / r'gf}tLx?– k|f s[i0f vgfn
/fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo lgsfodf clwsf/, sfo{lhDd]jf/L / >f]t ;fwgsf] $=
lgIf]k0fsf ;jfnx?–>L pbo g]kfnL >|]i7, k/z'/fd pkfWofo
k|f=/f]o s]nLsf] ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnaf6 cfof]lht k|lzIf0fdf JoQm k|jrgdf cfwfl/t
g]kfndf ;+3Lotf / sfo{lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f, 8f= ;f]dnfn ;'j]bL, o'gfO6]8 u|flkms lk|G6;{ k|f=ln,
@)^%
g]kfndf /fHok'g;{/rgf / ;ª\3Lotfsf] ax;, sNof0f /f]sf k|sfzs ;xof]ufTds ;dfh, @)^*
• • •

/fHo k'gM;+/rgf / ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] ;+of]hg
–uf]kLgfy d}gfnL*
ljifo k|j]zM
;dfh ljljwtfsf] k'~h xf] . h;/L k|fs[lts ljljwtfsf] k|ltlglwTj ;dfhn] u/]sf] x'G5,
To;/L g} ;dflhs ljljwtfsf] ;+of]hg /fHo k|0ffnLdf x'g'k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ffsf;fy ljljwtf
Joj:yfkgsf] ljifon] dxTj kfPsf] 5 . /fHo k|0ffnLnfO{ /fhg}lts / sfg'gL ?kdf Jojxf/ ul/b}
cfPsf]df ;dfhzf:qLo ?kdf klg x]l/g' k5{ eGg] cfu|xsf ;fy ljljwtfsf] ljifon] k|j]z kfPsf]
xf] . eflifs, hftLo, auL{o / ;f+:s[lts ?kdf ljljwtf ePsf d'n'sdf log} ljljwtfnfO{ ;+jf]wg
u/]/ g} /fi6«lgdf{0fnfO{ blx|nf] agfpg ;lsG5 . To;}n] gjnf]stflGqs d'n'sx?n] ljljwtfsf]
Joj:yfkgnfO{ /fli6«o sfo{;"rL agfpb} cfPsf 5g\ . ljljwtfnfO{ ;+of]hg ug]{ ljlw / k|lqmofdf
Ps?ktf geP klg slnnf nf]stGq ePsf d'n'sx? ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf ;fdfGo l;4fGtnfO{
cjnDjg ug{ nfluk/]sf 5g\ . /fHo dfq xf]Og, ;fdflhs ;ª\u7g / Jofj;flos lgsfox? klg
ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] dfu / bjfjdf 5g\ . lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfkl5 g]kfndf klg ;f+:s[lts
tyf hftLo ljljwtfsf] ljifon] w]/} dxTj kfPsf] 5 .
;fdflhs ljljwtfM
;dfhdf /x]sf ljleGg ju{, If]q, lnª\u / ;+:s[ltsf] Jojl:yt ;+of]hgdfkm{t ;fdflhs
;xefj sfod ug'{ ;fdflhs ljljwtf xf] . ljljwtfn] w]/}vfn] cj:yfnfO{ hgfp5, rfx] Tof]
;fdflhs, cfly{s jf ef}uf]lns :j?kdf /x]sf] g} lsg gxf];\ . ;dfhsf] dfgjLo rl/q g} leGg
vfnsf] x'G5, Ps?kdf x'b}g, rfxgf, ;fdYo{, cfjZostf, k|fyldstf h:t} w]/} s'/fn] JolQmnfO{
csf]{af6 cnUofPsf] x'G5 / tL cnUofO{aLr cfk;L ;DaGw / ;xsfo{ klg ;dfhsf] rl/q xf] .
;fdflhs ljljwtfn] oxL dd{nfO{ a'emfp5 . csf]{ zJbdf eGbf ;dfhdf /x]sf] juL{o, hftLo,
lnª\uLo, ;+:s[ltut, zfl/l/s, dfgl;s, of}lgs, ef}uf]lns, pd]/ut ljljwtfnfO{ a'em\g', :jLsfg'{,
;Ddfg ug'{ / dxTj lbg' g} ;fdflhs ljljwtf xf] . (Diversity is generally defined as
acknowledging, understanding, accepting, valuing, and celebrating differences among
people with respect to age, class, ethnicity, gender, physical and mental ability, race,
sexual orientation, spiritual practice, and public assistance status (Esty, et al., 1995) .
* ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ .

ljljwtfsf] cjwf/0ffn] leGgvfn] ljrf/, ;+:s[lt, cj:yf / kl/j]z ePklg Pscsf{sf] leGgtfsf]
:jLsfo{tf / ;DdfgnfO{ af]w u/fp5 .
;fdflhs ljljwtf ;dfhsf] k|fs[lts / :jfefljs cj:yf klg xf] . rfxgf, k|fyldstf,
Ifdtf, h}ljs l:ylt, zfl/l/s cj:yf, pd]/, cfly{s :t/, lzIff, wd{, efiff, ;+:s[lt, k[i7e"ld h:tf
sf/0fn] l;lh{t ljljwtfsf] klxrfg, ;Ddfg / pkof]u u/]/ g} ljljwtfnfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
dfGotf ;fdflhs ljljwtfdf /x]sf] 5 . lsgsL s'g} klg /fHoJoj:yf ;fdflhs af:tljstfeGbf
cnu /x]/ lqmofzLn x'g ;Sb}g, g ;fdflhs a}wtf k|fKt ug{ g} ;Sb5 . ;dfhsf cf}krfl/s
;+:yf tyf k|lqmofn] ;fdflhs af:tljstfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ g} ;du| ljsf; tyf /fi6« lgdf{0fnfO{
;+:yfut ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ;fdflhs ljljwtf ;fdflhs Gofosf] klg cleGg efu xf] . To;}n] ax'njfbL
;dfhdf ljljwtf ;+of]hg / Joj:yfkg cfjZos dflgb} cfPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] w]/}
cfofdx? 5g\ . ;j} cfofdaf6 ljljwtfnfO{ :jLsfg'{ g} ;fdflhs ljljwtf xf] . ;fdfGotM o;sf
cfofdx?nfO{ o;/L pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
• ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf M d"No dfGotf / cfgLjfgLsf] ljljwtf
• /fhgLlts ljljwtf M ljrf/, bz{g / kfq k|j[lQsf] ljljwtf
• cfly{s ljljwtf M pTkfbg k|0ffnL, nufgL, /f]huf/L / Ifdtfsf] ljljwtf
• hftLut ljljwtf M hfthftL, j0f{ / pb\ejsf] ljljwtf
• n}ª\lus ljljwtf M n}ª\lus cj:yf, dfGotf / cled'vLs/0fdf /x]sf] ljljwtf
• ef}uf]lns ljljwtf M e"uf]n / w/ftnsf cfwf/df hLjgz}nLdf b]lvg] ljljwtf
• k':tfGt/ M k':tfsf sf/0f ;f]ra[lQdf cfpg] ljljwtf cflb .
;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] cjwf/0ff JolQmk|lt ;Ddfg / :jLsfo{tfdf cfwfl/t 5 . ;dfhdf
ljljwtfsf tTjx? efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, hft / k|fyldstfx? cnu /x]/ klg oL tTjx?sf] cnu
cnu klxrfgsf] ;+of]hgdf ;femf klxrfg / PsTjsf] cg'e"lt :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] cGta{:t'
;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] d"n dd{ xf] . ax'njfbL ;dfhdf ljljwtfsf] ;+of]hg ckl/xfo{ dflgG5 .
ultzLn ;dfhdf ;fdflhs kl/j]z / d"NodfGotfsf] kl/jt{g;+u} ljljwtf ;+of]hgsf] k|lqmof /
:j?k klg ablnb} hfG5 . c7f/f} ;tfJbLdf PsfTds ;+:s[ltsf /fHoJoj:yf / ;ª\u7gx? x'g'
:jfefljs lyof], t/ clxn]sf] ljZjJofkLs[t ;dfhdf o;sf] bfo/f klg km/flsnf] ePsf] 5 . clxn]
/fi6« /fHox? oL tLg ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug]{ dfu, bjfj / tgfjdf 5g\ M
• hg;f+lVos ljljwtf -pd]/, ln+u, hftLotf, pb\ej, /fli6«otf, j}jflxs cj:yf,cflb_
• ;fdflhs ljljwtf -wd{, k|yf, of}lgstf, ljZjf;,r]tgf, ;f]ra[lQ, ljrf/_
• ;f+u7lgs ljljwtf -k]zf, sfo{ljj/0f, kb;f]kfg, a[lQcg'ej, cf]xf]bf_

ljljwtfsf sf/s tTjx?M
;fdflhs ljljwtf s'g} Ps sf/0fsf] dfq kl/0ffd xf]Og, of] oL dWo] s'g} Ps jf Tof]eGbf
a9L sf/0fn] l;h{gf x'g] ub{5 .
• pd]/ (Age)
• n}ª\lustf (Gender)
• hfltotf / j0f{ (Ethnicity, race)
• zfl/l/s cj:yf (Physica ability)
• of}lgstf (Sexual orientation)
• cfly{s ;fdflhs cj:yf (Socio-eco Condition)
• z}lIfs cj:yf (Education)
• a}jflxs cj:yf (Marital status)
• ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt (Geographical location)
• d"No / ;+:s[lt (Value & culture)
• JolQmTj ljsf; (Personality type)
• k':tfGt/ (Generation gap)
ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf dfu{bz{s l;4fGtM

;fdflhs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljifo lglZrt l;4fGtaf6 lgl{b{i6 x'G5, h;nfO{ pk]Iff
u/]/ pkof]udf NofOg] Joj:yfkg cf}hf/x?n] ;sf/fTds eGbf gsf/fTds kl/0ffd lbgk'U5g\ .
;dli6ut ?kdf eGbf ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf tLg l;4fGt /x]sf 5g\ M
• ljljwtfsf] klxrfg (Recognition of Diversity)
• ljljwtfnfO{ ;Ddfg (Appreciating Diversity)
• ljljwtf / ;dfgtfaLr ;Gt'ng (Balancing diversity and sameness)
/fli6«o k|0ffnLsf cleGg efusf ?kdf /fHosf cf}krfl/s ;ª\u7gx? /xG5g\, hxf ljljw
d"No ;+:s[ltsf] ;+of]hg ul/g' ;]jf k|jfx / ;/f]sf/jfnf rfv ;Gt'ngsf nflu klg cfjZos
dflgG5 . ;fª\u7lgs txdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ubf{ oL kIfdf Wofg lbg' cfjZos dflgG5 M
• ljljw ljrf/, b[li6sf]0f / d"NoaLr ;dembf/L (Learning ideas, perspectives and values)
• JolQmx?nfO{ slxn] ;dfg / slxn] c;dfg Jojxf/ (Trating people fairly and differently)
• ;j} ljlw / ;~rf/sf] pkof]udfkm{t ;dfj]zLs/0f (Practice inclusion, not exclusion)

ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf cf}lrToM
/fHo / ;ª\u7gx? ljljwtf ;+of]hg / Joj:yfkgsf bjfjdf 5g\ . cfpbf lbg c?
r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g] ePsfn] klg ljljwtf Joj:yfkg h?/L ePsf] xf] . ;fy} ljljwtfnfO{ ;d:ofsf
?kdf eGbf ;+efjgf / cj;/sf ?kdf klg Jojxf/ ul/g' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;ª\u7gsf]
k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu xf]; jf /fHosf] j}wtfsf nflu, ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ckl/xfo{ b]lvPsf] 5 . oL
sf/0fn] ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] cf}lrTo b]lvPsf] xf] M
• ljljw ;+efjgfsf] phfu/ ug]{ ;'/lIft, ;sf/fTds / ;xh jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ (Exploration
of differences in a safe, positive, and nurturing environment)
• Ps csf{nfO{ a'em\g] ;demfb/Lsf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; ug{ (Understanding each other and
moving beyond simple tolerance to embracing and celebrating the rich dimensions
of diversity contained within each individual)
• ljljwtf jf:tljstf xf], To;;+u /dfpg (Divesrity as a reality)
• ;fdflhs Gofo / plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ (Diversity management is right things to do)
• ;ª\u7gsf] k|efjsfl/tf lj:tf/ ug{ (Diversity makes good business sense)
• ;sf/fTds / l;h{gzLn tgfjsf nflu (Creative and positive tension)
o;y{ ljljwtf oyfy{ ePsf]n] o;af6 k[ys /xg ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g, o;}nfO{ pkof]u
u/]/, ljljwtfsf c;xh kIfnfO{ ;dfwfg, gsf/fTds kIfnfO{ Go"gLs/0f / ;s/fTds kIfnfO{
clwsLs/0f ub}{ k|0ffnL ;'wf/ ug'{sf] ljsNk 5}g . ;fdfhdf /x]sf leGg vfnsf :jefj, ;+:s[lt,
:jfy{ / ;+efjgfnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ ;ª\u7gsf] k|efjsfl/tf lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] o;nfO{
pk]Iff ug'{ jf hf]lvdsf ?kdf dfq lng' dxfe"n xf] . o;nfO{ pk]Iff ubf{ x'g] xfgLeGbf cjnDjg
ubf{ x'g] kmfObf s}og u'0f a9L 5 . ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf lsg cfjZos eGg] ;Gbe{df oL b'O{
kIfdf /x]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 M
;+u7g txdf
• l;h{gzLn tgfj Nofpg
• ;+:yfTds ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f ug{
• sd{rf/L dgf]jn a[l4df ;xof]uL
• ;]jfu|fxL ;DaGw ljsf; ug{ ;3fpg
• l;h{gzLntf k|j4{g ug{
• cGt/j}olQms ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{
• pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug{
• km/skgsf] of]un] ;sf/fTds zlQm lbG5

• ;fª\u7lgs ;Ldf / ;+efjgfsf] klxrfg ug{
• ljljwtfn] cu|;/tf klg a9fpg .
/fli6«o txdfM
• /fli6«o Pstfsf nflu cfjZos
• ;fdflhs ;xefjsf nflu
• nf]stGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;3fp5
• ;fdflhs åGå ;dfwfg ug{
• ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu
• ;dGoflos ljsf; ug{
• ;LdfGtLs/0fdf k/]sfnfO{ cj;/ k|bfg ug{
• /fHo k'g;+/rgfsf] 9fFrf klg xf]
• ;j} d"Nojfg 5g\ eGg] cg'e"lt hufpg
• ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg ug{ .
ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf tLg cfofdM

ljljwtfnfO{ ;+jwf]g ug{ (Dealing with diversity) o;sf cfodnfO{ a'em\g' cfjZos 5 .
ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|zf;lgs, /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs pkfudaf6 x]g{ ;lsG5 . cyf{t tLg
k|sf/sf cjwf/0ff / /0fgLltdfkm{t o;nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . oL tLg pkfo k|lt:kwL{ ge}
Ps cfk;df kl/k"/s klg 5g\ .
-s_ k|zf;lgs cfofdM
k|zf;lgs b[li6sf]0faf6 ljljwtf Joj:yfkg eg]sf] ;ª\u7gsf] gLlt / of]hgf th'{df Pjd\
sfof{Gjog dfkm{t To:tf] k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug'{ xf], h;n] ljljw vfnsf dflg;x?sf] pkof]u ubf{
x'g] xfgLnfO{ Go"gLs/0f / kmfObfnfO{ clwsLs/0f ug{ ;lsof];\ (Planning and implementing
organizational system and practices to manage people so that the potential advantage
of diversity are maximized while its potential disadvantages are minimized) . ljljwtf
Joj:yfkgsf nflu cjnDjg ul/g] /0fgLltn] ;sf/fTds sfof{j:yf lgdf{0f ug{ ;3fp5 eg]
k|0ffnLleqsf cj;/ pkof]udf ;dGofo ePsf] k|Tofe"lt klg lbG5 . csf]{ zJbdf ;dfhsf ljljw
Ifdtf, ;+efjgf / ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;ª\u7gleq ;+of]hg u/]/ ;dfj]zL sfo{;+:s[lt lgdf{0f / o;sf]
pkof]udfkm{t ;fª\u7lgs k|efjsfl/tf lj:tf/ ug]{ ljlw g} ljljwtf Joj:yfkg xf] . k|zf;lgs
;+u7gdf ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf b'O{ pkfud x'g] ub{5g\ M

• dfgj ;fwg pkud (Human Resource Paradigm)
# ljljwtf lj:t[tLs/0f (Diversity Enlargement)M -;dfhsf ljleGg ju{, If]q, lnª\u,
hftL, ;d'bfosf dflg;x?nfO{ ;ª\u7gleq k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] k|lqmof_ .
# ljljwtf ;+j]bgzLntf ljsf; (Diversity Sensitivity): -;d:ofnfO{ klxrfg /
cfFsng u/L ljleGg ju{sf JolQmnfO{ ;+jf]wg ug]{ ;+:s[lt a;fpg] tl/sf_
# ;+:s[lt k/LIf0f (Culture Audit): -ljleGg ;d'bfosf JolQmx?sf] k[i7e"ld / ;+:s[ltsf
sf/0f l;lh{t ;d:of ;dfwfgsf /0fgLlt vf]Hg] tl/sf_ .
• ax';+:s[lt ;ª\u7g pkfud (Multi-cultural Organization Paradigm)
# Monolithic Organization: Psn ;+:s[lt ePsf ;ª\u7gx?df cGo ;+:s[lt ePsf
dflg;x?nfO{ k|j]z u/fO{ :yflkt ;+:s[ltdf cGo ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug]{ k|lqmof .
h:tf] k~rfotsfnLg k|zf;lgs Joj:yf .
# Plural Organization: ljgf e]befj ;dfhsf ;j} ju{nfO{ ;ª\u7gleq k|j]z u/fO{
ax'njfbL ;+u7g lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lqmof . g]kfndf bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 cjnDjg ul/Psf]
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] tl/sf .
# Multi-cultural Organization: ;dfhsf ljleGg ;d'bfosf] ;+f:s[lts ljljwtfnfO{
;ª\u7gleq ljleGg ;sf/fTds cf}hf/ k|of]u u/L ax'n;+:s[lt ;+:yfut ug]{ k|lqmof .
-v_ /fhg}lts cfofdM

/fhg}lts ?kdf ljljwtf Jj:yfkg ;dsfnLg ljZjdf lgs} cf]hk"0f{ ;jfn xf] . slnnf]
nf]stGq ePsf d'n'ssf nflu of] ljifo lgs} ;+j]bgzLn klg /x]sf] 5 . nf]stGq eg]sf] ljljwtf
xf], ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkgaf6 g} nf]stGq af:tljs ?kdf hg:t/df k'U5 eGg] dfGotf 5 .
ax'n ;dfhsf ljljw rfv, ;+efjgf / ljrf/nfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L zf;sLo k|lqmofdf pGgog ug]{
/fhgLlts 9fFrf / /0fgLlt g} ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] /fhg}lts cfofd xf] . g]kfnh:tf] ;fdflhs,
cfly{s, ef}uf]lns, hftLo / eflifs ljljwtf ePsf] d'n'sdf ljljwtf g} Pstfsf] cfwf/ (Diversity
as unity) xf], h;nfO{ j]jf:tf u/]/ /fi6« lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsb}g . ;dfhdf /x]sf ljeflht akmfbf/L /
k|lt:kwL{ d"NonfO{ ;femf d"No / ;xdltsf] lgi7fdf kl/0ft ug]{ k|lqmof hlt alnof] eof], Tolt g}
dgf]a}1flgs ?kdf ;j} d'n'saf;LnfO{ PsTjsf] cg'e"lt ug{ k'U5g\ . leGg klxrfg ePsf ;fdflhs
ju{x?aLr pgLx?sf] cfcfkmgf] klxrfgdf cfFr gk'¥ofO{ PsTjsf] efjgf dhj't ug]{ k|lqmof g}
g]kfnh:tf ax'efifL, ax';+:s[lt / ax'hftL ePsf d'n'ssf nflu ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] /fhg}lts
kf6f] xf] . o;n] g} nf]stGqnfO{ ;dfj]zL dfq agfpFb}g, df6f] / d'6'aLr ;'b[9 ;DaGw ljsf; ;d]t
ub{5 . cfw'lgs ljZj Joj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ /fhg}lts cfofdaf6 ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf tLg
/0fgLlt /x]sf] b]lvG5 M
• ;dflxtLs/0f (Assimilation): ;dfhdf /x]sf] ;fgf juL{o ;d"xnfO{ 7"nf ;+:s[ltdf ;dflxt
ug]{ k|lqmof ;dflxtLs/0f xf] (Assimilation into the larger society and the eradication

of ethnic peculiarities) . sfn{ 8f]Pr nufotsf ljåfgx?n] o; l;4fGtnfO{ k|d'vtf lbG5g\
eg] qmf]g/ nufotsf ljåfgx?sf cg';f/ o; ljlwaf6 ;fgf ;d'bfosf ljz]iftf / klxrfgx?
;dfKt x'g] x'bf /fi6« lgdf{0feGbf klg cGttM /fi6« lj;{hgnfO{ an k'¥ofp5 . o;n] PsLs[t
efjgf, PsLs[t ;dfh / ;jn /fHo ;+oGq l;h{gf ug{ ;Qm}g . hgjfbL u0ftGq rLg nufot
sltko ;fDojfbL d'n'sx?n] oxL 9fFrf k|of]u u/]sf sf/0f Toxf /fli6«o efjgf g} lgdf{0f x'g
;s]g . rLgn] ltJjtL / d';ndfg d"nsf dflg;x?df ;dflxtLs/0fsf] /0fgLlt lnPsf]n] Toxf
ljljwtf ;+of]hgeGbf klg ljljwtfsf] ljno ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL d"nsf dflg;nfO{ e'6fgdf
/ tfldn d"nsf dflg;nfO{ >Lnª\sdf oxL /0fgLltaf6 Joj:yfkg ug{ vf]lhPsf] lyof] .
• PsLs/0f (Integration)M :j}lR5s / ;fdflhs k|lqmofaf6 PsLs[t ug]{ /0fgLlt . of] /0fgLlt
:j]lR5s x'g] x'gfn] l9nf] k|lqmofaf6 ;fdflhs PsLs/0fsf] k|lqmof ;+:yfut x'G5 . o;
k|lqmofdf klg 7"nf klxrfgdf ;fgf klxrfg lj:tf/} ;dflxt x'G5g\, t/ :jLsfo{tf eg] /xG5 .
ljZjJofkLs/0f / tLj| j;fO ;/fOsf] k|lqmofn] klg o;nfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] 5 .
• lgjf{rg k|0ffnL (Election System) M ;fdflhs :j?k / ljz]iftf cg';f/ zf;sLo k|lqmofdf
cfd ;j{;fwf/0fsf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf lglZrt ug]{ ;j}eGbf ;zQm /fhg}lts /0fgLlt eg]sf]
lgjf{rg xf] . /fhg}lts k|lqmofdf x'g] ;xeflutfn] gLlt, sfo{qmd, ;|f]t ;fwg tyf zlQm
cEof;nfO{ s'g} ju{ cfu|xL aGg lbb}g / ax'n ;dfhsf] ;femf rl/q /fli6«o :j?kdf :yflkt
u/fp5 . efjgfTds ?kdf ;j}hgf /fli6«o k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z ePsf] cg'e"lt klg o;n]
u/fpF5 . nf]stGq ePsf d'n'sx?n] o; ljlwnfO{ ckgfpb} cfPsf 5g\ . nf]stflGqs zf;g
Joj:yf ePsf d'n'sdf !@ k|sf/sf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL eP klg k|d'vtM ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj,
kl/k"/s dtbfg, -;"rLdf cfwfl/t, Psn ;ª\qmd0fLo dt, Psn c;ª\qmd0fLo dt, ;dfgfGt/
dtk|0ffnL, ;Lldt dt, k|fyldstf dt_ nufotsf k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL, dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf
;xdtL lgdf{0f, :jfoQ If]q, ljz]if If]q, ljefhg nufotsf ljlwnfO{ pkof]udf Nofpg] ul/G5 .
-u_ ;fdflhs cfofd M
k|zf;lgs tyf /fhg}lts pkfoh:tf] ;fdflhs cfofdaf6 ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xh
x'b}g . lsgsL ;dfhdf u9]/ /x]sf] d"No;+:s[lt / klxrfgsf ljifo ;f¥x} ;+j]bgzLn x'G5g\ . t/
ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;fdflhs cfofd pk]lIft /Xof] eg] o;n] af:tljs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg
ug{ g} cj/f]w k'¥ofp5 . o; cGtu{tsf ljlwx? klg s]xL nf]stflGqs, s]xL :jfefljs / s]xL
c:jfefljs h:tf b]lvG5g\ . ;fdflhs :jLsfo{tf ;fk]Io /x]/ ljZn]if0f ubf{ To:tf] b]lvPsf] xf] .
cEof;sf cfwf/df oL kfFr /0fgLlt o; cGtu{t b]Vg ;lsG5 M
• ;dfg's"ng (Accommodation) M k|e'TjzfnL ;+:s[lt / ju{;+u csf]{ ju{ / ;+:s[lt lj:tf/} ldNb}
hfg] k|lqmof ;dfg's"ng xf] . of] :jefljs :jrflnt k|lqmof xf], hxfF /fHo h:tf cf}krfl/s
;+:yfx? o; k|lqmofsf ;xof]uLsf ?kdf /xG5g\ .
• ;dflxtLs/0f (Amalgamation) M ;;fgf ;d"x / o;sf cfgLjfgL 7"nf ;d"x / o;sf
d"No;+:s[ltdf ldl;P/ ljlng x'g] k|lqmof ;dflxtLs/0f xf] . o; k|lqmofdf cf}krfl/s ;+:yfx?n]
afWosf/L cj:yf klg l;h{gf ug{ k'U5g\ .

• ;lDdng (Assimilation) M 7"nf d"No ;+:s[ltdf ;fgf d"No ;+:s[ltsf klxrfgx? ljno u/fpg]
/0fgLlt ;lDdng xf] . o;nfO{ ;fdflhs cGt3'{ng ljlw klg eGg ;lsG5 . h:tf] rLgn]
ltJjtdf, kfls:tfg, aª\unfb]zdf u}/d'l:nddf of] /0fgLlt clVotf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . of]
nf]stflGqs k4lt xf]Og .
• k[ysLs/0f (Segregation) M hftLo ;f+:s[lts ;d"xx? Ps csf{;+u gldnL leGg /xg] cj:yf
g} k[ysLs/0f xf] . o; cj:yfdf hftLo, eflifs jf ;f+:s[lts ?kdf k[ystf vf]lhG5 . h:tf]
ls a]lNhoddf tLg eflifs ;d'bfo oxL :j?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . k[ysLs/0fsf] k|lqmof pu| ePdf
o;n] ljv08g klg lgDTofpg ;S5 . h:tf] hlh{ofsf] cJvflhof .
• ;f+:s[lts ax'njfb (Cultural Pluralism) M ljljw ;+:s[lt ePsf] ;dfhdf 7"nf / ;fgf d"No
;+:s[ltaLr ;dfg klxrfg / :jLsfo{tf lj:tf/ ug]{ tl/sf . wd{, hftL / cGo cfwf/df ;dfh
lg/k]If /xL ;femf ;fdflhs klxrfg sfod ul/G5 . ef/t, ;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sf, a]nfot,
ci6«]lnof ;f+:s[lts ax'njfbleq ;f+:s[lts ;d"xsf] klxrfg ;+/lIft 5 .
ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg / ;sf/fTds lje]bM
obfsbf ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg / ;sf/fTds lje]b Ps} xf] ls eGg] klg a'emfO{
/x]sf] kfOG5 eg] sltko cj:yfdf o; vfn] a'emfOn] e|d klg l;h{gf ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;dfhdf
ljBdfg c;dfgtf / ljljwtfnfO{ Joj:yfkg u/L ;fdflhs Gofo / /fHo k|lqmofsf] j}wtfsf nflu
oL b'j}n] of]ubfg ub{5g\ . oL b'O{aLr s]xL leGgtf / s]xL kl/k'/stf /x]sf] 5, h;nfO{ tnsf]
tflnsfaf6 :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 .
ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ;sf/fTds lje]b

ljljw ;+efjgfsf] ;dflxtLs/0f P]ltxfl;s uNtLsf] lgbfg
k"j{cu|;/tfd'vL (Proactive) k|ltlqmofd"vL (Reactive)
pknlAw lj:tf/ (Business advantage) Gofo / ;dfgtf lj:tf/
Better Serve to consumer cj;/ / kx'Fr lj:tf/
More Culturally aware Ifdtf / k|lt:kwf{ ;fF3'¥ofp5
Ifdtf / ;+efjgf klxrfg / pGgot u5{ Diversity in Unity
Diversity as Unity sfg"gL / ;+/rgfTds kIfdf hf]8
Jojxf/Ls / /fhg}lts k|lqmofdf hf]8 ;dflxtLs/0fsf] k|lqmof (Assimilation)
;fd"lxs ;+efjgf / pkof]usf] k|lqmof lgl:qmo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|lqmof
/fli6«o ljsf; / PsLs/0fsf] k|lqmof ;F:yfut cfofdaf6 dfq x]l/G5

ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkgsf r'gf}ltM
;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg cfkm}df r'gf]tLk"0f{ ofqf xf], b'O{wf/] xltof/ xf] . o;nfO{
pko'Qm / :jLsfo{ agfpg ;s]df o;n] ;fª\u7lgs ?kdf k|efjsfl/tf, ;fdflhs ?kdf ;xefj
/ /fli6«o ?kdf ;femf klxrfg ;lxtsf] PsTjsf] cg'e"lt :yflkt ub{5, cGoyf :yflkt d"No,
;b\efj / /fli6«o efjgfnfO{ :vlnt kfg]{ hf]lvd klg plQs} 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ljåfg åo af;]6
/ hf]G;n] eg]sf lyP, Diversity is a recognizable source of creativity and innovation
that can provide a basis for competitive advantage. On the other hand, diversity is
also a cause of misunderstanding, suspicion and conflict in the workplace that can
result in absenteeism, poor quality, low morale and loss of competitiveness . ljljwtf
Joj:yfkgsf r'gf}tLnfO{ b'O{ efudf /fv]/ pNn]v ubf{ a'emfO{nfO{ ;/n kfg{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ ;+u7g txsf r'gf}tL
• tgfj Nofpg ;S5, cgljZjf; a9fpg ;S5
• cgf}krfl/s ;~hfnLs/0fsf] ;+efjgf /xG5
• juL{o cfu|x k}bf gxf]nf eGg ;lsGg
• ;dfj]zL sfof{j:yf lgDTofpg ;S5
• of]Uox? aflxl/g] 8/
• ;f+u7lgs k|efjsfl/tf ¥xf;, ;]jfu|fxL c;Gt'li6, ;]jf:t/ ¥xf;
• kl/jt{gk|ltsf] cj/f]w
• Joj:yfkg ug{ sl7gfO{ -;|f]t, ;fwg, Ifdtf ljsf;, ;~rf/, cGt/j}olQms rfxgfsf
sf/0f cflb_ .
-v_ /fli6«o txsf r'gf}tL

• hftLo c/fhstfsf] ;+efjgf
• /fi6« lgdf{0feGbf lj;h{gsf] 8/
• ;fdflhs ;xefj sfod /fVg r'gf}tL
• ;fgf klxrfg ljno x'g] ;+efjgf
• /f]6Lsf] cfsf/ a9fpgeGbf efuj08f ug]{ xf]8
• ;femf d"No :yfkgf ug{df ;d:of
• ljljwtfsf] ;+:s[lt gj;];Dd ;+qmd0fsf] pRr nfut
• cfkm\gf] :jfy{ ;dk0f{ ug]{ g]t[Tjsf] cfjZostf x'G5 .


ljåfgx? ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;fd"lxs ld;fj6sf] Joj:yfkg (Management of
collective mixture) eGg ?rfp5g\, h'g gfd}n] klg c;lhnf] ljifo t x'b} xf], hxf leGg tyf
;dfg rl/qx? aLr Pscfk;df b]lvP/ gb]lvP/ k|lt:kwf{df /xG5g\, t/ eflifs, auL{o, hftLo,
wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / ef}uf]lns ljljwtf ePsf] g]kfnh:tf] d'n'ssf nflu o;nfO{ Pstfsf] cfwf/
gjgfO w/} gePsf]n] o;sf hf]lvdaf6 k//xg] eGbf klg ;+efljt hf]lvd cfpg glbg] u/L
Joj:yfkg ul/g' h?/L 5 .
ljljwtf Joj:yfkgdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gM
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;dfh Joj:yfkgsf] ldof], /fHo ;~rfngsf] ;+oGq / lqmofzLn
;+ljwfgsf ?kdf /xG5 . ;fdflhs ;+s]tx?;+u v]n]/ To;sf] ;fdflhs :jfy{df Joj:yfkg ug]{
bfloTj ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ePsf]n] o;af6 ;dfhn] 7"nf] ck]Iff /fv]sf] x''G5 . /fhg}lts k|0ffnLn]
ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf nflu lbzfjf]w ug]{ / ;femf d"No :yfkgf ug]{ sfd dfq ub{5g\ / Psk6s
;femf d"Nosf] 3f]if0ff ul/;s]kl5 ToxL ljifodf k6s k6s k|j]z ug]{ sfd klg ub}{g . ;fdflhs
ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;Gbe{df klg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] pNn]Vo e"ldsf /xG5, h;nfO{ oL
cfwf/df pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
• lje]b / cfu|x/lxt /fHo gLltsf] sfof{Gjog
• /fHosf d"No / dfGotfnfO{ ;+:yfut u/fpg] ;+oGq
• /fHo gLlt / d"Nosf] lg/Gt/tf
• j}rfl/s / juL{o j]d]ndf ;Gt'ngsf/L e"ldsf
• /fHo / hgtfaLrsf] ;DaGw ;"q
• j}rfl/s, hftLo / ;+f:s[lts ?kdf ;Gt'ng
• /fHosf] lqmofzLntf .
oL ;j} e"ldsfsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ /fli6«otfsf] afxs jf knknsf] /fli6«otf
(Everyday nationalism) klg eGg] ul/G5 .
g]kfndf ;fdflhs ljljwtfM

k|fs[lts, ef}uf]lns, eflifs, wfld{s, hftLo, h}ljs, ;f+:s[lts b[li6af6 g]kfn ljljwtfo'Qm
d'n's xf] . ef}uf]lns cjl:yltn] g} g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ cfwf/ lbPsf] 5 . lxdfn,
kxf8 tyf t/fO{ ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt dfq xf]Og, o;n] ;+:s[lt, /xg;xg, k]zf k|0ffnL, pTkfbg
;ª\u7g, ljt/0f k|lqmof, efiff, wd{, e]ife"iff, lhp8fn nufot y'k|} ljljwtfnfO{ cfwf/ lbPsf] 5 .
kl5Nnf] hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ g]kfndf a;f]jf; ug]{ hg;+Vof @,^$,($,%)$ /x]sf] 5 eg] !@#
dft[efiff af]lnG5g\, !@% hftL ;d'bfo 5g\ . $$+=^$ k|ltztsf] dft[efiffsf ?kdf g]kfnL /x]sf]
5 eg] u9jfnL #* hgfn] dfq af]N5g\ . !! wdf{jnDjLdWo] *!=# k|ltzt lxGb" / ^)( hgf lzv

wdf{jnDaL klg 5g\ . s"n hg;+VofdWo] !=( k|ltzt ljleGg :j?kdf ckfª\utf ePsf dflg;x?
5g\ . dlxnf %!=% / k'?if $*=% k|ltzt 5g\ . hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0f klg ;dfg 5}g . lxdfn /
kxf8df qmdzM ^=& / $# k|ltzt / t/fO{df %)=# k|ltzt 5 . w]/} pBf]u Joj;fo ?kGb]xL, af/f
/ df]/ªdf 5g\ eg] em08} Psbh{g hlt lhNnfdf clxn] klg s'g} klg pBf]u snsf/vfgf g} 5}gg\ .
lxdfn / kxf8 hnfwf/ / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] cfwf/ xf] / o;n] dfgj hLjgsf nflu cfjZos
h}ljs ljljwtfhGo ;]jf (ecosystem services) lbO/x]sf] 5 eg] pkTosf / t/fO{ pTkfbg /
pkef]usf s]Gb| x'g\ . oL ljljwtfn] leGgtf dfq ge} cGt/cfj4tfnfO{ klg ;ª\s]t ul//x]sf]
5 . lxdfnsf] hf8f] 5Ng t/fO{ emg]{ / t/fO{sf] udL{ 5Ng kxf8 lxdfnlt/ pSng] ul/G5 . o;n]
kfl/l:ylts cfj4tfnfO{ ;ª\s]t ul//x]sf] 5 . c? w]/} cfofdaf6 c? cfj4tf b]lvg;S5 .
g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f kZrft cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf; z'? x'G5 . P]ltxfl;s cfwf/sf]
ljj]rgf ubf{ g]kfn k/Dk/fut lxGb" a0ff{>ddf cfwfl/t ;dfh xf], /fhf /fd zfxn] uf]/vfdf
a;fPsf] l/ltlyltnfO{ g} k[YjLgf/fof0f zfxn] klg lg/Gt/tf lbP . h;sf] sf/0f zf;g k|0ffnLdf
k|d'v xtf{stf{sf ?kdf j|fXd0f / If]qLo /xg k'u] . k|d'v ;xof]uL k|d'v 5 y/sf] ;d"x -y/ 3/_
df s]jn a|fXd0f If]]qLo g} lyP . /f0ffsfn k/Dk/fut lxGb" cltjfb / a0ff{>dsf] sf/0f c?
k|ltufdL b]lvof] . lj=;+= !(!) df d'n'sL P]g hf/L ePkl5 ;fdflhs ljljwtfdfly cf3ft k'Ug
u} dgf]j}1flgs ?kdf g} g]kfnL ;dfh ljeflht /Xof] . /fhsLo zlQm / ;fwgsf] cEof;df /f0ff
tyf 7s'/L / ;Lldt a|fXd0f dfq ;+nUg x'g] cj;/ kfP eg] n}ª\lus ?kdf klg k'?if dfq cj;/df
lyP . zf;g k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf lgif]lwt lyof] . wfld{s ?kdf klg lxGb" wd{ / eflifs ?kdf
g]kfnL efiffsf] cflwkTo lyof] . k|hftGq k|flKt kl5sf k'g zfxsfn k|f/De x'G5 . lgs} 5f]6f] ;do
ax'bnLo Joj:yf sfod /x] klg o;n] dxz'; x'g]u/L sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ kfPg . k~rfot zf;g
k|0ffnLdf nfu" ePsf] gofF d'n'sL P]gn] k/Dk/fut hftL k|yfnfO{ ;'wfg{ ;Lldt sfd eP klg
wfld{s ?kdf ;gftgL lxGb" Joj:yf / o;}af6 lglb{i6 a0f{ k/Dk/f sfod} /Xof], /fhgLlts ?kdf
lgb]{lzt Joj:yfn] b/jf/sf rfxgfsf dflg;nO{ dfq ;xeflutfsf] 9f]sf v'Nnf kf¥of] . …xfd|f] /fhf
xfd|f] b]z, xfd|f] efiff xfd|f] e]ifÚ nfO{ /fli6«o Pstfsf] cfwf/ dflgof], lxGb"nfO{ ;+j}wflgs ?kdf
g} /fHosf] wd{sf ?kdf :yflkt ul/of], k'?ifnfO{ dfq /fi6«fWoIfsf] cf/If0f ul/of] . oL Joj:yfn]
g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] af:tljstfnfO{ pk]Iff u/]sf] efg ldNYof] . ;fdflhs ;dflxtLs/0f
(Assimiliation) sf] k|lqmof lyof], kl/0ffdtM cNk;+Vos, lk5l8Psf] ;Dk|bfo, blnt hghfltx?
d"nk|jfxaf6 al~rtLs/0fdf lyP, ;fdflhs ?kdf 5'jf5't afFsL g} lyof] . ljåfgx? k~rfotL
zf;gsfnnfO{ Non-Hierarchical Mono-cultural society eGg ?rfp5g\ .
;j} :j?ksf u}/nf]stflGqs k4ltdf ;fdflhs ;Dk|bfox?sf] klxrfg / /fhsLo Joj:yfdf
;xeflutf /xg ;Sb}g . lj=;+=@)$^ df nf]stGq axfnL kl5sf] 8]9 bzssf] ;do Non-
Hierarchicl Plural Socities sf ?kdf /Xof] . ax'bnLo Joj:yf nfu" ePkl5 /fhg}lts ljrf/ /
d"Nosf cfwf/df ;xeflutfd"ns zf;gk4ltsf] cEof; z'? eof] . hftL, wd{, efiff, wd{ / n}ª\lus
;jfn o;kl5 k|d'v ?kdf p7] / lgjf{lrt pbf/jfbL ;/sf/x? ljleGg ;+/rgf, k|lqmof / gLltut
Joj:yfdfkm{t ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf /0fgLltx? cl3 ;fg{ tTk/ /x] . ;+ljwfgn] g} ax'n
;+:s[ltnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]kl5 ;fdflhs ju{x? klg cfkmgf] klxrfgsf nflu cfjfh d'vl/t ug{ k'u],

gful/s ;dfh / cfd;~rf/sf dfWodn] o; sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofP . t/ lgjf{lrt ;/sf/n] Ps
sfo{cjlw klg k"/f gub}{ /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf] e'd/Ldf d'n's km:of], /fhf / s]xL k|ltudgsf/L
zlQm cl:y/tfsf nflu pBt eP . /fhfn] zlQm k'gM xTofO{ k|ToIf lg/ª\s'z zf;g Joj:yf z'?
u/] eg] u'd]sf] nf]stGqnfO{ axfnL ug{ ;+;bLo bnx?n] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldP, dfcf]jfbL
cfd"n kl/jt{g;lxtsf] u0ftflGqs nf]stGq :yfkgfsf nflu u'l/Nnf åGådf b]lvof] . cGttM ;+;bLo
cfGbf]ngsf/L zlQm / cfd"n kl/jt{gsf/L u0ftGqjfbL zlQmaLrsf] ;Demf}tf e} lg/ª\+s'z /fhtGq
;bfsf nflu ;dfKt eof] . o;n] ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ ;+of]hg ug]{ gof cfwf/ lbg k'Uof] .
c;dfgtf / al~rtLs/0fM
nfdf] ;do;Dd ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] oyfy{nfO{ kof{Kt ;+jf]wgljgf g} zf;sLo Joj:yf
;~rfng x'b} cfPsf]n] o;sf] c;/ b'O{ cfofddf b]lvP . klxnf] /fli6«o ljsf; / PsLs/0fdf
k|lts"ntf / bf];|f] c;dfgtf / al~rtLs/0f . klxnf] c;/sf sf/0f ljleGg ;fDk|bflos ;d"xx?
dgf]a}1flgs ?kdf ljeflht h:tf b]lvP, cfkm"nfO{ x]lkPsf], zlQmcEof; / zf;sLo k|lqmofaf6
cnUofOPsf] dxz"; ug{ k'u] . o;n] ;fdflhs ;b\efj ljyf]Ng] cfwf/ lbof], ;fdflhs ljljwtf
/fli6«o ljsf;df b]lvg kfPg / ljeflht lgi7f b]lvg yfNof] .
nfdf] ;do;Dd zlQm, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cEof;df 7"nf] ;d'bfo g;d]l6bf pgLx?sf] rfxgf,
k|fyldstf / cfjZostfx? /fli6«o gLlt sfof{qmddf ;+jf]wg ePgg\ / pgLx? ljsf; k|lqmofaf6
klg lsgf/f / emg lsgf/f x'b} al~rLtdf kg{ uP . o;n] c;dfgtfsf ljljw :j?k b]vfpg
yfNof], st} s'07f, st} knfog / st} cfqmf]; o;sf] :j?k lyof] . ljljwtf ;+jf]wg gx'bf b]lvPsf
c;dfgtf ;DaGwL ;"rsfª\sx?n] ljsf; Joj:yfkg tyf zf;sLo cj;/df Gofo gePsf] b]lvPsf]
5.
lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfOnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL tof/ kfl/Psf] ;fdflhs cfod ;"rsf+ª\s
(Social Dimenson Index) df kxf8L a|fXd0f )=^&(, t/fO{ a|fXd0f +^)), g]jf/ )=^&*, kxf8L
hghftL )=%$(, t/fO{ hghflt )=&!(, kxf8L blnt )=$*%, t/fO{ blnt )=### / g]kfnsf]
cf};t ;"rsfª\s )=&!( /x]sf] 5 . To:t} cfly{s ;fwgdflysf] kx"r, u}/ul/jL / hLjg:t/nfO{
cfwf/ dfgL tof/ kfl/Psf] cfly{s cfofd ;"rsfª\s (Economic Dimension Index) df kxf8L
j|fXd0f )=^)$, t/fO{ a|fXd0f )=^#!, g]jf/ )=^!#, kxf8L hghftL )=%!), t/fO{ hghftL )=%!*,
kxf8L blnt )=#(), t/fO{ )=@(& / g]kfnsf] cf};t )=%!% 5 . k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutf, cfjfh /
;ª\u7g k|0ffnL Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;xeflutfsf cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] /fhg}lts cfofd
;"rsfª\s (Political Dimension Index) df kxf8L j|fXd0f )=&)@, t/fO{ j|fXd0f )=&(^, g]jf/
)=^^(, kxf8L hghftL )=@#^, t/fO{ hghflt )=@^#, kxf8L blnt )=!$! / t/fO{ blnt )=!#&
/x]sf] 5 hjls g]kfnsf] cf};t ;"rsfª\s )=@(& 5 . efiff, wd{ / /Llt Joj:yf (Costomary
Governance) ;dfj]z u/L th'{df ul/Psf] ;f+:s[lts cfofd ;"rsf+s (Cultural Dimension
Index) df kxf8L a|fXd0f )=(^&, t/fO{ a|fXd0f )=(*^, g]jf/ )=^^(, kxf8L hghftL )=(^#,
t/fO{ hghftL )=&%^, kxf8L blnt )=(#*, t/fO{ blnt )=&(& / g]kfnsf] cf};t ;"rsfª\s
)=*#@ 5 . To:t} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kx"r, cfly{s :jfoQtf, gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xeflutf / of}lgstf

(control over the body) Pjd\ dlxnf lx+;fnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L th'{df ul/Psf] n}ªlus cfofd
;"rsfª\sdf kxf8L a|fXd0f )=%@*, t/fO{ a|fXd0f )=$*$, g]jf/ )=%&%, kxf8L hghftL )=%%!,
t/fO{ hghftL )=$%^, kxf8L blnt )=$*$, t/fO{ blnt )=#%^ / g]kfnsf] cf};t ;"rsfª\s
)=%)* /x]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs klxrfgsf ;Gbe{df dxTjk"0f{ dflgg] ;fdflhs ;xefj ;"rsfª\s
(Social Cohension Index) , h;df lghL cfjf; tyf wfld{s If]q / ;fd'bflos :yfgdf k|j]z
/ ;fdflhs ;Ddfg Pjd\ klxrfgnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5, sf cfwf/df kxf8L a|fXd0f )=(%(,
t/fO{ a|fXd0f )=*^*, g]jf/ )=()!, kxf8L hghftL )=*)(, kxf8L blnt )=)=#@*, t/fO{ blnt
)=$&@ / g]kfnsf] cf};t l:ylt )=&(! /x]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs ljsf;sf ;j} ;"rsfª\sdf kxf8L
a|fXd0f÷If]qL, t/fO{ a|fXd0f / g]jf/ /fli6«o cf};teGbf dfly 5g\ eg] kxf8 tyf t/fO{sf hghftL,
kxf8 tyf t/fO{sf blnt / cGosf] l:ylt sdhf]/ b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] t/fO{ tyf kxf8sf blnt,
hghfltnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;df cfj4tf / ;dfj]zLs/0f ug{ cfjZos ePsf] tkm{ klg ;Gb]z lbG5 .
oL dfq xf]Og, cGo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, ;fIf/tf, ;d[l4 cflb ;"rsdf klg c;dfgtf b]lvPsf] 5 . of]
l:ylt nfdf] ;do;Dd ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ ;+jf]wg gul/bf b]lvPsf] xf] .
ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/M
c;dfgtf / al~rtLs/0faf6 s'g} klg ;fdflhs ju{nfO{ /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts,
cfly{s / dgf}j}1flgs ?kaf6 /fli6o ljsf;df cfj4Ls/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0f ug'{sf] ljsNk 5}g .
nf]stGq cfkm}df ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg xf] . nf]stGqnfO{ bL3{hLjL / :yfgLs/0f ug{' eg]sf]
ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug]{ xf] . t/ o;nfO{ s;/L ckgfpg] jf ljljwtfnfO{ ;+of]hg ug]{ ;/n cfwf/
s] x'g\ ;S5g\ eGg] ljifodf ;"qfTds pQ/ 5}g, g To;/L pQ/ vf]Hg g} ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ :yfgLo
kl/j]z, P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld / /fhg}lts ;+:s[lt Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;xgzLntf h:tf kIfn] k|efj
kfg]{ ub{5 . g]]kfnsf ;Gbe{df eg] oL tTjnfO{ ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5,
h;nfO{ ljljwtfsf sf/s tTjsf ?kdf klg lnOb} cfPsf] 5 .
• efiff (Linguistic)
• ;+:s[lt -Cultural)
• Oltxf; / k[i7e"ld (Historic)
• wd{ lg/k]Iftf (Keep silent on religion: state has no religion)
• :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g (Local Governance)
• cfly{s ;d[l4 (Economic Prosperity)
/fHo k'g;+/rgf / ljljwtf Joj:yfkgM

lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] hudf pleP/ lgdf{0f ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;dfj]zL
nf]stGq, /fHosf] k'g;+/rgf / ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ cfwf/e"t ljz]iftfsf ?kdf cfkm"df
;dflji6 u/L o;}nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ /fHok|0ffnLnfO{ dfu{bz{g u/]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf oL tlg kIfå/f
g} cfd g]kfnLsf] o'uko{Gtsf] ;kgf k"/f u/L ljljwtf g} Pstf eGg] ;Gb]zdfkm{t /fli6«o Pstf

;Dej 5 . of] g} ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;df pGgog ug]{ nf]stflGqs k|lqmof xf] .
k~rfotL zf;g cjlwdf ;fdflhs ljljwtf / ;f+:s[lts ax'ntfnfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{ u}/nf]stflGqs
k4lt cjnDjg ul/of], h'g ;j}sf] klxrfg ;fy ;femf /fli6«o klxrfg :yfkgf ug]{ ljlw ge} ;fgf
;fDk|bflos hftL, wd{, efiff / ;f+:s[lts ;d"xnfO{ 7"nf] klxrfgdf cGt/3'lnt ug]{ ljlw lyof] .
o;n] dgf] j}1flgs ?kdf ljljwtf ;+of]lht ePg . ljeflht lgi7f sfod /Xof], ;femf lgi7f / d"No
sfod ug{ of] k|lqmof g} jfws b]lvof] . @)&@ df hf/L ePsf] ;+ljwfgn] nf]stflGqs ljlwdfkm{t
ljljwtfnfO{ g} Pstfsf] cfwf/ agfpg] cfzo /fv]sf] 5 . ;dfj]zL nf]stGq, /fHosf] k'g;+/rgf
/ ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL ;fdflhs ljljwtf / ax'ntfnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljlwsf] ?kdf :jLsfl/Psf]
5 . oL tLg ;+j}wflgs cGt/j:t'n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ultzLn ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg]
cfwf/ lbG5 . o;y{ oL tLg ljifon] s;/L ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ ultzLn ?kdf ;+jf]wg ub{5 eGg]
;Gbe{df logLx?sf] cy{nfO{ pNn]v ug{ cfjZos x'G5 M
;dfj]zL nf]stGqM
• nf]stGq eg]sf] hgtfsf], hgtfsf nflu hgtfåf/f ul/g] zf;g xf] . o;df ;fj{ef}d hgtfåf/f
lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx?af6 zf;g ;~rfng x'g] ub{5 . o; cy{df nf]stGqdf ljljwtfnfO{
cfdGq0f ul/G5 .
• ;dfj]zL nf]stGqdf dlxnf cflbjf;L hghftL, blnt, dw]zL nufot ;j}sf] /fHodf ;dfg
kx"r / k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ tyf klxrfgsf] ;+/If0f ul/G5 . ;+ljwfgt g]kfn ;dfj]zL
nf]stGq ;+:yfut ug]{ k|lqmofdf 5 .
• ;dfg'kflts lx;fjn] zlQm / ;|f]tsf] jfF8kmfF8 ug'{n] ;dfj]zL nf]stGqnfO{ dhj't u/fp5 .
/fHo k'g;++/rgfM
• /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf eg]sf] o;sf] /fHo ;~rfngsf k|lqmofx?sf] k'gM;+/rgf xf] tf ls o;n]
k/Dk/fut zlQm / ;|f]t cEof;nfO{ ;j} hgtfsf] rfxgf / rfv cg'?k agfpg ;sf];\ .
• /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf d"ntM ef}uf]lns If]q, zlQm ;+/rgf / ;DaGw cflbnfO{ k'gMn]vfhf]vf
ul/G5 / cfdgful/s / :yfgLo ;+:yfnfO{ alnof] agfpg] sfd ul/G5 .
• ljut /fHo Joj:yf / ;+/rgfdf s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] sf/0fn] clwsf/ s]Gb|df dfq ;Lldt /x]sf]
lyof] . To;}n] d'n'sdf ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}ª\lus ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{
/fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;+r/gf cfjZos dflgPsf] xf] .
;+3Lo zf;gM
• ;+3Lo zf;g o:tf] zf;sLo Joj:yf xf], h;df ljleGg ;+3Lo OsfOx? ldn]/ /fHosf] lgdf{0f
ub{5g\ . g]kfndf s]Gb|n] k|b]z tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/ h:tf k'g;+/lrt zf;sLo txx?nfO{ cnu
cnu zlQm / lhDd]jf/L lbP/ zf;g k|lqmofnfO{ :yfgLos/0f ul/b}5 .
• zf;sLo txx? cfkm"nfO{ ljlgof]lht clwsf/ / ;fwg ;|f]tsf] cEof;dfkm{t ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf]
kl/eflift cEof; ub{5g\ .
• ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf cfcfkm\g} df}lns zlQm / ljlzi6tf klg x'G5g\ .
zf;sLo cEof;sf ;Gbe{df oL txx? cfk;L ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ klg ub{5g\ . Pscsf{nfO{
lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng klg ub{5g\ .
o;y{ jt{dfg ;+ljwfg ;+3Lo zf;g, /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf / ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] ljlwdfkm{t
ax'n ;dfhsf ljz]iftfnfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug{ lqmofzLn 5 .
;++j}wflgs lglb{i6tf / ljljwtf Joj:yfkgM

;+ljwfgn] ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns ljljwtfnfO{
cfTd;ft u/L PsTjsf] cg'e"lt lgdf{0f ug]{ cfzo /fv]sf] 5 / o;}cg'?k ;d:t /fHo k|lqmofnfO{
lbzfjf]w klg u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgdf ePsf k|d'v k|fjwfgx?M
• /fi6« lgdf{0fdf ljljwtfsf] ;+of]hg -wf/f #_ .
• wf/f @$ 5'jf5't lj?4sf] xs, wf/f @% wfld{s :jtGqtf, wf/f #@ efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] xs,
wf/f $) blntsf] xs, wf/f %! /fHosf gLlt .
• ax'ntf / ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;dtfd"ns ;dfh, ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj / klxrfg ;+/If0f -wf/f
%^ /fHosf] ;+/rgf_ .
• efiff, ;dfj]zL / cGo cfof]ux?dfkm{t ;fdflhs ljljwtf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] sfo{sf] cfwf/
:yfkgf .
• wf/f *$ -!_ M k|ltlglw ;efdf k|To]s lhNnfaf6 sDtLdf Ps hgf -ef}uf]lns hg;+Vof_ klxnf]
x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 / ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 !!) hgf g]kfnL
;dfhsf cf7 ;fDk|bflos ;d"xaf6 k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf .
• /fli6«o ;ef M k|To]s k|b]zaf6 sDtLdf # dlxnf, Ps blnt / Ps ckf+utf ePsf JolQm jf
cNk;+Vosaf6 u/L * hgf k|ltlglwTj x'g] .
• /fli6«o ;efdf /fi6«kltaf6 lgo'Qm x'g] # ;b:odf sDtLdf Ps dlxnf .
• wf/f (! M k|ltlglw ;efdf ;efd'v jf pk;efd'vdf Pshgf dlxnf .
• wf/f (@ M /fli6«o ;efsf] cWoIf / pkfWoIfdf Ps hgf dlxnf .
• wf/f !&^ M k|b]z ;efsf] ;dfg'kflts tkm{sf] pDd]bjf/Ldf ;dfj]zL l;4fGt cjnDjg / h;df
Ps ltxfO dlxnf clgjfo{ .
• wf/f !*@ M k|b]z ;efsf] ;efd'v / pk;efd'v dWo] Ps hgf dlxnf .
• wf/f @!% M ufp sfo{kflnsfdf $ dlxnf / blnt / cNk;+Vosaf6 @ hgf ufp;efn] lgjf{lrt
ug]{ .
• ufpkflnsfsf j8fdf @ dlxnf ;b:o clgjfo{ .

• wf/f @!^ M gu/ sfo{kflnsfdf % dlxnf / blnt / cNk;+Vosaf6 # ;b:o lgjf{lrt x'g] .
• gu/kflnsfsf j8fdf @ hgf dlxnf ;b:o .
• wf/f @^( M /fhg}lts bnn] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljljwtfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{u/L ;dfj]zL
k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf cfkm\gf bnx?leq ug{'kg]{ ;+j}wflgs lglb{i6tf .
• wf/f @*% M ;/sf/L ;]jf u7gdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGt cjnDjg .
• vf; ju{sf] pTyfgsf nflu sfg'gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] .
• ;+j}wflgs lgsfox?df lgo'lQmdf ;dfj]lztfsf] l;4fGt cjnDjg .
;+ljwfgdf ePsf Joj:yfn] ef}uf]lns, hftLo, If]qLo, n}ª\lus, k|zf;lgs / ;fª\u7lgs
ljljwtfnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ /fHo k|0ffnLnfO{ dfu{bz{g u/]sf] 5 .
k|zf;lgs ;]jf / ljljwtf Joj:yfkgM

;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;/sf/sf] :yfoL ;+:yfut ;+oGq ePsfn] o; ;+:yfnfO{ hlt ;dfj]zL
agfpg ;lsof], Tolx ?kdf ;fdflhs ljljwtf ;+jf]wg x'g] ePsf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g, @)$( sf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)^$ af6 cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kdf kl5 k/]sf ju{nfO{ lghfdtL
;]jfdf k|j]z tyf a[lQ Joj:yfkgdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] sfo{ k|f/De ug{ k'Uof] eg] cGo ;/sf/L
;]jf tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfdf klg lghfdlt ;]jfn] :jLsf/]sf] l;4fGtnfO{ qmdzM cjnDjg ul/Psf]
5 . t/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf ;j} k|fjwfgx? If]qut sfg'gx?n] cem} :jLsfl/ ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / If]qut ;]jfdf ePsf ljz]if Joj:yfx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
• cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kdf lk5l8Psf ju{sf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]b / cf/If0fsf]] Joj:yf .
• efiff, ;dfj]zL / cGo cfof]ux?dfkm{t ;fdflhs ljljwtf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] sfo{sf] cfwf/
:yfkgf .
• ;dfj]zL l;4fGt nfu" x'g] kbdf ;]jf k|j]zsf] pd]/ ;x'lnot (Entry Age Advantage) .
• ljsf;tkm{ cljl5Gg ?kdf kfFr jif{b]lv sfd ul//x]sf dlxnfx?sf] xsdf klg pd]/sf] xb
gnfUg] Joj:yf .
• ;dfj]zL ju{sf nflu k/LIf0f cjlw cfwf/ dfq sfod (Probation Period Advantage)
• ;dfj]zL ju{sf nflu kbf]Ggltsf] cjlwdf ;x'lnot (Promotion Advantage)
• vf; kb dlxnfsf nflu dfq ljlgof]lht .
• k'/:sf/ cGo a[lQ cj;/df k|fyldstf .
• k|x/L, ;z:q an, g]kfnL ;]gf / cGo ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf v'nf kbk"lt{ ubf{ dlxnf, hghflt
dw]zL, blnt / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf nflu ;+/lIft ul/Psf] .
• k|To]s ljBfnodf Pshgf dlxnf lzlIfsf . ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf Pshgf dlxnf .

oL ;sf/fTds pksf/sf sf/0f lghfdtL ;]jfdf pNn]Vo dfqfdf dlxnf, hghflt÷cflbjf;L,
dw]zL, blnt, ckfª\u / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] pkl:ylt a9]sf] 5 . cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf / ;ª\ul7t If]qdf
klg ;sf/fTds c;/ b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 .
ljsf; sfo{qmd / ljljwtf Joj:yfkgM
ljsf;sf k|ltkmn ;dfhsf ljleGg ju{n] ;dfg ?kdf pkof]u ug{ ;Sb}gg\, t/ vf; ju{
s'g}klg gLlt tyf ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 a9L nefGjLt x'b} cfPsf 5g\ . o; l:ylt /x];Dd ljsf;n]
;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug{ ;lsb}g, g nf]stflGqs / sNof0fsf/L /fHoJoj:yfsf] sQ{Jo g} Tof] xf] .
To;}n] ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg r/0fdf al~rtLdf k/]sf ju{x?sf] ljz]if pkl:ylt clgjfo{
ul/g' / ljsf;sf k|ltkmnsf] ;dGoflos ljt/0f ;'lglZrt ul/g' cfjZos dflgG5 . gjf+} k~rjifL{o
of]hgfaf6 blnt, hghflt, lk5l8Psf] e"uf]n / dlxnfsf nflu k|fydlstf lbg] gLlt cjnDjg
ul/of] . bzf} of]hgfdf ;dfj]lzs/0f / ;'zf;gdfkm{t ul/a tyf ljkGg ju{ pTyfg ug]{ b[li6sf]0f
/flvof] . xfn ljleGg nlIot sfo{qmd dfkm{t ;LdfGts[t ju{ tyf If]qnfO{ ;+jf]wg ug]{ ul/b} cfPsf]
5 . s]xL ;f+s]lts pbfx/0fx? M
• ul/j tyf ljkGgnfO{ hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd
• dlxnf nlIft sfo{qmdx?
• dlxnf, hghftL / blntnfO{ 5fqa[lQ
• %) a9L dlxnf sd{rf/L÷sfdbf/ ePsf k|lti7fgdf lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] Joj:yf
• s0ff{nL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd
• vf; ju{ nlIft :jf:Yo pkrf/ / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd
• ;|f]t ljlgof]hgdf Gofo sfod ug{ cfwf/
• ah]6 sf]8sf] Joj:yf
• k|fs[lts ;|f]t pkof]udf :yfgLonfO{ cu|flwsf/
• pkef]Qmf ;ldltdf dlxnf tyf cGo ju{nfO{ k|fyldstf
• If]qut gLltdf nlIft Joj:yfx?
• lbuf] ljsf; nIosf nIo g+ *, !) / !^ cGt/;DalGwt ?kdf /x]sf .
ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf r'gf}tL / cg'Ql/t ;jfnM

;+j}wflgs / ;+/rgfut Joj:yfaf6 dfq ;fdflhs ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsb}g . g
To;/L ;f]lrg' g} pko'Qm x'G5 . ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg ;fdflhs ;+:s[lt / cled'vLs/0fsf]
klg ljifo xf] . To;}n] cf}krfl/s ;+:yf / k|lqmofsf] ;xhLs/0fsf ;fy ;fdflhs cGt/lqmofsf
k|lqmofx? lqmofzLn ePkl5 dfq jf:tljs cy{df ljljwtf Joj:yfkg x'G5 . /fhg}lts tyf
k|zf;lgs pkfox?n] o;nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofp5g\ . g]kfndf bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngkl5

;+ljwfg hf/LeP;Ddsf l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf cem} oL ;jfnx?
cg'Ql/t 5g\, h;nfO{ ulxl/P/ ljZn]if0f u/]/ g} al~rtLsf] ;dfwfg / ljljwtfsf] Joj:yfkg ug{
;lsG5 .
• ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] ;+of]hg ls ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj < ;+ljwfgn] sltko kIfdf ;dfj]zL
;dfg'kflts l;4fGtnfO{ pNn]v u/] klg ;du| ?kdf ;fdflhs ljljwtf ;+of]hgdf b]lvPsf]
5.
• w]/} ;fgf7"nf ;+:s[ltx?df ;dfj]zL / ;fd"lxs klxrfg :yfkgf s;/L <
• kfqx?n] cfkm"n] cfGtl/sLs/0f (Internalize) gu/]sf] ljifodf ljljwtf Joj:yfkg s;/L <
• ljutsf] lj/fztn] klg ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efj kfl//x]sf] 5 . O{iof{ / zª\sfaLr
ljljwtf Joj:yfkg < -Pp6} efiff Pp6} e]if lxhf]sf] ;+:sf/, ;oy/L afhf Ps} ;"/ clxn]sf]
cfjZostf_ .
• :jfy{ / ;dk0f{sf] ;+Gt'ng s;/L < h'g ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] k"j{zt{ klg xf] .
• ;femf a'emfO{ lgdf{0f u/L ljljwtfsf] nfe ljt/0f;Dd k'Ug] ;+:s[lt ljsf; s;/L <
• nfdf] ;ª\qmd0f, ;Lldt ;|f]t . ;j{;fwf/0fsf] cfsf+Iff / ck]Iff ;+jf]wg ug{ g;lsP pu| s'07f
/ cfqmf]; hfUg ;S5 .
• l;Sb} cEof; ug]{ ljifo, xfd|f nflu gf}nf] klg xf] t/ ;+od / w}o{ s;/L < cfh} ;j} ljifo
;+jf]wg x'G5 eGg] a'emfO{ / o;af6 cfkm"x? 3f6fdf k5f}{ eGg] csf]{ a'emfO{ klg 5 .
• ;dfj]zL :ynx? c;dfj]zL ag] s] ug]{ <
pk;+xf/M
g]kfnL ;dfh k/Dk/fut ?kdf Pscfk;df ;b\efj / ;xsfo{ /fVg] ;dfh xf] . ;fgf
7"nf w]/} hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt, wd{, efiff h:tf ljlzi7tf /x]/ klg Pscfk;df slxn] ljjfb ge}
…;j}hftsf] ;femf km"naf/LÚ sf ?kdf :yflkt 5 . t/ Tof] ;f}xfb|{tf / ljljwtf zf;sLo k|lqmofdf
eg] ;dfj]z e}g;s]sf]n] kl5Nnf lbgx?df klxrfg / ljjfbsf pu| :j/x? klg ;'lgb} cfPsf 5g\,
h;nfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{ /fHosf] k'g;+/rgf ul/b} 5 . ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] ljsf; / ;~hfnLs/0fn] klg
ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;3fPsf] 5 / bjfj klg l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . zf;g k|lqmofdf ;dfj]zLtf,
k|zf;sLo Joj:yfdf ;xeflutf / ;dfhdf ;lxi0f'tf ljsf; x'b} u/]sf]n] ;j} ;fDk|bflos ;d"xsf]
ljlzi6 ;+efjgf /fli6o ljsf;df pGgog x'g] jftfj/0f jg]sf] 5 . km]l/ klg of] lg/Gt/sf] k|lqmof
ePsfn] s;}n] s;}k|lt å]if / b'ef{j /fVg] ;f]ra[lQ ;+w}sf] nflu cGt ul/g' kb{5, h;sf nflu
/fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf] pbfx/0fLotf h?/L x'G5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿M
uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, ;fdflhs ljljwtf / ljljwtf Joj:yfkg -cGt/lqmofsf] sfo{kq,@)&#_,
ck|sflzt .
uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x? -kl/dflh{t rf}yf] ;+:s/0f,@)&@_ , ;f]kfg,
l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}+ .
pd]zk|;fb d}gfnL, ljljwtf Joj:yfkg, ;lrj uf]li7df k|:t't sfo{kq, @)&#
;+ljwfg ;ef, hfGg}kg]{ s]xL s'/fx?, dlxnf, sfg"g / ljsf; ;dfh, @)^$
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno, @)&@
Deve Raj Dahal, Political Perspectiveon Social Development in Nepal, C N A S
Journal, Vol 22, 1995
Hari Prasad Bhattarai, Cultural Diversity and Pluralism in Nepal, CNAS J o u r n a l ,
vol31, 2004
Yas Ghai, Etnicity, Identity, Participation and Social Justice, Working Paper, 2013
Buddhi Karki-ROHOn Edrisinha, The Federalism Debate in Nepal,
UNDP/SPCBN, 2014
www.crossingtheborder.com.np
• • •

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf /fh:j lhDd]jf/L (Revenue Assignments)
;DaGwL Joj:yf
*
–u+ufbQ cj:yL
!= k[i7e"ldM
bLuf] zflGt, ;'zf;g, lasf; / ;d[l4sf] cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ sf ;fy} hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d
clwsf/,:jfoQtf / :jzf;gsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t ;+:yfut ug{ ;+lawfg ;efaf6 P]ltxfl;s
;+lawfg kf/Lt eO{ hf/L ;d]t ePsf] 5 . ;+a}wflgs Aoj:yf cg';f/ g]kfn ca ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs
u0ftGqdf ?kfGt/0f ePsf] 5. g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgf ca ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg
txsf] x'g] 5 / /fHozlQmsf] k|of]u pk/f]Qm tLg txn] ;+lawfg / sfg"g adf]lhd ug]{ 5g . g]kfn
at{dfgdf ;ft k|b]z, &% lhNnf ;ef, k'g ;+/rgf cfof]uaf6 tf]lsPsf] ;+Vof / l;dfgf adf]lhd
sf ufFpkflnsf / gu/kflnsf :yfgLo tx cGtu{t /xg] Aoj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . ufFpkflnsf
/ gu/kflnsfsf j8fsf] ;+Vof eg] ;+3Lo sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf ;+lawfgdf ePtfklg
g]kfn ;/sf/n] :yfgLo tx k'g;{+/rgf cfof]unfO{ l;kmfl/z ug{ sfof{b]z ;d]t lbPsf] 5 . To:t}
;+lawfgn] ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';fF:s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns lalawtfo'Qm laz]iftfnfO{
;Daf]wg ;d]t ug{ / ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts ;+/If0f jf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu laz]if, ;+/lIft jf
:jfoQ If]q sfod ug{ ;Sg] / tL If]qsf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug{ ;d]t pk/f]Qm cfof]unfO{ g} lhDd]jf/L
;'Dk]sf] 5.
tLg} txsf ;/sf/x?nfO{ ;+lawfg adf]lhd g} Aoj:yfksLo / sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ ;d]t
k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 / ;+3Lo sfg"g ;+u g aflemg] u/L k|b]zn] / ;+3Lo / k|fb]lzs sfg"g;+u gaflemg]
u/L ufFp ;ef / gu/ ;efn] sfg"g agfpg] clwsf/ ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . k|To]s txsf ;/sf/sf]
sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lsf] Aoj:yf ;+lawfgsf] cg';"rL %,^, / * df ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] Psn
Pj+ & / ( cg';"rLdf qmdzM ;+3 / k|b]zsf] tyf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;femf clwsf/sf]
/ cjlzi6 clwsf/ ;+3df /xg] Aoj:yf ;d]t ul/ /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] 5 . pk/f]Qm
Aoj:yf af6 ltg} txsf ;/sf/ cf–cfkm'nfO{ k|fKt clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;+lawfg / sfg"g adf]lhd
:jfoQ /x]sf 5g eGg] :ki6 x'g cfpF5 . jt{dfgdf k|wfgd+qL tyf dlGql/ifb sfof{noaf6
kfFr j6f laifo If]qut ;d'x sfo{ bn u7g sf ;fy} k|To]s d+qfnodf k|flalws ;ldlt ;d]t
u7g u/L sfo{ lhDd]jf/LnfO{ la:t[lts/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf]5 . la:t[lts/0f
ubf{ ;+lawfgsf] cg';"rL adf]lhdsf sfo{ lhDd]jfl/sf ;fy} ;+lawfgaf6 k|bQ df}lns Pjd
ljsf; ;DaGwL xs, /fHosf gLlt lgb]{zs l;WbfGt, laifout sfg"g,sfol{\aefhg lgodfjnL
nufotsf sfo{x?nfO{ ;d]tsf] ;Gbe{ lnO{ txut ?kdf k|To]s txdf ul/g] sfo{ lhDd]jfl/sf] ;"rL
* k"j{;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ .

tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . ca pQm k]z ul/Psf] ;"rLnfO{ >Ldfg d'Vo ;lrj Ho"sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t
;dGjo ;ldlt tyf ;DdfggLo k|wfgd+qL Ho"sf] cWoIftfdf ul7t pRr:t/Lo lgb]{zs ;ldltdf
k]z x'g] Aoj:yf /x]sf]5\ . o;/L ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] Aofks Pj+ cy{k'0f{ ;xeflutfdf tof/
ul/Psf] ;'rLnfO{ ;DalGwt laifout sfg"gdf ;d]t ltg} txsf] k|To]s txdf ul/g] sfo{nfO{
;dfa]z u/]sf] v08df :ki6tf cfO sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;xh x'g] 5 .
o; n]vdf ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf k|d'v rf/j6f :tDe dWo] bf>f] :tDe /fh:j lhDd]jf/L
;DaGwL laifodf jl9dfqfdf laj]rgf ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 / ;+lawfgdf lglb{i6 ul/Psf vr{
;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L sfo{s'zntf / k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;Dkfbg ug{ rflxg] ljQLo >f]t ;fwg
kl/rfngsfnflu cGo cf}hf/x?, h:t} cGt/;/sf/L ljQLo x:tfGt/0f -/fh:j afF8kmfF8 ;d]t_
C0f Ajj:yf sf ;fy} jt{dfgdf b]lvPsf gjkl/jt{gzLn cf}hf/x? h:t} ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L,
;fj{hlgs ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf tyf lglh If]qsf] k|ToIf nufgLsf laifosf] klg ;+lIfKt kl/ro
;Dd ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
@= ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfM

laQLo las]G›Ls/0fsf rf/j6f dxTjk'0f{ :tDedWo] sfo{ -vr{_ lhDd]jf/L sf] txut afF8kmfF8,
sfo{ lhDd]jf/LnfO{ s'zntfk"j{s ;Dkfbg ug{ nfUg] nfut nfO{ a]xf]g{ /fh:j kl/rfng ug]{ clwsf/
;lxt sf] lhDd]jf/L, cGt/ ;/sf/L lalQo x:tfGt/0f -/fh:j afF8kmfF8 ;d]t_ tyf C0f lng ;Sg]
clwsf/ klg ;+lawfgaf6g} ;DalGwt ;/sf/nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+lawfgn] Aoj:yf
u/]sf tLg} txsf ;/sf/nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ /fh:j p7fpg kfpg] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
tflnsf g+ !
;+lawfg adf]lhd tLg} txsf ;/sf/sf] /fh:j lhDd]jf/L ;DaGwL clwsf/
tx
;+3 k|b]z :yfgLo
e+;f/ /lhi6«]zg z'Ns -hUuf /lhi6«]zg z'Ns- hUuf / 3/_
/ 3/_
cGtMz'Ns :yfgLo s/:;Dklt s/
d"No clea[l4 s/ 3/axfn s/
JolQmut cfos/ e'ld s/-dfnkf]t_, dfnkf]t ;+sng

;+:yfut cfos/ s[lif cfodf s/ Joj;fo s/
kfl/>lds s/ ;jf/L ;fwg s/ ;jf/L ;fwg s/
/fxbfgL z'Ns dgf]/+hg s/ dgf]/+hg s/
le;f z'Ns la1fkg s/ la1fkg s/
ko{6g b:t'/ ko{6g b:t'/ ko{6g z'Ns
;]jf z'Ns/b:t'/ ;]jf z'Ns/b:t'/ ;]jf z'Ns/b:t'/
b08 h/Ljfgf b08 h/Ljfgf b08 h/Ljfgf
k|fs[lts >f]taf6 k|fKt k|fs[lts >f]taf6 k|fKt k|fs[lts >f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L
/f]oN6L /f]oN6L
pk/f]Qm tflnsfdf b]vfOP cg';f/ ko{6g b:t"/ / k|fs[lts >f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L ;+3, k|b]z
tyf :yfgLo tLg} txdf bf]xf]/f] k/]sf]5 eg] 3/, hUuf /lhi6]zg z'Ns, ;jf/L ;fwg s/, dgf]/+hg
s/ / lj1fkg s/ k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf bf]xf]l/Psf] 5 . k|b]z txdf s[ifL cfodf s/ nufpg]
k|fjwfg ;d]t /flvPsf] 5.
pk/f]Qm afx]s ;+lawfgaf6g} tLg} txsf ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] clwsf/ leqsf] cfly{s clwsf/
;DaGwL laifodf sfg"g agfpg], aflif{s ah]6 agfpg], lg0f{o ug]{, gLlt tyf of]hgf tof/ ug]{ /
sfof{Gjog ug]{ :jfoQtf ;d]t /xg]5 . o; afx]s cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]q leq s/ nufpg] / /fh:j
p7fpg ;Sg] ;d]t clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5. ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr /fh:j afF8kmfF8 Pj+
ljQLo x:tfGt/0f ;DaGwdf klg la:t[t Aoj:yf ;d]t ;+lawfgdf ul/Psf] 5 .
#= /fh:j lhDd]jf/L ;DaGwdf k|rlnt cjwf/0ffM

æljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fn] /fHosf] s'g txsf] ;/sf/nfO{ s] s:tf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/L lbg], :ki6
sfo{ ljefhg / ;'lDkPsf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/LnfO{ s'zntf Pj+ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng Joj:yfkg
ug{ s] s:tf s/, u}/s/sf >f]t :jo+ kl/rfng ug lhDd]jf/L{, /fHfZj afF8kmfF8 jf cGQ/;/sf/L
ljQLo x:tfGt/0f u/L ljQLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ / a9\bf] k"FhLut lgdf{0f ljsf;sf nflu C0f lng
;Sg] clwsf/ sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ug{] Joj:yfnfO{ cfˆgf] If]qleq ;d]6\b5 .
o;/L lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ljQsf ljåfgx?n] lgDg cjwf/0ff / l;4fGt
k|ltkfbg u/]sf 5gM

;g\ !(%( Dff R. Musgrave n] ;/sf/sf tLg j6f k|d'v sfo{ lgDgfg';f/ ljefhg u/]sf
5g\ M
-!_ cfly{s l:y/tf sfod ug{] (Macro Economic stabilization)
-@_ cfDbfgLnfO{ Gofok"0f{ t/Lsfn] ljt/0f ug{] (Distribution with justice)
-#_ ;fwg / >f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 ug{] (Allocation of means Resources)
cfly{s l:y/tf sfod ug{] sfo{nfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] lhDdfdf lbOg'k5{ . pQm Joj:yf
cGtu{t d"No l:y/ /fVg] /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] / e'QmfgL ;Gt'ngnfO{ 7Ls 7fpFdf /fVg] cflb
Joj:yf kb{5g\ =;/sf/sf csf{] ljt/0f jf k'glj{t/0fsf] sfo{ klg :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] eGbf s]Gb|
;/sf/s} lhDdfdf /xg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /lxcfPsf] 5 . h;cGtu{t cfly{s cf}hf/sf] k|of]u u/L
k|ultzLn s/sf] dfWodaf6 jf ljQLo :yfgfGt/0fsf dfWodaf6 k'glj{t/0f sfo{ klg ug{ ;lsg]
x'G5 .
;/sf/n] ug{] csf{] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ug'{ xf] . o:tf sfo{x? k|fb]lzs
jf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] lhDdf lbP/ jf ;xsfo{df sfo{ u/]df k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg
x'G5 .
æljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] ;Gbe{df ljZn]if0f ug{'kg{] s'/f 7Ls t/Lsfn] bfloTj ljt/0f ug{]
/ To;sf] nflu pko'Qm ;fwg / >f]tx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{] xf] .Æ vf;u/L kmfObfnfO{ cfly{s
;xof]u;Fu hf]8\g], cfDbfgLnfO{ vr{;Fu hf]8\g] / /fhZj IfdtfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLtf;Fu
hf]8\g] u/]df :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;jnLs/0f x'g] -s+8]nM @)^!_
R. Musgrave n] cfˆgf] sfo{kqdf pk/fi6«Lo:t/sf ;/sf/nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] s/sf]
clwsf/ lbFbf pko'Qm x'g] egL ;d]t pNNf]v ug{' ePsf] 5 .
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] nflu s/sf cfwf/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ l:y/ :jefjsf s/ jf clwsf/ lbFbf
:yfloTj /xG5 . ljz]if u/]/ :yfoL, k|zf;g ug{ ;lhnf] / s/sf] ef/ x:tfGt/0f ug{ gldNg]
vfnsf] >f]t x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] kfOG5 = ;]jf tyf pkof]u z'Ns÷b:t'/ ;a} txsf ;/sf/n]
cfjZostfg';f/ nufpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug{] k|rng /lx cfPsf] 5 .
Roy Bahl n] ljleGg ;]jfsf] vr{ a]xf]g{sf] nflu s]xL lglZrt dfkb08 tf]Sg' ePsf] 5
h;cg';f/Ù
• ;fj{hlgs pkof]usf] ;fwg k|of]u ubf{ pkef]Qmf z'Nsaf6 a]xf]g{ h;n] k|of]u u5{ p;n]
z'Ns ltg]{ .
• ;fdfGo ;]jf h;n] To; lglZrt If]qsf ;a} afl;GbfnfO{ :yfgLo s/sf dfWod k|of]u ug{] .
• olb s'g} lglZrt ;]jf ToxfF a:g] afl;Gbfn] dfq pkof]u ug{] geO{ afXo JolQmx?n] klg
k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvPdf k|fb]lzs s/af6 jf /fh:j afF8kmfF8af6 jf cGt/;/sf/L
ljQLo x:tfGt/0fsf dfWodaf6 a]xf]g]{ .
To;sf/0f s/sf l;4fGt adf]lhd æ;DklQ s/ / pkef]Qmf z'NsÆ p7fpg kfpg] clwsf/
:yfgLo tyf k|fb]lzs ;/sf/sf] lhDdfdf /xg'k5{ eGg] ljifos ;a}df ;xdlt ePsf] kfOG5 =
csf{] dxTjk"0f{ s/sf] cjwf/0ffdf nfesf] l;4fGt /x]sf] 5 . h;n] pko'Qm R. Bahl sf]
k|:t'ltaf6 klg k'i6L u5{ . :yfgLo k|fb]lzs ;/sf/af6 >[lht ;]jfx?af6 kmfObf lng] JolQm
nfeflGjt ;d"x;Fu To:tf] ;]jf pkof]u u/]af6 z'Ns b:t'/ ltg{ kg{] Joj:yf ul/G5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf]
z'Ns, b:t'/ ToxfF a;f]jf; ug{] afl;GbfnfO{ dfq geO{ kmfObf lng] hf] sf]xLn] klg ltg{'kg{] x'G5
/ of] klg h?/L xÚFb}g ls z'Ns, b:t'/ ltg{'kbf{ k'/f nfut p7\g] u/L ltg{' k/f];\ . o:tf] Joj:yfn]
pkef]Qmfdf ;]jf ;Úljwf l;h{gfdf nfut nfU5 eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; ;d]t u/fpF5 . ;fdfGotof
b'O{ k|sf/sf nfex? u0fgf ug{] ul/G5 M
-!_ k|ToIf ?kdf k|of]u ug{] k|of]ustf{nfO{ dfq kmfObf k'Ug] M
s_ o; cGtu{t ;]jfsf] pkef]u, kmf]xf]/d}nf, sjf8L ;+sng, 9nsf] lgsf;, kfls{Ë, ;8s,
gx/, 6f]n b:'t/, k|j]z z'Ns h:t} lrl8ofvfgf, Do'lhod, v]ns'b, ;8s k|of]u cflb .
v_ Ohfht kq b:'t/M Joj;fo :yfkgf, ;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kq, sjf8Lsf] Ohfht kq,
btf{ tyf gjLs/0f, 3/hUuf vl/b cflb .
u_ hUuf ljsf;M s'g} ljsf; sfo{n] cljsl;t 7fpFsf] ljsf;nfO{ s'g} lglZrt jfl;Gbf
jf hUufwgLnfO{ k'Ug] kmfObf .
@_ To:tf ;]jf h;jf6 w]/} dflg;n] ;]jf ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . o:tf] ;]jf cGtu{t ;]jfsf]
pkof]u ug{] JolQm / ;]jfsf] aLrdf k|ToIf ;DaGw ufF:g sl7gfO{ kb{5 . o:tf k|sf/sf
;]jfdf Joj;fo s/åf/f lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 / To:tf] Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{] kmd{, sDkgLnfO{
To;n] ug{] Joj;fosf] n]vfhf]vfsf] cfwf/df s/ nufpg ;lsG5 .
P.K. Mohanty n] ef/tsf] x}b/fjfb zx/sf] jfl;Gbfsf nflu ;|f]t kl/rfngsf ;Gbe{df
lgDg dfkb08 cjnDjg ug{' ePsf] 5M
s_ hxfF nfeflGjt ;d""x / nfe k'¥ofpg] j:t'sf] klxrfg ;lhn} ug{ ;lsG5 . ToxfF To:tf JolQm
;d"xaf6 ;]jf lbP jfkt z'Ns b:t'/ s/ ltg{ nufpg] =
v_ hxfF nfesf] dfkg ug{ ufx|f] 5 t/ nfeu|fxLnfO{ klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf
nfeu|fxLnfO{ s/ nufpg] .
u_ olb nfe k'Ug] j:t' jf nfeflGjt ;d"xsf] klxrfg ug{ sl7gfO{ ePdf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ s/
nufO{ cem a9fpg] .
3_ w]/} nfut nfUg] kF"hL lgdf{0f ug{] of]hgfsf nflu C0f lng pko'Qm x'G5 .
ª_ ul/anfO{ nlIft u/L nfu" ul/Psf] 5'6x? u/Lan] kfpg] kf/blz{ tl/sf cjnDjg ug{] /
To;sf] b'?kof]u /f]Sg] k|jGw ldnfpg] .

Roy Bahl/R.M. Bird n] :yfgLo÷k|fb]lzs ;/sf/nfO{ cf–cfˆgf] If]qdf s:tf s/, b:t'/
jf z'Ns nufpg kfpg] :jfoQtf /xg] laifonfO{{ lgDgfg';f/ lj:tf/ ug''ePsf] 5 M
• :yfgLo jf k|fb]lzs ;/sf/n] s/ nufpg] jf gnufpg] :jfoQtf /xG5,
• ltgnfO{ s/sf cfwf/ lgwf{/0f ug{] klg clwsf/ /xG5,
• ltgn] s/sf] b/ klg lgwf{/0f ug{] clwsf/ /fV5g\,
• ;]jf s/sf] d'Nof+sg, ;+sng tyf nfu" ug{] ;DaGwL k|zf;g ub{5g\,
• cfk\mgf] If]q cGtu{t nfu" ul/Psf ;a} vfn] s/ u}/s/ c;'n u5{g\ .
o; cy{df pk/fli6«o:t/df nufpg] To:tf] s/ xf] h'g pk/fli6«o:t/sf] ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf]
b/df ;DalGwt ;/sf/åf/f lgwf{/0f x'G5 / ;f]xL ;/sf/åf/f g} ;+sng x'G5Ú -jN8 P08 jfl0fr,
!((@, s8]n, @)^!_ .
pk/f]Qm pNn]v ePsf ;a} u'0f :yfgLo, k|fb]lzs s/df ;a} d]n gvfg] klg x'g ;S5g\ .
ljleGg b]zdf ljleGg vfnsf s/ ;DaGwL clwsf/ :yfgLo, k|fb]lzs ;/sf/nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5
/ s'g lsl;dsf] /fhZj kl/rfng ug{] :jfoQtf To; b]zdf ljBdfg 5, To;s} cfwf/df klg dfkg
ug{] ul/G5 .
o:tf] kl/l:yltdf lgDgfg';f/sf] lrq0f (Scenario) x'g;S5 M
• s/sf] cfwf/ / b/ tf]Sg] :jfoQtf pk/fli6«o :t/df /xg ;Sg],
• s/sf] cfwf/ s]Gb|n] tf]Sg] t/ b/ pk/fli6«o:t/sf ;/sf/n] tf]Sg ;Sg],
• s/sf] cfwf/ / b/sf] Go'gtd / clwstd c+s s]Gb|af6 lgwf{/0f x'g],
• s]Gb|af6 ;a} s/ cfk}+mn] p7fO{ /fhZj afF8kmfF8sf dfWod jf ljQLo x:tfGt/0fsf dfWodaf6
pknAw u/fpg ;lsg],
• s]Gb|af6 nufPsf] s/df :yfgLo ;/sf/n] s]xL k|ltzt l;/f]ef/ s/ nufO{ ;+sngsf] clwsf/
pk/fli6«o :t/df lbg],
• :yfgLo k|s[ltsf] s/ s]Gb|n] g} Joj:yfkg ug{] u/]df To;n] pk/fli6«o:t/sf] :jfoQtf /
ckgTjdf uDeL/ c;/ kfb{5 / s]Gb|k|ltsf] k/lge{/tf a9\g uO{ pk/fli6«o:t/sf ;/sf/
s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf OsfO{sf] ?kdf sfd ug lgb]{lzt lgsfo x'g ;S5g\ .
pk/fli6«o :t/sf ;/sf/nfO{ s/ p7fpg ;Sg] :jfoQtfsf kIfdf lgDg ts{ k|:t't ug{] ul/G5 M
• pk/fli6«o :t/df sfo{ lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug{ cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwg cfk}+mn] h'6fpg ;Sg]
;Ifdtf k|bfg x'G5
• ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;d'lrt k|of]udf ;3fp k'U5
• s/bftfk|lt pQ/bfloTjdf a[l4
• s/ ;fdfGotof hgk|ltlglwn] dfq nufpg kfpg] x'Fbf pk/fli6«o :t/sf] g]t[Tjsf] pQ/bfloTjdf
j[l4sf ;fy} ;]jf k'¥ofpg lhDd]jf/ x'g] / s/ a9L Jojxfl/s x'g]
• pk/fli6«o :t/sf] s/ ;+sngdf hg;xeflutf h'6\g ;s] ;+sng nfut 36\g ;S5
• pk/fli6«o :t/ nfO{ ;Ifd, hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ / hgtfsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg s/ nufpg] clwsf/
Joj:yf ug{ h?/L x'G5
• olb :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ s/sf] b/ tf]Sg] clwsf/ gePdf To:tf lgsfodf :jfoQtf /
:jtGqtf /xFb}g .
uNtL ug{ kfpg] / To;sf] kl/0ffd ef]Ug kfpg] :jtGqtf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] dxTjk"0f{
efu xf] . :yfgLo ;/sf/x?n] /fhZj p7fpg] :jtGqtf lbO{ uNtL ug{] / To;sf] hjfkmb]lxtf cfk+}mn]
Joxf]g{] kl/l:ylt l;h{gf gu/];Dd hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfoL ;/sf/ agfpg] s'/f sNkgf dfq x'ghfG5
-j8{, @))), ;fef/ s8]n @)^!_ .
$= cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] ljZn]if0fM

dfyL tflnsf g+= ! df b]vfOP cg';f/, g]kfnsf] ;+lawfgn] pk/f]Qm l;4fGt c+lusf/
u/sf] 5 5}g ljZn]if0f ul/x]bf{, pk/fi6«Lo txdf (sub-national) nufpg kfpg] s/, b:t'/, z'Ns
g]kfndf klg s]lx ckjfb afx]s cjnDjg u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ pk/f]Qm Aoj:yfn] sl/a ()Ü s/
;+sng ;+3n] g} ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5. sfo{s'zntfsf lx;fan] s]G› n] pQm /fh:j p7fPtf klg To;sf]
;dGoflos lat/0f pk/fli6«o:t/df /x]sf k|b]lzs Pj+ :yfgLo ;/sf/df x'g' kg]{ h?/L b]lvG5 .
jt{dfg sfo{ lhDd]jfl/sf] at{dfg ;+lawfgsf] cg';"rL adf]lhd x]g]{ xf] eg] Psn ;"rLdf #%,@!
/ @@ qmdzM ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] / @% / !% ;djlt{ ;"rLdf @% / !% qmdzM ;+3
/ k|b]z tyf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L !!* j6f sfo{ lhDd]jf/L ;+lawfgaf6 g} lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
5. pQmfg';f/ sl/a @#Ü / #)Ü hlt sfo{ qmdzM k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo :t/n] ;Dkfbg ug{' kg]{ x'g
cfpF5 t/ tL ;/sf/x?n] p7fpg kfpg] /fh:jn] tf]lsPsf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lsf] ;Dkfbg k|efjsf/L
?kdf ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xb}g . o:sf/0f /fh:j afF8kmfF8 jf ljlQo x:tfGt/0f tyf cfGtl/s
Pj+ jfXo C0fsf dfWod af6 jf lghL If]q, ;d'bfosf] of]ubfg ;d]t h'6fO{ pk/fli6«o txdf ljQ
Aoj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L laleGg >f]taf6 h'6fOg] /sdnfO{ e/kbf]{ / ljZj;gLo agfpg
/fli6o k|fs[lts >f]t tyf ljlQo cfof]u nfO{ ;+lawfgaf6g} clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf]n] pQm cfof]usf]
u7g klg h¿/L x'g cfpF5 . /fh:j afF8kmfF8 tyf ljQLo x:tfGt/0f nfO{ ;d]t kf/bzL{ / e/kbf]{
agfpg cGt/;/sf/L ljQLo Aoj:yfkg ;DaGwL P]g ;d]t th{'df ul/ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg]{
x'g cfpF5 .
olb at{dfgdf ePsf] ;+a}wflgs Aoj:yf / ;flasdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%%
n] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ u/]sf] Aoj:yf x]g]{ xf] eg] klg vf;} leGgtf kfOb}g -x]g{'xf]; cg';"rL !_
at{dfgdf ;+lawfgn] 3/axfn s/ p7fpg kfpg] lhDd]jf/L :yfgLo:t/df lbPsf] 5 eg] ;fljsdf
of] s/ s]G›df /flvPsf] lyof] / :yfgLo :t/df @Ü s/df yk lz/f]ef/ s/ nufP/ p7fpg] ul/Psf]
lyof] .

k|f]km];/ Jamie Boex n] g]kfnsf] ;+lawfgdf u/]sf] Aoj:yfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ l6Kk0fL u/]sf
5g . (Boex, 2016)
• /fh:j>f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 cltg} s]lG›s[t u/]sf] kfOPsf]5, k|d'v >f]t ;+3df /flvPsf] 5
• k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo:t/df s]lx dfqfdf / Go"g cfo k|fKtx'g] >f]tsf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5
• o; Aoj:yf af6 k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo:t/df laQLo x:tfGt/0faf6 /sd pknAw u/fpg' kg]{
x'G5 .
• at{dfgdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n] Aoj:yf u/] adf]lhdsf /fh:j >f]tsf]
Aoj:yf dfq u/]sf] 5 eg] tL klg ufFpkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsfnflu Ps}gf;sf] Aoj:yf
ePsf] 5 .
• sl/a PsltxfO{ vr{ k|b]lzs / :yfgLo:t/df x'g] b]lvG5 .
• k|fs[lts >f]taf6 k|fKt x'g] /fh:j afF8kmfF8df k|fljlws / /fhgLlts hl6ntf cfpg ;S5g
k|f]km];/ /f}o s]nL (Roy Kelly) n] :yfgLo /fh:jsf] /fhgLlts cy{zf:qnfO{ lgDgfg';f/
a0f{g u5{gM
s]G›Lo ;/sf/ :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ /fh:jsf >f]t / s/ nufpg] lhDd]jfl/ / clwsf/ lgIf]k0f
ug{ lgDg sf/0f b]vfpFb} klG5g] ub{5g\,
• pk/fli6«o:t/sf ;/sf/x?;+u pxL s/ >f]tsf]nflu ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] klg k|ltof]lutf ug{' kg]
• laQLo gLltdflysf] lgoGq0f u'Dg ;Sg] vt/f
• ;+efJo cfly{s larngsf ;fy} cfly{s a[l4 Pj+ ;dtfsf] k|efjdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;Sg]
vt/f
pk/fli6«o:t/df /x]sf ;/sf/x? klg cfˆgf dtbftf dfly s/ nufpg] lhDd]jfl/ lng
lxrlsrfpF5g lsgeg] s/ nufP/ :yfgLo hgk|ltlgwL ck[o x'g rfxb}gg (Kelly, 2016)
pk/f]Qm sygsf] dgg ug]{ xf] eg] pk/fli6«o:t/df /x]sf ;/sf/x?nfO{ cf–cfˆgf] txdf
/fh:j kl/rfng ug]{ lgs} r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 . jt{dfgdf :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] cfˆgf]
>f]taf6 /fh:j kl/rfng ug]{ Ifdtf lgs} Go"g b]lvPsf] 5 . e/v/} k|sflzt :yfgLo lgsfo ljQLo
cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgsf cfFs8f x]g]{ xf] eg] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg tyf s]G›Lo s'n cfodf :yfgLo
lgsfosf] cfosf] of]ubfg laut tLg jif{sf] -@)^(÷&) b]vL &!÷&@_ cfosf] t'ngf x]g]{ xf] eg]
qmdzM @=$$, !=*@, !=$% 5 eg] ;f]xL cjwLdf /fli6«o cfodf !@=#(, *=#% / ^=*& /x]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 . pk/f]Qm tYofÍ x]g]{ xf] eg] :yfgLo lgsfosf] cfo 36g] qmddf /x]sf] 5 To:t} ljut
kfFr jif{sf] -@)^&÷^* b]lv &!÷&@_ tYof+s x]g]{ xf] eg] uf la ;, lh=lj=; tyf g=kf=sf] cfˆgf]
>f]tsf] cfo qmdzM !),!!,!#,!^ / !@Ü,, !(,!*,!#,,@@ / ^(Ü tyf $#,$@,&*,!!# / !^$Ü /x]sf]
kfOG5 . pk/f]Qm tYof+saf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] uflj;sf] cfDbfgL 36bf] qmddf / clGtd aif{x?df
lhlj; / g=kf=sf] cfDbflg a9bf] qmddf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;f] x'g'sf] sf/0f s]G›af6 g=kf=df /fh:j

afF8kmfF8sf] /sd ;f]em} / :yfgLo ljsf; sf]ifsf] /sddf a[l4 ePsf] sf/0fn] a9]sf] kfOPsf] xf] .
;/b/df x]g]{ xf] eg] uflj; / lhlj; s]G›Lo cg'bfgdf al9 lge{/ /x]sf 5g eg] gkf x?sf] cfˆgf]
cfodf s]lx a9f]Ql/ /x]sf] 5 t/ Joj;fo s/ / 3/hUuf s/ sf] ;+sng b/ Psbd Go"g $)Ü
eGbf klg sd /x]sf] 5 t/ s/ c;'lnsf] ;+efJotf eg] al9g} /x]sf] 5. To;sfnflu :yfgLo txn]
al9g} d]xgt ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;af6 s]G›k|ltsf] lge{/tf 36fpg ;lsG5 . t/ ;a} :yfgLo lgsfosf]
cj:yf / l:ylt Psgf;sf] klg 5}g\.
jt{dfgdf klg cfosf] lx;fjn] x]g]{ xf] eg] ;a} k|b]z / :yfgLo:t/sf] ljljwtf k|z:t
kfOG5 . sf7df08f} dxfgu/kflnsf / gf/fo0f gu/kflnsf Ps}gf;sf 5}gg eg] uflj;df klg To:t}
ljifdtf /x]sf] 5 . ;+lawfg adf]lhd cfosf] >f]t x]g]{ xf] eg] ufFpkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] cfosf]
>f]tflwsf/ Ps}gf;sf] /x]sf] 5 . o;sf/0f ca u7g x'g] k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/x? klg
s]G›Lo x:tfGt/0fdf g} lge{/ /xg' kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
%= /fh:j clwsf/ sfof{Gjogsf nflu s]xL ;'emfjx?M

g]kfnsf] ;+lawfgn] k|To]s txsf ;/sf/sf] sfo{ / /fh:j ;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f
ul/g' cfkm}df Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ pknAwL xf] . g]kfn ;+u ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] cfˆgf] cg'ej 5}g.
;+3Lotfdf laleGg txdf /x]sf ;/sf/sf nflu /fh:j ;DaGwL clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 lgs} dxTjk"0f{
/ ;Da]bgzLn laifo xf] . o;nfO{ ;+3Lo laQ Aoj:yfsf] dd{ tyf laQLo Aoj:yfkgsf] k|rlnt
cGt//fli6«o l;4fGt Pj+ c;n cEof;sf cfwf/df ;/sf/sf laleGg txdf :yflkt ug]{ cEof;
ul/g' kb{5 . at{dfg cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] ;+lawfgn] u/]sf /fh:j ;DaGwL k|jwfgx? k"0f{tof
sfof{Gjogdf cfpg g;s]sf sf/0f clxn]g} o; ;DalGw ;d:of k|:t't ug{ ;lsb}g . t/ eljiodf
;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgDg ;'emfj k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
!= ;+lawfgdf sltko s/, b:t'/ Pj+ z'Nssf cfwf/x? laleGg txsf ;/sf/df bf]xf]l/Psf
b]lvPsf 5g . To;sf/0f k|To]s txut ;/sf/n] nufpg kfpg] /fh:j sf cfwf/x?df
:ki6tf ca th{'df x'g] cGt/;/sf/L laQLo Aoj:yfkg ;DalGw ;+3Lo sfg"g åf/f :ki6 ul/g'
kg]{ x'G5 .To;sfnflu oyflz3| P]g sfg"g th{'df u/L nfu" ul/g' kb{5 .
@= 3/ hUuf /lhi6]«zg b:t'/, ;jf/L ;fwg s/, dgf]/+hg s/ / lj1fkg s/ ;fljsdf 3/ hUuf
/lhi6«]zg b:t'/ s]G›Lo ;/sf/n] nufp+b} cfPsf]df pQm s/sf] cfwf/ ca k|b]z tyf :yfgLo
b'j} txnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . ;+3Lo Joj:yfdf ljZje/g} e"ld Aoj:yfkg ;DalGw sfo{ /fHo jf
k|fb]lzs ;/sf/sf] /x]sf] x'G5 o;sf/0fn] klg pQm s/ c;'nL k|b]z ;/sf/n] ubf{ g} pko'Qm
x'g cfpF5 / /fh:j afF8kmfF8sf cfwf/df :yfgLo :t/df plrt k|ltzt laQLo cfof]uaf6
lgwf{/0f u/L pknAw u/fpg] Ajj:yf ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 lsgls ;+lawfgdf 3/hUuf wlgk'hf{
ljt/0fsf] sfo{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Psn lhDd]jf/Ldf /flvPsf] 5 .

#= ;jf/L ;fwg Ohfht, s/, b:t'/, z'Ns cflbM ;+lawfgn] /fli6«o nf]sdfu{ ;+3Lo txdf /
k|b]zdf k|b]z nf]sdfu{ Pj+ :yfgLo txdf klg :yfgLo ;8s, u|fld0f ;8s,s[lif ;8s lgdf{0f
ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 . ;jf/L ;fwgsf] cg'dlt tLg} txsf ;/sf/sf] ;djlt{ ;"rLdf ;d]t
;dfa]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;fljsdf s]G› ;/sf/n] ;jf/L ;fwg s/, ;fj{hlgs ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{
af6f] Ohfht b:t'/ / /fli6«o nf]sdfu{df ;jf/L ;fwg pkef]u b:t'/ c;'n ul/b} cfPsf]
5 . cGt//fli6«o ;fdfGo k|rng cg';f/ ;+3Lo Joj:yfdf ;jf/L ;fwgsf] Aoj:yfkgsf]
lhDdf k|fb]lzs ;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf] kfOG5 o;sf/0fn] klg ;jf/L ;fwgaf6 k|fKt x'g] s/,
b:t'/ tyf z'Ns k|fb]lzs ;/sf/df /flv plrt lat/0fsf] Aoj:yf ul/g'kg]{ x'g cfFp5 .
$= l;g]df xn,lel8of] xn, ;fF:s[lts k|bz{g :yn, s]jn, OG6/g]6 cflbM l;g]df xn,lel8of]
xn, ;fF:s[lts k|bz{g :yn, s]jn, OG6/g]6 cflbaf6 k|fKt x'g] dgf]/+hg s/ xfndf :yfgLo
;/sf/n] nufO{ cfPsf]df cGt//fli6«o k|rng cg';f/ klg pk/f]Qm cfoaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfo
:yfgLo ;/sf/n] p7fpg kfpg] Aoj:yf x'g'kg]{ x'G5 .
%= pk/f]Qm s/fwf/af6 k|fKt x'g] cfonfO{ ;d'lrt lat/0f ug{ /fh:j afF8kmfF8, ;/rfh{ Pj+
Psn k|zf;g sf dfWod af6 klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
^= s[lifdf cfos/ at{dfg ;+lawfgn] k|fb]lzs ;/sf/nfO{ s[lifdf cfos/ nufpg kfpg] clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . xfn s]G› ;/sf/n] s[lif nufotsf] cfodf cfos/ nufPsf] kfOG5. s[lif
/ u}x| s[lif cfodf 5'§f 5'§} s/ nufpFbf Jojxfl/s sl7gfO{ x'G5. l5d]sL d'n's ef/tdf klg
s[lifdf s/sf] clwsf/ /fHo ;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf] kfOG5 t/ k|efjsfl/ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5]g .
o;sf/0f pQm s/ nufpg] laifo s]G› ;/sf/sf] cfos/ ;+u} ;+sng u/L k|b]z txnfO{
ljt/0f ul/g' pko'Qm xf]nf .
&= ;DklQ s/M ;DklQ rn crn b'j} lsl;dsf] x'g] x'Fbf o;sf] JofVof cf–cfkmg} t/Lsfn] u/L
rn ;DklQdf klg ;/sf/n] nufpg ;Sg] x'gfn] o;sf] /fd|f] ;+u sfg"gdf JofVof u/L 3/
hUuf h:tf] crn ;DklQdf dfq nufOg] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . lautdf Plss[t ;DklQ s/
nufpFbf 3/ hUufsf] d'Nofs+gsf] nflu la:t[t dfkb08 / lgb]{lzsf nfu' ePsf] g kfOPsf]n]
s/ nufpg] clws[tnfO{ Go"g ljj]s k|of]u ug]{ ul/ :ki6 dfkb08 ;d]t tof/ ul/ nfu' ul/g'
kg]{ 5 .
*= la1fkg s/M :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ;a} k|sf/sf] la1fkgdf s/ nufpg gkfFpg eGg] p2]Zon]
lj1fkg s/nfO{ klg :ki6 ?kdf kl/eflift u/L cf–cfˆgf] If]q leq xf]l8{ªaf]8{, lanaf]8{,
/]l8of], 6]lnlehg cflb la1fkgdf nufpg kfpg] Aoj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .
(= k|fs[lts >f]tsf] cfoM ;+lawfgn] tLg} txsf ;/sf/nfO{ k|fs[lts >f]tsf] cfodf s/ nufpg
;Sg] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5. k|fs[lts >f]t cltg} åGb lgDTofpg] ljifo ePsf]n] o; >f]tsf]
afF8kmfF8df laif]z Wofg k'/ofpg' kg]{ x'g cfFp5 . o; >f]taf6 k|fKt x'g] cfo Ps} :yfgdf

;+sng ul/ cfly{s ;Ifdtf, ;fdflhs Gofo, k|zf;sLo Jojxfl/stf, ljQLo cfjZostf
ljutsf cEof; cflb kIfnfO{ larf/ ul/ ;a} txsf ;/sf/df ljt/0f ug]{ Aoj:yf ul/g'
kb{5 .
!)= /fli6«o k|fs[lts >f]t tyf ljQLo cfof]usf] u7g g]kfnsf] ;+lawfgsf] wf/f @%) adf]lhd
Pp6f /fli6«o k|fs[lts >f]t tyf ljQLo cfof]u /xg] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5. ;+lawfgsf] wf/f@%!df
pQm cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 h; cg';f/ s]lx d'Vo sfo{
lgDgfg';f/ 5gM
• ;+3Lo ;+lrt sf]ifaf6 o; ;+lawfg / sfg"g adf]lhd ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/
aLr /fh:jsf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ la:t[t cfwf/ / 9fFrf lgwf{/0f ug]{, k|b]z / :yfgLo
;/sf/nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;dflgs/0f cg'bfg ;DaGwdf l;kmfl/z ug]{
• /fli6«o gLlt tyf sfo{qmd, dfgs, k'jf{wf/sf] cj:yf cg';f/ k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{
k|bfg ul/g] zzt{ cg'bfgsf] cfwf/ tof/ ug]{
• k|b]z ;+lrt sf]ifaf6 k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr /fh:jsf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ la:t[t cfwf/
/ 9fFrf lgwf{/0f ug]{
• ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] lng ;Sg] cfGtl/s C0fsf] ;Ldf l;kmfl/z ug]{
/fHosf tLg j6} txdf ;dGoflos lx;fan] /fh:jsf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ Pj+ lalQo x:tfGt/0f ug{
pQm cfof]u h?/L b]lvPsf]n] To; cfof]usf] u7gsf ;fy} sfg"g åf/f Jojl:yt ug{ h?/L b]lvPsf]n]
;d'lrt P]g, sfg"g ;d]t th{'df ug{' kg]{ h?/L x'g cfPsf] 5 .
^= lgZsif{M
g]kfnsf] ;+lawfgn] /fHosf tLgj6} txsf ;/sf/x?nfO{ laQLo ;+3Lotfsf] cjwf/0ff Pj+
k|rlnt cGt//fli6«o dfGotf adf]lhd vr{sf] lhDd]jf/L, /fh:j ;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L, cGt/ ;/sf/L
laQLo x:tfGt/0f, /fh:j afF8kmfF8, C0f lng ;Sg] Joj:yfsf ;fy} k|bQ clwsf/sf laifodf sfg"g
agfpg ;Sg], sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] :jfoQtf ;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] 5. ;+lawfg, P]g, sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog ePdf dfq Aoj:yf ul/Psf k|fjwfgn] ;fy{stf k|fKt ug]{ x'G5. o;sfnflu tLg} txdf
lgjf{rgsf dfWodaf6 hgk|ltlgwLsf] rog eO{ zf;gsf] ;+rfng x'g ;s]df Joj:yf ePsf k|fjwfg
sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] laZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 / ;+lawfgsf] dg;fo adf]lhd gful/sn] ;xh ;]jf ;'lawf
k|fKt u/L hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ NofO{ b]zsf] ;Da[l4 x'g] laZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . ctM ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}n]
;+lawfgsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogdf cf–cfˆgf] :yfgaf6 sfo{ u/L ;kmn sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]usf] ck]Iff
/fi6«n] /fv]sf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿M
cj:yL, u+ufbQ -@)&)_ :yfgLo lgsfo ljQLo cfof]udf k|:t't, gu/kflnsfx?sf] cfGtl/s cfo
kl/rfngsf] oyfy{ cj:yf / ;+efJotf cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)&)
sF8]n, k'ik/fh -@)^!_ ljQLo ljs]G›Ls/0fsf] l;2fGt / g]kfnsf] k'g;{+/rgf,@)^!
sfg"g lstfa Aoj:yf ;ldlt, @)&@ g]kfnsf] ;+lawfg
sfg"g lstfa Aoj:yf ;ldlt, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g,@)%% / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL,
@)%^
:yfgLo lgsfo ljQLo cfof]usf] ;lrjfno,@)&# :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] ljQLo l:ylt ljZn]if0f
k|ltj]bg, @)&# -@)!^_
:yfgLo lgsfo ljQLo cfof]usf] ;lrjfno,@)&# k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf] /fh:j kl/rfng
;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg -ck|sflzt_, sflt{s, @)&#
;'j]bL, ;f]dnfn -@)^&_ g]kfndf ;+3Lotf, :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ;ªqmd0fsfnLg k|aGw,@)^&
Boex, Jemmy, 2016: Intergovernmental Fiscal Design in the context of the Federal
Constitution Of Nepal, MoGA/PREPARE/UNDP
Ghimere, Banshidhar, 2011: Stock taking of fiscal decentralization policies (Revenue
Assignment), Kathmandu, Local Body Fiscal Commission
Kelly, Roy, 2011: Stock taking of fiscal decentralization policies in Nepal, Consolidated
report, Kathmandu= Local Body Fiscal Commission
Kelly, Roym 2016: Lecture Notes delivered at the orientation program for senior
government officials on federalization and Administrative Workshop, 12-13
December 2016
LBFC, 2004: Study on Revenue Assignments, Local Body Fiscal Commission,
lalitpur/ HMG/N/DASU/DANIDA, 2004
UNCDF, 2004: An introductory Overview of Intergovernmental Fiscal relations,
UNCDF and Georgia State University, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies,
lecture notes of renowned professors compiled for delivery of lectures in the
fiscal decentralization course conducted in Kathmandu
TDF, 2016: Conference paper Compilation, National Conference on Municipal
Finance, 20 December 2016, Kathmandu, Nepal
• • •

cg';"rL !
jt{dfg ;+lawfg tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ P]gdf Aoj:yf ul/Psf] :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/x?sf nflu
ul/Psf] /fh:j lhDd]jf/L ;DaGwL t'ngfTds Joj:yfM
:yfgLo ;/sf/ :yfgLo :jfoQ P]g jt{dfg ;+lawfg cGtu{tsf]
cGtu{tsf] clwsf/ clwsf/
3/ hUuf s/ ;Dklt s/
e"ld s/, dfnkf]t e"ld s/, dfnkf]t
– 3/ hUuf /lhi6«]zg b:t'/
xf6 ahf/ k;n s/ xf6 ahf/ Aoj:yfkg
;jf/L ;fwg s/ ;jf/L ;fwg s/
uf=la=;=÷
dgf]/~hg s/ dgf]/~hg s/
ufFpkflnsf
Joj;flos lel8of] s/ –
axfn s/ 3/ axfn s/
axfn aL6f}/L s/ –
lj1fkg s/ lj1fkg s/
Joj;fo ;fwg s/ Joj;fo s/
k|fs[lts >f]t pkof]u s/ k|fs[lts >f]tsf] cfo
gS;fkf; b:t'/ –
;]jf z'Ns b:t'/ ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/
gftf k|dfl0ft JolQmut 36gf, hGd d[To' btf{,
laafx / tYof+s
b08 hl/jfgf b08 hl/jfgf

:yfgLo ;/sf/ :yfgLo :jfoQ P]g cGtu{tsf] jt{dfg ;+lawfg cGtu{tsf]
clwsf/ clwsf/
3/ hUuf s/
Plss[t ;Dklt s/ ;Dklt s/
xf6 ahf/ k;n s/ xf6 ahf/ Aoj:yfkg
;jf/L ;fwg s/ ;jf/L ;fwg s/
dgf]/~hg s/ dgf]/~hg s/
Joj;flos lel8of] s/
axfn s/ 3/ axfn s/
axfn aL6f}/L s/ –
gu/kflnsf lj1fkg s/ lj1fkg s/
Joj;fo ;fwg s/ Joj;fo s/
– 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zg s/
k|fs[lts >f]t pkof]u s/ k|fs[lts >f]tsf] cfo
gS;fkf; b:t'/ –
;]jf z'Ns b:t'/ ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/
gftf k|dfl0ft JolQmut 36gf, hGd d[To' btf{,
laafx / tYof+s
b08 hl/jfgf b08 hl/jfgf

:yfgLo ;/sf/ :yfgLo :jfoQ P]g cGtu{tsf] jt{dfg ;+lawfg
clwsf/ cGtu{tsf] clwsf/
;jf/L ;fwg s/
k|fs[lts >f]t pkof]u s/
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt laqmL
s[lif pTkfbgdf s/
b08 hl/jfgf
:yfgLo ;/sf/ :yfgLo :jfoQ P]g jt{dfg ;+lawfg cGtu{tsf]

cGtu{tsf] clwsf/ clwsf/
/lhi6«]zg z'Ns -hUuf / 3/_
;]jf z'Ns ÷ b:t'/
b08 hl/jfgf
k|fs[lts >f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L
k|b]z s[lif cfodf s/
;jf/L ;fwg s/
lj1fkg s/
ko{6g b:t'/
>f]tM g]kfnsf] ;+lawfg tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ P]g, @)%%
• • •

k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of; / ;+3Lotfdf cfjZostf
–lzj/fd Gof}kfg]*
k[i7e"ldM
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;/sf/sf] gLlt, lg0f{o sfo{fGjog ug]{ k|d'v :yfoL ;+oGq xf] . o;sf]
k|efjsf/L ;+rfngjf6g} ;/sf/sf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL u/fpg ;lsG5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ cg'?k ;Ifd, sfdofjL / ljZj;gLo u/fpgsf nflu
lg/Gt/ ;fdlos ;'wf/sf] h?/L ePsf] x'G5 . cfkm\gf gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmdx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf
;+rfng u/L d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;nfO{ ultlzn u/fpgsf nflu ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{
;w} k|lt:klw{ / ;Ifd u/fO{ /fVg k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] x'G5 . lj=;+= @))&
;fndf ePsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft\ k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:Yff ;'xfFpbf] ljsf;d"ns k|zf;g
Joj:Yff ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu k|zf;g ;'[wf/sf] cfjZostfsf] dx;'; ul/of] . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/sf] cf}krfl/s k|of; lj=;+= @))( ;fndf Pd j'r sf] g]t[Tjdf u7g ePsf]
;ldltjf6 ;'emfj k|fKt ePkl5 ePsf] xf] . tt\kZrft\ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;Ifd, ;/n, kxF'rof]Uo,
hgpQ/bfoL, lgikIf / kf/bzL{ agfpg ;do–;dodf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .
/fhgLlts k4ltdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, hgr]tgfsf]:t/df cfPsf] j[l4, v'nf ;dfh, ;"rgf / k|ljlwsf]
If]qdf cfPsf] ljsf;, Joj:yfksLol;4fGtdf cfPsf] gjLgtd wf/0ff / ljZjJofkLs/0fn] NofPsf
gjLgtd dfGotfn] ;fj{hlgsk|zf;gsf] ljsNksf] vf]hL;d]t ug{ k'u]sf] cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gnfO{ lgoldt kl/jt{g,kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ u/L ;do ;fk]If agfpg] p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf ;'wf/sf k|of;x? lg/Gt/ x'b} cfPsf 5g\ . ;'wf/ Pp6f ultzLncjwf/0ff ;d]t
xf] . g]kfndf lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ ;do;fk]If ¿kdf hgd'vL, pQ/bfoL, ;Ifd, lgikIf tyf
nf]stflGqs Joj:Yff cg's"n agfpg] p2]Zon] ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg cfof]u u7g u/L ljutb]lv
g} k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ lj=;+= @))* ;fndf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] u7g eO{
cfof]ujf6 lghfdtL ;]jfsf sfo{x?nfO{ sfg"g, ljlw, k|0ffnL;Ddt u/fpg] k|of; ePkl5 o;df yk
of]ubfg k'u]sf] xf] . ljleGg /fhgLlts Pj+ kl/j]zut kl/jt{gjf6 ;do ;dodf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf
nflu ;'emfj ;ldlt u7g eO{ ;'emfj k|fKt ug]{ tyf ;f]xL cg'?k ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgfut, sfg"gL Pj+
sfo{ljlwut ;'wf/x? x'b} cfPsf 5g\ .
* ;x;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] cfjZostfM
;/sf/sf gLlt, of]hgf, /0fgLlt, lg0f{ox?sf] sfof{Gjogsfnflu lg/Gt/ r':t, b'?:t, ;Ifd
/ sfdofjL eP/ /xg' kg]{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Ifdtfn] ;/sf/sf] ;du| sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k|efj
kfb{5 . km/s kl/j]z, km/s ;/sf/, km/s k|ljlw, km/s sfo{ k|s[lt;+u cGt/;DjlGwt eP/ sfd
ug'{kg]{ bfloTj ePsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;f]r, b[li6sf]0f, Ifdtf, k|j[lQ,
sfo{;+:sf/df ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ / lgoldt sfo{sf ?kdf lng] ul/G5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;/sf/sf] glthf b]vfpg] cy{ft sf6\g] wf/ ePsfn] o; ;+oGqnfO{ ;w} wfl/nf],
;jn / k|lt:klw{ u/fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/nfO{ lgoldt / :yfoL
sfo{of]hgfdf /flvg' kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/sf] dxTj d"ntM lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
• ;/sf/L ;+oGqnfO{ ;w} ;jn, ;Ifd, r':t, b'?:t /fVgsf nflu
• ;/sf/sf] ;f]r, b[li6sf]0f, dfu{lrqnfO{ b'?:t ?kdf Jojxf/df ptfg{sf nflu
• k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] sfo{If]q Pj+ ;+hfn lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu
• hgtfsf] j9\bf] cfsf+IffnfO{ ;dod} ;Djf]wg ug{sf nflu
• ;/sf/sf] k|ltj4tfnfO{ hgtf;Dd k'/\ofpgsf nflu
• ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{sf nflu
• ;+3fTDfs zf;g k|0ffnL cg'¿ksf] Kf|zf;lgs Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu
• gjLg k|zf;lgs tyf Joj:yfksLo d"No dfGotfx¿nfO{ cjnDag ug{sf nflu
• k|ljlwn] NofPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{sf nflu
• ljutdf ePsf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfsf] d"Nof+sg u/L
;'wf/sf gofF ljlwx¿ cjnDag ug{sf nflu
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu
• ljBdfg k|zf;lgs ljlw / k|lqmofnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{sf nflu
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu
• ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu
• /fhgLlt / k|zf;g aLrsf] ;Ldf /]vf sf]/L cGt;{DaGWfnfO{ dhj't ug{sf nflu
• ;'zf;gsf] :yfkgf ug{sf nflu
• ljljwtf Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu
• sfg'gsf] zf;g :yfkgf ug{sf nflu
• sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ Jofj;flos agfpgsf nflu

• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf x'g;Sg] åGå Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu
• ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf 6«]8 o'lgogsf] e"ldsfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu
• sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{sf nflu
• cfwf/e"t ;]jf ljt/0fnfO{ ;xh / ;/n agfpgsf nflu
• ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{sf nflu
• bLuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpgsf nflu
• ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu
• kl/jlt{t d"No dfGotf cg';f/ k|zf;gnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{sf nflu
• k|zf;lgs d"No, dfGotf / ;fvnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu ePsf k|of;x?M
;/sf/sf] lg0f{o lgoldt ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+oGq ePsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]
;'wf/sf nflu 5'§} cleofg, kl/jt{g jf cj;/sf] cfjZostf h?/L x'b}g . ;'wf/sf sfo{nfO{ b}lgs
k|zf;g ;+rfngsf] lgoldt / :jefljs sfo{sf ?kdf klg lng ;lsG5 . b}lgs k|zf;g ;+rfng
ug]{ ;Gbe{df sd{rf/L :j+o jf zfvf, dxfzfvf, sfof{non] cfkm\gf] sfo{ cg'ej tyf pknJw
;|f]t ;fwgsf cfwf/df k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|oTg hlxn]klg ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;/L x'g ;Sg] ;'wf/sf
pNn]vlgo sfo{x?klg k|z:t /x]sf 5g\ . ;fdfGotM g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/sf]
ljutsf k|of;x? cWoog ubf{ /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf] k|efjdf k|zf;g ;'wf/sfnflu ;ldlt u7g
ug]{ / tL ;ldltx?jf6 cfPsf ;'emfjx?nfO{ ;'wf/sf cfwf/ jgfpg] cEof; x'b} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
o; kl/k|]Iodf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu xfn;Dd ePsf k|of;x?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{;lsG5 M
k|zf;lgs k'gu{7g ;ldlt, @))(
k|zf;g k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]u, @)!#
k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)@%
k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)#@÷@)##
k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$*
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] kRrL; jifL{o u'¿of]hgf cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)%%
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%^
;ª\u7gfTds :j¿k, tflnd / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg, @)%^
;fj{hlgs vr{ k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]u, @)%&
:j]lR5s cjsfz k|0ffnL cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)^!
tna cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx¿ / ltgsf l;kmfl/;x¿
• k] sldzg, @))(

• k] sldzg, @)!^
• tna cfof]u, @)#*
• tna ;'ljwf ;'emfj cfof]u, @)$&
• tna cfof]u, @)$*
• tna lgwf{/0f sfo{bn, @)%#
• tna cfof]u, @)%%
• pRr:t/Lo tna cfof]u, @)^!
k|zf;g k'gM ;+/rgf cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgM @)^%
dfgj ;+zfwg dGqfnosf] u7g ;DaGwL sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^@
lghfdtL ;]jfdf txut k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)^$
lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ffsf] ljBdfg cj:yf ;e]{If0f cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)^*
k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg @)&)
ljleGg cfjlws of]hgfx?df k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x?M
gjf}+ of]hgf -@)%$–@)%(_
b]zsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/L hgtfdf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff clej[l4 u/fpg tyf ;du| ljsf;nfO{
lglb{i6 lbzftkm{ cled'v u/fpg k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf]vfFrf] /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ cf}+NofpFb} k|zf;lgs If]qdf
;'wf/ u/L ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgnfO{ :jR5,5l/tf], kf/bzL{, ldtJooL, k|lt:kwf{Tds, sfo{d"ns,
;Ifd, pTkfbgzLn, ;]jfd"ns /pQ/bfoL agfO e|i6frf/d'Qm k|zf;g k|bfg ug{ bL3{sfnLg
lghfdtL sd{rf/L gLltsf] th'{df ePsf] lyof] .
bzf}+ of]hgf -@)%(–@)^$_
o; of]hgfn] ;'zf;gsf] clej[l4sf] nflu ;xeflutfTds cfly{s ljsf;df hf]8 lbg],cg'udg tyf
d"NofÍg k4ltnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{, lg0f{o k|lqmof / ;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ a9L pQ/bfoL/ kf/bzL{ agfpg],
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg], k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO{ r':t,;Ifd, hjfkmb]xLk"0f{
agfpg] Pj+ ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] /0fgLltdf hf]8lbPsf] lyof] .
jfx|f} of]hgf -@)^&–@)&)_
o; of]hgfn] b]zdf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ sfg'gL /fHosf] d"No dfGotf :yfkgf ub}{ hg;xeflutf,
kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xLkg / e|i6frf/d'Qm cj:yfsf] l;h{gfdf hf]8 lbg'sf ;fy} ;/sf/ / lghL If]qaf6
gful/snfO{ k'¥ofOPsf] ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 u/L ljsf;nfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL÷glthfd'vL
agfpg] ;d]t /0fgLlt lnPsf] lyof] .

t]x|f}+ of]hgf -cf=j=@)&)–@)&#_
o; of]hgfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] lgofds, ;dGjostf{, ;xhstf{, ;'kl/j]Ifs, lgb]{zs Pj+
;]jfk|bfos ;d]tsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ ;'zf;g clej[l4 u/L hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofOg] ;]jf tyf
;'ljwf;dod} Gofof]lrt ¿kdf kfpg ;Sg] ca:yf l;h{gf ug{] p2]Zo /fv]sf] lyo]f .
rf}wf} of]hgf -cf=j=@)&#–@)&^_
o; of]hgfn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Frof]Uo agfpg tLg txsf]
zf;gk4ltcg'¿k xfnsf] k|zf;g oGqsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{, ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf sfd sf/afxL;DaGwL
;"rgfdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr a9fpg], /fi6«;]jsx¿nfO{ sfdk|lt kl/0ffdd'vL / pQ/bfoL agfpg]
/0fgLlt lnOPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ df ePsf] k|of; M
/fHosf gLltx?df /fHon] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DjlGwt gLlt tof/ ubf{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{
:jR5, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL{, e|i6frf/d'Qm, hgpQ/bfoL / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpFb} /fHoaf6 k|fKt
x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf hgtfsf] ;dfg / ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g] u/L ug'{kg]{
Joa:yf ePsf] .
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu xfn;Dd k|fKt ;'emfjx?sf] ;du| :j?kM
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu lj=;+= @))( ;fndf ef/tjf6 cfPsf] Pg=Pd=
a'rsf] g]t[Tjsf] k|zf;lgsljb\sf] ;d"xn] sfo{ yfngL u/]b]lv lg/Gt/ k|of; x'b} cfPsf] 5 .
/fhgLlts kl/jt{g, gful/ssf] ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s ;'wf/sf] cj:yf, zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/,
k|ljlwhGo ljsf; nufotsf sf/0fn] ljleGg ;dodf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu ;ldltx? u7g eO{
;'emfjx? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . d'n'ssf cfjlws of]hgf, bL3{sflng gLlt, of]hgfx?sf Pj+ ;+ljwfg
nufotsf sfg"gL Joj:yfx?df ;d]t k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu k|z:t gLlt, /0fgLltx? pNn]v ePsf
5g\ . o:tf ;j} ;ldlt Pj+ cfjlws of]hgf, gLlt, sfg"gdf k|zf;g ;'wf/sfnflu pNn]v ePsf
;'emfjx?nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ xfn;Dd lgDg If]qdf ;'wf/sf ;'emfjx? k|fKt ePs]f b]lvG5M
!= k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu df}h'bf k'/fgf sfg"gdf ;'wf/ u/L g+of sfg"g lgd{f0f ug]{
@= df}h'bf ;+u7g ;+/rgfdf ;fdlos ;'wf/ ug]{ -dGqfnosf] ;+Vof 36fpg], ufEg]_
#= sd{rf/Lsf] tnj nufotsf ;'ljwfdf ;'wf/ u/L sfo{ pTk|]/0ff j[l4 ug]{
$= sd{rf/L Joa:yfkg, sfo{k4lt, sfo{ ;+:sf/df ;'wf/ ug]{
%= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu cfjZos ;+/rgfut Pj+ k4ltut ;'wf/ ug]{
^= ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L Jojxf/df k|efjsf/L u/fpg]
&= nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ dhj't u/fpg]

*= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sd{rf/L ;+VofnfO{ cfjZostf / cf}lrTosf cfwf/df 5l/tf] u/fpg]
(= cfly{s k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ ug]{
!)= nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/zdf dfq sd{rf/L lgo'lQm, zt{;'ljwfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{
!!= Ps} k|s[ltsf ;+u7gx? ufEg] tyf cgfjZos ;+u7gx? vf/]h ug]{
!@= sd{rf/Lx?sf] cg'zf;g, cfrf/;+lxtf, ljefuLo ;hfonfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{
!#= ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg]
!$= ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] ;fdlos ;'wf/df Wofg lbg]
!%= lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k|ljlwd}qL jgfpg], k|lt:klw{ / Ifdtfjfg jgfpg]
!^= kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts kl/j]z cg's'n lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/ ug]{
!&= sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf, j9'jfnfO{ Jojl:yt u/fpg]
!*= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;dfj]zL u/fpg]
!(= d'n'ssf] ljljlws/0fsf] Joa:yfkgsf nflu k|zf;gsf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{
@)= ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+3Lo k|0ffnL cg'?ksf] ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ ug]{ .
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x? k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg'df sl7gfO{x?M
d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;+rfng ug{sf nflu ljut 5 bzsb]lv lg/Gt/ k|of; x'b}
cfPsf] 5 . d"ntM /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 h'/d'/fpg] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] sfo{ ck]Iffs[t k|efjsf/L
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+j}wflgs jf /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 cfjZostf dx;'; x'g] / ;'emfjsf nflu
;ldlt u7g u/L ;'emfj lng] sfo{nfO{ k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] k|of;sf ?kdf lnOg] u/]sf] 5 . k|zf;g
;'wf/sf nflu ;ldltx?jf6 cfpg] u/]sf ;'emfjx?sf] sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf jf/]df lgoldt cg'udg,
d"Nof+sg, ljZn]if0f u/L ;'wf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] k|j[lt ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fhgLlts Pj+
kl/j]zut kl/jt{gn] vf]h]sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf d'n'ssf] k|zf;lgs ;+oGqjf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'g
g;s]sf] cj:yfn] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x? sfdofjL x'g g;s]sf] tYo :ki6 x'G5 . k|zf;g
;'wf/sf k|of;x? k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg'df ePsf sl7gfO{x? d"ntM lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
-s_ gLltut sl7gfO{x?M
• lghfdtL ;]jf Pj+ u}/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{If]q, clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTjnfO{
:ki6 ug{ g;lsPsf]
• k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] bL3{sflng ;f]r tof/ x'g g;s]sf]
• kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts kl/j]z cg's'n k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfsf] :j?k tof/ x'g g;s]sf]
• k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltx?jf6 dxTjfsf+IfL, sfof{Gjogdf sl7gx'g] ;'emfjx? k|fKt x'g]
u/]sf]
• ;'zf;gsf d"n gLlt, cfjlws of]hgf / k|zf;g ;'wf/sf jflif{s sfo{of]hgfx? jLr
tfbfTDotf sfod x'g g;s]sf]
• ;'wf/sf If]qut gLlt, sfo{qmdnfO{ Wofg lbg g;lsPsf]
• k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] sfo{nfO{ lgoldt Pj+ k|fyldstf k|bQ sfo{of]hgfsf ?kdf Nofpg
g;lsPsf]
v_ ;+/rgfut sl7gfO{x?M
• ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ff jdf]lhdsf k|zf;lgs ;+u7g Pj+ Joa:yfkg ;e]{If0f x'g
g;s]sf]
• k|zf;g ;'wf/sf gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;Ifd, ;'b[9 :yfoL
;+:yf :yfkgf x'g g;s]sf]
• ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf]
• s]Gb|Lo lgsfox?df k|zf;g ;'wf/ OsfO{x? u7g x'g g;s]sf]
• ;'wf/ sfo{sf] cfjZos ;dGjo Pj+ ;xlhs/0fsf nflu k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf]
sfof{nojf6 k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x x'g g;s]sf]
• pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldlt ;'wf/sf] sfo{df sfdofjL x'g g;s]sf]
u_ sfo{ljlwut sl7gfO{x?M
• /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs sfo{qmdx?df k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ;jfnx?nfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f
ug{ g;lsPsf]
• k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu lgoldt ?kdf kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwg pknJw x'g g;s]sf]
• ;ffdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] sfo{ cu|;/tf Pj+ ;dGjosf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L x'g
g;s]sf]
• nf]s;]jf cfof]u, k|wfgdGqL Pj+ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, cy{ dGqfno, ;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfnojLrsf] ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ sdhf]/ /x]sf]
• k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ;'emfjx?nfO{ sfo{of]hgf ;lxt sfof{Gjogdf nfg g;lsPsf]
• k|zf;g ;'wf/sf sfo{df sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ffsf] sdL ePsf]
3_ cg'udg d"Nof+sgsf] sdhf]/ cj:yfM
• k|zf;g ;'wf/sfnflu k|fKt ;'emfjx?sf] sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] cg'udg d"Nof+sg x'g
g;s]sf]
• k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] lgoldt cg'udgsf nflu ;'b[9 ;+:yf :yfkgf x'g g;s]sf]
• cg'udg d"Nof+sgnfO{ cfjZos ;|f]t, ;fwgsf] pknJwtf x'g g;s]sf]
• lgoldt cg'udg, d"Nof+sg, ljZn]if0f, k[i7kf]if0fsf cfwf/df efjL ;'wf/sf of]hgf
tof/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg g;lsPsf]
• pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltsf] cg'udg, lgu/fgL, lbzf lgb]{zsf] sfd sdhf]/
/x]sf]

kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ Pj+ ;+3Lotfdf k|zf;g ;'wf/n] ;d]6\g'kg]{ If]qx?M
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfo{sfl/0fL ;+oGq xf] . o;n] ;/sf/sf] kl/jlt{t
;f]r, cjwf/0ff, gLlt Pj+ lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn]
Joa:yf u/]sf k|zf;lgs k'g;+/rgfsf sfo{x?nfO{ tbf?stfsf ;fy cuf8L j9fpg k|zf;sLo
k'g;{+/rgf cfof]usf k|ltj]bgdf ePsf ;'emfjx?nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg cfjZos ;+/rgfut
sfo{x? k|efjsf/L ?kdf cuf8L j9fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;+3Lo k|0ffnLn] ;[hgf u/]sf] hgtfsf]
dxTjfsf+Iff cg'?ksf] ;]jf k|jfxsfnflu k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf / ;+:sf/df ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ h?/L ePsf]
5 . o;kl/k|]Iodf k|zf;lgs d"No, dfGotf / ;fvnfO{ ;+/If0f u/L ;]jfk|ltsf] hgcf:yf, e/f];f /
ljZj;lgotf sfod} /fVg] p2]Zon] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf x/]s k|of;x?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{g' kg]{ ePsf]
5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ef]nLsf k|of;x? k/Dk/fut ?kdf sfg"gL, ;+/rgfut, sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf
If]qdf dfq l;ldt geO{ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ cg's'nsf] ;+/rgf, sd{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/ Pj+ sfo{ ;+:sf/df
;'wf/ ug]{tkm{ s]Gb|Lt x'g' kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] rfl/qLs :vng j[l4
x'b} uPsf] jt{dfg u'gf;fx?sf ;Gbe{df sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgDg stJo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg] If]qdf
;++3Lo k|0ffnLsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/ x'g' kb{5 M
!= /fhgLlts g]t[Tj;+u ;f}xfb{tf sfod ug{;Sg] x'g'kg]{M /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] nIo Pp6} ePsf
sf/0f uGtJodf k'Ugsf nflu ;+u;+u} ldn]/ sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs
g]t[Tj jLrsf] ;f}xfb{tfsf] cGt/nfO{ 36fO ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] ;+:sf/ sfod ug'{kg]{
ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 Ps csf{nfO{ bf]ifL b]vfO{ lhDd]jf/Ljf6 pDsg] k|j[ltsf] cGTo x'g
;Sb5 .
@= /fhgLlts x8j8 / u8j8eGbf jflx/ j:g] Ifdtf jgfpg' kg]{M /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] ;fdfGotM
cfkm\gf] ef]6 j}+snfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ sd{ ub{5 . x'g} g;Sg] sfd t'?Gt ug{sf nflu / sfg"g
gf3]/ cfb]z ug{ p lxrlsrfpb}g . o; ;Gbe{df x8j8 / u8j8sf] k5fl8 gnflu cfkm\gf]
d"No, dfGotf / st{Josf] bfo/fdf j;]/ sd{ ug{ ;Sg] u/fpg' kb{5 . o;jf6 ;]jfnfO{
lgikIf ;+:yfsf ?kdf lrgfO/fVg ;lsG5 .
#= hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] Joa:yf ug'{kg]{M hgtfnfO{ lbg] ;]jfsf jf/]df hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL
gx'+bf ;dGjo, ;xsfo{, ;f}xfb{tf sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 ;du| ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf]
u'0f:t/ sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] nflu hgtfk|lt g} pQ/bfoL x'g] sfg"gL
tyf k|j[ltut ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;jf6 ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4eO{ ljZj;lgotf sfod x'g
;Sb5 .
$= x'g;Sg] / sfg"gL bfo/fleqsf] sfd hf]lvd lnP/ klg sfdug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{kg]{M
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ sfddf clN5 ug]{ h'[D;f] ;+:yfsf ?kdf cf/f]k nfu]sf] 5 . ;+efjgf
ePsf] / sfg"gn] ldNg] sfdnfO{ hf]lvd lgjf{x u/]/ ePklg ;Dkfbg ug{ cu|;/ x'g] Ifdtf
/ Jojxf/ ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 . o;jf6 ;]jfnfO{ ;Ifd / sfdofjL ;+:yfsf ?kdf lrgfpg
;lsG5 .
%= ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsfnflu Ifdtf j[l4 ug'{kg]{M kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts cfjZostf cg'?k :yfgLo
efiff, ;+:s[lt, d"No dfGotf / ljljlws/0fsf] Joa:yfkgsf nflu sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf
ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]5 . o;jf6 ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf ;d]t lghfdtL ;]jfn] cfkm"nfO sfdofjL
u/fpg ;Sb5 .
^= jkm/hf]gsf ?kdf /xL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ cfwf/ tof/ ug'{kg{M lghfdtL ;]jf hgtf /
g]tfsf] jLrsf] ;]t"sf ?kdf /xG5 . o;n] g]tfsf] uNtL hgtf;Dd k'/\ofpg] / hgtfsf
u'gf;fx? g]tfx?;Dd k'/\ofpg] sfo{ ug{;Sg] Ifdtf, sf"ggL cfwf/ / cf6 ljsf; ug'{ kg]{
ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 utn sfo{ lgoGq0f eO{ hgtfsf] dfusf cfwf/df sfo{ug]{ ;+:sf/ j[l4
x'g ;Sb5 .
&= /fd|f t/ g]tfnfO{ clk|o nfUg] ;'emfj lbg cf+6 ug]{ ;fx; j[l4 ug'{kg]{M :jfy{sf nflu unt
/fo;Nnfx lbg] cf/f]k nfu]sf ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfn] cg'ej Pj+ lj1tfsf cfwf/df
g]t[TjnfO{ clk|o nfUg;Sg] /fd|f ;'emfj lbg tTk/ x'g;Sg] sfo{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ kb{5 .
o;jf6 lghfdtLn] k/fdz{bfoL e"ldsfdf klg cfkm"nfO{ sfdofjL u/fpg ;Sb5 .
*= ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ Wofg lbg], s'/f ;'Gg], / vf]h]sf] ;]jf lbg] ;]js x'g] sfo{;+:sf/ ljsf; ug'{kg]{
M ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ j]jf:tf ug]{, b'Mv lbg], jxfgfdf lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] cf/f]k nfu]sf ;Gbe{df
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx? ;]jfu|fxLn] vf]h]sf] ;]jf lbg] ;]jssf ?kdf v8f x'g ;Sg' kb{5 .
o;jf6 lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;]jssf ?kdf lrgfpg ;lsG5 .
(= kl/jlt{t /fhgLlt cg';f/ rNg;Sg] u/fpg]M lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k/Dk/fut ;f]r, Jojxf/,
sfo{;+:sf/jf6 kl/jlt{t kl/j]znfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{ ;lsb}g . o; ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfn]
cfkm\gf] ;+/rgf, :jefj / ;+:sf/nfO kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts :jefj cg';f/ rNg ;Sg]
u/fpg cfjZos ;+/rgf, sfg"gL cfwf/ / sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug'{ kb{5 . o;jf6
lghfdtL ;]jfn] cfkm"nfO{ hLjGt /fvL /fVg ;Sb5 .
!)= ljsf;sf] uGtJotkm{ cu|;/, ;dlk{t / k|oTgzLn x'g;Sg] x''g'kg]{M sd{rf/L cj s]jn
hflu/] dfgl;stfjf6 b}lgs ;fdfGo k|zf;lgs sfd u/]/dfq hLjGt x'g ;Sb}g . ljsf;
k|zf;gsf] gljgtd d"No dfGotf cg'?k d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;sf] glthf b]lvg] sfo{df
cu|;/ x'g;Sg] sfo{ kl/j]z tof/ ug'{ kb{5 . o;jf6 ;]jfnfO{ kl/jt{gsf] jfxssf] ?kdf
lrgfpg ;lsG5 .
!!= ;/sf/sf] lj/f]wLk|lt klg plQs} jkmfbf/ x'g] k|j[lt ljsf; ug'{kg]{M ;/sf/sf] wf/0ffeGbf
jflx/sf JolQm klg ;]jfu|fxL x'g], ;/sf/sf] unt sfo{ lj/f]wLn] cf}+Nofpg] ;fy} ;/sf/sf]

lj/f]wLx? ef]nLsf] ;/sf/sf] ;+efjgf jf]Sg] JolQm ePsf sf/0f ;/sf/sf] lj/f]wLk|lt klg
plQs} jkmfbf/ x'g] sfo{ ;+:sf/ ljsf; ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 lghfdtL ;]jfn] cfkm"nfO{
;w} / ;j}sf] lk|o ;+:yfsf ?kdf :yflkt ug{ ;Sb5 .
!@= ;bfrf/, OdfGbf/ / lgikIf x'g'kg]{M l;ldt JolQmx?sf] clgoldt, e|i6frf/ / unt sfdjf6
;du| lghfdtL ;]jf sn+lst ePsf ;Gbe{df ;j} sd{rf/Lx?n] ;bfrf/, OdfGbf/ / lgikIf
sfo{ ug]{ k|ltj4tf / sfo{ cfwf/x? tof/ ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 ;]jfnfO{ kljq,
ljZj;lgo / lgikIf ;+:yfsf ?kdf :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 .
!#= ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;/n, ;xh / u'0f:t/Lo u/fpg]M lghfdtL ;]jf k|lqmofpGd'v, l9nf;':tL,
em0eml6nf] ePsf] u'gf;f] ePsf ;Gbe{df cfkm"df ePsf] u'0f, Ifdtf, cg'ejnfO{ pkof]u
u/L ;]jfnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] ljZj;lgo / u'0f:t/Lo u/fpg' kb{5 . o;jf6 ;]jfnfO{ ;'wfl/Psf]
;+oGqsf ?kdf sfod ug{;lsG5 .
!$= u'gf;f] ;Djf]wgstf{ x'g;Sg] u/fpg]M ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|lt k|z:t u'gf;fx? /x]sf ;Gbe{df
lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ hgtfsf] u'gf;f] l56f] ;'Gg] / ;Djf]wg ug]{ d'Vo cleoGtfsf ?kdf
v8f ug{ cfjZos sfg"gL, ;+/rgfut cfwf/ tof/ ug'{sf ;fy} sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf ljsf;
ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L eO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] d"No, dfGotf
:yflkt x'g ;Sb5 .
!%= k|0ffnLj4 / kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{M JolQmsf] dhL{ / dg;fojf6 sfo{ k|efljt x'g], cgfjZos
uf]Kotf, ;"rgf n'sfpg] k|j[lQn] ;]jfu|fxLx?df cGof}ntf Pj+ cljZjf; /x]sf ;Gbe{df ;j}
sd{rf/L cfkm\gf] sfo{df k|0ffnLj4 / kf/bzL{ x'g' h?/L ePsf] 5 . o;sfnflu k|ljlwd}qL
sfo{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k|hftflGqs / ljZj;lgo
;+:yfsf ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
!^= /fHosf] rf}yf] jfx'sf ?kdf sfd ug]{ Ifdtf tof/ ug'{kg]{M ;/sf/sf] gLlt Pj+ lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog ug]{ l;ldt sfo{If]qdf /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfn] nf]stflGqs d"No, dfGotf cg'?k
gful/ssf] j9\bf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ If]qdf ;d]t sfo{ lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
o;sf nflu ;fdlos sfg"gL ;'wf/ Pj+ ;+/rgfdf lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;jf6
;]jfnfO{ /fHosf] jlnof] / ;Ifd ;+:yfsf ?kdf lrgfpg ;lsG5 .
!&= /fhgLlts t6:ytf sfod ug]{M lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx? /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df ljleGg
;d'xdf ljeflht ePsf sf/0f lghfdtL ;]jfsf] d"No, dfGotf, k|lti7fdf x|f; cfPsf]
5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;j} sd{rf/Ln] k|zf;lgs d"No dfGotfnfO{ lz/f]wfo{ u/L cfkm\gf unt
cfr/0f / Jojxf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ kb{5. o;jf6 ;]jfnfO{ lgikIf / t6:y ;+:yfsf ?kdf
lrgfpg ;lsG5 .

!*= lg:jfyL{ / TofuL x'g;Sg] Jojxf/ ljsf; ug]{M ;]jfleqsf] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf ;w} c;Gt'i6 x'g],
x/]s sfddf :jfy{ vf]Hg] k|j[lQ j9\b} uPsf sf/0f sd{rf/Lsf] rfl/lqs :vng j[l4 ePsf]
5 . o; ;Gbe{df kfPsf] ;'ljwfdf ;Gt'i6 eO{ sfo{k|lt pTk|]l/t x'g;Sg] Jojxf/ tyf
sfo{;+:sf/ ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 ;f+u7lgs åGb, lj/f]w, ;'ljwfd'vLsf] nfG5gf
jGbeO{ ;+:yfsf] k|lti7f hf]ufpg ;lsG5 .
!(= ;fj{hlgs ;Dkltsf] ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]usf] lhDd]jf/L lng]M d'n'se/L km}lnPsf] lghfdtL
;]jfsf] ;+fu7lgs ;+hfnjf6 ;fj{hlgs ;Dklt ;+/If0f ug{ ;+ej / ;xh x'g] ePsf sf/0f
o;sf] ;+/If0f / ;b'kof]udf d'Vo lhDd]jf/ x'g ;Sg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/,
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ pTk|]/0ff j[l4 ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 ;fj{hlgs ;Dklt efjL k':tfsf
nflu ;+/If0f u/L /fVg] sfo{df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] of]ubfg sfod} x'G5 .
@)= ljljlws/0fsf] Joa:yfkgdf cu|;/ x'g]Ifdtf tof/ ug'{kg]{M ljsf;sf] ljljw ;+efjgf,
km/s ;+:s[lt, km/s Ifdtf, km/s ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joa:yfkg jt{dfg k|d'v r'gf}lt ePsf]
5 . o; ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ o;df cu|;/ / ;Ifd u/fpg efiff, ;+:s[lt, :yfgLo
d"No dfGotfsf] 1fg, sfo{ cu|;/tf h:tf cfwf/x?sf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;jf6
d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf; ultzLn x'g ;Sb5 .
@!= k|ljlwd}qL x'g cu|;/ u/fpg]M ;]jfu|fxLsf] j9\bf] ;+Vof, l56f] ;]jf kfpg] dxTjfsf+Iffsf
;Gbe{df ;du| sfo{ k4ltnfO{ k|ljlwd}qL u/fO{ lg0f{o Pj+ sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ ;/n, ;xh,
l56f] / 5l/tf] u/fpg cu|;/ x'g' kb{5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwg, Ifdtf ljsf;sf
cfwf/x? ;'lglZrt ul/g' kb{5 . o;jf6 lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ kl/jt{gsf] ;+jfxs Pj+ j9\bf]
sfo{ef/sf] ;xh Joa:yfkssf ?kdf lrgfpg ;lsG5 .
@@= ;]jfsf] ;fv ;+/If0fdf ;+j]bgzLn x'g tTk/ x'g'kg]{M lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] k|j[lQ / Jojxf/df
cfPsf] :vngn] ;du| ;]jfsf] ljZj;lgotf lub}{ uPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df d'Vo ;lrjb]lv
sfof{no ;xof]uL;Ddsf ;j} sd{rf/Ln] cfkm\gf] ;f]r, Jojxf/ / rl/qnfO{ ;]jfd}qL u/fO{
;du| lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;fv hf]ufpg ;+j]bgzLn x'g' kb{5 . o;jf6 lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
k|lti7f / ;fv hf]lug ;Sb5 .
/fhgLlts tyf kof{j/0fLo kl/jt{gn] hgtfsf dfu / cfsf+Iff j[l4 x'b} cfPsf 5g\ .
/fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] cfkm\gf] ;f]r, dfu{lrq / sfo{of]hgfnfO{ r':t, b'?:t / b'|t ?kdf hgtf ;dIf
k'/\ofpg vf]h]sf] 5. hgtfn] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ cg'?ksf] ;/sf/sf] glthf cfkm\gf] 3/b}nf]df vf]h]sf]
5 . o; ;Gbe{df k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ub}{ ;]jfu|fxLsf dfemdf /fHosf] cy{k"0f{
pkl:ylt ;'lglZrt ug]{ k/d bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g b[9 ;+slNkt x'g' h?/L ePsf]
5 . o;sf nflu kl/jlt{t kl/j]z cg'?k sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ sd{rf/Lx?df Ifdtf, pT;fx, nugzLntf
sfod x'g;Sg] u/L k|zf;g ;'wf/sf sfo{x?nfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f ul/g' kb{5 .

lgisif{M
ljsf;sf] ljZjJofkL k|lt:kwf{, l5d]sL d'n'ssf] cfly{s Pj+ ;'zf;gsf] ljsf;df ePsf]
ltj|tf ;fy} d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts Pj+ ;fdflhs kl/jt{gn] ;du| ljsf;df k|z:t r'gf}ltx? v8f
u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts g]t[Tj ;fy} hgtfsf] dxTjfsf+Iff j[l4 ePsf] 5 . j[l4 ePsf] dxTjfsf+IffnfO{ k'/f
ug{ ;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfo{sfl/0fL ;+oGq ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;Ifd, tTk/, sfdofjL / pknlJwd"ns
x'g' h?/L ePsf] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf ePsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs kl/jt{g;Fu} k|zf;g
Joj:yfnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;du| zf;g
;'wf/sf] cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . d'n's /fhgLlts ¿kfGt/0fsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts
¿kfGt/0f;Fu} b]zsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f klg :jfefljs ?kdf plQs} h?/L ePsf] x'G5 .
df}h'bf cfly{s,;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts cj:yfdf ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] NofPsf]
;f]r, /0fgLlt Pj+ sfo{of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ afxszlQmsf] ¿kdf /xg] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{
klg ;fdlos ?kdf ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostfh?/L ePsf] x'G5 . 5l/P/ /x]sf zlQmnfO{ ;d]6]/
;'b[9 zf;g Joj:yf sfod ug]{ lhDd]jf/L sd{rf/LtGqsf] xf] . o; kl/k|]Iodf k|zf;gnfO{ ;'wf/
u/L kl/jt{gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd Pj+ kl/jt{g jfxs u/fpg' kg]{ePsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] ;fdlos ;'wf/jf6 g} kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts Pj+ ;fdflhs kl/j]zn] vf]h]sf] p2]Zo xfl;n
x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/sf] sfo{nfO{ lgoldt / k|fyldstfk|bt sfo{sf ?kdf
lnOg' kb{5 . ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnojf6 k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] If]qdf ck]lIft pknlJw xfl;n x'g
g;s]sf ;Gbe{df k|wfgdGqL Pj+ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no cGt/ut k|zf;g ;'wf/ sfof{Gjog :yfoL
;+oGq u7g ug'{ h?/L ePsf] 5 . ;fy} k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ /fhgLlt1x?sf] nx8 jf rfxgfsf] ljifo
dfq gjgfO{ o;nfO{ lgoldt :yfoL sfo{of]hgfsf ?kdf c+lusf/ ug'{kg]{ / k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu
cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|LM
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@, sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt
cfjlws of]hgfsf ljleGg ;+u|xx?, /fli6\o of]hgf cfof]u
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ljleGg k|ltj]bgx?, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, lgodx?, g]kfn sfg"g lstfj ;ldlt
lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx?, nf]s;]jf cfof]u
k|zf;g klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx?, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno
• • •

;++3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df lghfdtL If]qsf] tof/L
–lji0f' l3ld/]*
k[i7e"ldM
ljutdf ePsf y'k|} cfGbf]ng, ;+3if{ tyf jlnbfgsf] kmn:j?k ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t g]kfndf
;+3Lo /fHo k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg lj=;+= @)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut] 3f]if0ff ePsf]
xf] . ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/] cg'?ksf] ;+3Lo /fHo k|0ffnLnfO{ d"t{ ?k lbO{ b]zsf] zf;g ;+rfng
k|0ffnLnfO{ hgtfsf] glhs eGbf glhs k'¥ofpg' cjsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ cfjZostf xf] . o;sf]
nflu ;LdfÍg nufotsf ;+ljwfgsf stLko k|fjwfgx¿ k|lt c;Gt'li6 hfx]/ ub}{ cfPsf /fhgLlts
bnx¿sf] hfoh dfu ;Daf]wg u/L ;+ljwfgk|lt ;a} gful/ssf] ckgTj sfod ug{' kg]{ t 5Fb}5,
;fy;fy} ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/] cg'?k lj=;+= @)&$ ;fn df3 ;ft ut]leq} :yfgLo tx, k|b]z
tyf ;+3Lo Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/L s]G›Ls[t zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ Jojxf/d} :yfgLo:t/df
k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ;+j}wflgs bfloTj klg 5 . o;aLrdf ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfkg cGtu{t ljleGg If]q /
tx h:t} /fhgLlts If]q, sd{rf/LtGq nufotn] klg cf–cfˆgf] If]qaf6 k"/f ug{'kg]{ y'k|} lhDd]jf/Lx¿
5g . /fhgLlts bnx¿n] vf;u/L cfjZos sfg"gx¿sf] lgdf{0f, /fhgLlts ;xdlt dfkm{t
;+ljwfgsf] ;j{:jLsfo{tfdf a[l4, ;doleq} tLgj6} txsf] lgjf{rg nufotsf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ lgjf{x
ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 eg] sd{rf/LtGqn] klg plNnlvt sfo{x¿df /fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u
ug{'sf cnfjf ;+3Lo Joj:yfdf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;dfof]hg nufotcfjZos
sfg"gx¿sf] lgdf{0fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . To;f] t b]zsf] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] x}l;otdf
;+ljwfgdf /x]sf x/]s Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{' u/fpg' lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k/d\ st{Jo t hlxn]
klg /x]sf] x'G5 g} .
k|:t't n]vdf ;+3Lo g]kfndf lghfdtL tyf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf ;DaGwdf /x]sf] ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yf, lghfdtL / cGo ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;+3Lotfdf ;dfof]hg tyf Joj:yfkg, o; ;DaGwL
cfjZos sfg"gx¿sf] lgdf{0f nufotsf If]qx¿df xfn;Dd ePsf] tof/L tyf cfufdL lbgdf
ug{'kg]{ sfo{x¿sf af/]df ;+If]kdf rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
* pk;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

;++3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf nfluM
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %! sf] v08 -v_ sf] pkv08 -$_ df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{
:jR5, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL{, e|i6frf/d'Qm, hgpQ/bfoL / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpFb} /fHoaf6 k|fKt
x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf hgtfsf] ;dfg / ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ /fHosf]
gLlt /xg] pNn]v 5 . ;f]xL v08sf] pkv08 -^_ df ;+3Lo OsfOaLr lhDd]jf/L, ;|f]t ;fwg /
k|zf;gsf] ;fem]bf/L ub}{ ;'dw'/ / ;xof]ufTds ;DaGwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ /fHosf] gLlt /xg]
elgPsf] 5 . To;}u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%% df ;+3Lo Gofo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kfl/>lds,
;'ljwf tyf ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+3Lo P]g adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg] wf/f !^! df
;/sf/L jsLn tyf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] dftxtdf /xg] cGo sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf tyf
;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+3Lo P]g adf]lhd x'g] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f @@& df ufFpkflnsf
/ gu/kflnsfsf] sd{rf/L / sfof{no ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf k|b]z sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] pNn]v 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$@ df nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/ wf/f @$# df nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo cg';f/sf] x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5M
!_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf nflu pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIff ;+rfng ug{',
@_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kb afx]s g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an g]kfn, cGo ;+3Lo
;/sf/L ;]jf / ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] kbdf kbk"lt{sf nflu lnOg] lnlvt k/LIff nf]s ;]jf
cfof]un] ;~rfng ug]{,
#_ g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an g]kfn / cGo ;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf kbdf a9'jf
ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{,
$_ s'g} ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"g / To:tf] ;]jfsf kbdf a9'jf /
ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{
lng' kg]{ .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$$ df k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L o;sf] sfd, st{Ao
/ clwsf/ k|b]z sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] pNn]v 5 .
;+3Lo g]kfndf lghfdtL tyf cGo ;+3Lo ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;+rfng tyf Joj:yfkg
;DaGwL ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ wf/fsf] ?kdf wf/f @*% /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿sf] u7g lzif{s
cGtu{t o; wf/fsf] pkwf/f -!_ df g]kfn ;/sf/n] b]zsf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ ;+3Lo lghfdtL
;]jf / cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿sf] u7g ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf ;]jfx¿sf] u7g,
;~rfng / ;]jfsf zt{ ;+3Lo P]g adf]lhd x'g] pNn]v 5 . o;}sf] pkwf/f -@_ df ;+3Lo lghfdtL
;]jf nufot ;a} ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f kbk"lt{ ubf{ ;+3Lo sfg"g adf]lhd
v'nf / ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg] o;}sf] pkwf/f -#_ df
k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\, ufFp sfo{kflnsf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfn] cfˆgf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ cfjZostf
cg';f/ sfg"g adf]lhd ljeGg ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿sf] u7g / ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] elgPsf] 5 .
jt{dfg ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt ljleGg ;]jf ;d"xdf sfo{/t /x]sf lghfdtL sd{rf/L
tyf cGo ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;+3Lo /fHo k|0ffnL cg's"n x'g] u/L /fHosf tLgj6} txdf ;dfof]hg
tyf Joj:yfkg u/L cfjZos ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ df ul/Psf]
5 . o; wf/fsf] pkwf/f -!_ df k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf cfjZos ;]jf k|jfx ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5 egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] pkwf/f -@_ df o:tf] Joj:yf ubf{ of] ;+ljwfg
k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t /fi6«;]js sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg"g adf]lhd
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg u/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;Sg] pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 . plNnlvt Joj:yfsf cltl/Qm ;+ljwfgsf cg';"rLx¿df ;d]t lghfdtL ;]jf / cGo ;/sf/L
;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt clwsf/ ;"rLsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu cg';"rL % df ;+3Lo
lghfdtL ;]jf, Gofo ;]jf / cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf ;DaGwL ljifonfO{ ;+3sf] clwsf/ ;"rL cGtu{t
/flvPsf] 5 . To:t} cg';"rL ^ df k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf / cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf tyf k|b]z nf]s ;]jf
cfof]unfO{ k|b]zsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rLdf /flvPsf] 5 eg] cg';"rL * df :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf]
;"rL cGtu{t :yfgLo ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] ljifonfO{ /flvPsf] 5 .
;++3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkgsf] ;dLIffM
dfly plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd eP u/]sf
pknlAwx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ qmdzM ;+If]kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %!-v_-$_ df /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL{,
e|i6frf/d'Qm, hgpQ/bfoL / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpFb} /fHoaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf hgtfsf]
;dfg / ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ /fHosf] gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf
o;sf] nflu yk 5'§} tof/L ug{' kg]{ ljifo geO{ o;sf] nflu ;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jf ;DaGwL
sfg"gdf g}ltstf, cfr/0f, st{Jokfngf nufotsf ljifox¿nfO{ dxTj lbO{ P]gsf] d:of}bf tof/L
ug{ nfluPsf] 5 eg] ;]jf k|jfxdf yk k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg o;sf cnfjf sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg
;DaGwL sfg"gdf ;d]t cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ nfluPsf] 5 . To;}u/L sd{rf/Ldf ;sf/fTds
;f]r / ;]jfefjsf] efjgfnfO{ a[l4 u/L ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpgsf] nflu ;+qmd0fsfndf
sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd nufotsf Ifdtf clea[l4 sfo{qmd / cGo ljljw pTk|]/0ffsf sfdx¿ ;d]t
lg/Gt/ cuf8L a9fOPsf] kfO{G5 . k|:tfljt lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLltdf ;d]t cfr/0f,
cg'zf;g, ;]jf k|jfx, ;'zf;g nufotsf kIfdf hf]8 lbg nfluPsf] 5 .;+3Lo OsfOaLr lhDd]jf/L,
;|f]t ;fwg / k|zf;gsf] ;fem]bf/L ub}{ ;'dw'/ / ;xof]ufTds ;DaGwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{
/fHosf] gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf ;d]t :yfgLo txsf] ;+Vof PsLg e};s]kl5 ;+3, k|b]z tyf
:yfgLo txaLr lhDd]jf/L, ;|f]t ;fwg / k|zf;gsf] ;fem]bf/LnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ kxn ug{' kg]{
cfjZostf 5 .
;+3Lotfdf lghfdtL ;]jf / cGo ;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf zt{, ;'ljwf nufot ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f !%%, wf/f !^! / wf/f @*% df /x]sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn
;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ af6 o; ;DaGwL cfjZos sfg"g d:of}bfsf] ;}4flGts :jLs[lt k|fKt eO{

o;sf] k|f/lDes d:of}bf tof/Lsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ ;+3Lo Gofo
;]jf, ;/sf/L jsLn tyf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] dftxtdf /xg] sd{rf/Lx¿, lghfdtL ;]jf / cGo
;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf tyf ;]jfsf zt{x¿ ;DaGwL sfg"g lgdf{0f
ubf{ cnu–cnu sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ jf PsLs[t ?kdf ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf ;~rfng ;DaGwL
sfg"g agfO{ ;f] cGtu{t If]qut lgodx¿ agfpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg r/0fdf 5nkmn ePsf]
lyof] . ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfleq g]kfn ;+;b ;]jf, g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf, g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf, g]kfn
n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf nufotsf ;]jfnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ jf oL ;]jfx¿sf] nflu ;d]t cnu–cnu P]g
agfpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf klg ljleGg If]qx¿af6 km/s–km/s lsl;dsf dfu / wf/0ffx¿ gcfPsf
xf]O{gg\ . oBkL plNnlvt ;]jfx¿ cGtu{t ;+3df /xg ;Sg] cg'dflgt sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof ;d]tnfO{
b[li6ut u/]/ o; ljifodf lg0f{o lng' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . o; ljifodf ePsf] kl5Nnf] 5nkmnnfO{
cfwf/ lng] xf] eg] PsLs[t ?ksf] ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwL P]g lgdf{0f ug]{tkm{ hf]8 lbOPsf]
b]lvG5 . To;}u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ af6 k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwL sfg"g lgdf{0fsf
nflu ;d]t :jLs[lt k|bfg eO{ d:of}bf tof/Lsf] sfo{ cuf8L a9]sf] 5 .
jt{dfg ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t /fi6«;]js sd{rf/LnfO{ sfg"g
adf]lhd ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg u/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] ;+j}wflgs
k|aGwsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf cfjZos tof/L k"/f ug{' lghfdtL If]qsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L
xf] . o;sf] nflu klg g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ af6 cfjZos sfg"g d:of}bfsf] ;}4flGts :jLs[lt
k|bfg eP cg'?k o; ;DaGwdf sd{rf/LtGqsf] txdf ljleGg r/0fdf 5nkmn tyf cGtlq{mofx¿
eO{ lj1 ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf sfg"gsf] d:of}bf tof/ ePsf] / o; ;DaGwdf /fhgLlts txdf
Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] /fHo Joj:yf ;ldlt tyf ;'zf;g ;ldltdf ;d]t ljleGg r/0fdf 5nkmn
eO{ k|fKt ;'emfjx¿ ;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L d:of}bf tof/L u/L sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf
dGqfnosf] k/fdz{sf] cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ k/fdz{sf] nflu nf]s
;]jf cfof]udf k7fOPsf] lyof] . o;df nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf k/fdz{x¿ ;d]t
pNn]v u/L ;dfof]hg ljw]os k'gM g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ df k]z ePsf] cj:yf 5 . o;
d:of}bfdf ;+3Lotfdf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfof]hg ubf{ d'Votof tLg j6f cfwf/M ;+ljwfgsf]
cg';"rLdf plNnlvt ljleGg txx¿sf] clwsf/ ;"rL, sfo{ ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df ul/g] ;+u7g
tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f / sd{rf/Lsf] ;+VofnfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ ;dfof]hg ug]{ nufotsf Joj:yfx¿
ul/Psf] kfO{G5 .
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df lghfdtL If]qsf] tof/L :j?k cGo ljleGg ;+:yfut tyf
gLltut sfdx¿ ;d]t eO{/x]sf 5g\ . o;} ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLx¿df /x]sf /fHosf
tLgj6} txsf] clwsf/ ;"rLdf plNnlvt ljifox¿sf] ;Gbe{df yk sfo{ ljZn]if0fu/L To;sf] nflu
cfjZos ;+:yfut k|aGwsf] af/]df ;d]t ljleGg r/0fdf cWoog u/fOPsf] 5 eg] o; ;DaGwdf
;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfkg of]hgf ;d]t tof/ eO{ ;f]xL cg'?k sfo{x¿ eO{ /x]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfgsf
cg';"rLdf plNnlvt clwsf/;"rL adf]lhdsf ljifox¿nfO{ yk :ki6 / lj:t[tLs/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no dfkm{t kfFrj6f ;d"x agfO{ yk cWoog tyf 5nkmn u/L

cg';"rLdf plNnlvt !!* j6f ljifox¿nfO{ lj:t[tLs/0f u/Lem08} !*)) sfo{ / lqmofsnfkx¿sf]
klxrfg u/L sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0f ;d]t eO{;s]sf] 5 .
;+:yfut k|aGwsf] ?kdf ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] ;+3Lotf
sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;g k'gM;+/rgf lgb]{zs ;ldlt tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf
ul7t ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;g k'gM;+/rgf ;dGjo ;ldltn] ;d]t o; ;DaGwdf ljleGg
5nkmn tyf lg0f{ox¿ u/L ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos lbzf lgb]{z eO{/x]sf] 5 . o;}
;Gbe{df ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno cGtu{tsf] zf;sLo ;'wf/sf] nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] tof/L
cfof]hgf (PREPARE Project) dfkm{t ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg
cWoog nufotsf tof/Lx¿sf] nflu ;xof]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf sd{rf/L
;dfof]hg tyf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu :yfgLo txsf] ;+Vof klg cfjZos kg]{ ;Gbe{df :yfgLo
lgsfosf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 u7g ePsf] ufFpkflnsf, gu/kflnsf tyf ljz]if,
;+/lIft jf :jfoQ If]qsf] ;+Vof tyf l;dfgf lgwf{/0f cfof]un] ;d]t xfn} cfˆgf] k|ltj]bg g]kfn
;/sf/ ;dIf k]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txsf] ;+Vof PsLg x'gf;fy ;f]xL adf]lhd sd{rf/L
;dfof]hg ;DaGwL of]hgf agfpg ;xh x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] o;} ;Gbe{df ;a}
s]G›Lo lgsfo / dGqfnox¿;Fu /x]sf] sd{rf/L ;+Vof, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ nufotsf ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf]
df}Hbft (Stock) ;d]t ;Íng ul//x]sf] 5 .
cfufdL lbgdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{x?M

tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw leq} sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg, ;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] u7g, ;+:yfut k|aGw,
;]jf k|jfxdf lg/Gt/tf nufotsf sfo{x¿df ljz]ifu/L lghfdtL If]qn] cem w]/} sfd ug{'kg]{
b]lvG5 . ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df lghfdtL If]qsf] lhDd]jf/L ;dod} ;DkGg ug{ ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf
dGqfno, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / cGo ;Dj4 lgsfox¿n] cf–cfˆgf] If]qdf u/]sf] tof/LnfO{ yk tLa|tf
lbg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf] nflu xfn dlGqkl/ifb\df k]z ePsf] wf/f #)@ cg'?ksf] ;dfof]hg
;DaGwL sfg"gnfO{ oyfzL3| Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k]z ug]{ jftfj/0f ldnfpg' kg]{ 5 eg] ;+3Lo
lghfdtL ;]jf / cGo ;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jf ;DaGwL ljw]ossf] d:of}bfnfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;d]t
uxg 5nkmn u/L clGtd ?k lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . oL b'j} sfg"gx¿ eGbf cuf8L xfn 5nkmndf /x]sf]
lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLltnfO{ clGtd ?k lbg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 lsgsL o;}sf] cfwf/df
plNnlvt sfg"gx¿ lgdf{0f x'g ;s]df yk k|efjsf/L ;d]t x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/
-dlGqkl/ifb\_ af6 :jLs[lt k|bfg eO{;s]sf] k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwL sfg"g ;d]t ;fy;fy}
cuf8L a9fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy} :yfgLo txdf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;dfof]hg ug{' cl3 ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
@@& adf]lhdsf] ufFpkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] sd{rf/L ;DaGwL sfg"g ;d]t lgdf{0f ul/;Sg'kg]{
cfjZostf b]lvG5 cyf{t\ ;+3Lo lghfdtL ÷;/sf/L ;]jf ;DaGwL P]g, k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwL
P]g tyf ufFpkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] sd{rf/L ;DaGwL P]g Ps};fy Nofpg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbfsf avt sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ dfq ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg
ug]{ Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ df /x]sf] ePtf klg tTkZrft\ lghfdtL/;/sf/L ;]jfdf egf{
ePsf cGo sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;d]t cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L ;dfof]hg t ug{' g} kg]{ x'G5 .
o;sf] ;fy} cjsf lbgdf ;dfof]hg gx'g] a]nf;Dd sd{rf/L egf{ sfo{ :ylut ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 .
o;f] ubf{ cTofjZos ;]jf k|jfxsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L s/f/sf] dfWodaf6 k"lt{ ug]{ ljsNk
;d]t cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ /fHosf tLgj6} txdf ;dfof]hg ug]{
;DaGwdf yk ;xhtfsf] nflu ;j{k|yd Ps k6ssf] nflu lglZrt ;do lbO{ cfsif{s lsl;dsf]
:j]lR5s cjsfz of]hgf (Voluntary Retirement Scheme-VRS) Nofpg' pko'Qm x'G5 . o;f]
ubf{ ;dfof]hgsf] hf]lvd lng grfxg] jf nfdf] ;]jf cjlw eO{;s]sf sd{rf/Lx¿ To;df efu lng
hfg] eO{ ;dfof]hgdf yk ;xhtf x'g hfg] b]lvG5 . ljutdf tTsfnLg /fhk|f;fb ;]jfdf sfo{/t
sd{rf/LnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf -ljljw ;]jf, ljz]if ;d"x_ df Nofpg] qmddf klg o; lsl;dsf] of]hgfn]
s]xLxb;Dd ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] cg'ej xfdL;Fu 5 .
;dfof]hgsf] sfo{nfO{ yk ;xh agfpg] ;Gbe{df lglZrt ;]jf cjlw k"/f ePsf, tf]lsPsf]
z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf / ;Ifd sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|b]z jf :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg x'g] ePdf Ps
tx a9'jfsf] Joj:yf ;d]t Pp6f csf]{ ljsNk x'g ;Sb5 . sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf] ;Gbe{df csf]{
dxTjk"0f{ ljifo s] /x]sf] 5 eg] ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ :yfgLo tyf k|b]z txsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
cGt/ k|b]z jf ;+3df ;?jf a9'jf x'g ;Sg] ;f]emf] Joj:yf b]lvb}Fg . h;n] ubf{ klg sd{rf/Lx¿
k|b]z jf :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg e} hfFbf cfpg ;Sg] hf]lvd p7fpg grfxg] x'g ;Sb5 . o;sf]
nflu ;dfof]hg e} hfg] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lghx¿ ;+3 jf k|b]zdf lkmtf{ cfpg ;Sg] ;'lglZrttf
ul/g' pko'Qm x'g ;Sb5 . To;}u/L k|b]z jf :yfgLo txsf sd{rf/LnfO{ lglZrt k|ltzt cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutfsf] dfWodaf6 ;+3Lo ;]jfdf cfpg ;Sg] dfu{ k|z:t ;d]t ul/lbg ;lsG5 .o;f]
ug{ ;s]df ;+ljwfgn] g} kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;+3Lo OsfOaLrsf] kf/:kl/s ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/Lsf]
efjgfnfO{ Jojxf/df kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 .
sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg ;DaGwL k|:tfljt ljw]osdf ;dfof]hgsf cfwf/x¿ s]xL ljifout
h:tf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ yk a:t'ut agfpg ;s]df xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ;dfof]hg sfo{df sd
bjfj cfpg] ljutsf cg'ejx¿n] klg b]vfPsf 5g\.o;}u/L o; ljw]osdf sd{rf/L pTk|]/0ffsf
;DaGwdf vf;} pNn]v gu/L w]/}h;f] Joj:yfnfO{ afWosf/L agfOPsf] b]lv+bf o; ljifodf ;d]t
yk Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .k|:tfljt ;dfof]hg ;DaGwL ljw]os tyf xfn d:of}bfs} qmddf /x]sf]
;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf tyf k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwL ljw]osx¿df /fhgLlts txsf] a9L eGbf
a9L ;xeflutf u/fpg ;s] o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;xhtf cfpg ;Sb5 . To;}u/L ;+3, k|b]z tyf
:yfgLo txdf sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf] d'Vo cfwf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] sfo{ ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df ul/g]
;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f (O & M Survey) sfo{sf] nflu ug{'kg]{ k"j{ tof/Lsf] ultnfO{ ;d]t
tLj|tf lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} xfn eO{/x]sf gofF ;+u7g lgdf{0f tyf b/aGbL ;[hgfsf sfo{x¿ ;d]t
;dfof]hgsf] sfo{ ;DkGg gx'Fbf;Dd :ylut ug{ ;s]df ;dfof]hg sfo{df yk ;xh x'g ;Sb5 .

lgisif{M
lghfdtL ;]jf b]zsf] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf /xg] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog nufotsf x/]s
If]qdf o;sf] cxd\ e"ldsf x'G5 . /fHosf] sfg"g lgdf{0f sfo{df /fhgLlt1nfO{ ;"rgf, cg'ej /
;Nnfxsf] dfWodaf6 ;xof]u ug]{ / sfof{Gjogdf g]t[Tjbflo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{' sd{rf/LtGqsf]
st{Ao g} xf] . ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog, gLlt tof/Ldf ;xof]u, ;]jf k|jfxdf lg/Gt/tf nufotsf
lgoldt sfo{x¿sf cnfjf xfnsf] ;+qmd0ffsnLg ;dodf b]zsf] sd{rf/LtGqsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
lghfdtL ;]jfn] yk hDd]jf/Lx¿ k"/f ug{' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . dfly k|:t't ul/Psf lghfdtL
;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf kIfx¿df eg] o; If]qn] ljz]if cu|;/tfsf ;fy cfˆgf]
lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{'kg]{ ePsf]n] ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno nufotsf lgsfox¿ o;df nflu k/]sf
5g\ . vf;u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@, wf/f @*% ;DaGwL sfg"g tyf k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwL
sfg"g d:of}bfsf] k|f/lDes g]t[Tj xfn ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] u/]sf] / o;sf] nflu ;ldlt u7g
ePtf klg ufFpkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf sd{rf/Lx¿ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf cnfjf cGo stLko sfg"g
d:of}bfsf] g]t[Tj lng] nufotsf sfddf obfsbf b]vf kg]{ lhDd]jf/Lsf] sfo{If]qut c:ki6tfsf]
;DaGwdf eg] ;dod} lgSof{}n x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} o;aLrdf gful/snfO{ k|bfg ug{'kg]{ ;]jf,
;'ljwf / o;sf] lg/Gt/tf / ;+qmd0fsfnsf] Joj:yfkgdf klg plQs} Wofg lbg'kg]{ klg 5Fb}5
lsgsL ;+qmd0fsfnsf] gfpFdf ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf sdL cfpg glbg' klg lghfdtL If]qs}
lhDd]jf/L xf] .
• • •

;+3Lotfdf ;+u7g Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f
*
–gGb/fh 1jfnL
;f/M
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 b]z ;+3Lo :j?kdf uO{;s]sf] kl/k|]Ifdf /fHosf] k|zf;goGq ;f]xL
cg'?k sfof{Gjogdf hfg'kg]{ sfo{nfO{ cljnDj yfngL ug{'kg]{ bfloTj clxn] xfdL ;fd' ylkPsf] 5 . laleGg
k|b]zx? aLr sfd, st{Ao, clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/L Pj+ pknAw >f]t ;fwg tyf k|zf;gsf] ;fem]bf/L
ub}{ /fHon] cjnDjg ug]{ gLltnfO sfof{Gjog ug{'kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf]nflu ;du|
lghfdtL k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO r':t b'?:t agfO{ pko'Qm ;+u7g ;+/rgf ;lxt cfjZos b/jGbLx?sf] plrt
Aoj:yfkg u/L glthfd"ns / ;Ifd k|zf;g agfpgsf nflu g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/ u/]sf] tLg txsf]
sfo{;"lr cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;+u7g ;+/rgfx?sf] laBdfg ;+/rgf /jGbLnfO{ ;do;fk]If agfpb}
df}h'bf sfol{\jlwdf ;do ;fk]If k'g/fjnf]sg cfjZos 5 . gful/ssf ;Gt'li6sf ;fy} ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf
sfo{qmd adf]lhdsf s[ofsnfk ;+rfngfy{ ;Ifd, ;]jfd"ns / glthfd"ns k|zf;g agfpg laBdfg b/jGbL /
;+/rgfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ sfo{ut Ps?ktfsf ;fy} Aojl:yt / a}1flgs tj/af6 ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jfu|fxL
b'j}nfO ;xh x'g] lsl;dn] pTs[i7 ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;d]t ;u7g ;+/rgfnfO{r':t / b'?:t jgfpg cfjZos 5 .
/fHosf tkm{af6 hgtfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] k|Tofe"lt ug{
cfjZos kg]{ ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf / b/jGbLx? sfo{af]em, cfjZostf / cf}lrTo ;d]tsf cfwf/df lgdf{0f ul/
;+3Lotf d}qL;u7g ;+/rgf jgfpgsfnflu lglZrt l;4fGt tfyf cfwf/x? cjnDagug{' kb{5 . o; n]vdf
;+u7g tfyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ug{ ;fljsdf cjnDag ul/Psf] sfg'gL k|s[of, ljlw / gLlt sf] ;fy} jt{dfg
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ cg';f/sf] ;dfof]hg tyf wf/f @*% cg';f/ ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cg';f/ ug{'
kg]{ ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ubf{ cjnDjg ul/g] k|s[of ljlw tyf gLltsf] jf/]df 5f]6s/Ldf pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
cjwf/0ffM
;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd gful/s ;dIf k'¥ofpg] ;/sf/L ;+u7gx?sf] ;rfng tyf
Joj:yfkgsf ;+rflnt ljlw tyf k4ltx? dWo] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f (Organization
and Management Survey, Pp6f dxTjkk0f{ ljlw xf] . ;g\ !($@ df j]nfotsf] Treasury
* pk;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

Department df nfu" ul/Psf] of] k4lt k|zf;lgs Joj:yf r':t, b'?:t, bIf / k|efjsf/L
jgfpg] pkfosf] ?kdf cd]l/sf, ef/t nufotsf d'nsx?df ;d]t cjnDjg ul/of] . g]kfndf
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^s= df o; ;DjGwL Joj:yf u/LPsf] 5. o;nfO{ j]nfot
nufotsf o'/f]lkog b]zx?df Organization and Methods / cd]l/sfdf Organization and
Management zAbsf] a9L k|of]u ul/G5 .
kl/efiffM
s'g} sfof{nosf] :yfkgf ug{, ljBdfg sfof{nosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug{, jf b/jGbL yk ug{‘ k/]df
ljlw ;Ddt k|s[ofåf/f ;f]sf] cWoog ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ / ;f]xL k|ltj]bgsf] d'NofÍgsf
cfwf/df ;f] ;dalGw lg0f{o ug]{ k4ltnfO{ ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f elgG5 . ;+u7g tyf
Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0fsf] kl/efiffsf jf/]df ljleGg ljåfgx?sf cf–cfˆgf wf/0ffx? /x]sf] kfO{G5 .
C.F. Palmer n] "Organization and Management Survey (O & M Survey)is the
activities of those groups of people in government, public bodies of private forms who
are asked to advise the administrators of managers on the efficiency of the work" egL
;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0fnfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ eg] Luther Gullick n] O & M Survey
n] ;+u7gnfO{ r':t b'?:t /fVgsf nflu ul/g'kg]{ POSDCORB sf ;a} ljifodf Wofglbg'k5{ egL
cfˆgf] wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ . R.G Anderson sf cg';f/ "Organization and Management
serves the same purpose in the administrative division.Organization and Management
is such an idea in the field of management services which has neither definite origin
nor a single definition." ctM ;+u7gsf] cfGtl/s tyf afXo sfo{ jftfj/0fdf cfPsf] / cfpg
;Sg] kl/jt{gnfO{ cfˆgf] lxtdf k|of]u ug{ / Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/ u/L ;+u7gnfO{ ;do;fk]If agfpg'
;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f xf] .
;fljssf] cEof;M
xfn;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s'g} lgsfosf] ;+u7g tyfJoj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ul/ ;+u7g ;+/rgf
tof/ ubf{ jf b/jGbLdf x]/km]/ ubf{ lgDg cfwf/df ub}{cfOPsf] 5M
sfg"gL Joj:yfM
lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;+u7g tyf hgzlQm lj:tf/ tyf ;+s'rg ubf{ lglZrt cfwf/ ;lxtsf]
;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ug{‘kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( n] u/]sf] 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf ^s sf] pkbkmf -@_ cg';f/ s'g} gofF ;/sf/L sfof{no :yfkgf ug{,
;+u7g tof/ ubf{ / gofF b/aGbL l;h{gf ubf{ jf tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/aGbLdf
k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ jf x]/km]/ ubf{ ;DalGwt dGqfnon] sfo{qmd, sfo{af]em, sfo{k|s[lt tyf b/aGbL

yk ug{‘kg]{ sf/0f / ;f]sf] cf}lrTo tyf pknAw dfgj;|f]t ;d]tsf] cfwf/df ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg
;j]{If0f u/L cy{dGqfnosf] ;xdlt lnO{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf k7fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .o:t}
@s sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd k|fKt ;xdltsf] cfwf/df ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] ;f]sf] d"Nof+sg
u/L :jLs[ltsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\;dIf k]z ug]{ pNn]v 5 .
gLltut Joj:yfM
;+u7g ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/jt{g tyf gful/sd}qL agfpgsf] nflu ;+u7g ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/jt{g
ubf{ lgDg gLltut k|fjwfg kfngf ub}{ cfPsf] 5M
• g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;+u7g tyf b/jGbLnfO{ l7scfsf/ (Appropriate size) df /fVg] sfo{nfO{
k|fyldstf lbO{Psf] .
• g]kfn ;/sf/n] gofF gLlt of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd nfu" ubf{ jf s'g} ljz]if gLlt Pj+ sfo{qmd
nfu" ug{sf nflu gofF sfof{no gvf]nL gx'g] cj:yfdf afx]s gofF sfof{no :yfkgf gug]{
gLlt lnOb} cfPsf] 5 .
• s'g} dGqfno, ;lrjfno jf cfof]u cGtu{t s'g} sfof{no vf]Ng'kg]{ ePdf ;f]xL dGqfno,
;lrjfno jf cfof]u tyf tyf To:t} cGo lgsfoaf6 b/aGbL ;fg]{ jf ldnfpg] gLlt
cjnDjg u/]sf] .
• k|d'v sfo{x¿ (Core Function) x]s ;xfos sfo{x¿ (None-core Function) sf] nflu
sfof{no :yfkgf jf b/aGbL l;h{gf gug]{ tyf :yfoL b/aGbL l;h{gf ug{ pko'Qm gx'g]
sfo{x¿ ;]jf s/f/df lng] gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] 5 .
• sfo{If]qsf] bf]xf]/f]kgf x'g]u/L sfof{no :yfkgf Pj+ b/aGbL l;h{gf ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ lg¿T;fxg
ug]{ gLlt lnOPsf] 5 .
;+:yfut Joa:yfM
-!_ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0fsf nflu gLltut tyf k|s[ofut
?kdf sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 . o; dGqfnodf /x]sf] ;+u7g ljsf; zfvfn] ;+u7g tyf
Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ug]{ tyf b/aGbL yk36sf] cWoog ug]{ sldl6df dGqfnosf] tkm{jf6
k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . cy{dGqfnosf] ;xdlt ;fy k|fKt k|ltj]bgsf] cWoog ul/ g]kfn ;/sf/
dlGqkl/ifbdf k|:tfj k]z ug]{ / l:js[t ;/rgf / b/jGbL t]l/h btf{sf] nflu ;DjlGwt
lgsfodf k7fpg] / lghfdlt lstfj vfgfdf kbbtf{ ePkl5 ;f]sf] ceLn]v;d]t /fvg]
ub{5 .
-@_ ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f lgb]{lzsf, @)^^ cg';f/ ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0fsf
nflu b]xfoadf]lhdsf] sfo{bn u7g x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5M

-s_ ;DalGwt dGqfno jf ;+a}wflgs lgsfosf]
of]hgf tyf sd{rf/L k|zf;g dxfzfvfsf] k|d'v ;+of]hs
-v_ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] k|ltlglw ;b:o
-u_ cy{ dGqfnosf] k|ltlglw ;b:o
-3_ ==============================

cjsf] lbzf lgb]{z
;j}wflgs k|fjwfg
;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;+3Lotfdf b'O{j6f cj:yfdf ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f
ug{‘kg]{ b]lvG5 .
!= ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ cg';f/ xfn sfo{/t sd{rfl/x?nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{sfnflu ;+ljwfgsf]
cg';"rL / ;f]sf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] sfol{\j:t[lts/0f ;"rL-Unbundling List_
cg';f/sf] ;+3 k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/jGbL t]l/h jgfpg] / ;+j}wflgs
k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;dfof]hg P]g jgfP/ ;f] cg';f/ sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg ug]{.
@= ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @*%sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf P]g th'{df ug]{ / g]kfn
;/sf/sf] s'g} dGqfno jf lgsfosf] ;+u7g ;/rgf x]/km]/ tyf k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ lgoldt
?kdf ;+3Lo lghfdtL P]g cg';f/ ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ug]{ .
cfjZostf
cj ;+3Lotfdf ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f lgDg sf/0fn] ug{'k/]sf] b]lvG5:
• ;+ljwfgn] tf]s]sf] tLg txsf] sfo{;"rL cg';f/ ;+u7g lgdf{0f ug{,
• ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f sfo{df ;dGjo ul/ ;j}df Ps?ktf NofpFg,
• cj jGg] ;dfof]hg P]g / lgodfjnLsf] sfo{;Dkfbg k|lqmofnfO{ cema9L ;/nLs/0f ug{,
• ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ sf] ;dfof]hgsf] Joj:yfnfO{ Jojxfl/s ?kdf sfof{Gjg ug{,
• ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @*% cg';f/ ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] nflu ;u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f
ug{sf] nflu cfwf/ tof/ ug{,
• g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_af6 :jLs[t ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL %,^,&,* /( df pNn]lvt ;+3,k|b]z
/ :yfgLo txsf] Psn tyf ;femf clwsf/ ;"rLsf] sfo{ lj:t[lts/0f ;DjGwL k|ltj]bg
;d]tsf] cfwf/df tLgj6} txsf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{ .

p2]Zo
lgDg p2]Zo k"/f ug{sf] nflu Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ug{‘ kb{5 .
• ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] cg';"rL cg';f/sf] ;+u7g ;/rgf / b/jlGb t]l/h tof/ u/L ;f]
sf] l;kmfl/z ug]{ .
• l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/jlGb cg';f/ k|To]s dGqfno, dxfzvf tyf zfvfx?sf]
sfo{ ljj/0f tof/ u/L ;f] sf] l;kmfl/z ug]{ .
l;4fGt
/fHosf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u k'Ug] lsl;dsf] ;+3Lotfd}qL ;+u7g ;+/rgf
agfO{ To;nfO{ sfo{d"ns / pQ/bfoL agfpg. ;a} lgsfosf aLr Ps?ktf sfod ug{ . ;+ljwfgsf]
cg';"rL %,^,&,* / ( df pNn]lvt ;+3,k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] Psn tyf ;femf clwsf/ ;"rLsf]
sfo{ la:t[lts/0f ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg sfoff{Gog ug{sf nfuL lglZrt l;4fGtx? kfngf ug{‘ kb{5 .
h'g lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g .
sfdsf] cfwf/df ;+/rgfsf] l;4fGt (Structure Based on Work) :

o; l;2fGt cg';f/ sfdsf] k|s[lt / uflDeo{tfsf cfwf/df ;+u7gsf] :j?k lgwf{/0f
x'G5 . ;+u7gn] ug]{ sfo{sf] cfwf/df ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgf tof/ ug{‘ kb{5 . h:t}M ;fwf/0f k|zf;g
;+rfng ug]{/ zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug]{ vfnsf] sfd eP kb;f]kflgs ;+u7g ;+/rgf (Vertical
Organization Structure) cfjZos kb{5 . ljsf;fTds k|s[ltsf] sfo{ ug{sf]nflu ;dtn ;+u7g
;+/rgf (Flat Organization Structure) rflxG5 eg] c:yfoL k|s[ltsf sfo{ ug]{ eP Dofl6«S;
;+u7g ;+/rgf (Matrix Organization Structure) l;h{gf ug{‘ kb{5 . ;fy} cg';Gwfgd"ns tyf
cfof]uLo sfo{ ug{sf nflu d'ntM 8dj]n ;+u7g ;+/rgf (Domb-bell Organization Structure)
cfjZos kb{5 . t;y{ ;+u7g lgdf{0f ubf{ ;+u7gåf/f ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{nfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' kb{5 .
xfn ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL cg';f/sf] sfd s'g txdf kb{5 ;f]lx cg';f/sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf ;+3, k|b]z
jf :yfgLo txdf tof/ ug{‘ kb{5 .
sfo{ / ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/df hgzlQmsf] l;4fGt (Staffing based on Work and
Structure):
sfdsf cfwf/df ;+u7gsf] lgdf{0f ePkl5 To; ;+u7gdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf ljleGgtxx?df
s:tf s:tf lsl;dsf sd{rf/Lsf] cfjZostf kb{5 eGg] lgSof}{n ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g sfo{sf nflu
s:tf] of]Uotf, 1fg / ;Lk ePsf sd{rf/Lsf] slt ;+Vofdf cfjZostf kb{5 eGg] ljifo klg
;+u7gsf] ;+/rgf / ;Dkfbg ug{‘kg]{ sfdn] g} lgwf{/0f ug{‘ kb{5 .

cfotg nfesf] l;4fGt (Economy of Scale):
;+u7gsf] cfsf/sf cfwf/df vr{ sd u/fpg] cy{zf:qLo cjwf/0ff g} Economy of
Scale xf] . cfk"lt{ j[l4 xFFbf k|lt PsfO{ nfe a9L x'g] cj:yf x'g] ePdf ;fgf] If]qdf dfq ;]jf k|bfg
ug{‘ cfly{s b[li6n] cf}lrTok"0f{ x'Fb}g . s'g} ;+u7gsf] cfsf/ 7"nf] x'Fbf To;sf] vr{ a9L x'g hfG5 eg]
s'g} ;+u7gsf] cfsf/ / bfo/f a9fpbf ;~rfng vr{ sd x'g hfG5 . t;y{ ;+u7g ;+/rgf lgdf{0f
ubf{ To; ;+u7gaf6 k|fKt x'g] pknlAw / ;+u7g ;~rfng ubf{ nfUg] nfutsf aLrdf ;Gt'ng
sfod u/L sd vr{df a9L sfd ug]{ (Do more with less) eGg] cjwf/0ff k|of]u ug{‘ kb{5 .
;+u7gsf] sfo{bIftf (Efficiency/Effectiveness) To;sf] cfsf/;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .
;]jf k|jfxsf] ;'lglZrttf / kx'Fr (Access and Certainty of Service Delivery):

jt{dfgdf kfO{/x]sf] ;]jf ;'ljwfdf sld cfpg glbg] / ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg cg'?k ;j}
gful/ssf] ;]jf k|jfxdf ;dfgtf sfod x'g] ul/ ;+u7g ;+/rgf tof/ ug]{ / ;a} gful/sx¿nfO{
lje]b gu/L a:tL / ;]jfs]G› aLrsf] b'/Ldf ;dfg / ;xh kx'Fr x'g] u/L ;+u7g ;+/rgf tof/ ug{‘
kb{5 .
sfo{ ljj/0fsf cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg (Job Description based Performance):
tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ljj/0fsf cfwf/df sd{rf/Ln] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{‘kg]{ ljifonfO{ ;+u7g tyf
Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ubf{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf Wofg lbg' kg]{5 .
;+3Lotf / ljs]lGb|s/0fsf] l;4fGt (Principle of Federalism and Decentralization):
;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ubf{ b]zsf] jt{dfg ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{
;+3Lotf / ljs]lG›s/0fsf d"ne"t l;4fGtsf] clwgdf /xL vfsf tof/ ug{‘ kg]{5 .
;j]{If0fsf cfwf/x?
kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;+u7g ;+/rgfnfO{ ;dofg's'n agfO{ ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf]
nflu s]xL cfwf/x? kfngf ug{‘ kb{5 hfg lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg/ o;df pNn]lvt cg';"rLx?
• ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL %,^,&,* / ( df pNn]lvt ;+3,k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] Psn tyf ;femf
clwsf/ ;"rLsf] sfo{ la:t[lts/0f ;djGwL k|ltj]bg .
• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ / wf/f @*%
• sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g / ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf P]g
• k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf cfjZos ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;'lglZrttf

• ;a} If]qut lgsfox¿sf] sfo{ ljZn]if0f;Fu k|ToIf tfbfTDotf
• xfn ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf
;+qmd0fsfnLg ;dfof]hg ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yfkg .
dfly pNn]lvt Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0fsf cfwf/x?sf] cltl/Qm lgDg ljifox?nfO{ ;d]t ljin]if0f
ug{‘ kb{5M
sfo{qmd ljZn]if0f
/fhgLlts kl/jt{g / ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;fljssf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf /
b/jlGb t]l/h jf6 sfo{;Dkfbg x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] of] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ul/Psf]
xf] . o;df ;+ljwfgn] PsfTds zf;g Joj:yfjf6 ;+3fTds zf;g Joj:yfdf /fHonfO{ ?kfGt/0f
u/]sf]n] ;fljssf] s]lG›s[t ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf / b/jlGb t]l/hdf kl/jt{g ug{sfnflu ;d]t of]
organization and management survey ug{ k/]sf] 5 .
sfo{af]emsf] ljZn]if0f (Workload Analysis):

;+u7gsf] sfo{jf]emsf] cfwf/df b/aGbL to ug{‘kg]{ x'G5, o;sf nflu sfo{af]emsf] ljZn]if0f
ug{‘ k5{ . sfo{af]emsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu lglZrt ;"rs agfpg' k5{ . Pshgf sd{rf/Ln] slt sfd
ug{ ;S5, To;sf] lglZrt dfkb08 agfpgsfnflu ljutdf ePsf] hDdf sfdsf] ;+Vof lgsfnL
To;sf] cf};t lx;fa ug{‘k5{ . To;sf] ;"rs cyjf dfkb08 to eO;s]kl5 To; lx;fan] jf:tljs
¿kdf slt sd{rf/L cfjZos kg]{ xf], olsg x'g cfpF5 . sfo{af]emsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|ZgfjnL,
tYof+s ;+sng tyf cjnf]sg h:tf cf}hf/x¿ k|of]u ug{‘ kg]{5 . sfo{af]em ljZn]if0fsf nflu Ps
hgf sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ubf{ gLltut sfof{no eP zfvf clws[t tx / k|ToIf ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sfof{no
eP Front Desk df a:g] zfvf clws[t jf gfoj ;'AjfnfO{ 5gf}6sf] cfwf/ agfpg' kb{5 .
sfo{k|s[lt ljZn]if0f (Work Nature Analysis):

sfo{jf]emsf] lx;fan] dfq b/aGbL ;+Vof olsg ubf{ o;n] jf:tljstfnfO{ /fd|/L ;Daf]wg
ug{ g;Sg] x'Fbf sfo{k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df ;d]t ljZn]if0f ug{‘k5{ .sfo{k|s[ltsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ e"uf]n,
;]jfsf] k|s[lt, a:tL / ;]jfu|fxL aLrsf] ;DaGw / cj:yfnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fVg'kb{5 .
O & M Survey sf sfo{x?
;+u7gsf] qmfo{qmd¸ sfo{af]em¸sfo{k|s[lt¸cf}lrTottf / ljBdfg hgzlQmsf] k'g/fjnf]sg
ul/ zf;g Joj:yf cg's'nsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf nflu ul/g] O &M b]xfo adf]lhdsf sfo{x?
/x]sf 5gM

• gofF ;+/rgf lgdf{0f / ;+rfngsf nflu ;'emfj lbg]¸
• ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfksLo kIfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]¸{
• ;'wf/sf If]q klxrfg ug]¸{
• ljBdfg sfo{ k|0ffnL k'g/fjnf]sg ug]¸{
• ;'wf/sf nflu /0fgLlts of]hgf th{‘df ug]¸{
• ;+u7g tyf Jo:yfklso kIfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]¸{
• sfo{k2ltdf cfw'lgs/0f Nofpg] pkfo kQf nufpg]¸
• ;+u7gnfO{ ;]jfd"vL / hgd"vL agfpg]¸
• cfdhgtf ;dIf ;+u7gsf] ljZjzgLotf a9fpg]¸
• ;+u7gnfO{ bIf / k|efjsf/L 9+un] rnfpg ;'emfj lbg]¸
• ;+u7gsf] Plss/0f¸ gofF :yfkgfsf nflu ;'emfj lbg]¸
• ;jn / ;Ifd k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu cfwf/ to ug]{
;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0fsf ;d:ofx?

;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;d:of /x]sf 5gM
/0fgLlts ;d:ofM
• ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0fsf nflu 5'§} gLltsf] Joj:yf 5}g .
• ljBdfg sfo{ljlw / lgb]{zsfsf] k""0f{ kl/kfng ePsf] kfOb}g .
• ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0fsf nflu 5'§} P]gsf] Joj:yf 5}g .
• ;+lIfKt / lj:t[t ;j]{If0fsf nflu 5'§f5'§} sfo{jlw tof/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
• /fhgLlts p2]Zo k"/f ug{sf nlu sltko ;+u7g :yfkgf ul/;s] kl5 dfq ;+u7g tyf
Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
• xfnsf lbg ;Dd ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ cg';f/sf] ;dfof]hg P]g jGg g;Sg' .
• ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @*% cg';f/sf] ;+3Lo lghfdtL P]g jGg g;Sg' .
;+/rgfut ;d:ofM
• ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf /x]sf] Ps ;+u7g ljsf; zfvf ;j]{If0fsf] cWoog / ljZn]If0fsf
nflu ck|ofKt 5 .
• ;DalGwt dGqfno jf ;+a}wflgs lgsfon] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0fsf nflu lhDd]jf/L
lng g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .
• ;DalGwt dGqfno jf ;+a}wflgs lgsfon] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0fsf nflu ;fdfGo
k|zf;g dGqfno;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ ;+oGqsf] cefj 5 .
• ;DalGwt dGqfno jf ;+a}wflgs lgsfon] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ kG5fpg vf]Hg] k|j[lt 5 .
• cg'udg / d"Nof+sgsf nflu kof{Kt ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf 5}g .
• ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?df ;xsfo{¸;dGjo / ;fem]bf/Lsf nflu tTk/ gePsf] cj:yf 5 .
hgzlQm ;DaGwL ;d:ofM
• kof{Kt hgzlQmsf] cefj 5 .
• lgsfout ?kdf ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0fsf nflu tflndsf] Joj:yf 5}g .
• ;j]{If0fdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff / dgf]jn a9fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .
• ;DalGwt dGqfnodf ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] 5'§} Joj:yf u/]sf]
kfOb}g .
cGo ;d:ofM
• sltko cj:yfdf JolQmsf nflu ;d]t ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .
• ‌cf}krfl/stf k"/f ug]{ p2]Zon] dfq k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
• ;DalGwt dGqfno jf ;+a}wflgs lgsfon] Jojxfl/s cWoog gu/L gLltut ?kdf dfq
k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrf tof/ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;d:of ;dfwfgsf ;'emfjx?
• ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0fsf nflu 5'§} gLltsf] Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ .
• ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ cg';f/ sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g tTsfn} lgdf{0f ug{‘ kb{5 .
• ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @*% cg';f/ ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgdf{0f ug{‘ kb{5 .
• ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ug{ bl/nf] / clwsf/ ;DkGg dfgj ;+zfwg dGqfno jf
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg ug{‘ kb{5 .
• sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l2sf] nfuL tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f k|bfg ug{‘ kb{5 .
• ljBdfg sfo{ljlw / lgb]l{\zsfsf] ;do;fk]If?kdf ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g ul/g' k5{ .
• ljBdfg sfo{ljlw / lgb]l{\zsfsf] k"0f{ kl/kfngsf] Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ .
• ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] cWoog / ;j]{If0fsf] lj:t[t 9fFrf / dfkb08 tof/ ul/ k|of]usf
nflu afWosf/L agfpg' k5{ .
• ;j]{If0fsf nflu kof{Kt hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ .
• ;j]{If0fdf ;+nUg x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff / dgf]an a9fpg kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwg / ;]jf
;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ .
• tflnd k|fKt sd{rf/Laf6 dfq cWoog tyf ;j]{If0f ul/g' k5{ .
• ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno / ;DalGwt lgsfoaLr ;xsfo{ / ;dGjosf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f
ul/g' k5{ .

• ;+lIfKt / lj:t[t ;j]{If0fsf nflu 5'§f5'§} sfol{\jlw tof/ ul/g' k5{ .
• ;j]{If0f kZrft cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug]{ ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug{‘ kb{5 .
• JolQmsf nflu eGbf ;du| ;+u7gsf] lxtsf nflu ;j]{If0f ul/g' k5{ .
• /fhgLlts efua08f eGbf cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ;+u7g lgdf{0f ul/g' k5{ .
• ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bgnfO{ ‍‍cf}krfl/s agfpg] eGbf jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t agfpg' k5{ .
lgisif{M
;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] df}lns xs, /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf bfloTj lgjf{x ug{
tyf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] /fHosf] ;+/rgf / zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8sf] Jojxfl/s
k|of]unfO{ sfo{¿kdf Nofpg ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] txut sfo{;"rL c'g;f/sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf to
ub}{ ;+3Lotfd}qL k|zf;sLo k'g;{+/rgf ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] nflu O & M Survey Ps cr's
cf}hf/ xf] . O & M Survey Systematic, Scientific / Principle Based x'g} k5{ . lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( n] ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ s]G›Lo lgsfosf] ?kdf O & M Survey ug]{
sfo{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5 . kl/jlt{t Joj:yf cg';f/ ;}4flGts¸sfg"gL / Jojxfl/s b[li6sf]0faf6
cWoog ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfq} ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf¸ b/aGbL tyf kb l;h{gfsf] l;kmfl/z ug{‘ kg]{ x'G5 .
O & M Survey sf] ;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/z adf]lhd g} ;+3Lo ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ul/Pdf ;/sf/L
;+u7gx? / ;/sf/L ;]jfx?df k|efjsfl/tf clea[l4 eO{ ;dli6ut ;'wf/¸ kl/jt{g / ljsf; lbuf]
agfpg ;lsG5 . ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;d]to; sfo{sf nflu ljwL, gLlt, k|s[of / k4ltsf]
cjnDjg ul/g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|LM
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)
;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f lgb]{lzsf, @)^^
kf}8]n, a]u]G›/fh zdf{, -@)!#_, l8;]Da/, l;+xb/af/b]lv e'mkl8;Dd, wf}nflu/L a'S; P08 :6]zg/L,
sf7df8f}+ .
1jfnL, gGb/fh-@)&#_, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;a]{If0f, x'nfs, k"0ff{Í %%,
jif{ %% k"0ff+s !($, x'nfs k|lzIf0f s]G› .
Drucker, Peter , People and Performance: The best of Peter Drucker on Management, New
Yourk; Harpers College Press.
Agrawal, Govinda Ram (2016), Principle of Management in Nepal, Kathmandu, MK.
Publishers and Distributers.
• • •

;+3Lotfdf ul/aLsf] klxrfg / ul/aL lgjf/0f
–8f= nf]sgfy e';fn*

;f/M
ul/aLsf] klxrfg / ul/aL lgjf/0f ljsf;sf dxTjk"0f{ ;jfnx¿ x'g\ . g]kfnn] o; If]qdf clxn];Dd
u/]sf s]xL k|of;x¿ ;sf/fTds 5g\ eg] s]xL k|of;x¿nfO{ gof+ :j¿k k|bfg ug{' kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
d'n's ;+3Lotfdf k|j]z u/]sf]n] ul/aLsf] klxrfg / ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf s;/L cuf8L a9fpg]
eGg] af/]df uDeL/ ax;sf] cfjZostf b]lvG5 .
kl/roM
ul/aL g]kfnL ;dfh / cy{tGqsf] Pp6f oyfy{ xf] . of] ul/asf] nflu ;d:of xf] eg]
;/sf/sf] nflu Pp6f r'gf}lt . b]zdf JofKt ul/aLnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;/sf/n] ul/asf nflu ;/sf/
eGg] cleofg cuf8L ;f/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ sl/j ^) jif{ cl3s}
gLltsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] ¿kdf lng' kb{5 . ul/aL 36fpg–x6fpg ;j{k|yd ul/asf] klxrfg x'g'k5{
eGg] cy{zf:qsf] gjzf:qLo dfGotf xf] . oxL dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L sltko zlQmzfnL
cGt/fl{\i6«o ljsf; lgof]ux¿ nufot /fli6«o ;/sf/x¿ / u}/;/sf/L ;+3–;+:yfx¿n] klg ul/aLsf]
klxrfg Pj+ dfkgnfO{ ljsf; k|lqmofsf] Pp6f cgGo efusf ¿kdf cjnDag ul//x]sf 5g\ . ul/aL
eg]sf] s] xf] < sf] ul/a xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf ;j{:jLsfo{ kl/efiff gePtfklg ul/aLsf] dfkg ug{
df}l›s Pj+ ax'cfoflds ;"rsx¿sf] ljsf; u/L b]zdf ePsf] ;du| hg;+Vofsf] olt k|ltzt hgtf
lg/k]If¿kn] /fli6«o ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g\ egL tYofÍx¿ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ sfd cfjlws ¿kdf
eO/x]sf] kfOG5 .
g]kfnn] d"ntM ul/aLsf] dfkg ug]{ df}l›s cfwf/nfO{ pkof]u u/L ul/aLsf] dfkg ul//x]sf]
5 . cfwf/e"t cfjZostf cyf{t\ b}lgs @!$) Sofnf]/L k|fKt x'g] vfBfGgsf] df}l›s d"No / s]xL
u}/vfB j:t'x¿sf] df}l›s d"No;d]t k|ltJolQm k|ltlbg cf};t ?= %@=&@ eGbf sd cfo cfh{g ug]{
3/kl/jf/nfO{ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] hg;+Vofsf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 . o:tf]
df}l›s dfkgsf] cfwf/df g]kfndf @!=^ k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/ lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] tYof+s
* /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno

;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 o4lk o;df utjif{sf] e"sDk / gfsfaGbLsf] sf/0fn] yk ePsf ul/ax?nfO{
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g\ . @)$% ;fnlt/sf] $@ k|ltzt ul/aL ;fk]If¿kn] 36]sf] ePklg lg/k]If¿kn]
al9/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . clxn] klg ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL &) nfveGbf w]/} hgtf /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . ul/aL
dfkgsf] k|fljlws kIfdf k|Zg p7fpg g;lsP klg g]kfnsf] rfx] d]rLsf] s'g} s'gfdf xf];\ jf
dxfsfnLsf] s'g} s'gfdf g} lsg gxf]; %@ ¿k}ofFn] Pshgf JolQmsf] b}lgs cfwf/e"t cfjZostf
k"/f ug{ t s] Pp6f vfhf klg lsGg ;Sb}g . dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s, k|ltJolQm cfo;lxtsf
cfwf/df tYof+s ljefun] lgsfn]sf] ul/a lhNnfsf] ;"rLnfO{ k5\ofpFb} ul/a 3/kl/jf/ ;xof]u
;dGjo af]8{sf] ;lrjfnon] u/]sf] kl5Nnf] ;j]{If0fdf afh'/f lhNnf ul/aLsf] ;"rLdf ;a}eGbf
k5fl8 5 . afh'/fdf ^$ k|ltzt afl;Gbf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg 5g\ . afh'/fkl5sf] ul/aL ;"rsf+sdf
sfnLsf]6 -%& bzdnj (_, aemfª -%^ bzdnj *_, x'Dnf -%^_, h'Dnf -$(_, c5fd -$& bzdnj
@_, d'u' -$& bzdnj !_ / 8f]Nkf -$@ bzdnj *_ /x]sf 5g\ . dw];sf] l;/xfdf #$ bzdnj ^
/ /f}tx6df ## bzdnj $ k|ltzt gful/s ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg 5g\ .
k|:t't ;Gbe{df ;+3Lotfdf k|j]z ug{ nfu]sf] g]kfnsf] zf;sLo ;+/rgfn] ul/aLsf] dfkg
/ ul/aL Go"lgs/0f / lgjf/0fsf dxTjk"0f{ ;jfnx¿nfO{ s;/L ;+af]wg ug{'kb{5 eGg] ;Gbe{df klg
k|:t't n]vdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
ul/asf] klxrfg / ul/aL lgjf/0fM
rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] cfwf/kqdfkm{t /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] d'n'ssf] @!=^ k|ltzt hg;+Vof
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . t/ of] tYof+sk|lt g t :yfgLo:t/df a;f]af; ug]{
hfgsf/ ;j{;fwf/0f -:yfgLo lzIfs_ sf] ;xdlt 5 g t b]zsf gLlt lgdf{tf, pRr k|zf;s /
ljsf;sf If]qdf sfd ug]{x¿ g} ;xdt 5g\ . of] k+ªltsf/n] j]nfotaf6 ljBfjfl/lwsf]nflu u/]sf]
cg';Gwfgn] g]kfndf emG8} ^% k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/ lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] wf/0ff cfd
hgdfg;df JofKt /x]sf] kQf nufPsf] 5 . cyf{t\, g]kfnsf] ul/aL ;DaGwL ;/sf/L tYof+sn] b]zsf]
ul/aLsf] jf:tljs :t/nfO{ sd cf+sng -cG8/Pl:6d]zg_ u/]sf] 5 . of] s'/f b]zsf] s'g}klg s'gfdf
k'u]/ cWoog u/]klg cg'e"t ug{ ;lsG5 .
tYof+s ljefusf] ul/aL;DaGwL tYof+sn] Psflt/ b]zdf ul/aL sd /x]sf] b]vfpF5 eg]
csf]{lt/ of] tYof+sn] oxL 3/kl/jf/ g} ul/a xf] egL 7f];\ klxrfg u/]sf] 5}g cyf{t\ ul/aLsf]
jt{dfg tYof+s s]an cf};t dfq xf] . xfdLn] ul/aL 36fpg] gjzf:qLo cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\
ug]{ xf] eg] ca xfd|f] ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{qmdn] ul/a 3/kl/jf/sf] klxrfg ug{' h?/L 5 . ljutsf
/ jt{dfg ;/sf/ / o;sf k|wfgdGqLx¿n] b]zaf6 ul/aL x6fpg / 36fpg Odfgbf/Lk"j{s k|lta4
/x]sf] ;fj{hlgs ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . la= ;+= @)^( ;fndf ;/sf/n] 7"nf] vr{ ug]{ u/L NofPsf] ul/asf]
klxrfg u/L pgLx¿nfO{ kl/rokq ljt/0f ug]{ / To;sf cfwf/df ul/ax¿nfO{ ;]jf ;'lawf pknAw
u/fpg] sfo{qmd;Fu ;fGble{s s]xL dxTjk"0f{ kIfnfO{ ;dfnf]rgf ug]{ of] n]vsf] k|d'v clek|fo xf] .
klxnf], ul/a 3/kl/jf/ klxrfg u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ul/aLsf] kl/rokq ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{qmd
ul/aLsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ gjpbf/jfbL cjwf/0ff ePsfn] o;n] ul/aLsf] ;+/rgfTds kIfdf

eGbf ;txL kIfdf Wofg lbG5 . of] :ki6} 5 ls ul/aL x6fpg / 36fpg ul/asf] klxrfg ug{'eGbf
ul/aLsf] sf/0f klxrfg ug{' h?/L x'G5 . To;} u/L ul/a 3/kl/jf/nfO{ /fHon] ljleGg /fxt lbg'
7Ls ePtfklg ul/aLsf] sf/0fnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{' ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] ;xL, lbuf] Pj+ k|efjsf/L pkfo
xf] .
g]kfndf ul/aLsf] d"ntM b'O{j6f sf/0f 5g\ . a]/f]huf/L / c;dfgtf . b]zsf] sl/a Ps
ltxfO{ >dzlQm a]/f]huf/ jf cw{a]/f]huf/ /xg'n] ul/aLsf] sf/0fnfO{ phfu/ ub{5 . d"ntM sfd
gkfP/ g} dflg;x¿ ul/a ePsf x'g . ef/t ;/sf/n] h:tf] ;/sf/n] g} sDtLdf ;o lbgsf]
/f]huf/L Uof/]G6L ug{ ;s]df (% k|ltzt ul/a :jtM klxrfg x'G5g\ . d'n'ssf] %& k|ltzt hgzlQm
cfly{s ¿kn] ;lqmo /x]sf] cj:yfn] klg /f]huf/dfkm{t ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ ;+efjgfnfO{ phfu/
ub{5 .
To;} u/L !(() df gjpbf/jfbL cy{Joj:yf ;lxtsf] k|hftGq cfPkl5sf @@ jif{df a9]sf]
cfly{s c;dfgtf 36fpg ;s]df ;fk]If / lg/k]If b'j} ul/aL 36fpg ;lsG5 . g]kfndf clt wgL
@) k|ltztsf] %^ k|ltzt cfo x'g' / clt ul/a @) k|ltztsf] kf+r k|ltzt dfq cfo /xg'n]
c;dfgtfsf] cj:yf bzf{p5 . b]zdf P]ltxfl;s ¿kn] ljBdfg c;dfgtfsf ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts
cfofdx¿n] klg cfly{s c;dfgtfnfO{ an k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . :ki6 s'/f s] xf] eg] ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L
/ c;dfgtf bx|f]l;t hf]l8Psf x'G5g . of] tYonfO{ kl5Nnf] ;dodf ljZj a}Í h:tf ljsf;sf]
If]qdf sfo{/t pbf/jfbL ;+:yfx?n] ;d]t :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .1# To;sf/0f ul/a 3/kl/jf/ klxrfg
u/L pgLx¿nfO{ kl/rokq k|bfg ug{ 7"nf] wg/fzL vr{ ug{'eGbf ul/aLsf a]/f]huf/L / c;dfgtf
h:tf ;+/rgfut sf/0fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ubf{ jt{dfg ;/sf/sf] ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ k|lta4tf xfl;n
ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 . ;fFrf] cy{df ul/aL 36fpg] xf] eg] clxn]sf] ;/sf/sf] æul/asf nflu ;/sf/æ
eGg] h:tf s0f{lk|o sfo{qmdn] o:tf] ;+/rgfTds kIfnfO{ ljz]if ?kn] Wofg lbg' h¿/L 5 .
bf];|f], ;/sf/n] sl/a @@ k|ltzt g]kfnLnfO{ ul/a ePsf] k|df0fsf] ¿kdf ul/aLsf] kl/rokq
pknAw u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] cfFvfn] klg x]l/g' k5{ . clxn] ljsf;sf] clwsf/jfbL
cjwf/0ff k|rngdf 5 . xfd|f l5d]ssf sltko 3/kl/jf/x¿ ul/a 5g\ . xfd|f] ;dfhsf wgL /
ul/asf aLrdf Pp6f vf8n 5 . sltko cj:yfdf of] vf8nn] cGofonfO{ hGd lbPsf] ePklg
;fdflhs ;b\efj klg sfod u/]sf] 5– Pscsf{sf] ;'vb'Mvdf sfd nfu]/ . ;/sf/n] ljt/0f ug]{
kl/rokqn] of] vf8nnfO{ cf}krfl/stf lbg'sf ;fy} ljBdfg ;fdflhs k'FhL (Social Capital) nfO{
;d]t IfoLs/0f ug]{ b]lvG5 .
nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHon] s;}nfO{ t ul/a xf];\ eg]/ k|df0fkq lbO{ p;nfO{ wgL agfpg
d2t ug{' gfhfoh s'/f gePtf klg s;}nfO{ ul/a 3f]if0ff gu/L wgL agfpg d2t pknAw u/fpg'
a9L hfoh / dfgj clwsf/;Ddt x'g]5 . To;f] t b]zsf ;a} wgLnfO{ ;DkGgtfsf] k|df0fkq
lbP/ afFsL /x]sfnfO{ :jtM ul/a dfgL /fHon] ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpFbf ul/asf] l6sf] gnufO{
klg ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] gLltn] wgLnfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ / ul/anfO{ c;Ddfg gu/L
1# http://thehimaayantimes.com/opinion/ending-poverty-possible (Assessed 23rd October 2016).

ul/aLnfO{ ;+af]wg ug]{5 . Psflt/ /fHon] hgtfnfO{ ul/aLdf /fVg' cfkm}df dfgj clwsf/sf]
pNn+3gsf] cj:yf xf] eg] csf]{lt/ /fHon] g} tF ul/a xf];\ egL l6sf] nufO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{'
dfgjclwsf/sf] cfFvfdf :jLsfo{ x'G5 ls x'Fb}g < of] g}lts / dgf]j}1flgs k|Zg klg xf] .
o; ;DaGwdf gofF klqsf b}lgssf] @)&# ;fn c;f]h !^ ut]sf] ;DkfbsLodf o:tf]
n]lvPsf] 5– æ;/sf/n] o:tf] sfo{qmd nfu" ubf{ To:tf] ;xfotf lng] kl/jf/nfO{ :yfoL ¿kdf
ul/a egL kl/eflift ug]{ / ;dfhn] To;/L a'‰g] cj:yf eg] cfpg lbg' x'Gg . Ps t cfhsf]
ul/a kl/jf/ b'O{ jif{kl5 g} lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfdfly hfg ;S5 . ;/sf/n] To;/L n}hfg k|of;
ug]{ / To:tf] k|of;nfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg] klg ug{' cfjZos 5 . o;}u/L, o:tf] kl/ro :yflkt
ePsf] kl/jf/k|ltsf] gsf/fTds ;fdflhs dgf]lj1fg l;h{gf gxf];\ eGg]tkm{ klg plQs} ;hu eP/
/fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs kl/rfng ug{' cfjZos b]lvG5 .Æ1## 5'jf5'tlj¿4sf] sfg"g ag]sf]
;of}+ jif{kl5;Dd klg of] s'k|yf sfod} /xg] xfd|f] ;dfhdf s] ul/ak|ltsf] ;fdflhs dgf]lj1fg
Jojxfl/s¿kn] ;sf/fTds /xnf < o;df yk cWoogsf] cfjZostf b]lvG5 .
t];|f], ul/a 3/kl/jf/sf] klxrfg ug{sf nflu dfq c/af} ?k}of vlr{g' k5{ . ul/a klxrfg
af]8{n] @% lhNnfdf ;j]{If0f u/L ul/a klxrfg ubf{ s/f]8f} ?k}of vr{ eO{;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . o:tf]
vr{ k|To]s jif{ ug{'kg]{ x'G5 lsgls ul/a 3/kl/jf/ wgL x'g] / wgL 3/kl/jf/ ul/a x'g] k|lqmof
lg/Gt/ eO{/xG5g\ . pRr cfly{s j[l4sf afah'b klg ef/tdf ul/Psf] Pp6f cg';Gwfgn] klg
o;nfO{ k'i6L u/]sf] 5 . ul/aLsf] /]vfsf] jl/kl/ w]/} 3/kl/jf/ /xg] xfd|f] h:tf] b]zdf t wgL ul/a
x'g] / ul/a wgL x'g] qmd rlng} /xG5 . ef/t nfufotsf b]zdf ul/aLsf] kl/rokqsf] /fhgLlts/0f
ePsf] cj:yf klg 5 . o; cGtu{t /fhgLlts k|efjsf sf/0f sltko wgL 3/kl/jf/n] kl/rokq
k|fKt ug]{ / sltko ul/a 3/kl/jf/n] kl/rokq gkfPsf] cj:yf klg cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;n]
;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjdf ulDe/ wSsf lbg'sf ;fy} dfgjLo d"NonfO{ klg r'gf}lt lbPsf] :ki6} x'G5 .
xfd|} ul/a 3/kl/jf/ klxrfg af]8{n] @% lhNnfdf ;j]{If0f u/L ul/a klxrfg ubf{ klg o:tf] ePsf]
eGg] s'/f ldl8ofdf cfPsf] 5 . Pp6f s6' ;To s] xf] eg] k|zf;lgs / k|fljlws Ifdtf sdhf]/
ePsf] xfd|f] h:tf] b]zdf jif]{gL caf}{ ?lkof vr{ u/]/ klg j:t'lgi7 ¿kaf6 ul/a 3/kl/jf/ klxrfg
ug{' / To; tYyfÍnfO{ cBfjlws ug{ sl7g dfq xf]Og c;Dejk|foM x'g] b]lvG5 . k"jf{g'dfg ug{;Sg]
;/sf/sf] dfu eO{/x]sf] jt{dfg ;dodf ;kmntf k|bfg ug{ g;lsg] sfo{qmdx¿ z'¿ ug{' hgtfsf]
ljZjf; u'dfpg' dfq geP/ zf;sLo sdhf]/L x'g] tkm{ klg Wofg lbg' h¿/L x'G5 .
;+3Lotfdf ul/aLsf] dfkg / ul/aL lgjf/0fM

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] d'n'snfO{ ;+3Lotfdf k|j]z u/fPsf] 5 . ;f]xL cg';f/sf sfg"gL
nufotsf ;+/rgfx¿ tof/ klg eO{/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0fn] klg ;+3Lotf Pp6f
km8\sf] ;fljt x'g]5 . d'n'sn] ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ k|d'vtfsf ;fy cuf8L a9fO{/x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;+3Lotf
/ ul/aLsf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] af/]df klg uxg 5nkmn x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;f] t ;+3Lotfaf6 hgtfn]
1## http://www.enayapatrika.com/2016/10/94575 (Assessed 23rd October 2016).

vf]h]sf] ul/aL lgjf/0f g} xf] . clxn] s]G› ;/sf/ / o;sf dftxt lgsfox¿af6 ul/aLsf] dfkg /
lgjf/0fsf sfdx¿ eO{/x]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] s]G›af6} lgb]{lzt /xL sfd ul//x]sf] cj:yf
5.
;+3Lotf / ul/aLsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df ul/Psf cWoogx¿sf lgisif{x¿ laeflht 5g\ .
klxnf] t ;+3Lotfdf ;/sf/ hgtfsf] glhs /xg] ePsf]n] ul/aLsf] dfkg a9L oyfy{ x'g] / ul/aLsf]
Go"gLs/0f klg ;xh x'g] atfO{Psf] 5 . Unitary system sf] centralized form of governance
nfO{ culprit for poverty in the country eg]/ klg JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ limiting the
powers, authority and resources of its own local governments, impairing gravely the
decision-making process. Planning and programs for the communities are divorced
from the realities on the ground elgPsf] kfO{G5 . ;+3Lotfn] ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ ug]{ ;xof]unfO{
o;/L k|i6fO{Psf] kfO{G5 .
• A federal republic will provide better policies and implementation that will
enable the people to raise their standard of living.
• At the same time, citizens will be more willing to pay taxes that will finance
government programs and services for their direct benefits, as they see where
their money goes;
• Equitable regional development will be promoted;
• Faster political, economic, social, and cultural development and modernization
will take place;
• There will be inter-regional competition in attracting domestic and foreign
investments and industries, professionals, and skilled workers; and
• It is true that there will be inevitably some “leakages,” but corruption on a
local level is much more transparent through a vigilant local community now
empowered to run its own affairs.
csf{y/L cWoogx¿n] ;+3Lotfdf k|zf;lgs vr{ a9g] ePsf]n] ljsf; vr{ 36g uO{ ;du|
ljsf; / ul/aL Go"gLs/0fnfO{ k|lts"n k|efj kg]{ ts{ klg 5g\ . :yfgLo ;/sf/x?sf] IfdtfnfO{ klg
ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf tuf/f]sf] ¿kdf lnO{Psf] kfO{G5 . hflto / If]lqo åGbn] ubf{ ;+3Lotfdf uPsf
sltko d'n'sx¿ u[xo'2sf] sf/0f ul/aLsf] s'rqmdf g/fd|/L hflsPsf klg 5g\ . o;n] pgLx¿sf]
k/lge{/tf klg a9fPsf] 5 . o;}n] ;+3Lotf h:tf] ljnf;L ;fwg ul/a b]zsf] nflu dx+uf] x'g] egL
klg cf}NofO{Psf] 5 .
To;}n] ul/aL / ;+3Lotf g]kfnsf] nflu Pp6f gofF k|of]u x'g] b]lvG5 . oL b'O{sf] ;DaGw
g]kfnL e"lddf s:tf] x'g]5 eGg] af/]df clxn] g} olsg ;fy s]xL eGg g;lsg] cj:yf 5 . sltkon]

;+3Lotfn] ul/aLla¿4 /fdjf0fsf] sfd ug]{ eg]/ hgtfsf] ck]Iff atfPtfklg ul/aLsf ofjt
cfofdx¿nfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ ;a} txsf ;/sf/x¿ ;fwg>f]tn o'Qm x'g ;S5g\ ls ;Sb}gg\ of] Pp6f
ulDe/ ;jfnsf] ¿kdf /xg] lglZrt 5 .
lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx?M
Pp6f ;Eo, ;+3Lo / k|hftflGqs ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] dfu{df ul/aL Pp6f r'gf}lt xf] . ul/aLsf]
dfkg / ul/aL lgjf/0f cGt/;DalGwt ljifox¿ x'g\ . ;fdflhs ljefhg Nofpg], dfgj clwsf/sf
cfwf/e"t d"Nox¿;Fu c;+ut / cfly{s, k|fljlws / k|zf;sLo ¿kn] cg'Tkfbs / sl7g ul/asf]
klxrfg u/L ul/aLsf] kl/rokq ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{qmd ;/sf/n] b]zaf6 ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ c;n
dg;fon] NofPsf] ePtfklg o;sf] ;kmntf r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g] b]lvG5 . @)^( ;fnlt/ ul7t ;xsf/L
tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f dGqfno cGtu{tsf] ul/a 3/kl/jf/ klxrfg af]8{n] @% lhNnfdf s/f]8f} vr{
u/]/ ;j]{If0f u/L ul/a klxrfg u/]sf] ljj/0fsf] oyfy{tfdf nfu]sf] k|ZglrGx / To; ljj/0fnfO{
;fj{hlgs ug{ ul/Psf] l9nfO{af6 klg of] s'/f :ki6 eO{;s]sf] 5 . ul/a / ul/aL ultzLn ljifox¿
x'g] ePsf]n] cfufdL lbgdf ljutdfh:tf] /fhgLlts nx8df jf k|zf;lgs c1fgtf / csd{Gotfdf
ul/aLsf] ljifodf sfd ug{'sf] ;§f ul/aL;DaGwL gLlt / sfg"g agfpFbf, ;+:yf :yfkgf ubf{ /
of]hgf, sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgf th{'df Pj+ sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nofªsg ubf{ ul/aL lj1sf] lj1tf
pkof]u ug]{ lxDdt /fv]df ;/sf/L ;|f]tsf] b"¿kof]u klg gx'g] / d'n'ssf] ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;d]t
7f]; of]ubfg ldNg] b]lvG5 .
ul/asf] klxrfg u/L ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ 3'dfp/f] / ;fdflhs-cfly{s ¿kn] vlr{nf]
dfWodaf6 ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{' Pp6f ljsNk dfq xf] . t/ klZrd o'/f]kdf ePsf] h:tf] ;fdflhs
df]8ndf cfwfl/t ;a}nfO{ ;a} ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] pRr cfly{s j[l4;lxtsf] k|ultzLn s/
k|0ffnLsf] hudf plePsf] ;j{JofkL nf]ssNof0fsf/L ;fdflhs ;+/If0f -clgjfo{ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/
;d]t_ Joj:yf nfu" u/L ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{' a9L pko'Qm ljsNk x'g ;S5 . g]kfndf pbf/Ls/0fsf]
gLlt;+u} ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf ah]6 a9b} uPsf] ePtfklg o;nfO{ yk ul/af]Gd"v agfpg' kg]{
cfjZostf 5 . cfˆgf xs, clwsf/ / klxrfgk|lt ;r]t / ;hu jt{dfg pQ/cfw'lgs k':tfsf
nflu bf];|f] ljsNkg} pQd x'g] b]lvG5 . /fhgLlts O{R5fzlQm ePdf ;+3Ltofdf k|j]z u/]sf]
g]kfnn] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/Padf]lhd ;a} txsf ;/sf/dfkm{t ;a}nfO{ ;fdflhs ;+/If0f
k|bfg ug{ ;S5 . ljsf;sf] ;+/rgfTds b[li6sf]0fdf cfwfl/t nf]ssNof0fsf/L ;fdflhs ;+/If0fsf]
Joj:yfaf6 g} ;/sf/sf] ul/aL 36fpg] cleofgn] ;fy{stf k|fKt ug]{ b]lvG5 . ;+3Lotfaf6 hgtf
/ gful/sn] vf]h]sf] klg oxL g} xf] .
References
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and Economic Globalisation in Poverty Reduction: Perceptions Survey Evidence from

Nepal and Cross-section Analysis from 119 Developing Countries. An Unpublished PhD
Dissertation submitted at the Oxford Brookes University UK.
(2012) Poverty Estimates and the Welfare State: the case of Nepal, Contemporary South Asia, Vol.
20, No.1, pp. 45–59.
(2014) Money for Nothing. Oped, The Kathmandu Post, May 26.
(2015) Extending Social Protection as a Recovery Strategy. Bi-annual Newsletter of the ILO
Country Office for Nepal, Issue 3, pp. 3
(2015a) Earthquake, Poverty and Social Protection. Oped, The Rising Nepal, April 25.
(2015b) Better Coordination for better social protection. Oped, The Rising Nepal, April 17.
(2016) Ensuring Human Rights through Better Social Protection, Journal on Human Rights, Vol.
1, No. 1, pp. 22-33.
(2016a) An Analysis of Social Protection Provisions in the Budget, Civil Service Journal, Vol. 37,
No. 1, pp, 102-107.
Cecchini,S. and R. Martínez (2013), "Social protection and economic, social and cultural
rights", in S. Cecchini and R. Martínez, Inclusive Social Protection in Latin America: A
Comprehensive, Rights-based Approach, ECLAC.
Esping-Andersen, Gosta (1990) The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
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Social Justice, Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Development. Geneva: ILO.
(2015) World Social Security Report 2014-15. Geneva: ILO.
Khanal, Dilli Raj (2016) Reduced poverty: Much neglected. Oped. The Himalayan Times,
November 11.
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Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press.
Ministry of Finance (MoF) (2016) Economic Survey 2014/15. Kathmandu: MoF.
(2016) Budget Speech 2016/17. Kathmandu: MoF.
National Planning Commission (NPC) (2070) The 13th Plan (2070/71-2072/73). Kathmandu:
National Planning Commission.
(2014) Draft National Social Protection Framework. Kathmandu: National Planning Commission
Secretariat.
(2015) Sustainable Development Goals, 2016-2030, National (Preliminary) Report. Kathmandu:
Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission.

2073) Draft Approach Paper for the 14th Plan(2073/74-75/76). Kathmandu: National Planning
Commission Secretariat.
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Pogge, Thomas (2008) World Poverty and Human Rights. Cambridge: Polity Press.
(2010) Politics as Usual: What Lies Behind the Pro-Poor Rhetoric. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Sen, Amartya Kumar (1999) Development as Freedom. London: Oxford University Press
Singh, Pritam and Bhusal, Lok Nath (2014) Austerity, Welfare State and Eco-Socialism: With
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39, pp. 111-118.
Stephen, Devereux; Allister, McGregor J.(2014) Transforming social protection: Human wellbeing
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310.
• • •

g]kfndf ;+3Lotf / o;sf] r'gf}tL
–lbnLk s'df/ >Ljf:tj*

;f/f+zM
g]kfndf ljsf;n] ult lng g;Sg'df zf;sLo g]t[Tjdf ;Lldt ju{ Pj| hfltsf] jr{:j sfod x'g',
s]lGb|s[t zf;g ;+rfngsf] afu8f]/ /xg' / b]zdf ;w} /fhlglts cl:y/tf /x]sf] sf/0f dfGg ;lsG5 . b]zdf
zf;g ;Ttf lj?4 ;do ;dodf cfGbf]ngx? klg ePsf] xf] t/ /fhlglts kl/jt{gn] klg zf;g zlQmsf]
d'Vo s]Gb|nfO{ 8udufpg ;s]gg t/ kl5Nnf] ;do d'n'sdf ePsf] kl/jt{gn] g]kfndf @$)jif{ /fHo u/]sf
zlQmnfO{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] hgdtåf/f :yflkt :f+lawfg;efn] ljlwjt ?kdf cGt ul/ clxn] g]kfn nf]stflGqs
zf;g Joj:yf cEof;sf] s|ddf ;'wf/f]Gd'v cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . nf]stflGqs zf;g ;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtdf
cfwfl/t zf;g Joj:yf xf] .nf]stflGqs zf;gJoj:yfdf hgtfn] ljsf;sf] ;Defjgfsf] nflu s]Gb|sf] d'v
tfs]/ / s]Gb|sf] lg0f{o klv{P/ a:g' kb}{g . hgtfn] k|zf;lgs clwsf/ k|fKt uGf{sf] nflu lhNnf ;b/d'sfd
tyf s]Gb|;Dd wfO/xg' kb}{g hfgtfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwf ,k|zf;lgs clwsf/ :yflgo txdf g} pknAw
x'G5 . g]kfndf /fHosf] zf;sLo :j?kdf kl/jt{g / d'n'snfO{ PsfTdsaf6 ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf cfa4
u/fO{ ljsf; ug]{ nIo /fHon] lnPsf] 5 . ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf s]Gb|Lo, k|fGtLo jf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿n]
/fHosf] zf;sLo clwsf/nfO{ af+8kmf+8 u/]sf] kfO{G5 . To;}n] o; k|0ffnLdf /fHosf k|To]s txnfO{
zf;g Joj:yfdf k|ToIf ¿kdf ;+nUg x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 . pgLx¿nfO{ /fHo zlQmsf] pkof]u tyf
lhDd]jf/Lsf] k|ToIf dx;'; u/fpg zf;sLo :j¿knfO{ ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ¿kfGtl/t ul/G5 .
;+3Lotfsf] cy{ / kl/efiffM

;+3Lotf Nofl6g efiffsf] Foedus zAbaf6 cfPsf] xf] . o;nfO{ cªu|]hLdf Federation
elgPsf] xf] . o;sf] cy{ b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L ;d"xsf] ldng jf ;Demf}tf eGg] a'lemG5 .
/fhgLlts cy{df a'‰g'kbf{ PseGbf a9Lsf] lqmofzLn /fHo ;+oGq eGg] a'lemG5 . s]Gb|df /x]sf] ;du|
clwsf/ Pj+ ;Qf, zlQm, ;|f]t tNnf] lgsfo;Dd ljs]lGb|t ug'{ g} ;+3Lotf xf] . ;+3Lo /fHodf zlQm
ljs]lGb|t x'G5 . ;du|df cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgnfO{ ;+3Lotfsf] ;a} bfo/fleq a/fa/L /fVg] ;f]r x'G5 .
ljb]z gLlt, /Iffsf] dfdnf, d'n'ssf] d'b|fafx]s ;a}h;f] ljifox¿ :yfgLo jf /fHodf jf :jfoQ
;/sf/nfO{ g} x:tfGt/0f x'g] ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿k xf] . s'g} klg hgtfn] d'n'ssf] zf;sLo sfo{af6
cfk"m aflx/ gePsf] cg'e"lt x'g' g} ;+3Lotf xf] . Pscfk;df lgoGq0f, zlQm ;Gt'ng / ljs]lGb|t
zf;g ;Qfsf] sf/0f /fhgLlts kxF'rdf /fHosf] lg0ff{os txdf hf]sf]xLn] klg cfk"m ;dfj]z
ePsf], cfTdpGgltsf] cj;/ ;dfg¿kdf ePsf] cg'e"lt g} ;+3Lotf xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+lawfgn]
g]kfndf ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] k|Tofe'lt ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;+3LotfnfO{ zf;g ;+rfngdf ;a}sf] ;xeflutf
* k|zf;sLo clws[t, g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg

;'lglZrt ug]{ zf;sLo ?kdf x]l/G5 . /fHo zlStsf] afF8kmfF8, :yfgLo lgsfosf] :jfoQtf, lnlvt
;+lawfg ;+3x?aLr pTkGg ljjfbsf] pko'Stm ;+oGq tyf txut ?kdf :jtGq, ;Ifd Gofokflnsf
o;sf] laz]if]tf x'g / cf–cfkmgf] kl/j]z cg';f/ ;+3Lotfsf] :j?kdf leGgtf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] kl/efiff lbb} Aiyer’s Judicial Dictionary df “When two or
more sovereigns or independent states mutually agree not to exercise certain powers
incidental to their several sovereignties, but to delegate the exercise of those powers
to some persons or body choosen by them jointly, there is said to be federal union of
these states, and the person or body to whom the exercise of such power in delegated
is called the federal government” eg]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L Black's Law Dictionary sf cg';f/ “The system of government

administrated in a nation formed by the union or confederation of several independent
states. In strict usage, there is a distinction between a confederation and a federal
government. The former term denotes a league of permanent alliance between several
states, each of which is fully soverign and independent and each of which retains its
fully dignity, organization and sovereignty, though yielding to the central authority a
controlling power for a few limited purposes, such as external and diplomatic relation”
egL ;++3Lo /fHosf] kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 .

To:t} Wikipedia, Encyclopedia n] Federalism is a political philosophy in which
a group of a members are bound together(Latin foedus, coveant) with governing
representative head. The term federalism is also used to describe a system of the
government in which sovereignty is constitutionally decided between a central
government authority and constituent political units (like states or provinces).
Federalism is the system in which the power to govern is shared between the national
state governments, creating what is often called a federation. Proponents are often
called federalists egL kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 .
To;} ul/ s]=;L=Xljo/n] ;+3Lotfsf ;DaGwdf eg]sf 5g ;ª3fTdstfsf] l;4fGtsf]

tfTko{ zlQm ljefhgsf] k4lt;Fu ;DalGwt 5, h;cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo / k|fb]lzs ;/sf/x¿
cfcfkmgf If]qdf :jtGq / ;dsIf /xg ;Sg' kb{5 .
dG6]:So'sf zAbdf ;ª3fTds ;/sf/, To:tf] ;Demf}tf xf], h;df w]/} ldNbfh'Nbf
/fHox¿ Pp6f 7"nf] /fHosf] ;b:o aGg ;xdt x'G5g .

g]kfndf ;+3Lotfsf] cfjZostfM
g]kfnnfO{ /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ljleGg ;;fgf /fHox¿nfO{ PsLs[t ul/ cfw'lgs
g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f u/] t/ pgL kl5sf] k':tfx?n] /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf s'g} k|of; u/]sf] kfOb}g . k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfx uf]vf{sf /fhf / v; j+zsf ePsf]n] ToxLleq af]lng] efiff / wd{ ;+:s[lt lk|o x'g' :jefljs}
xf] . t/ PsLs[t g]kfn leq ljleGg efiff, hflt, ;+:s[lt, wd{x? sfod lyof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn]
g]kfnnfO{ rf/ hft 5TtL; j0f{sf] km'njf/L xf] ;Dd eg] t/ Jojxf/df cfkmg} efiff / ;+:s[ltnfO{ g}
/fHodf nfu' u/fpb} nu]sf] kfOG5 . To; sf/0fn] g]kfnsf /fli6«o efiff / ;+:s[ltx? 5fFofdf k/of]
/ sltkosf] Oltxf; ;d]t x/fPsf] kfOG5 . To:t} k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kfnfb]lv g]kfnsf] ljsf;
eg]sf] sf7df08f} pkTosfnfO{ ;'ljwf ;DkGg agfpg dfq s]lGb|t /xof] ljs]lGb|t ug{ ;lsPg
To;}n] g]kfnsf] ljsf; s;/L eof] eg] hflt, ;+:s[lt, wd{ efiffdf v;x?sf] afx'Notf / ljsf;
sfo{ sf7df08f}df dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] x'gfn] oxfFsf cflbjf;L, hghflt, blnt Pj+ dw]zL nufotsf
;d'bfox?nfO{ /fHozlQmsf] kx'Frjf6 ljd'v /flvof] / sf7df08f} afx]s g]kfnsf] cGo :yfg nfO{
ljsf;jf6 ljd'v /flvPsf] kfO{G5 .
g]kfndf hlt k6s /fhgLlts kl/jt{g eP klg /fHozlQmnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ ;s]g .
/fhgLlts lazn]ifs k|f=nf]s/fh a/fnsf] cg';f/ kxfl8of pRrhfltsf ;d'xx?sf] k|e'Tj d'Votof
b'O{ j6f sf/s tTjx? sfod ul/of] . klxnf] zlQmsf] gofF ;|f]t h:t} lzIff, ;~rf/, cfw'lgsLs/0f
/ cGodf afx'g / If]qLx?sf] afx'Notf /xg' / bf];|f] k/Dk/fut ljlzi6tfdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs
c;dfgtf nuftf/ k|yfsf] ?kdf sfod eO{ /xg' o;n] ubf{ cflbjf;L , hghflt, blnt Pj
dw]zLx?sf] k|ltlglwTj / ;dfj]zLs/0f x'g ;s]g . cfh;Dd klg k|d'v kbdf pRr kxf8L hftsf
g} 5g . /fli6«o / :yfgLo:t/ /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] txdf kxf8L ;d'xsf] k|e'Tj /x]sf] 5 o;n] b]zsf]
/fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, k|zf;lgs / cfly{s txdf k'/fg} ;+:sf/ /x]sf] kfO{G5 . o; cl3sf /fhgLlts
kl/jt{gn] efiffut kl/jt{g dfq ePsf] kfO{G5 . /fHo txdf kl/jt{g x'g g;s]sf]n] @)^@÷@)^#
sf] hgcfGbf]ngn] of] ;a} kl/l:yltnfO{ x6fpb} g]kfndf ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] :yfkgfsf]
kxn eof] . PsfTds zf;g Joj:yf sfod /x]sf] a]lNhod, gfOh]l/of h:tf b]zx? PsfTds
zf;gjf6 ;+3Lotfdf uPsf pbfx/0fx? x'g . To;}n] klg g]kfndf ;+3Lo zf;gsf] cfjZostf
dx;'; ul/Psf] xf] .
!= g]kfn ;+3Lotfdf uPkl5 sf7df08f} s]lGb|t /fHosf] cGt ub}{ k|b]z / :yfgLo txnfO{ clwsf/
k|bfg ug'{ clt cfjZos ePsf] / ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfsf] d'Vo cfjZostf g} d'n'ssf]
c;Gt'lnt tyf vl08t ljsf;sf] cGt ug'{ xf] .
@= b]zdf /x]sf] nf]kf]Gd'v efiff ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ug{ .
#= Ps} hflt / ju{sf] zf;g Joj:yf cGt ul/ /fHon] w]/} k5f8L kfl/Psf ;j} ;d'bfonfO{/fHosf
dxTjk'0f{ lgsfodf ;dfj]z ul/ ;dfj]zL nf]stGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{'kg]{ ePsf]n] g]kfndf
;+3Lo Joj:yf cfjZos ePsf] xf] . /fHojf6 kl5 kf/]sf ;d'bfox?n] vf]h]sf] /fHozlQmdf
;+VofTds pkl:ylt geO{ u'0ffTds ;'wf/ klg xf] . o;f] ug{ ;+3Lo zf;gsf] Joj:yfdf dfq
;Dej x'g] ePsf]n] klg g]kfndf ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] xf] .
$= ljljwtfdf Pstf sfod ug{ klg ;+3Lo zf;gsf] Joj:yfsf] cfjZos 5 . g]kfndf hflto,
eflifs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s lx;fan] ljljwtf ePsf] d'n's t elgof] t/ To;df slxNo} Pstf
sfod ul/Pg . hftLo lx;fan] If]qL afx'gn] dfq /fHosf] zf;g;Ttf ;+rfng ug{], g]kfnL
efiff dfq af]nrfndf / ;/sf/L sfddf k|of]u x'g], ;f+:s[lts lx;fan] bz} ltxf/ h:tf
rf8kj{nfO{ dfq dfGotf lbg], wfld{s lx;fan] lxGb' wd{n] dfq k|>otf kfpg] , ef}uf]lns
lx;fan] /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ sf7df08f}df dfq ;Lldt /xg] o;nfO{ ljljwtfdf Pstf
kSs} klg dflgb}g . ;+3Lo zf;gsf] Joj:yfjf6 dfq ljljwtfnfO{ Pstfsf] dfnf agfpg
;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfn] g} ;+3Lotfsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] xf] .
;+3Lotfsf cfwf/M
ljutdf klxrfg / ;fdYo{nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;+3Lotfdf hfg] s'/f;+u ;a} /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿
jLr Psdt ePtf klg hftLo cfwf/df ;+3Lotf lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/f;+u ;xdlt gePsf] cj:yf 5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf ;+3Lotf lgdf{0f ubf{ ljZj cg'ej, cfly{s ;fdYo{ / klxrfg ;lxtsf] cfwf/df
;+3Lotf agfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;+3Lotfdf hfFbf klxrfg TolQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg g]kfndf !@%
hfthflt, !@# efiffefifL / !) wdf{jnDaL ePsf] / Pp6} hfthflt, efiffefifL / wdf{jnDaLsf]
afx'Notf gePsf] cj:yfdf oL cfwf/df /fHosf] gfdfs/0f ug]{ u/L ;xdlt x'g] b]lvFb}g . ;fdYo{
;+3Lotf lgdf{0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ ePtf klg o;sf] dfq cfwf/ lnbf ljutsf] pTkL8gsf] Ifltk"lt{
gx'g] / l;dfGts[t ju{n] o;/L ag]sf] ;+3LotfnfO{ ckgTj glng] x'bf b'j}sf] cfwf/ lnbf ;xdltsf]
ldng laGb' aGg ;Sb5 . ;fdYo{sf] cfwf/df ;+3Lotf agfpbf ;+3Lo k|0ffnLn] :yfloTj kfpg] x'G5
t/ o;f] eGb}df klxrfgnfO{ la;{bf ljutsf] pTkL8gsf] kIfdf Gofo u/]sf] kfOb}g . ljZjsf] cg'ej
x]bf{ ef/t h:tf] 7"nf] / :jL6h/Nof08 h:tf] ;fgf] b]zn] klg ;+3Lotf ckgfPsf] b]lvG5 . df]8nsf]
¿kdf Coming Together df]8nsf] ¿kdf cd]l/sfsf] ;+3Lotf /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] ef/tdf Hoding
Together df]8nsf] ¿kdf ;+3Lotf /x]sf] kfOG5 . clwsf/ afF8kmfF8nfO{ x]bf{ klg ljleGg ;+3Lo
zf;g ckgfPsf b]zx¿df km/s km/s lsl;dn] afF8kmfF8 ePsf] kfOG5 . ef/tdf sf]–ck/]l6k,
Sofg8fdf Asymmetric / :jLh/Nof08df Duel df]8ndf clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
To;} u/L cd]l/sfdf :6]6sf] ;'lk|d]:fL 5, eg] k|mfG;df hgtfsf] hd{gdf Ethnicity Supremacy
ePsf] b]lvG5 . :jL6h/Nof08df eflifs cfwf/df ;+3Lotf ag]sf] 5 eg] Olyof]lkofdf hftLo
cfwf/df ag]sf] kfO{G5 . ;+3Lotf ckgfPsf] d'n'sdf /fi6«ktLo / k|wfgdGqLo b'j} k|sf/sf zf;g
Joj:yf ePsf] klg kfOG5 . To;} u/L lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgfPsf b]zx¿df klg s'g}df ;dfg'kflts,
ax'dtLo k|0ffnL tyf ldl>t ;a} k|sf/sf] cEof; ePsf] kfOG5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dfly pNn]vePsf df]8nnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;+3Lo /fHosf] cjwf/0ff nfu'
x'g nfu]sf] 5 . g]kfn hftLo, eflifs Pj+ wfld{s ljljwtf ePsf] b]z xf] . of] d'n'sdf ;+3Lotfsf]
cfwf/ Psn hftLo agfpg ldNb}g . oxfF ljleGg c~rn, lhNnf, ufpF ljsf; leq klg w]/} hflt

, efiff / ;+:s[lt ePsf hfthfltx? ldn]/ a;]sf 5g . g]kfn lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{h:tf tLgj6f
ef}uf]lns jftfj/0f ePsf] b]z xf] . To;}n] oxfF tLg} ef}uf]lns :j?knfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;+3Lotf
cjnDag ug'{kb{5 .
;+3Lotf ;++:yfut ug{sf nflu ;'emfjx?M
;+3Lotfsf] ljifodf ljZjsf] cg'ejnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] ef/t ;+3Lotfdf hfFbf k|f/Dedf hDdf
!@ /fHodf ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] t/ cfh ef/tdf xfn w]/} j6f k|fGt aGg k'u]sf] kfO{G5 .
To;nfO{ x]/]/ klg xfd|f] ;+3Lotfsf] lgdf{0fdf ;f]Rg'kg]{ cfjZos ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] ;fy}
gfOh]l/ofdf ;'?df # /fHo ePsf]df xfn #^, ;'8fgdf # af6 @^ /fHo k'u]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f
g]kfnn] oL ;a}] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df efjgfTds eGbf klg j}1flgs 9+uaf6 bLuf]kgnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
;+3Lotfsf] lgdf{0f ug{'kg]{ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] nflu g]kfndf /x]sf] ljljwtf / ;fdYo{nfO{
g} cWoog ul/g' kb{5 . g]kfndf p7g] u/]sf] /fhZjsf] cj:yf cjnf]sg ubf{ &% lhNnfdf & j6f
lhNnfaf6 dfq s"n /fhZjsf] *% k|ltzt / jfsL ^* lhNnfjf6 !% k|ltzt dfq p7g] u/]sf]
5 . To;}u/L /fhZj p7fpg] eG;f/ gfsf pQ/df ( j6f / blIf0f tkm{ @@ j6f /x]sf 5g . blIf0f
gfsfaf6 sl/j () k|ltzt /fhZj p7g] / pQ/L gfsfaf6 !) k|ltzt dfq /fhZj ;+sng x'g]
u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf /fhZj c;'nLsf] If]qdf /x]sf] ;+efjgf ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{
;+3Lotf lgdf{0f ug{' kb{5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm ljutdf k5fl8 kfl/Psf] ju{sf] ;d]t /fHo ;~rfngdf
ckgTj sfod ug]{ u/L ;a}sf] cl:tTj / klxrfgsf] plrt ;Daf]wg ub}{ :jzf;gnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{
vfnsf] ;+3Lotf agfpg'kg]{ cfjZos 5 . o;sf] nflu kf6L{ut /fhgLlteGbf dfly p7]/ /fli6«o
Pstf / cv08tf sfod ug]{ u/L ;+3Lotf lgdf{0f ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
;+3Lotfsf] ljz]iftfM
;+3Lotf eg]sf] ljljwtfaLrsf] Pstfsf dfWodsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] zf;sLo
k4ltsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . o:tf] Joj:yfdf /fHozlQm s]Gb|Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf aLr
ljefhg ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;sf lgDglnlvt ljz]iftfx¿ 5g .
! o:f Joj:yfdf Ps csf]{dfly cfl>t /xg' gkg]{,
@ Pscsf{sf] cf cfkmgf] clwsf/dfly :jtGqtf,
# ;a} txsf ;/sf/k|lt gful/sx¿sf] ;Ddfg,
$ cf:yf / lgi7f ,
% clwsf/sf] l;dfªsg,
^ ;/sf/x¿ cf cfkmgf clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ :jtGq,
;+3Lotfsf l;4fGtM
/fHosf] zlQm / clwsf/ s]Gb|Lo /fHodf dfq g/xg] k|fGtLo /fHodf ;d]t /xg]
dfGotf g} ;+3Lotf /fHo k|0ffnLsf cfwf/e"t dfGotf xf] . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f s]Gb|n] :yfgLo

lgsfonfO{ k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/x¿sf] cEof; ug]{ k|0ffnL xf] eg] ;+3Lotf s]Gb|df dfq} zlQm
g/xg] jf /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 / Joj:yfkg k|lqmof xf] . ;+3Lotfn] /fHo;Qf / zlQmsf]
ljt/0f tyf clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 ub{5 . o;sf ;fy} k|fb]lzs k|fyldstf / ljz]iftfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{
sfddf klg ;+3Lo ;+/rgfn] hf]8 lbG5 . ljZjdf b'O{ k|sf/sf ;+3Lo /fHox¿sf] k|rng b]lvG5 .
o; dWo] ljleGg :jtGq /fHox¿ ldn]/ Pp6} ;+3Lo /fHo aGg] k|lqmof Pp6f xf] eg] csf]{ s]Gb|Ls[t
/ PsfTds /fHosf] k|fb]lzs 9fF+rfdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ jf /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgfåf/f k|b]zx¿sf] lgdf{0f
u/L ;+3Lo /fHo k|0ffnL aGg] k|lqmof klg kb{5 . g]kfndf eg] Pp6f l;ªuf] /fHonfO{ k'g;+{/rgf
dfkm{t ljleGg /fHodf ¿kfGt/0f ub}{ tL /fHox¿sf] ;+3Lo agfpg] df]8]n cGtu{t cEof;
eO;s]sf] 5 . d"ne"t ¿kdf ;+3Lo /fHo k|0ffnLsf :j¿kx¿sf] gfd pNn]v ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g]
ePsfn] oxfF ;ª\If]kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
!= bf]xf]/f] ;+3Lotf
o; cGtu{t k|To]s ;+3Lo PsfO Ps csf{sf] cwLgdf g/xL k"0f{¿kdf :jtGq /xG5g .
o;nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ ;+3Lotf elgG5 .
@= ;xof]uL ;+3Lotf
s]Gb| / k|fGt tyf k|fGt–k|fGt Ps csf{df cGt/lge{/ eO{ ;xof]uLsf ¿kdf sfd ug]{ k|s[ltsf]
;+3Lo 9fFrfnfO{ ;xof]ufTds ;+3Lotf elgG5 .
#= ;dfg clwsf/ ePsf ;+3Lo /fHo
o; k|sf/sf] ;+3Lotfdf ;a} k|fGtLo ;/sf/nfO{ clwsf/ ;dfg¿kn] ljt/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .
$= leGgleGg clwsf/ af+8kmf+8 ul/Psf ;+3Lo /fHo
k|fGtsf] ;|f]t;fwg, /fhgLlts g]t[Tj axg Ifdtf cflbnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ o; k|sf/sf] ;+3Lo
/fHosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .
pNn]lvt df]8]nx¿dWo] g]kfnn] s'g k|sf/sf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf ckgfpg] xf], ;f]xL cg'¿k
/fHosf] k'g;+{/rgfsf] df]8]n agfOg] 5 . ;+3Lotf ckgfPsf b]zx¿n] ljleGg txdf
;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt b]vfPsf 5g .
!= ;+3Lo tx
s]Gb|Lo /fHo, h;n] ;a} k|fGtsf] ;~rfng, clwsf/sf] k|of]u / kfngf u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{
elgPsf] 5 . o;df Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf / sfo{kflnsfsf] Joj:yf zlQm ;Gt'ng
/ k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtcg'¿k x'g]5 .
@= k|fb]lzs tx
;+3Lo PsfOdf ljefhg ul/Psf] If]q / :j¿ksf ¿kdf k|b]z x'g] / k|b]zsf] zf;g
;~rfng / k|fb]lzs If]qsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ elgPsf] 5 . o;df Joj:yflksf,

Gofokflnsf / sfo{kflnsfsf] Joj:yf zlQm ;Gt'ng / k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtcg'¿k
x'g]5 .
#= :yfgLo tx
;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] txsf ¿kdf :yfgLo tx /xg] / ;f]cGtu{t ufpFkflnsf /
gu/kflnsf /xg] Joj:yf ul/g] elgPsf] 5 .
;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf u'0fx?M

! /fhgLlts :jfoQtf sfod x'g],
@ /fHo :jtGq x'g],
# :yfgLo ;d:of :yfgLo :t/af6} ;dfwfg x'g],
$ hftLo ljljwtfdf Pstf sfod x'g],
% s]Gb|Lo zlQm / ;Qfsf] b'?kof]udf /fHosf] lgoGq0f x'g],
^ ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf sfod x'g],
& ljsf;sf] clwsf/ lgIf]k0f x'g],
* :yfgLo :jfoQtf;lxtsf] /fli6«o Pstf x'g],
( /fHo / s]Gb|aLr zlQmsf] :ki6 afF8kmfF8 x'g],
;+3Lotfsf cj;/M
;+3LotfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;lsPsf] cj:yfdf d'n'sdf k|z:t cj;/x? ;[hgf x'g ;Sb5g\ .
To;}n] g]kfndf ;+3Lotf cjnDag ug{ k|of; ePsf] 5 . o;df ;aeGbf klxn] o; Aoj:yfdf
ljsf;sf sfo{x? ljs]lGb|t x'G5 . cfhsf] h:tf] ljsf;sf sfo{x? s]Gb|df dfq l;ldt x'b}gg .
;+3Lotfdf /fHoaf6 gful/sn] kfpg] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ Pj+ cj;/x? cfkmg} 3/b}nf]df k|fKt ug{
;Sb5g . csf]{ ;+3Lotfn] ;dfhsf] hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt / wd{sf] ;+/If0f x'G5 . o; cl3sf] g]kfnL
;dfhdf hghflt ;fF:s[lts ?kn], blnt hfltut ?kn] / dw]zL ef}uf]lns lx;fan] /fHokIfaf6
;w} ;LdfGts[t ePsf] b]lVfG5 . o:tf ;LdfGts[t ju{sf] ;+/If0f ;+3Lotfn] dfq ug{ ;Sb5 . To:t}
;+3Lotfn] hflt / ;d'x aLr cfk;L ;befjsf] ljsf; ug{ d4t ub{5 . ;+3Lotfn] ljljwtfdf
Pstf sfod ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . o;n] :jfotf k|bfg ub{5 . To:t} ;+3Lotfn] ;dfj]zLs/0f x'g]
ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfdf blnt, dlxnf / cGo ;LdfGts[t ju{sf] kxF'r k'¥ofpg ;xof]u
ub{5 .
;+3Lotfsf r"gf}tLM
g]kfnsf] nflu ;+3Lotf gofF ljifo ePsf]n] To;} klg r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . klxnf] ;+lawfg;efn]
g]kfndf w]/} g} k|b]zsf] ;+3Lotfsf] cjwf/0ff cl3 ;f/]sf] lyof] t/ Tof] g]kfnsf] nflu pko"Stm lyPg
lsg eg] cfly{s ?kdf wfGg g;Sg] x'gfn] To;nfO{ cjnDag ug{ ;lsPg . bf];|f] ;+lawfg;efn]
g]kfndf ;+3Lotfsf] nflu g]kfnL hgtfsf] hgdt adf]lhd yf]/} k|b]zsf] ;+3Lotf pko"Stm x'g]
cfdwf/0ff cg';f/ & k|b]zsf] ;+3Lotf agfpg vf]lhPsf] xf] . of] ;+3Lotf leq g]kfnsf] e"uf]n,
hflt, efiff / ;+:s[ltn] ;dfg t/Lsfn] ljsf; x'g] cj;/ kfpg' kb{5 t/ g]kfndf s]xL c/fhs
tTjn] o;}nfO{ e8sfP/ kmfObf lng klg ;ls|o /x]sf]n] of] Pp6f k|d'v r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 / o;sf]
csf]{ r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf ;Ldfgf / ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 dfGg ;lsG5 . To:t} zlSt x:tfGt/0fsf] laifo
klg ;+3Lotfsf]] r'gf}tL xf] . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns lx;fan] s'g} k|b]znfO{ clwsf/ a9L / s'g} k|b]zsf]
clwsf/df sdL x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o; s|ddf ljjfb l;h{gf eof] eg] 7'nf] ;d:of x'g
hfG5 .;+3Lotfsf d'Vo r'gf}tLx? lgDg adf]lhd /fVg ;lsG5 .
! ;+3Lo PsfOx?sf] :jfoQ zf;gsf] pRr rfxgf / s]G›nfO{ ;'9[9 ug]{ lrGtgaLrsf] ;Gt'ng
;+3Lotfsf] k|d'v r'gf}tL xf] .
@ ;+3Lotf Joj:yfkgsf lx;fan] Pp6f hl6n Joj:yf xf] .
# ;+3Lotfdf cGt/;/sf/ åGå ;dfwfgsf nflu ;a} txsf ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwd'ns / ;+/rgfut
k|aGw cfjZos x'G5 .
$ ;+3Lotfdf ljQLo ;dfgLs/0fsf] ultzLn ;+:yfut Pj+ gLltut Joj:yf cfjZos x'G5 .
% ;+3Lotfdf tNnf] txsf ;/sf/sf] ;Gt'i6L pGd'v /fhlglts / cfd rfxgfsf] ;Daf]wgaLr
;Gt'ng cfjZos x'G5 .
^ s]G›sf] cGt/fli6«o bfloTj / k|fb]lzs rfxgfsf aLr ;Gt'ng /fVg] ljifodf ;d:of x'G5 .
& cfd hgrfxgfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ k|lqmofut l9nfO{ sd ug]{ ;d:of x'G5 .
* k|b]zx?df w]/} /fh:j p7g] jf p7fpg] / afF8kmfF8 jLrsf] åGb hl6n x'G5 .
( ;+3Lotf t'ngfTds?kdf vlr{nf] zf;g k|0ffnL xf] .
!) ;+3Lo k|b]zx?jLr k|fs[lts >f]t;fwgsf] pkof]u / afF8kmfF8 lgs} hl6n klg x'G5g .
!! :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 k|b]zdf / s]G›df ;fy} k|b]zaf6 s]G›df k|ltlglwTj ;+t'ngsf] lx;fan]
dxTjk'0f{ x'G5 . ldnfpg g;s]sf]] v08df åGb a9g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
cGtdfM
la=;+= @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf, lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf / ;+ljwfg ;efsf]
hgfb]z cg';f/ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ / ;d[4, cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ cleofgdf g]kfn
h'6]sf] 5 . ;+3Lo ;+/rgf ;lxtsf] gofF g]kfndf hgtfn] ;]jf ;'ljwf l56f], 5l/tf], k|efjsf/L /
ldtJooL tl/sfn] k|fKt u/L pgLx¿df ;'zf;g ePsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g' kb{5 . g]kfn clxn] /fHo

k'g;+/rgfsf] ;+3f/df /x]sf] 5 . o; cl3 ePsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] g]kfnnfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]
l;4fGtdf ljsf; ePsf] kfOPsf] 5}g . t/ clxn]sf] kl/jt{gn] g]kfndf kl/jt{gsf] ;+s]t b]vf
k/]sf] 5 . ca nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ cjnDjg ug'{kg{] d'Vo bfloTj /fhgLlts bnx?sf]
xf] . g]kfndf :yfkgf ePsf] nf]stflGqs u0ftGq, lbuf]zflGtsf] :yfkgf, oxfF leqsf hftLo,eflifs
/ ;fF:s[lts kIfx?sf] hu]gf{ x'g'kb{5 / g]kfn klg ;d[l4sf] dfu{df cuf8L a9g'kb{5 . o:tf] ePsf]
v08df ;dfj]zL nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf klg dha't aGg] 5 / g]kfn klg cfkmgf] l5d]sL
d'n'sh:t} ;d[4 x'g] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿ M
lghfdtL ;]jf bk0f{ @)&@ lghfdtL ;]jf lbj;, d'n ;df/f]x ;ldlt ,d'b|0f ljefu l;+xb/af/,
sf7df08f} .
k|zf;g klqsf ljleGg c+sx? M ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno l;+xb/af/, sf7df08f} .
lji0f' ;'j]bL, @)^$ k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg / nf]stGqsf gjLg cfofdx?, k}/jL k|sfzg, k'tnL;8s,
sf7df08f} .
uf]/vfkq b}lgs klqsfsf] n]v /rgfx? .
• • •

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+3Lotf, :yfgLo txsf] k'g;{+/rgf,
clwsf/ / sfo{x?
–eljZj/ l3ld/]*
;f/f+zM
s'g} d'n'sn] lsg ;+3Lo k|0ffnL ckgfp+5 eGg] ljifosf] Tolt ;xh hjfkm 5}g o;sf] ljsNkdf s]
eGg ;lsG5 eg] ;+3Lotf canDag x'g] s'/f P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd, /fhgLlts k|0ffnL, hgtfsf] rfxgf,
jftfj/0fLo k|efj h:tf s'/fdf lge{/ /xG5 . klxrfg, kx'+r / k|ltlglwTjn] g]kfndf ;+3Lotfsf] cfjZostf
dx;'; u/fPsf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . g]kfnn] xfl;n u/]sf] ;+3Lonf]stfGqLs u0ftGq ;dsfnLg ljZjdf sd
dxTjk'0f{ xf]Og. g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf k|fKt pknAwLnfO hg:t/af6 ;+:yfut ug]{ cfjZostf
r'gf}ltk'0f{ x'G5 t/ ug}{ kb{5 . ;+ljwfg hf/L eP kZrft tNnf :yfgLo txx¿ h;n] hgtf;Fu k|ToIf sfd
ug{'kg]{ x'G5 ltgLx¿sf] lgjf{rg tf]lsPs} ;doleq ul/g'kb{5 . hgtfsf] ;d[l4sf] dfWod :yfgLo txx¿ x'g]
ePsf]n] /fhg}lts bnx¿ lj/f]w tyf ;do Jolttdf dfq ;do vlrg{' eGbf klg j}1fgLs tl/sf af6 g]kfnL
hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df kl/jt{g ug]{, pGgtL ug]{, ;fdYo{jfg\ agfpg], cfTdlge{/ agfpg] ul/ ;+l3otfsf]
;fy{s sfof{Gjog tkm{ nfUg'df ;a}sf] sNof0f x'g] 5 . k'g;{+{/rgfsf] lj:t[t cy{ /fhg}lts k|0ffnLsf] k'g;{+/rf
dfq xf]Og , /fHosf tx / c+u ljrsf] zlQm ljefhgsf] k'g;{+/rgf, cfly{s k|lqmofsf] k'g;{+/rgf, ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] k'g;{+/rgf, of]hgf k|0fnL tyf ;]jf Joj:yfkgsf] k'g;{+/rgf j'‰g' kb{5 . >f]t ;fwg ,zlQm, lg0f{o
k|lqmofx¿ k|efjsf/L gful/s ;]jfsf c+ux¿ x'g . /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf o;y{ zf;lso txsf] dfq k'g;{+/rgf
xf]Og lsgls /fHo OR5f ;+rfng / sfof{Gjg ug]{ k|zf;lgs ;+oGq, of]hgf k|0fnL / lg0f{o k|lqm{ofsf] klg
k'g;{+/rgf xf] . /fHonfO ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] glhs k'of{P/ pgLx¿sf cfjZostf / ck]Iffsf] ;'g'jfO{ ToxL
:yfgaf6 ug]{ sfo{ k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf g} /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf xf] .
ljifo k|j]zM
;fdfGo cy{df ;‹Lotf eg]sf] ax'n zf;sLo k|0ffnL xf] . k//fi6« gLlt, df}l›s Joj:yf,
/Iff / df}lns k|lt/Iff cflb k|s[ltsf k|d'v ljifox¿ s]G›Lo ;Qfdf /fvL cGo s'/fdf :jfoQ
zf;gsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ cg]s /fHosf] ;+u7g jf OsfO{ g} ;+3Lotf xf] . -g]kfnL zAb sf]if_
;dfg p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ k"j{ :jtGq cl:tTj ePsfx¿n] gofF ;+u7g l;h{gf ug{ x:tfIf/ u/]sf]
k|ltj4tf kq / ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/df d'n"s ;+rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L s]G› / dftxtdf ljefhg u/L
ag]sf] /fHo jf zf;g k|0ffnL hxfF s]G›Lo txdf ;femf zf;g / If]qLo hftLo Pj+ :yfgLo txdf
:jfoQ zf;g;+u ;u} rnL /x]sf] x'G5, To;nfO{ ;+3Lo k|0ffnL elgG5 . s]G›Lo ;/sf/ eGbf tNnf]
txsf ;/sf/n] ;+j}wflgs ?kdf lglZrt clwsf/x¿ cEof; ug{ kfpg], s'g clwsf/ s'g txnfO{
s;/L k|of]u ug{ lbg] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ;+ljwfgåf/f x'g] tyf tf]lsPsf clwsf/df s]G›Lo ;/sf/sf]
lgoGq0f gx'g] u/L Aoal:yt ul/Psf] :jfoQ /fHo, k|fGt jf :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;lxtsf] Plss[t /fHo
* tYof+s clws[t, g]kfn ;/sf/

k|0ffnL ;+3Lotf xf] . /fli6«o Pstf sfod ug]{ / ;fdflhs ljljwtf cIf'00f /fVg zf;gdf hgtfsf]
;xeflutf / ckgTj :yfkgf ug]{ ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] nIo xf] .
g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfˆgf] ;+ljwfg cfkm} n]Vg] o'uf} b]lvsf] ;kgf / rfxgf la=;++= @)&@
;fndf k'/f ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg ;efjf6 ;+3Lo nf]stfGqLs 9fFrfdf /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ dfu{
lrq ;lxtsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut] 3f]if0ff eO nfu' ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
/ 3f]if0ffdf s]xL km/s dt /x]kgL ;+ljwfgnfO{ Ps ultlzn b:tfj]hsf ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
;+3Lo 9fFrfdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ df /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] nfuL ;+3, k|b]z /
:yfgLo txsf] Joj:yf, df}lns xssf] clwstd k|Tofe'tL, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, ;dfa]zLs/0fsf]
pTs[i6 :j?k, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts z;lQms/0f cflb ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf]
5 . o; cy{df klg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg xfn;Dds} pRr nf]stfGqLs tyf k|ultlzn 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf ;+3LotfM
• ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yfsf] dfWodåf/f lbuf] zflGt, ;'zf;g, ljsf;
/ ;d[l4sf] cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 kfl/t u/L of] ;+ljwfg hf/L ub{5f}+ .
• g]kfn /fHo :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, nf]stGqfTds,
;dfhjfb pGd'v, ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf] .
• /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt -%)_ nf]stflGqs clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] cj:yf ;'lglZrt
ug{ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yf ;'b[9 ug]{ /fHosf] /fhgLlts p2]Zo x'g]5 .
• /fHosf] ;+/rgf -%^_ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
tx u/L tLg txsf] x'g]5 .
• ;+3Lo tyf k|fb]lzs sfo{kflnsf tyf Joj:yfkLsf Pj+ GofoLs sfo{sf] Joj:yf ePsf] .
• ;+j}wflgs Ohnf; -!#&_ ;+3 / k|b]z, k|b]z / k|b]z, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx tyf :yfgLo txx¿
aLrsf] clwsf/ If]qsf] af/]df ePsf] ljjfb nufot d'2fsf] sf/jfxL lsgf/f ug{ ;+j}wflgs
O{hnf; u7g x'g] .
• ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo tx aLr cGt/;DaGw tyf ;dGjosf] Joj:yf -@#! b]lv @#&_
• cg';"lr $ df & j6f k|b]zx¿sf] ;"lr / cg';"lr % b]lv ( ;Dd ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf
Psn tyf ;femf clwsf/sf ;"rL pNn]v 5g .
;+j}wflgs Joj:yfdf k'g;+{/rgfM
• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] wf/f %% n] d'n'sdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo u/L # txsf] ;/sf/
kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 .
• /fHo zlQmsf] k|of]u pQm tLg j6} txjf6 Psn tyf ;xsfof{Tds 9+un] x'g] ul/ ;+ljwfgsf]
cg';"lr %, ^, &, * / ( df ljleGg txsf clwsf/x¿ jfF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] .
• ;+ljwfg k|bQ clwsf/x¿sf] cEof;sf nflu ;Ifd tyf ;'b[9 :yfgLo txsf] ;+/rgf tof/
kfg]{ elgPsf] .

• ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @(%-#_ cg';f/ ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf tyf ljz]if, ;+/lIft jf :jfoQ
If]qsf] ;+Vof tyf ;Ldfgf lgwf{/0f cfof]u u7g ul/Psf] .
• klxnf] r/0fdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] 6'+uf] nufPkl5 dfq lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]u u7g x'g] .

Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s :yfgLo txnfO yk clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpg], hgtfn] kfOcfPsf]
;]jf ;'ljwfdf clwstd a[l4 ug]{, ;+ljwfgdf pNn]lvt @@ j6f clwsf/ If]q / ;f] ;DaGwL sfo{
ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ s'/f sf];] 9'ªufs} ?kdf cfPsf] xf] . ;+ljwfgdf g} clwsf/ If]q, u7g
k|s[of / cGo sfo{If]q tf]lsPsf] :yfgLo txsf] k'g;{+/rgf ;Gbe{df eg] /fhg}lts lsrnf] b]lvG5 .
:yfgLo tx k'g;{+/rgf ug{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @(% -#)_ cg';f/ ufpkflnsf, gu/kflnsf tyf
ljz]if ;+/lIft jf :jfoQ If]qsf] ;+Vof tyf l;dfgf lgwf{/0f cfof]u u7g ePsf] xf] eg] cfof]usf]
sfdnfO ;xlhs/0f ug]{ lhNnf txdf :yfgLo txdf k'g;{+/rgf k|fljlws ;xof]u ;ldlt /xg]
Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg ;dod} ltg} txsf] lgjf{rg ug{'kg]{ ePsf]n] cfof]usf]
sfo{;DkGgtfsf] nfuL !( j'Fbfdf sfo{lgb]{z zt{ tyf dfkb08 cfof]unfO lbP cg';f/ cfof]un]
;f]xL dfkb08df cfwfl/t /x]/ sfo{zt{ tyf sfo{ljwL tof/ u/L :yflgo txsf] k'g;{+/rgf u/]sf]
xf]. g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] ^ dlxgf leq :yfgLo tx nufot ljz]if, ;+/lIft jf
:jfoQ If]qsf] ;+Vof / ;+/rgf lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfof]u agfpg] / cfof]u u7g ePsf] Ps jif{ leqdf
:yfgLo txsf] k'g;{+/rgf k|:tfj ug]{ Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgd} :yfgLo sfo{kflnsf,
Joj:yflksf, lhNnf ;ef,;dGjo ;ldlt cfbLsf] u7g tyf ;+/rgfsf af/]df pNn]v ePsf] 5. ;+3
k|b]z h:t} :yfgLo txn] klg ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLdf tf]lsPsf clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]u ug]{ :jtGq
/xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; cy{df klg ca aGg] :yfgLo tx ;Ifd, ;d[4, clwsf/ ;DkGg x'g]5g
eGg]df ljdtL /xg] 5}g .
cfof]usf] sfo{zt{ / dfkb08sf cfwf/df lhNnf txdf /fhg}lts bn, kqsf/, a'l4lhjL,
;/f]sf/jfnf kIf, ;Dk'0f{;Fu nfdf] 5nkmn, cGtlqm{of, k/fdz{, uf]i7L, a}7s ;~rfng ul/ lhNnf
af6 dfkb08 cg'?ksf] k|ltj]bg cfof]usf] 9fFrfdf tof/ u/L cfof]udf k7fpg] sfd ;DkGg
eO;s]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txsf] k'g;{+/rgfn] lhNnf txdf nfdf] ;do ;Dd rrf{ kfO/x\of] . lhNnf tx,
:yfgLo txdf olt w]/} 5nkmn, cGtlq{mof ePsf] klxnf] k6s xf] eGbf klg km/s kb}{g lsgsL of]
ljifo klg TolQs} dxTjk'0f{ klg 5 . :yfgLo txsf] k'g;{+/rgf ;DkGg geO lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f
cfof]u u7g gx'g] tyf lgjf{rg x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] of] ljifonfO Hofb} k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ sfd
ug{'kg]{ ;do cfPsf] 5 . clxn]sf] :yfgLo txdf ;+ljwfg k|fKt clwsf/ pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] ul/
;Ifd / ;d[4 agfpgtkm{ ;a}sf] vj/bf/L x'g' klg cfjZos 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ df :yfgLo txsf clwsf/x?M
• gu/ k|x/L
• ;xsf/L ;+:yf
• Pkm= Pd ;~rfng

• :yfgLo s/ -;DklQ s/, 3/ axfn s/, 3/ hUuf /lhi6]«zg z'Ns, ;jf/L ;fwg s/_, ;]jf
z'Ns b:t'/, ko{6g z'Ns, lj1fkg s/, Joj;fo s/, e"lds/ -dfnkf]t_, b08 hl/jfgf,
dgf]/~hg s/, dfnkf]t ;+sng
• :yfgLo ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg
• :yfgLo tYof+s / clen]v ;+sng
• :yfgLo :t/sf ljsf; cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfx¿
• cfwf/e"t / dfWolds lzIff
• cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO
• :yfgLo ahf/ Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / h}ljs ljljwtf
• :yfgLo ;8s, u|fdL0f ;8s, s[lif ;8s, l;+rfO
• ufpF ;ef, gu/ ;ef, lhNnf ;ef, :yfgLo cbfnt, d]nldnfk / dWo:ytfsf] Joj:yfkg
• :yfgLo clen]v Joj:yfkg
• 3/ hUuf wgL k'hf{ ljt/0f
• s[lif tyf kz'kfng, s[lif pTkfbg Joj:yfkg, kz' :jf:Yo, ;xsf/L
• Ho]i7 gful/s, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm / czQmx¿sf] Joj:yfkg
• a]/f]huf/sf] tYof+s ;+sng
• s[lif k|;f/sf] Joj:yfkg, ;+rfng / lgoGq0f
• vfg]kfgL, ;fgf hnljB't cfof]hgf, j}slNks pmhf{
• ljkb Joj:yfkg
• hnfwf/, jGohGt', vfgL tyf vlgh kbfy{sf] ;+/If0f
• efiff, ;+:s[lt / nlntsnfsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;
:yfgLo txsf sfo{x?M
-s_ k|zf;g, lgodg, sfg"g / Gofo ;Dkfbg
• gLlt lgdf{0f
• sfg"g th{'df tyf ;+zf]wg
• :yfgLo /fh:j kl/rfng, n]vf, n]vfk/LIf0f
• Gofo ;Dkfbg :yfgLo cbfnt, d]nldnfk / dWo:ytfsf] Joj:yfkg
• ;'/Iff tyf lgodg ,jhf/ cg'udg nufot
-v_ ;"rgf Joj:yfkg
• ;"rgf tyf clen]v Joj:yfkg -e" ;"rgf, ul/jL, kGhLs/0f, lzIff, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff,
j]/f]huf/, hnfwf/, jGohGt', vfgL, vlgh, efiff, ;+:s[lt tyf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ tYof+s_
-u_ ljsf; Joj:yfkg
• :yfgLo txsf] gLlt, of]hgf tyf jh]6 th{'df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg

• :yfgLo ljsf; cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg ;8s, l;+rfO{, phf{, vfg]kfgL, ;fgf hnljB't,
j}slNks phf{ cflb.
• !) hf]8 @ ;Ddsf ljBfnox¿sf] Joj:yfkg -:jLs[tL, kf7\oqmd, k/LIff, kf7\ok':ts,
ljBfno, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ _
• cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO{ Joj:yfkg
• s[lif, kz'kfng, s[lif pTkfbg, kz'–:jf:Yo, ;xsf/L
• jftfj/0f, h}ljs ljljwtf, ljkb Joj:yfkg
olb lbuf] / ;Ifd :yfgLotxsf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] xf] eg] ;+Vofdf s]G›Lt geO ;fdy{\o
tyf e'uf]ndf s]G›Lt /xg'kg]{ xf] . ;+Vof lgwf{/0fdf ePsf] c;xdltsf sf/0f :yfgLo tx k'g;{+/rgf
cGof]ndf k/]sf] h:tf] dx;'; cfd g]kfnL hgtfdf k/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txsf] k'g;{+/rgf ubf{
/fhg}lts cfvfaf6 dfq gx]/L ef}uf]lnstf, ;Ifdtf, ;fdy{tf, jgfj6, If]qkmn, hg;+Vof, ;d'bfo
nufotsf cGo If]qnfO a9L k|fyldstfdf /flvg' kb{5 h;n] dfq ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] @@
j6f clwsf/ If]q leq /lx sfo{ ;+rfng ug]{ ;Ifd :yfgLo txsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{df ;j} kIf s]G›Lt
ePdf kSs} klg ;Ifd / ;'b[9 :yfgLo txsf] lgdf{0f x'g]5 . ;+Vof / ;Ifdtfsf] ;DaGw ljk/Lt
klg x'g] ePsf]n] slt ;Ifd tyf ;fdy{jfg agfpg] eGg] s'/f j}1flgs tj/n] dgg ul/g' h?/L
x'G5 . cfof]unfO lgwf{l/t ePsf] ;do l;df leq :yfgLo txsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ tkm{ /fhg}lts bn,
a'l4lhjL, ljåfg\, kqsf/, ;/f]sf/jfnf kIf tyf ;a} /rgfTds ;xof]u u/]sf ;+ljwfgsf] ;+l3otf
sfof{Gjog ;dod} g]kfnsf] d't{ ?kdf cufl8 a9]sf] cfef; x'g] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿ M
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TOR Local Technical Committee –llrc.gov.np
g]kfndf ;+3Lotf / ljs]G›Ls/0fM cjwf/0ff / r'gf}tL, /d]zs'df/ s];L
g]kfnsf] ;ljwfg @)&@
• • •

;+3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf jftfj/0fLo kIfx¿
–s]zj/fh hf]zL*
k[i7e"ldM
;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg"g xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmddf klxnf] lnlvt ;+ljwfgsf]
?kdf /x]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ b]lv xfn;Dd ;ftj6f ;+ljwfg hf/L eO;s]sf
5g\ . ;ftf} ;+ljwfgsf] ?kdf ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 klxnf]k6s b]zn] @)&@ c;f]h # ut] b]lv nfu'
x'g] u/L g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg kfPsf] 5, h'g sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . hgtfaf6 5flgPsf
hgk|ltlglwx?n] ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t lgld{t g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+l3otf ;lxtsf] w]/} ljifa:t'x?nfO{
;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;d]6]sf jftfj/0fLo kIfx?nfO{ oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
:jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xsM
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu–# sf] wf/f !^ b]lv wf/f $* ;Dd df}lns xs / st{Aosf] Aoj:yf
ul/Psf]df :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xsnfO{ wf/f #) n] ;d]6]sf] 5 . :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xs cGtu{t lgDg
Aoj:yfx? ul/Psf] 5 .
• k|To]s gful/snfO{ :jR5 / :j:y jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg] xs .
• jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f jf x|f;af6 x'g] Ifltafkt kLl8tnfO{ k|b"ifsaf6 sfg"g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{
kfpg] xs .
• /fi6«sf] ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{df jftfj/0f / ljsf;aLr ;d'lrt ;Gt'ngsf nflu cfjZos
sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{ .
jftfj/0f ;Da4 gLltx¿M
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu–$ sf] wf/f %! n] /fHon] cjnDjg ug]{ gLltx? ;DjlGw Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . tL gLltx? cGtu{t s[lif / e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL gLlt, ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt, k|fs[lts ;fwg
;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / pkof]u ;DaGwL gLlt, gful/ssf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ;DaGwL gLlt /
ko{6g ;DaGwL gLltx?n] jftfj/0f;Fu ;Dj4 gLltx?nfO{ cFufn]sf] b]lvG5, h'g lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf
5g\ .
* jftfj/0f lg/LIfs, jftfj/0f ljefu, nlntk'/
• e"ldsf] pTkfbgzLntf, k|s[lt tyf jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng ;d]tsf cfwf/df lgodg /
Joj:yfkg ub}{ To;sf] ;d'lrt pkof]u ug]{ .
• ljsf;sf b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf If]qnfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} ;Gt'lnt, jftfj/0f cg's"n, u'0f:t/Lo
tyf lbuf] ¿kdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ .
• /fli6«o lxt cg's"n tyf cGt/k':tf ;dGofosf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ b]zdf pknAw
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / jftfj/0f cg's"n lbuf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug]{ .
• hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t :jb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} hn;|f]tsf] ax'pkof]uL ljsf;
ug]{ .
• gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] pTkfbg tyf ljsf; ub}{ gful/ssf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf
nflu ;'ky / ;'ne ¿kdf e/kbf]{ pmhf{sf] cfk"lt{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ tyf pmhf{sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u
ug]{ .
• hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f / gbLsf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ lbuf] / e/kbf]{ l;+rfOsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
• hg;fwf/0fdf jftfj/0fLo :jR5tf ;DaGwL r]tgf a9fO{ cf}Bf]lus Pj+ ef}lts ljsf;af6
jftfj/0fdf kg{ ;Sg] hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ jg, jGohGt', k+IfL, jg:klt tyf h}ljs
ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / lbuf] pkof]u ug]{ .
• jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngsf nflu cfjZos e"efudf jg If]q sfod /fVg] .
• k|s[lt, jftfj/0f jf h}ljs ljljwtfdfly gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] jf kg{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf
gsf/fTds jftfj/0fLo k|efj lgd{"n jf Go"g ug{ pko'Qm pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{ .
• jftfj/0f k|b"if0f ug]{n] ;f] afkt bfloTj Aoxf]g{'kg]{ tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf k"j{;fjwfgL /
k"j{;"lrt ;xdlt h:tf kof{j/0fLo lbuf] ljsf;sf l;4fGt cjnDag ug]{ .
• k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 x'g] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ k"j{ ;"rgf, tof/L, p4f/, /fxt Pj+ k'g:yf{kgf
ug]{ .
• jftfj/0f cg's"n k|ljlwnfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} ;fj{hlgs oftfoftnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
• /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf kof{j/0f cg's"n ko{6g pBf]usf] ljsf; ug]{ .
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] jftfj/0fLo clwsf/M

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu–% df /fHosf] ;+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;DjGwdf Aoj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f %^ n] ;+l3o nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgf ;+3, k|b]z / :yflgo u/L
# txsf] x'g] / :yflgo tx cGtu{t ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ;efsf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L wf/f %& n] cg';"rL –% df pNn]lvt ljifox?df ;+3sf] clwsf/, cg';"rL –^ df pNn]lvt

ljifox?df k|b]zsf] clwsf/ / cg';"rL –* df pNn]lvt ljifox?df :yflgo txsf] clwsf/ lgxLt
/xg] Pj+ ;+3 / k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/ cg';"rL –& df pNn]lvt ljifox?df / ;+3, k|b]z / :yflgo
txsf] ;femf clwsf/ cg';"rL –( df pNn]lvt ljifox?df lgxLt /xg] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd
clwsf/ ;'rLx?n] ;d]6]sf jftfj/0f ;Dj4 clwsf/x? o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .
• ;+3sf] clwsf/sf] ;"rLM cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf, cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf gbL hn;|f]tsf]
;+/If0f / ax'cfoflds pkof]u ;DaGwL gLlt / dfkb08 cf0fljs pmhf{, jfo'd08n ;DaGwL
vfgL pTvgg /fli6«o tyf cGt/fl{\i6«o jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg, /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If
tyf l;d;f/ If]q, /fli6«o jg gLlt, sfa{g ;]jf, e"pkof]u gLlt, a:tL ljsf; gLlt, ko{6g
gLlt, jftfj/0f cg's"ng .
• k|b]zsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rLM e"ld Joj:yfkg, vfgL cGj]if0f / Joj:yfkg k|b]zleqsf] /fli6«o
jg, hn pkof]u tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg .
• ;+3 / k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ;"rLM ljiffbL k|b]z, ;Ldf gbL, hndfu{, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f,
h}ljs ljljwtf ljkb k"j{ tof/L, p4f/ tyf /fxt / k'gnf{e ko{6g, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO
j}1flgs cg';Gwfg, lj1fg k|ljlw / dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; cGt/k|fb]lzs ¿kdf km}lnPsf]
h+un, lxdfn, jg ;+/If0f If]q hn pkof]u; e"ld gLlt / ;f] ;DaGwL sfg"g .
• :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rLM jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / h}ljs ljljwtf; vfg]kfgL, ;fgf
hnljB't cfof]hgf, j}slNks pmhf{, ljkb Joj:yfkg, hnfwf/, jGohGt', vfgL tyf vlgh
kbfy{sf] ;+/If0f .
• ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;femf ;"rLM ;]jf z'Ns, b:t'/, b08 hl/jfgf tyf
k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L, ko{6g z'Ns, jg, h+un, jGohGt', r/fr'?+uL, hn pkof]u,
jftfj/0f, kof{j/0f tyf h}ljs ljljwtf, vfgL tyf vlgh, ljkb Joj:yfkg .
wf/f %( n] cfly{s clwsf/sf] k|of]u lzif{s cGtu{t ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] k|fs[lts
;|f]tsf] k|of]u jf ljsf;af6 k|fKt nfesf] ;dGoflos ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ub}{ To:tf] nfesf] lglZrt
c+z /f]oN6L, ;]jf jf j:t'sf] ¿kdf kl/of]hgf k|efljt If]q / :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd
ljt/0f ug{' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]udf :yflgo ;d"xn] nufgL ug{ rfx]df
k|yldstf lbg'kg]{ s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf u/]sf] 5 .
/fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]uM
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu–@^ sf] wf/f @%) n] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn]
lgo'lQm ug]{ u/L cWoIf ;lxt a9Ldf kfFr hgf ;b:o /xg] /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]usf]
Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 . wf/f @%! n] Joj:yf u/] adf]lhd pQm cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/leqsf
s]lx jftfj/0f ;Dj4 sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/x? o; adf]lhd 5g\ .

• k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo txsf] nufgL tyf
k|ltkmnsf] lx:;f lgwf{/0fsf] cfwf/ to u/L l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
• k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL ljifodf ;+3 / k|b]z, k|b]z / k|b]z, k|b]z / :yfgLo
tx tyf :yfgLo txx¿aLr p7\g ;Sg] ;+efljt ljjfbsf] ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L
To;sf] lgjf/0f ug{ ;dGjofTds ¿kdf sfd ug{ ;'emfj lbg] .
• k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 ubf{ ;f];Fu ;DalGwt jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sg ;DaGwdf
cfjZos cWoog / cg';Gwfg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
ljkb\hGo ;+s6M
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu–#) n] ;+s6sfnLg clwsf/sf] Aoj:yf u/] adf]lhd wf/f @&# n]
g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf jf s'g} efusf] ;'/Iffdf k|fs[lts ljkb jf dxfdf/Lsf]
sf/0fn] uDeL/ ;+s6 pTkGg ePdf /fi6«kltn] g]kfne/ jf g]kfnsf] s'g} vf; If]qdf nfu" x'g] u/L
;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ jf cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] ;+s6sflng Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 . tfklg
s'g} k|b]zdf k|fs[lts ljkb jf dxfdf/Lsf] sf/0fn] uDeL/ ;+s6 pTkGg ePdf ;DalGwt k|b]z
;/sf/n] g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k|b]z jf k|b]zsf] s'g} efudf ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z
hf/L ug{sf nflu cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
jftfj/0f ;DaGwL ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfM
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @&( n] g]kfn /fHo jf g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf x'g] ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf]
cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g ;+3Lo sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f
g]kfn ;d]t jftfj/0f;Fu ;DjlGwt ljleGg ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] sfo{df ;+nUg /xFb} cfPsf]
kl/k|]Ifdf of] Joj:yf nfu' x'g] b]lvG5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf To;sf] pkof]usf] afF8kmfF8sf ljifosf]
;lGw jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g ;+3Lo ;+;bsf b'j} ;bgdf tTsfn
sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO ax'dtn] ug{'kg]{ zt{ /flvPsf] 5 . oBkL To; ljifosf]
;lGw jf ;Demf}tf dWo] /fi6«nfO{ Jofks, uDeL/ jf bL3{sfnLg c;/ gkg]{ ;fwf/0f k|s[ltsf ;lGw jf
;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g k|ltlglw ;efsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf]
;fwf/0f ax'dtaf6 x'g ;Sg] ;d]t Aoj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
lgZsif{M
:jR5 / :j:y jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf ;'lglZrt u/]sf]
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] jftfj/0fsf ;jfnx?nfO{ w]/} xb;Dd ;d]6]sf] 5 . oBkL jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt
;+j}wflgs Aoj:yfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] kf6f]df oy]i6 sbdx? rfNg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu ;+j}wflgs
Aoj:yf cg's'n jftfj/0f ljifo;Fu ;DjlGwt ljBdfg sfg"gL k|fjwfgx?nfO{ kl/dfh{g ub}{ ck'u

gofF sfg"gx? ;d]t hf/L ug{ h?/L 5 . k|b'ifsn] ltg{'k5{ eGg] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] jftfj/0fLo
k|b'if0f jfktsf] IftLsf] Ifltk'tL{sf] xssf] k|fjwfgn] k|b'if0f lgoGq0fdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'Ug
;Sg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $& n] :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xs nufotsf df}lns xsx?sf]
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ /fHon] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] ltg aif{leq sfg"gL Joj:yf
ug]{ k|fjwfg /fv]sfn] ;+ljwfgdf df}lns xssf] ?kdf pNn]v ul/Ptf klg sfg"gsf] cefjdf
sfof{Gjog gx'g] vt/f eg] sfod g} /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ :jR5 / :j:y jftfj/0f ;DaGwL df}lns
xssf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfg"g lgdf{0ftkm{ ;dod} Wofg k'of{pg h?/L b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿M
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg= g]kfn /fhkq, @)&@ c;f]h # ut]= d'›0f ljefu, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+ .
lzjfsf]6L, uf]kfn, @)&@= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_M ;+ljwfgsf] d"n kf7, AofVofTds l6Kk0fL /
P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd;lxt=bf];|f] ;+:s/0f= k}/jL k|sfzg, k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+ .
• • •

;+3Lotf k|0ffnLdf /fHozlQmsf] af8kmf8 / ljQ Joj:yfkg
*
–8f= afns[i0f ;'a]bL
!= ljifo k|j]zM
PsfTds zf;sLo :j?k ePsf b]zdf ljQLo ;fwg tyf ;|f]tsf] lgoGq0f s]G›Lo txdf
/xG5 . :yfgLo lgsfon] ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] ;~rfng ty pkof]u cfˆgf] thljhn] ug{ kfpFb}gg\ .
ljQLo lgoGq0f /x]sf] x'G5 . :yfgLo If]qd} pknAw x'g] ;fwgx?sf] kl/rfngdf ;d]t s]G›Lo
lgoGq0f /xg] ePsfn] ljQLo :jtGqtf /xFb}g . of] cj:yfn] cfly{s zlQm k"0f{tM s]G›Ls[t u5{ .
cfly{s ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] a9L pkof]u s]G›d} x'g] u5{ . kmn:j?k Jofks If]qLo c;Gt'ng pTkGg
x'g] k|jn ;Defjgf /xG5 . o;}n] s]G›Lo zf;g k|0ffnL sfod /x]sf b]zdf ;d]t ljs]G›Ls/0fsf]
cEof;nfO{ xfnsf lbgx?df k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5 . tyflk, ;|f]t tyf ;fwg s]lG›s[t x'g] k|j[lQ a9L
g} 5 . :yfgLo lgsfox? k"0f{tM s]G›Lo lgsf;fsf] cfwf/df dfq ljQLo ;|f]t tyf ;fwg kl/rfng
ug]{ cj:yfdf /xg] ePsfn] :yfgLo lgsfodf pRr s]G›Lo lge{/tf /xG5 . o; k[i7e"lddf g]kfn
xfn ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 .
@= ;+3Lo cjwf/0ff / cfly{s k|0ffnLM

;+3Lo cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; cd]l/sfdf ;g\ !&&^ b]lv !&*( ;Dd ePsf] xf] ;g\ !($% df
K.C. Wheare n] ;+3Lotfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/eflift u/]sf lyP "By the federal
principle, I mean the method of dividing power so that the general and regional
governments are each, within sphere, co-cordinate and independent." o;}u/L Robert
Gorson sf cg';f/ æA federalism is a form of government in which sovereignty or
Political power is divided between the center and The local government so That
each of them within its own sphere is independent of the other." /fhgLlts kl/k|]Iodf
;+3Lotfn] Ps eGbf a9L lqmoflzn /fHo ;+oGqsf] cj:yfnfO{ a'emfpF5 . ;+3Lotf eg]sf] s]G›Lo
clwsf/ / zlQm tNnf] txdf cTolws dfqfdf ljs]lG›t ug{' xf] . zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ug{' xf] . zlQm
ljs]G›Ls/0fsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bfo/f ;+3fTdstf xf] . ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf s]G›, /fHo / :yfgLo u/L
tLg txsf ;/sf/ x'G5g\ . dxTjk"0f{ / ;+j]bgzLn If]qsf] clwsf/ s]G›df /xG5 . dWod txsf
d'2f /fHo:t/df / :yfgLo ;/f]sf/sf d'2f :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/nfO{ lbOG5 . oL tLg aLr /fh:j
afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL Joj:yf klg ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/G5 .
;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf txut ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf u/L zf;g ;~rfng ug{ s]G›Lo /fHo /
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf clwsf/ / sfo{If]q ;+ljwfgdf 5'6\ofPsf] x'G5 . :j]R5frf/L 9+un] clwsf/sf]
* ;xk|fWofks, ;/:jtL ax'd"vL SofDk;, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno .

b'?kof]u ug{ kfOFb}g . If]qLo dxTjsf ljifox?sf] /]vb]v ;DaGwL lhDdf /fHo ;/sf/n] kfPsf]
x'G5 t/ /fli6«o:t/df nfu' x'g] ljifox?sf] Joj:yfkg s]G›Lo ;/sf/n] u5{ . /Iff, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt,
cGt/fli6«o ;Ldf, ;}lgs an, k//fi6« gLlt tyf dfldnf, ;lGw ;Demf}tf / To;sf] sfof{Gjog,
j}b]lzs Jofkf/, d'›f, gful/stf, a;fO;/fO, ;+rf/, nf]kf]Gd'v / cNk;+Vos tyf ;LdfGts[t
;d'bfosf] ;+/If0f, jftfj/0f, cGtl/If;DaGwL j}1flgs vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg / k|ljlw h:tf If]q
s]G›Lo ;/sf/sf] lhDdf x'G5g\ . lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/, k|x/L, k|fs[lts ;fwgsf] pkof]u, ljsf;
lgdf{0f h:tf If]q k|flGto ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf /xG5g\ .
s/ ;+sng ug]{ To;sf] afF8kmfF8 / vr{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] dxTjk"0f{
cfly{s sfo{ xf] / ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf s/ tyf cGo /fh:j s;n] lgwf{/0f u5{, s;n] ;+sng u5{ /
To;sf] vr{ s;n] s'g If]qdf u5{ eGg] ljifox? dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . s]G›Lo ;/sf/n] k|fo: ;+3Lo
PsfOsf ;/sf/x?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ cfly{s clwsf/sf] k|of]u u5{ .
/fh:j ;+sng ug]{ / To;nfO{ vr{ ug]{ tl/sfdf ;+3sf] cfly{s cj:yf w]/} xb;Dd k|efljt
x'G5 . ;+3Lo PsfOx?aLr s/ tyf vr{df s]xL :jR5 k|lt:kwf{ x'G5 h'g cfly{s b[li6n] pkof]uL
x'G5g\ . t/ k|lt:kwf{ c:j:y x'Fb} uPdf o;n] ;fwgsf] b'?kof]u x'g hfG5 . s]xL ;+3df d'›f:kmLlt
/ d'›f ;+s'rgsf] rqmLo c;/sf sf/0f df}l›s gLltsf] Joj:yfkgdf sl7gfO pTkGg ePsf] x'G5 .
ljQLo clwsf/n] ;/sf/sf b'j} txsf] e"ldsfdf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} k|efj kf5{ .
;+3x?df s]G›Lo / ;+3Lo PsfOsf aLr /fh:j kl/rfngsf If]q tyf clwsf/sf af/]df
l;4fGtx? 5g\ . t/ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf, /fh:j kl/rfngsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld / b]zsf] /fhgLlts
k|0ffnLsf sf/0f ;dfgtf kfOb}g . /fh:j kl/rfngsf] cfwf/ ;+3Lo PsfOdf eP klg ljz]if
k|s[ltsf] /fh:j kl/rfngdf s]G›Ls/0f x'g' klg kmfObfhgs g} x'G5 .
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] /fh:j ljz]iftM /f]oN6L, cg'dltkq z'Ns, lgsf;L s/ cflbåf/f k|fKt x'G5 .
k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /fh:j kl/rfngdf s] s:tf] e"ldsf /xG5 eGg] ;DaGwdf s]xL cGt/f{li6«o
pbfx/0fx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ . gfOh]l/ofdf k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /fh:j ;/sf/n] ;+sng u/L
/fHox?nfO{ ;dfgtf, hg;+Vof / pTklQ h:tf l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df afF8kmfF8 u5{ . ?;df k|fs[lts
;|f]taf6 k|fKt /fh:jsf] a9L lx:;f s]G›Lo ;/sf/df hfG5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf w]/} ljQLo ;|f]t
/fHo / JolQmut :jfldTj cGtu{t /x]sf 5g\ .
s'n /fh:jsf] t'ngfdf s]G›Lo ;/sf/sf] /fh:j klg ljleGg ;+3Lo k|0ffnL cg';/0f u/]sf
b]zx? aLr km/s–km/s 5 . :jL6\h/Nof08df s'n /fh:jsf] $% k|ltzt hlt s/ s]G›Lo ;/sf/n]
;+sng u5{ . o;}u/L cl:6«of, c:6]«lnof, a]lNhod, a|flhn hd{gL, :k]g / ef/tdf s'n /fh:jsf]
sl/a ^) b]lv &% k|ltzt ;Dd s]G›Lo ;/sf/n] ;+sng u5{ t/ gfOh]l/of / e]g]h'Pnfdf s]G›Lo
;/sf/n] s'n /fh:jsf] qmdzM (* / (& k|ltzt /fh:j ;+sng u5{ . :jL6\h/Nof08, Sofg8f,
hd{gLdf s]G›o ;/sf/sf] vr{ s'n ;/sf/L vr{sf] a9Ldf $) k|ltzt;Dd x'g cfpF5 . cl:6«of,
c:6«]lnof, ch]{lG6gf, a|flhn, ef/t, d]lS;sf], gfOh]l/of, :k]g, ?;, blIf0f clk|msf / ;+o'Qm/fHo
cd]l/sfdf k|ToIf s]G›Lo vr{ s'n ;/sf/L vr{sf] $) b]lv ^) k|ltzt;Dd /xG5 . t/ dn]l;of
/ e]g]h'Pnfdf o:tf] vr{ qmdzM *$ / &^ k|ltzt 5 .
;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] cf}lrToM
;+3Lotf Pp6f cToGt} ljjfb:kb k|s/0f xf] . ;+3Lotfsf] af/]df k|z:t kIf tyf ljkIfsf
ts{x? 5g\ . of] k|s/0fn] ;dfhsf] /fhgLlts If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ rrf{ kfPsf] 5 . ;+3Lotfsf]
cf}lrTonfO{ ljQLo cg';f;g, pRr bIftf, bf]xf]/f] s/df 5'6 tyf If]qLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;lsg]
cfwf/df k'li6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
ljleGg txsf ;/sf/sf] ljQLo ;fwg ;DaGwL If]qflwsf/ ls6fg ul/Psf]n] ;dGjosf]
cfwf/df ;fwg kl/rfng x'G5g\ . ;fwgdf bf]xf]/f] clwsf/ /x]sf] x'Fb}g . olb s]G›Lo ;/sf/ / /fHo
;/sf/n] Psn] csf]{af6 ljQLo sf]if lnG5g\ eg] To; cj:yfdf cfˆgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg s'zn tl/sfn]
ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . To;n] b'j} txsf ;/sf/n] ljQLo ;fwgdflysf] If]qflwsf/ / ;Dkfbg ug{'kg]{ sfo{x?
lglZrt ul/g] x'gfn] ljQLo cg'zf;g sfod ePsf] x'G5 .
s]xL sfo{df s]G›Lo ;/sf/sf] bIftf a9L x'G5 eg] s]xL To:tf sfo{x? x'G5g\ h;df /fHo
;/sf/sf] bIftf a9L x'G5 . txut ;/sf/n] cfkm"n] bIftf k|fKt ug]{ If]qdf ljlzi6 tl/sfn] sfo{
u5{g\ . k|lt/Iff;DaGwL sfo{ s]G›Lo ;/sf/n] k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;S5 . t/ s]xL
:jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO h:tf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx? /fHo ;/sf/åf/f ;Dkfbg ul/G5 . k|zf;lgs b[li6n]
klg o:tf ;]jfx? /fHo ;/sf/ jf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] lhDdfdf /xg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
olb s]G›Lo ;/sf/ / /fHo ;/sf/ ljQLo ;|f]tx?sf] af/]df k|i6 ;Ldfªsg ul/Psf] 5}g eg]
To:tf] cj:yfdf hgtfn] bf]xf]/f] s/sf] ef/ axg ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] /fh:j ;+sngsf nflu s'g
txsf] ;/sf/n] s'g s/ ;+sng ug]{ eGg] k|i6 x'g'k5{ . o;sf nflu s]G›Lo ;/sf/n] cfos/
;+sng u5{ eg] /fHo ;/sf/;Fu laqmL s/ ;+sng ug]{ Ifdtf /x]sf] x'G5 . ctM of] cj:yfdf
hgtfnfO{ bf]xf]/f] s/sf] ef/ kb}{g .
;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf ljQLo sfo{ tyf Ifdtf k|i6 ?kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] x'G5 . t}klg oL
sfo{x?sf] afF8kmfF8 b]z, kl/l:ylt / /fi6«x? aLrsf] c;dfgtf / cGo cfly{s, ;fdflhs /
/fhgLlts kl/l:ytLn] km/s kf5{ . To;}n] b'j} txsf ;/sf/ aLr ;dGjo / ;xof]u ;+3Lotfsf]
ljz]iftf g} xf] . s/ s6f}tLsf k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fn] cGt/ /fHo Jofkf/df afwf k'¥ofFpb5 .
Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf nflu o:tf] Jojxf/ ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf lg?T;flxt x'G5 .
7"nf / ;+3Lok|0ffnL ePsf b]zdf ljleGg k|sf/sf If]qLo ;d:ofx? b]vfk5{g\ . cfly{s b[li6n]
klg sltko /fHodf sdhf]/ / sltko ;jn x'G5g\ cyf{t\ ;a} Ps}gf;sf x'Fb}gg\ . Jofks cfly{s
c;dfgtf ;d]t /x]sf] x'G5 . sltko /fHodf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] sf/0f ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] x'G5 .
t/ To;} ;dodf csf]{ /fHo ;'/lIft /xg ;S5 . To:tf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;+3Lo k|0ffnL
pko'Qm x'G5 . If]qLo cfjZostf cg';f/ ljljw cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs 9fFrfsf] ;+3 ag]sf] x'G5 .

#= g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{M
/fHosf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfut tx lgwf{/0fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ w]/} kIfx? dWo] ;jf{lws Wofg lbg'kg]{
kIf ef}uf]lns cfwf/ xf] . ef}uf]lns :j?k g} k|fs[lts laefhg xf] . ;+3Lo ljefhgdf k|fs[lts
cfwf/x?, dfgjLo cg'ej / cGt/f{li6«o cWoogsf] cfwf/df Jojxfl/s cfwf/x?nfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L
/fHosf OsfO{x?sf] ljefhg ug{'k5{ . xfn lgwf{l/t k|b]zx? / :yfgLo tx lgwf{/0fsf] nflu ul7t
cfof]un] lgwf{/0f ug]{ OsfO{sf :j?k / cfsf/df k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwfgsf] ;dfg'kflts / Gofof]lrt
ljt/0fsf] k|Tofe"lt lgtfGt cfjZos 5 .
gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] :j?k cg's'nsf] /fHo;Qfsf] :j?k
lgdf{0f u/L b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f ;'lglZrt ug{ /fHosf
OsfO{x? u7g x'g'kg]{ ckl/xfo{tf 5 . g]kfnsf ;+ljwfg, @)&@ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf]
ax; hf/L e}/xFbf o;sf] ;+3Lo agfj6sf] cfly{s kIfn] pRr dxTj kfPsf] b]lvb}g . ;+3Lo k|b]zsf]
cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu k|b]zleq pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ;Dkbf dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ x'g\ / o;}
cfwf/df ;+3Lo ljsf;sf] vfsf sf]g{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] k|:tfjgfdf cfly{s ;dfgtf, ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt
ug]{, ;d[4 /fi6« lgdf{0f ug]{ / ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] cfsf+Iff k"/f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 h'g dxTjk"0f{
;}4flGts cfly{s kIfx? x'g\ . ;+ljwfgn] cfly{s ;d[l4nfO{ /fli6«o lxtsf] cfwf/e"t ljifodf ;dfj]z
u/]sf] 5 t/ ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf / /fli6«o lxt cGtu{t jftfj/0f / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] ljsfzsf]
cGt/;DaGwsf] k|ToIf pNn]v 5}g . ;+3Lo k|b]zsf] cfly{s a[l4 / ljsf; k|b]zleq ljBdfg k|fs[lts
;|f]t ;fwgsf ;fy} dfgj ;+zfwgdf lge{/ x'G5 . k|b]zx?sf] lbuf] / ;Gt'lnt cfly{s j[l4 / ljsf;
;DalGwt k|b]zdf pknAw x'g] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;b'kof]udf lge{/ x'g] ePsf]n] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf]
;Gt'lnt afF8kmFf8nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbOg' clt cfjZos x'G5 .
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;Gt'lnt, ;dfg'kflts afF8kmfF8 pknAw ;fwgx?sf] cfwf/x?df ug{'k5{ .
;fwgsf] ;d]t ;+/If0f / kl/rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L txut ?kdf /xG5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg
cfhsf] hNbf]aNbf] gf/f xf] / o:df /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] b[li6sf]0f k|yf,
k/Dk/f / cEof;x?sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . cfly{s If]qdf k|efj kfg]{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf
nflu /fHo / gful/ssf] s] s:tf] clwsf/ tyf bfloTj /xg] / jftfj/0fLo ljgfz tyf k|b'if0f x'g]
sfo{ ePdf To;sf] /f]syfdsf] nflu s] s:tf] b08 ;hfosf] Joj:yf x'g] eGg] af/]df sfg'gåf/f g}
lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj klg jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0fsf ;fy} /fHo /
gful/ssf] qmdzM lbuf] ljsf; / cfly{s ;Dd[l4;Fu hf]l8Pdf ;+3Lo k|0ffnL] a9L k|efjsf/L x'g]5 .
;+ljwfgdf k|fs[lts ;|f]tdflysf] :jfldTj, lbuf] Joj:yfkg, o;af6 k|fKt nfesf] ;d'lrt afF8kmfF8
/ ljjfb Joj:yfkg h:tf ljifonfO{ lgodg ug]{ ljifox? ;d]t ;dfj]; u/L pNn]v ul/G5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ df zf;sLo :j?k, ;+3Lotf, ;+j}wflgs c+u, ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zLs/0f h:tf /fli6«o dxTjsf ljifox?df uxg 5nkmn ePklg jftfj/0f / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf]
ljifodf x'g] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] ljifodf /fli6«o txdf uxg 5nkmn / k/fdz{x? ePgg .
kmn:j?k jftfj/0f ;DaGwdf ylkPsf r'gf}ltsf] ;+j}wflgs k|f?kx? goFf ;+ljwfgdf vf;} pNn]v
5}gg\ . k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf ;+ljwfgsf ljleGg efudf jftfj/0f / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;Gbe{
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf / /fli6«o lxt;DaGwL Joj:ydf jftfj/0f / k|fs[lts ;|f]taf/] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5}g t/ s]xL df}lns xsx?df jftfj/0f / k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;DaGwL s]xL ;}4flGts Joj:yfx?
5g\ . /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8df k|fs[lts ;|f]tdflysf] clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8sf] pRr dxTj ePsf]n]
s]xL dxTjk"0f{ Joj:y ul/Psf 5g\ . ;+j}wflgs c+usf] ?kdf ljlQo tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]t cfof]usf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] / ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] ;Gbe{df klg k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ljifo cfj4 ul/Psf] 5 .
dfgjLo hLjgsf ljleGg kIfdf k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] dxTj ax'cfolds x'G5 .
#=! :jf:Yo / k|fs[lts >f]t
:jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/ jftfj/0fLo ;|f]t;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw /x]sf] ljifo eP klg g]kfndf
o; ;Gbe{df sfg'gL cEof;sf Joj:yfx? 5}gg\ . o; kl/j]zdf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf :jf:Yosf]
xs cGtu{t k|To]s gful/snfO{ :jR5 vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOdf kx'Frsf] xs x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . ck|ToIf ?kdf ePklg :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf] xssf] nflu jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f / kfgLsf]
;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf] cx+ e"ldsf x'G5 . :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf]
xsnfO{ jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg;Fu cfj4 ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;af6
dfq k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t of]ubfg k'Ub5 .
#=@ vfB;DaGwL clwsf/
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ df k|To]s gful/snfO{ vfB ;DaGwL xs tyf vfBj:t'sf] cefjdf
hLjg hf]lvddf kg]{ cj:yfaf6 ;'/lIft x'g] xs / k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd vfB
;Dk|e'tfsf] xssf] Joj:yf wf/f #^ df pNn]v 5 . vfB;DaGwL xssf] kl/kfng jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f
/ jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iffdf e/ k5{ . jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iffsf] cefjdf vfB j:t' ;'/lIft gx'g] ePsf]n] of]
xssf] k|rngsf nflu jftfj/0f ;+/If0f k"jf{wf/ xf] . jftfj/0fdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] vfB pTkfbgdf
k|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . o;}n] jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff vfB ;+k|e'tfsf] cfwf/ aGg ;Sb5 .
vfB ;'/Iff / ;Dk|e'tfsf] xs pkof]usf nflu jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f / :yfgLo ;d'bfon]
cfkm}+ Joj:yfkg ug{ kfpg] sfg'gL clwsf/ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{' klg /fHosf] jf:tljs bfloTj
xf] . o;sf] k|rngsf] nflu /fHon] gful/sx? vfB ;'/Iffsf] nflu lge{/ /x]sf k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6
pgLx?sf] ;DaGwnfO{ x6fpg ldNb}g . vfB ;'/Iff / ;Dk|e'tf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgdf
lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 h;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] k|fjwfg ;+j}wflgs k|0ffnLdf lge{/ /xG5 .
#=# cfjf; / k|fs[lts >f]t
cfjf; vfBfGg kl5sf] bf];|f] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf xf] / cfjf;sf] ;Gb{edf klg jftfj/0fsf]
;+/If0f / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkgn] dxTj /fVb5g\ . ;+ljwfgdf gful/snfO{ pko'Qm cfjf;sf]
clwsf/ /xg] / sfg'g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg gful/snfO{ lghsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] cfjf;af6

x6fOg] jf cltqmd0f gul/g] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #& df pNn]v 5 . cfˆgf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf]
cfjf; ;'/lIft x'g] ePkl5 dfq dflg;n] cfˆgf] af;:yfg, j/k/sf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fåf/f k|fs[lts
;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgdf :j+d\ ;lqmo eO{ nfUg] ePsf]n] of] df}lns xssf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f /
k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf cToGt dxTjk"0f{ :yfg 5 . o;}u/L ;+ljwfgsf] df}lns xs cGt{ut
e"ldxLg blntnfO{ sfg'g lgdf{0f u/L hldg pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ / cfjf;ljxLg blntsf] nflu sfg'g
agfO a;f]af;sf] Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $) df pNn]v 5 . of] xssf] k|of]u ubf{ ;d]t
jftfj/0fLo kIf / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkgsf] ;sf/fTds ;DaGwnfO{ Wofg lbg'k5{ . k|fs[lts
;Dkbf cg's'n jftfj/0fsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
ctM ;+;f/df ePsf ljleGg lx+;fTds b+uf / /Qmkftk"0f{ qmflGtsf k|d'v sf/0f ;|f]t dflysf]
Psflwsf/Ls lgoGq0f ePsf] / :yfgLo :t/sf cfly{s ;fdflhs åGåsf] k|d'v sf/0f ;d]t ;|f]t
;fwg dflysf] clwkTo ePsf]n] åGå/t If]qdf zflGt sfod ug{ / jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod u/L
hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kfg{ ;Sg] c;/sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;|f]t ;fwg dflysf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f g} pko'Qm
pkfo x'g ;Sb5 .
#=$ ljQ Joj:yfkg

k|b]zx? xfns} lhNnfsf lj:tfl/t :j?k x'g . xfn klg s]xL lhNnf afx]s cGodf cfGtl/s
;|f]t cToGt Go"g /x]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s ;|f]taf6 k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] vr{sf] cfwf c+z klg k"/f
ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . ;+3Lo k|0ffnLkl5 k|zf;lgs vr{ a9\g]5 h;n] ubf{ xfn /fh:jaf6 rfn"
vr{ k"/f ug{ sl7g ePsf] cj:yfdf eljiodf ljsf; vr{ s6f}tL u/L k|zf;lgs vr{sf] dfu k"/f
ug{'kg]{ cj:yf pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 . To;}u/L k|b]zx?sf] /fhwfgL nufotsf gofF ;+/rgfut k"jf{wf/
lgdf{0fdf /sd cfjZos kg]{ x'Fbf vr{nfO{ To;} tkm{ s]G›Lt ug{' kb{5 . gofF k|b]zdf cfGtl/s ;|f]t
a[l4 ug{ To:tf ;|f]t vf]Hg'kb{5 . goff ;|f]t vf]Hg / /fh:j ;+sngsf] bIftf a9fpg cNksfndf
;Dej x'fb}g . ljleGg txsf ljifodf sfg'g agfpg ;do nfUg] tyf k|b]z / k|b]z tyf :yfgLo tx
aLr ;|f]t afF8kmfF8sf] ljjfb pTkGg x'g] ;Defjgf ePsfn] To;n] gsf/fTds c;/ ;|f]t ;+sngdf
kg{ hfG5 . cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfng ug{ ;lsPg eg] To;sf] ;|f]tsf] afF8kmFf8 / x:tfGt/0fdf yk
hl6ntf Nofpg]5 . To;}u/L xfn lgdf{0f ul/Psf k|b]zx?sf] clwsf/ ;dfg t/ ljsf;sf] :t/
c;dfg ePsfn] cfly{s tyf hgzlQmsf] b[li6n] sdhf]/ k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf ;dfgLs/0f
cg'bfg ljt/0f Gofo;Fut x'Fb}g . ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf ljQLo Joj:yfkg hl6n k|s[ltsf] x'G5 .
;+3Lo Joj:yfsf] ljQLo ;kmntfsf nflu ;xL lsl;dsf] ;+3Lo ljQ Joj:yfsf] th{'df tyf
To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjosf nflu ljQ Joj:yfkg ubf{ ljQLo ;Ifdtf, :jfoQtf, pQ/bfoLTj,
;dfgtf / kf/blz{tfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . ljQLo ;Ifdtfn] s'g s'g txsf] ;/sf/n] a9L k|efjsf/L
9+un] ljQ ;+rfng ug{ ;S5 ;f] cfwf/df ljQLo If]qsf] afF8kmfF8 ub{5 . ljQLo :jfoQtfn] ljleGg
txsf ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] clwsf/ / If]qsf sfo{ s]–s:tf cfwf/df ug]{ eGg]df hf]8 lbG5 . g]kfndf
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq cGtu{t s]G›Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo u/]/ tLg txsf] ;/sf/ /xg] ;a}
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf 5 . ;a} txsf ;/sf/ :jfoQ /xL cfˆgf] clwsf/ / bfloTj lgjf{x ub{5g\ .

g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf ;/sf/L cfosf] Ps k|d'v ;|f]t ;fj{hlgs C0f ;d]t
ePsfn] C0f lnFbf To;sf] pkof]uaf6 k|fKt x'g ;Sg] k|ltkmnsf] nfut nfe cg'dfg u/L lng'kg]{
x'G5 . ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf afXo C0f s]G›Lo ;/sf/n] lng ;S5 eg] cfGtl/s C0f k|fb]lzs tyf
:yfgLo ;/sf/n] ;d]t ;+sng ug{ ;Sb5 . t/ k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] C0fsf sf/0f
cy{tGqsf] ;a} If]qdf c;/ kg]{ ePsf]n] C0f ;DaGwL gLltut k|fjwfg / cGt/f{li6«o cEof;x?nfO{
;d]t dWogh/ u/L ;DalGwt ;/sf/x?nfO{ C0f lng ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] af/]df ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{
x'G5 .
$= lgZsif{M
;Gt'lnt / lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg k|d'v cfwf/ ePsf]n] g]kfn h:tf]
lgjf{xd'lv s[lif cy{tGqdf cfwfl/t / cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] k|d'v cfwf/ k|fs[lts ;|f]t /
;fwg ePsf]n] o;sf] ;s];Dd ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ aGg ;Sb5 .
;+ljwfgdf ;d]t ;dfhjfb tkm{ nlIft cy{tGqsf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;dtfd"ns
ljt/0fn] ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] :yfoLTjdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5 . o;}u/L ;zQm / k|efjsf/L
ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] cefjdf ;+3Lo k|0ffnL cfly{s ?kn] ;Ifd x'g ;Sb}g . ul/aLn] cfqmfGt /fi6«df
ul/aL Go"lgs/0f TolQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;kmn ;+3Lo k|0ffnLn] ljleGg If]q aLr /x]sf] hgtfsf]
;|f]t / ;fwg dflysf] kx'Fr a[l4 u/L pgLx?sf] hLjg:t/df pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ ug{ ;s]df g]kfn
Ps ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f eO{ hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ x'g;Sg]5 . To;sf] nflu
;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljefhg j}1flgs / j:t'lgi6 cfwf/df ul/g' ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf /xG5 .
;+3Lo /fHo g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] PstfnfO{ alnof] agfpg] vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 . g]kfndf dlxnf,
blnt, t/fOjf;L / dw];L, cflbjf;L / hghflt tyf cGo ;d'bfox? hf] hxfF a;f]af; ug]{ eP klg
;a} g]kfnL x'g\ / ;a}sf] ;femf b]z g]kfn xf] . g]kfnLsf] Åbosf] oxL efjgfn] x/]s If]qdf ;a}sf]
;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 / /fli6«o PstfnfO{ dha't agfpF5 . /fli6«o Pstfsf] lgdf{0f
;a} g]kfnLsf] ;dfg klxrfgdf e/ kb{5 . wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf, eflifs ;fd~h:otf, hftLo ;b\efj,
;fF:s[lts ;Ddfg, :jtGqtf, ;fdflhs Gofo, zflGt ;'/Iff, /fli6«o ufg, /fli6«o em08f, /fli6«o
Pstfsf cfwf/ x'g\ . /fli6«o Pstfsf oLg} cfwf/n] ljsl;t ;+3Lo g]kfnsf] /]vf sf]g{ ;Sg]5g\ .
% ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿M
>Ljf:tj, lblnk s'df/ -@)&#_ æg]kfndf ;+3Lotf / ljQLo Joj:yfkgÆ, g]kfn /fi6«a}+s, ldld{/],
jif{ $%, c+s # .
;'a]bL afn s[i0f -@)^*_ ;/sf/L ljQ, ljQLo Joj:yf / cGt/f{l{i6«o Jofkf/ z'esfdgf k|sfzg,
sf7df8f}+ .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ g]kfn ;/sf/ .
Lekhi, R.K. (2004) Public Finance, Kalyani publishers: India.
• • •

;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf OdfGbf/Ltf / ;fy{s kxn h?/L
–;fu/ kl08t*
;f/f+zM
xfdLn] ;+;f/df g} ;j}eGbf ;jf]{Ts[i6 zf;g Joj:yfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds
zf;g Joj:yf :yfkgf ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5f} . of] zf;g Joj:yfsf] dfWod4f/f d'n'sdf lbuf] zflGt ;'zf;g,
ljsf; / ;d[l4 xfl;n ug]{ nIo lnOPsf] 5 .
;+3Lotf g]kfnsf] nflu klxnf] cEof;sf ?kdf nfu' ePsf] zf;sLo k|0ffnL klg xf] . oltv]/ xfdL
;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfdf 5f} / PsfTds /fHo;Qfjf6 ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL ?kfGt/0f x'g] qmddf 5f} .
;+ljwfgt ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL :yfkgf eO{ o;sf] ;+:yfut Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf xfdL 5f}+ .
;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfsf d"No / dfGotfx?nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ cj l9nfO{ ug'{ x'b}g\ . ;fdfGo cy{df
;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yf eg]sf] ;]jf k|jfx hgtfsf] 3/b}nf]df k'¥ofpg] zf;g Joj:yf xf] . To;}n] cj hgtfsf]
3/b}nf]df g} k|ToIf ;]jf k'¥ofP/ cfd hgtfnfO{ ;+3Lo zf;gsf] ;'vb cg'e"lt lbg /fHo / ;du| k|zf;gsf]
k'g;{+/rgf ug{'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog ug{' clxn]sf] cxd cfjZostf xf] . d'n'snfO{ ;xL lbzf
tkm{ 8f]xf]¥ofpg] k|d'v lhDd]jf/L kfPsf /fhgLlts bnx?df oltv]/ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ s]lx
c;dembf/L l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;dodf k|d'v bnx? jLr b]lvPsf] s]lx ltQmtfn]
;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf cj/f]w l;h{gf eO/x]sf] 5 To;}n] l56f] eGbf l56f] /fhgLlts bnx? Pp6f
;xdltsf] ljGb'df cfpg' k5{ . ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogdf gldn]sf ljifonfO{ qmdz ;+zf]wg ub}{ hfg' k5{ . ct
;+ljwfg / ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjog clxn]sf] ;j}eGbf k|d'\v ljifo xf] .
ljifoj:t'M
;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf] nflu /fhgLlts ?kdf s]lx ;d:of b]lvPsf] ePtf klg k|zf;lgs
If]qaf6 s]lx dxTjk'0f{ sfo{x?sf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5 . d\'Vo ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf /x]sf] ;+3Lotf
sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf ;dGjo ;ldltn] ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] ;jfndf ;+ljwfgsf]
cg';'rL % b]lv ( ;Dddf /x]sf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ ;'rLnfO{ lj:t[tLs/0f ug]{
sfd ;DkGg ul/;s]sf] 5 . cj k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /x]sf] pRr:t/Lo ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog
tyf k|zf;g k'g{;+/rgf ;ldltn] To;nfO{ clGtd ?k lbP/ lz3| sfof{Gjog txdf n}hfg k5{ .
:yfgLo :t/df ;+3Lotfsf] cg'e"lt ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg' k5{ . To;}n] ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf]
nflu cj sfo{kflnsLo, Joj:yfksLo / GofokfnsLo ;+/rgf jgfpg z'? ug'{k5{ . o; If]qdf
* cWoIf, g]kfn k|zf;g kqsf/ d~r .

Gofokflnsfn] sfo{ k|f/De u/L;s]sf] 5 . Gofokfnsfn] ;ft j6} k|b]zdf ljleGg pRr cbfnt
/ To; dftxt ljleGg j]~rsf] :yfkgf ul/;s]sf] 5 . sfo{kflnsLo / Joj:yfksLo ;+/rgfx?
jgfpg] u[xsfo{ t'?Gt} k|f/De ug'{k5{ .
;+ljwfgn] g} :ki6 ?kdf s]Gb|df @% hgf eGbf jl9 dGqLx? g/xg] :ki6 Joj:yf ul/;s]sf]
ePklg ;+ljwfg sfof{Gog ug{ cfPsf ;/sf/x?n] ;+ljwfgsf] Tof] efjgfnfO{ kfngf ug{ e/dUb'/
k|of; ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf eGbf a9L ePsf dGqfno 36fpg] ;DaGwdf ;fy{s kxn ug'{k5{ .
k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;DjGwdf jg]sf ljleGg ;ldltx?n] s]Gb|df jl9df !%b]lv !* j6f;Dd / k|b]zdf
!) b]lv !@ j6f;Dd ;Dd dGqfno /fVg ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfPsf] 5 . tL ;ldltx?n] lbPs]f ;'emfj sfof{Gjog
ub]{ hfg'k5{ .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ df k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;/sf/L ;]jfx?sf] u7g / ;~rfng ;DjlGw
Joj:yfdf k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf cfjZos ;]jf k|jfx ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5
elgPsf] 5 eg] ;f]xL wf/fsf] pkwf/f @ df of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] jvt ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t
/fi6«;]js sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg"g jdf]lhd ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg ul/
;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] ;f]xL wf/f cg';f/
;/sf/n] sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf] df]8fln6L jgfpg' k5{ . o;/L ;dfof]hgsf] df]8fln6L jgfpbf
;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] ;xefuLtfdf pgLx?;Fu 5nkmn ul/ ;s];Dd ;j{:jLsfo{ x'g] ul/
;dfof]hgsf] df]8fln6L jgfpg' k5{ .
-s_ casf lghfdtL sd{rf/L lgDg u'0fo'Qm x'g'k5{M

lghfdtL k|zf;g :yfoL ;/sf/s]f ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] d'n'ssf] k|ult, ;d[l4 / ljsf;s]f
nflu sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] lg0ff{os e'ldsf /xg] u5{ . sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf /x]sf] oyfl:yltjfbL rl/q,
sfd kG5fpg] / JolQmut :jfy{df a9L rf;f] /fVg] k|j[lQ cGt ug'{k5{ . . ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf
clxn]sf] sd{rf/LtGqdf cfd"n ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g x'g h?/L 5 . To;}n] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf]
;jfndf ef]lnsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/L k|zf;g s:tf]] x'g] eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof}{n ca rfF8} ul/g' k5{ .
;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfkgdf sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgnfO{ gLs} dxTjsf ;fy Joj:yfkg
ug'{k5{ . ef]lnsf] ;+3Lo g]kfnsf] dd{ cg';f/ sfd ug{ ;Sg] sd{rf/L tGqsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . Tof]
ug{sf nflu sd{rf/Ldf Ifdtf ljsf; (Capacity Development) cfjZos k5{ . cfr/0f ;'wf/
klg Pp6f Capacity g} xf] . clxn]sf sd{rf/Ldf 1fg , Ifdtf k|z:t dfqfdf 5 . cfkm\gf] 1fg
/ sfo{Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ pgLx? ;Ifd g} b]lvG5g\ . pgLx?df Compentency gePsf] xf]Og t/ cfd
sd{rf/Ldf b]lvPsf] Pp6f k|d'v ;d:of eg]s} pgLx?df /fd|f] / ;sf/fTds cfr/0fsf] sdL 5 .
sd{rf/Ln] cfr/0f / g}ltstf ;DjGwdf cfkm\gf] Compentency a9fpg ;Sg'k5{ . sd{rf/Ldf
sfdk|ltsf] nufjdf klg a9f]Q/L cfjZos 5 .

;+3Lo zf;gdf sd{rf/Ldf ;sf/fTds cfr/0fsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPg eg] To;n] ;+3Lo
zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ klg gLs} ;d:of / cfqmfGt kfg{ g;Snf eGg ;lsb}g\ . To;}n] xfd|f] sd{rf/LtGqdf
s]lx ;d:of / cefj b]lvPsf] tLg j6f s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ . tLg j6f s'/f eg]s} /fi6«k|ltsf]
;dk{0f, /fli6«otf k|ltsf] ;Ddfg tyf ;bfrf/L / hgtf k|ltsf] ;]jfefj g} xf] . oL u'0fx?
sd{rf/Lsf] nflu k'j{zt{ aGg'k5{ . nf]s;]jf cfof]un] kl/Iff lnbf klg sd{rf/Ldf oL u'0fx? eP
gePsf] j}1flgs kl/If0f ug{ h?/L 5 . sd{rf/Ldf oL u'0fx? ePg eg] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf
sd{rf/Lx?n] hgtfs]f ck]Iff cg'[;f/ sfd ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .
;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]zsf] nflu kl/Iff lng] qmddf g} sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0f / k|j[lQsf] jf/]df
klg uDeL/ ?kdf k/LIff ug'{k5{ . nf]s;]jfsf kf7\oqmd To:t} lsl;dn] jgfOg' k5{ .
-v_ ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog / k|zf;g k'g;{{/rgfdf r'gf}tLM

/fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj b'j}df /x]sf] oyfl:yltjfbL rl/q ;j}eGbf 7"nf]
;d:ofsf] ?kdf /xg ;S5 . lsgsL ;+3Lotfsf] jf:tljs sfof{Gjogdf pgLx? b'j} kIf ;+j]bgzLn
eP/ nfUg g;s]sf] xf]sL h:tf] b]lvG5 . of] ;j}eGbf 7'nf] ;d:of xf] . csf]{ k|d'v ;d:of eg]sf]
;]jf k|jfxdf b]lvg] ;d:of xf] . hgtfnfO{ lbg] ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L jgfpg ;Sg' k5{ . /fhgLlt
/ k|zf;g b'j}sf] ;dGjodf ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg ;Sg' k5{ .
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf hlt l9nfO{ x'b} hfG5 of] k|0ffnLk|lt cfd hgtfdf Tolt g} lg/fzf
/ s'07f pTkGg x'g hfG5 . /fhgLlts ;dfhzf:qsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ klg s'g} /fhgLlts k|0ffnLdf
olb hgtfn] dfu u/]sf] cg'kftdf /fhgLlts ;+/rgfx?sf] ljsf; x'g ;s]g eg] To:tf] k|0ffnL
hgtf jf6 lj:tf/} lj:tf/} c:jLs[t x'b} hfG5 / /fhgLlts k|0ffnL k|lt ;xeflutfsf] ;+s6 l;h{gf
x'g ;S5 . clxn] stf stf To:t} l:ylt l;h{gf x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o;sf] jf/]df xfn ;Dd s'g} lrGtg
dgg / ljZn]if0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . ;xeflutf, /fhgLlts lgsf; / ljsf;s]f ;Gbe{df ;dfhzf:qL
n'l;og 8Jn' kfO{n] d'Vo ?kdf gful/sx?sf] e"ldsf / ltgdf /x]sf] lgi7f / ;+nUgtfsf] gof :t/
k|flKt g} /fhgLlts ljsf; / lgsf; b'j} xf] egL pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . t/ ;dfhzf:qL n'O{sf] ts{
jdf]lhd clxn]sf] xfd|f] /fhgLlts ljsf; cl3 j9\g ;s]sf] 5}g\ .
clxn] klg b]ze/Ldf ;/sf/sf ;+:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ . tL ;+:yfx? dfkm{t ;/sf/n] hgtfsf]
3/b}nf]df ;]jf k|jfx k'¥ofpg] sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff ul/ To;sf] k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfo{fGjog ug{ ;Sg'
kYof]{ . ;/sf/n] tTsfnsf nflu b]zJofkL ?kdf 3'DtL ;]jf dfkm{t hgtfnfO{ 3/b}nf]df g} ;]jf
lbP/ ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjog yflnPsf] cg'e'lt lbnfpg ;Sg' kYof]{ t/ To:tf k|of;x? oy]i6 ?kdf
x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . clxn] klg ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/sf] sdL 5 . b'u{d :yfgsf hgtfx?n] ;/sf/L
sfof{noaf6 ;]jf lng xKtf+};Dd wfpg k/]sf] kL8fbfoL cj:yf 5 . ;/sf/ ufp3/;Dd k'Ug} ;s]sf]
5}g\ . clxn] klg ljs6 ufpj:tLdf l;6fd]fnsf] cefjdf s}of} g]kfnL hgtfx? csfndf dg{ ljjz
eO/x]sf 5g\ eg] s}of} jfnjflnsfx? kf]if0fsf] cefjdf s'kf]if0f;Fu n8\g ljjz eO/x]sf 5g\ .
;dfh cem} klg ?l9jfbL ;+:s[ltaf6 cfqmfGt 5 . pgLx?nfO{ ;+3Lotf ;d]t /fd|/L yfxf 5}g .

-u_ /fhgLlts g]t[Tj pRr g}ltsjfg / lehg]jn h?/L
;+3Lotf xf]; jf h'g;s'} zf;g k|0ffnL xf]; To;nfO{ ;kmn kfg{ /fhgLlts k|0ffnLnfO{ d'Vo
?kdf 8f]xf]¥ofpg] /fhgLlts g]t[Tj pRru'0f:t/o'Qm lehg]jn, OdfGbf/ / hgtfsf] dgf]efjgfnfO{
OdfGbf/Ltfk'j{s cfTd;ft ug]{ Ifdtf ;lxtsf] x'g'k5{ . ;fy} pgLx? ;bfrf/L / c;n u'0fo'Qm
x'g}k5{ . ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] k'0f{ kl/kfngf / zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] kl/kfngf ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . o;sf ;fy}
cfkm'n] nfu' ug{ vf]h]sf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL / 9frfsf jf/]df /fhgLlt1 / bnx? jLr ;femf ;xdlt
jgfpg} k5{ . To:t} ul/ ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] d"No / dfGotfnfO{ hg ;dIf cIf/z nfu' ug]{
sd{rf/LtGq tflnd k|fKt, bIf, t6:y, e|i6rf/df z"Go ;xgzLntf ePsf] / st{Jolgi6 x'g} k5{ .
o;}ul/ g]t[Tjdf j}wflgs k|lqmofjf6 cfPsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{, cfnf]rgf / Joj:yf lj/f]wL
ultljlw k|lt ;+od, cfly{s k|nf]egdf gkl/ sfd ug{ ;Sg] pRr dgf]efjgf tyf km/s dt /
cfnf]rgf ;xg ;Sg] ;+:sf/ x'g h?/L 5 . clxn] ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfPsf] ;/sf/sf
zf;sx?n] of] s'/fdf uDeL/ eP/ Wofg lbg h?/L 5 . /fhgLltdf ck/fwLs/0fnfO{ leq\ofpg
lsdfy{ klg x'b}g\ .
-3_ /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|zf;saLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGw h?/LM
ljlw lgod / k4ltsf] l;df leq /xg] ul/ /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|zf;sx? jLrsf] ;DjGw
;'dw'/ x'g'k5{ . :jfy{x?sf] ;f7uf7 eO{ u}/sfg'gL sfd ug'{ x'b}g\ . cfkm\gf :jfy{x? ldNbf ;Dd
/fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|zf;sx? jLr ;DjGw /fd|} x'g] u5{ . oL b'O{sf] :jfy{x? jLrdf 6s/fj b]lvg
k'Uof] eg] oL b'O{ kIfdf Ps cfk;df åGbsf] cj:yf b]lvg k'U5 . oL b'O jLr åGb cfpg] cj:yfn]
;]jf k|jfxdf ;d]t uDeL/ ;d:of l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . b\'j}n] cf cfkm\gf] :jfy{nfO{ ljl;{P/ sfg'gn]
lbPsf] clwsf/ cg';f/ sfd ug]{ xf] eg] oL b'O{df ;d:of cfpb}g\ . /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] xfd|f] dfG5]
eGbf klg /fd|f] dfG5] vf]Hg] k4ltsf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . Right man right place sf] cjwf/0ff
cg\';f/ sfd ug'{k5{ .
cjsf] ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;'zf;gsf] d"No / cfb{z k|lt ;dlk{t /fhgLlts g]t[Tj /
k|ltj4 sd{rf/L x'g cfjZos 5 . /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] gtLhfd'vL k|zf;g vf]Hg] ,k|lqmof 5f]6\ofpg]
ul/ sfg'gL Joj:yfx? ug'{k5{ . cjsf] /fhgLlts g]t[Tj e|i6rf/df z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] u'0f jf]s]sf]
x'g'k5{ . /fhgLltsf] /f8f/n] g]leu];g ug]{ , lbzflgb]{zg ug]{ / lgoGq0f ug'{k5{ gsL sslk6df
j;]/ hxfh cfkm}n] p8fpg] k|of; ug'{x'b}g . To;f] ul/Pdf b'3{6gf x'g ;S5 .
k|zf;g sdhf]/ ePdf /fhgLltn] y]Ug ;Sb}g eg] /fhgLlt sdhf]/ ePdf k|zf;g lgsDdf
x'g ;S5 . oL b'j} Ps csf{sf] kl/k'/s ePsfn] b'\j} kIfn] cfkm' cfkm'df /x]sf sdL sdhf]/L x6fP/
Plss[t ?kdf cufl8 j9\g ;Sg' k5{ . dGqLsf] ?kdf cfpg] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] u}/ sfg'gL sfd ug{
bjfj lbPdf k|zf;sx?n] To;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ul/ /fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ lgod sfg'gsf] kl/lwdf /x]/
sfd ug{ ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg ;Sg' k5{ . dGqLsf] P;Dofg jGg' x\'b}g\ . dGqLx?n] klg gLlt lgdf{0f

ug]{ sfo{df Wofg k'ofpg' k5{ . kf]lnl6S; / Jo'/f]qm];Lsf] OG6/ l/n]zgsf] jf/]df klg jx; rnfpg'
k5{ . b'j} kIfdf c;dembf/L cfpg\' x'Gg . clxn] ;Ddsf] l:ylt x]bf{ Jo'/f]q]m;Ln] kf]lnl6lzognfO{
;xof]u gu/]sf] eg]/ pgLx?n] eGg] / Jo'/f]qm];Ln] klg kf]lnl6lzogx?n] cgfjZos x:tIf]k u/]/
sfd ug{ glbPsf] eGg] ljifo p7fg ul/G5 . o;/L Psn] csf]{nfO{ bf]iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfd dfq} eO/x]sf]
5 . o:tf] cj:yf cfpg glbg b'j} kIf ;+j]bgzLn x'g h?/L 5 . /fhgLlt / k|zf;g jLr cj
;'dw'/ ;DjGw :yflkt x'g'k5{ . ;+3Lotf / k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgfsf] jf/]df ;femf / ;dfg j'emfO{ ;j}
kIfdf x'g h?/L 5 . To;f] ePsf] v08df dfq} o;sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xh x'g] 5 .
lgZsif{M
cj ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] ljsNk 5}g\ . o;sf] nflu l56f] eGbf l56f] k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgfsf]
sfo{ yfn]/ ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg' k5{ .
;j}eGbf klxnf sfdsf] 6'+uf] nufpg], sfdsf] 6\'+uf] nufPkl5 sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/sf]
;+u7g ;+/rgf jgfpg'k5{ To;kl5 clGtd r/0fdf hgzlQm jf8kmf8sf] s'/f cfp5 . klxnf]
r/0fdf sfdsf] aFf8kmfF8 , bf];|f] r/0fdf Tof] sfd ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;+/rgf lgdf{0f clg t];|f]
r/0fdf jNn Tof] ;+/rgfsf] nflu sfd ug{ lkm6 x'g] hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{k5{ . ef]ln uP/
k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] z'?df g} cfkm'x?n] g} sd{rf/L egf{ ug{ kfpg' kg]{ dfu klg ug{ ;S5g\
To:tf] l:ylt cfpg gkfcf]; eGgsf nflu clxn] g} s]lGb|o ;/sf/n] sfg'gt ;j}nfO{ dfGo x'g]
km08fd]06n l;4fGt jgfpg' k5{ . ToxL l;4fGt leq /x]/ k|b]z / ;+3 ;~rfng x'g' k5{ . o;sf]
nflu ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @*% cg';f/ Pp6f 5ftf sfg'g jgfpg h?/L b]lvG5 . h'g 5ftf sfg'gn] g}
b]ze/sf nflu ufO8nfOg lbg ;S5 .
ct cj /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj b'j} kIf ldn]/ ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog tyf
k|zf;lgs k'g;{+/rgf ub}{ clxn]sf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ kxnsbdL lng}
k5{ tfsL ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfaf6 b]zn] l5§} d'lQm kfpg ;sf]; .
of] zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;kmntfk'j{s ;~rfng ug{ ;lsPdf d'n'sn] l5§} ;d[4L / k|ult
xfl;n ug{ ;S5 o;sf nflu o;nfO{ ;~rfng ug]{ /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj b'\j}kIf
OdfGbf/ / st{Jolgi6 jGg} k5{ .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿M
!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@
@= ;+3Lo k|zf;g kflIfs klqsf
#= k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldltsf ljleGg k|ltj]bg
$= ljleGg kqklqsfx?
% k|f s[i0f kf]v|]nsf] /fhgLlts ;dfhzf:q k':ts
• • •

Federalism: Prospects and Challenges
- Indra B. Paudel *
Summary
This article has elucidated the bases of federalism in Nepal and the world – identity
and capability, some seven points to be determined in the federal constitution for the
working of federalism, strengths, and weaknesses of federalism, issues of federalism
including ethnic federalism with examples.
1. Concept of Federalism:
Federalism is s system of organization based on a constitutionally guaranteed balance

between shared rule and self-rule. The main substance/reason of federalism is the fact
that the stronger becomes people’s access to state power, the more consolidated will
be a democracy. It involves at least two levels of government – a central authority and
its constituent regional units. The constituent units enjoy autonomy and power over
constitutionally defined subjects – they can also play a role in shaping the policies of
the central government. The degree and the scope of autonomy varies widely.1
In another word, federalism; implies “The legal/constitutional relationship and

distribution of powers between the national and regional governments within a federal
system of governmentt.2"
1 UNDP. Human Development Report, 2004

2 Black's Law Dictionary. 8th Ed. St. Paul (USA): Thomson, West, 1999, p. 644

Figure 1:
Hierarchy of Government in the Federal States
Ronald Watts, a Canadian scholar, provides a useful working definition of a federal

constitution which highlights five features:
• Two tiers of government each acting directly with the people;
• A written, supreme Constitution with a clear division of powers - as it is
deemed to be a covenant or contract between the two tiers of government, it
cannot be changed unilaterally;
• Provincial/state representation at the center;
• An umpire to dissolve disputes;
• Mechanism to facilitate inter-governmental cooperation (See B. Karki: 2014b,
338-9).
Mainly, federalism has incorporated two basic presumptions- inclusion and self-
governance - that empower all. It is not mean to cleavage the nation, nor search for the
own land and its identity ascribed to the community. Today, identity and nationalism
both are required ( a common sentiment to the nation and ownership). To make secular
federalism, ethnic identity and extensive nationalism both are required. People are the
nation, and so all the people’s common concept and sentiment is nationalism.1*
1* Baral, Lok Raj. "Positive Thinking on the Dialogue on Federalism". Kantipur. 3 Falgun.

J. J. Rousseau’s “Social Contract Theory” has accepted an individual as an inseparable
part of society. An individual must obey certain conditions (main characteristics of
state) for living in the country.
The seed of federalism was sown in the formulation of the Constitution of USA (1787).
Now, there are only 24 countries adopting the federal structure and 28 countries
adopting federal governance (by basha) (out of 196 countries), covering 40 % of world
population. On the other, some countries have used federalism by mixing both unitary
and federal model (Khanal: 2071, 390).
1.2 Federalism and the Constitution:

The constitution in a federal polity determines the following:
a. The number and nature of the constitutional units, and the orders and tiers of
government;
b. The scope of the autonomy for constitutional units, and their territorial integrity,
if any;
c. The role that the constitutional units are to play in the national government;
d. The competences, powers, and responsibilities of various orders and tiers of
government, and the scope and place of concurrent and residual powers;
e. The mechanisms and role of institutions for resolving conflicts between the
orders/tiers of government, besides providing rules for inter-governmental and
inter-jurisdictional relations;
f. The role of a Supreme Court as an umpire in inter-governmental relations; and
g. The process of constitutional amendments so as to establish a balance between
constitutional stability and constitutional adaptability.1**
Nepal is governed by the centralized, unitary, feudal and non-decentralized system of
governance for 137 years. Unitary structure means the system of governance in which
sovereignty is located in one place, whereas centralized governance means the power
of governance is located in one place.2*
1.3 Federalism and Autonomy:

Autonomy is the independence offered to an ethnic group as an internal decision-
making. It never lobbies the right to be separated from the nation-state. Autonomy
1** D. Jeevan Kumar. "Indian Federal Experience". In Baral: 2008, p. 244
2* Dhakal, Yogesh. Naya Patrika. 24 Chaitra, 2068 VS, p. 4

implies the group decision right of a minority towards its cultural and ethnic issues. It
has three meanings:
a. Ways of dividing its resources: Quota and opportunities offered in parliament,
employment opportunities, etc.
b. Rights offered to ethnic groups on the basis of their, in accordance to their
religious and traditional ways: P. N. Shah, the Great, has offered autonomy to
the Kirats over their kipat land.
c. Self-rule: One’s own rule in the certain geographical territory (e.g., specialized
economic zones, federal states): this system is incorporated in a country’s legal
system.
Compulsory conditions of political autonomies are the followings:
a. Border: identity-oriented and clear geographical demarcation;
b. State as an institution: along with autonomy, organs of state are installed, e.g.,
judiciary, police, etc.
c. Leadership: along with the right of autonomy, the group’s rights naturally are
increased, and thus the leaders wish to increase their rights via their leadership.
d. Financial means and resources: It lets the autonomous group not to be bound to
accept the center’s interference.
e. Modern media: Separate media for separate autonomous group ... As their
wish and … culture, tradition;
f. Foreign aid: Autonomous states can in cases, draw foreign assistance without
any command from the center (Kandel: 2064, 58).
2. History of Federalism in the World
Federalism emerged as an important instrument of nation/state building after the
collapse of European colonial empires in the immediate post-World War II period
(Watts 1994a: 2). In this respect, many post-colonial multi-ethnic countries of Asia and
Africa adopted federalism. Even if several of these federations failed in their infancy,
the role of federalism in balancing the competing and perhaps conflicting demands
for autonomy and unity in such countries as India, Malaysia and Nigeria could not
be doubted (Rothchild 1966). Since the end of the Cold War, federalism once again
emerged into the spotlight because of two contradictory developments. First, the
disintegration of the socialist federations of the USSR, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia
refreshed doubts about stability and durability of multiethnic federations. The
continuing standoff in Canada over the question of Quebec’s independence and the
frequent political stalemates that characterize federal Belgium strengthen uneasiness

about the stability of multi-ethnic federations. Second, in spite of these problems,
politicians used to reconstitute multiethnic countries through federalism after the
collapse of authoritarian regimes and centralist nation-building projects. For instance,
international powers imposed federalism to reconstitute Bosnia-Herzegovina after a
bitter war and genocide that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia. Russia
adopted federalism to maintain what is left of the Soviet Union. Ethiopia adopted
ethnic federalism in 1991 after the end of military dictatorship. The modern concept of
federalism is distinctly an American innovation in the last quarter of the 18th century.
When the 13 colonies fought successfully the war of independence in the 1770s,
the newly independent sovereign states also wanted to continue their unity without
compromising the independence of each.
https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/13839/chapter%20two.
pdf?sequence=13
The Philadelphia constitutional convention in 1787 not only produced a constitution

for the US but also forcefully brought out the idea of federalism as a new political
innovation. The Swiss cantons had rather a longer tradition of federation starting from
the 13th century and were second to the Americans to formally enter into a federation
in 1848 (See Baral: 2008, 47).
Other countries to follow the federal system in the 19th century and early 20th century
was Argentina (1853), Canada (1967), Brazil (1891), Australia (1901), Germany
(1949), and Austria (1920). Some countries in Asia and Africa such as India (1950),
Malaysia (1957), Nigeria (1960) also adopted the federal system of government
following the independence from colonial rule (Baral: 2008, 83).
Recently, the American-led international forces caused the reconstitution Iraq as an
ethnic federation following their invasion and occupation of the country in 2003. There
are also calls for a federal arrangement for such countries as Sri Lanka and Somalia that
were torn apart by decades of bitter conflicts. There is, therefore, a growing interest in
the use of federalism as a way of managing ethnically diverse countries. In ethnically
divided countries, the hope is that political recognition of cultural and ethnic pluralism
through federalism reduces ethnic tensions and conflicts. That is why federalism has
been presented as a compromise between ethnic nationalism, which like nationalism
in its classical form advocates congruence between nations and states (Gellner 1983:
1; Hobswam 1990: 9), and assimilationist centralization by dominant ethnic groups in
multiethnic countries.

Origin of Federalism in the World
In the world, the following two methods were practiced while giving birth to federalism:
a. Coming Together or “Born Federation”: To maintain the security of themselves
and having a separate identity, the states… Formerly sovereign states make
independent decision to form states, and there would be no difficulty in
formation of states. For example, USA, Australia, Switzerland.
b. Holding Together or “Became Federation”: Previously existed states
restructure the state and hold themselves together within a stronger state.
For example, Spain, S. Africa, Belgium, Nigeria, Ethiopia. Until and unless
common interests of the national sentiment has been established sustainably,
separation is encouraged instead of holding the national integrity. In the past,
the following countries faced such problem: West Indies, Mali, Cameron,
Czechoslovakia, Uganda, Yugoslavia (Upadhaya: 2066, 77).
Table 1: Divisions of States in Various Federalist Countries
S. N. Countries Year Number of Federal Units (States,

Regions, Districts, Cities, etc.)
1 USA 1789 50 States, 1 Federal District, 160 Indigenous

Autonomous Regions
2 Mexico 1824 31 States, 1 Federal District

3 Switzerland 1848 26 Cantons
4 Argentina 1853 31 Regions, 1 Autonomous City
5 Venezuela 1864 23 States, 1 Federal District

6 Canada 1867 10 Regions, 3 Federal Regions
7 Germany 1871 16 Landers (States)
8 Brazil 1891 26 States, 1 Federal Region
9 Australia 1901 6 States, 2 Federal Regions
10 Soviet Russia 1917/1992 21 Federal States, 6 Regions (Crez), 49 Regions

(Oblast), 2 Federal Cities, 1 Autonomous
Region, 10 Autonomous Ilakas,
11 Austria 1920 9 Bundesh Landers (Federal States)
12 Lichtenstein 1921 11 Gemingden (Municipalities)
13 India 1947 28 States, 7 Federal Regions

14 Pakistan 1947 4 Regions, 1 Capital Region
15 Ethiopia 1952/1991 9 States, 2 Federal Cities
16 Sudan 1956 26 States
17 Malaysia 1957/1963 13 States, 3 Federal Regions
18 Nigeria 1963 36 States, 1 Federal Region
19 Democratic Republic 1964 25 Regions, 1 Capital Region
Congo
20 The United Arab 1971 7 Emirates
Emirates
21 Comoros 1975 7 Prefectures

22 Spain 1978 17 Autonomous Communities, 2 Federal Cities
23 Micronesia 1979 4 States
24 Saint Kits and Navis 1983 14 Paris
25 Belgium 1994 3 Communities, 3 Federal Regions, 4

Linguistic Regions
26 S. Africa 1994 9 Regions
27 Palau 1994 16 States

28 Bosnia-Herzegovina 1995 2 Federal States
29 Iraq 2005 Transitional
30 Nepal … Transitional
Source: Maharjan: 2009, 13
3. Coperation between the states:

On the basis of cooperation and conflict between the states, the following categories
are formulated:
A. Cooperative Federalism
Cooperative federalism implies the distribution of power between the federal
government and the states in which each recognizes the powers of the other while
jointly engaging in certain governmental functions.1#
1# Black's Law Dictionary. 8th Ed. St. Paul (USA): Thomson, West, 1999, p. 644

The main characteristics of a cooperative federalism for Nepal are as follows:
• Creation of federating units not exclusively on the basis of the right to self-
determination but on the Indian pattern, which distributes power between the
center and the state while not diluting the spirit of a strong center. It is also
called 'decentralized federalism' that modifies the concept of 'quasi-federalism.'
• The central government should form an independent national commission
consisting of members of integrity and qualification for looking into the
complaints of federating units. The central government should give the top
priority to managing/resolving the crisis if such a crisis develops between he
center and units or between units themselves.
• An understanding should be reached between the ethnic groups, Madhesis
and other people living in the country for forming a promoting a cooperative
relationship among them. Since cooperation and coordination are the hallmark
of any federalism, Nepali elites, given the peculiar situation of the country, can
no longer undermine the importance of mutual trust and cooperation between
the people of the Hills, inner Terai (Bhabar) and Madhesh.
• The introduction of proportional representation system if it satisfies the feelings
of those who have been demanding it as another strategy for resolving the
problem.
• A strong commitment needs to be made by the people of all geographic regiion
for maintaining Nepal’s unity and integrity.
• Central leaders being able to understand the spirit and practices of federalism
… the old mindset shaped by traditional authoritarian values and temperament
militates against the spirit of cooperative federalism. Inculcation of democratic
culture and understanding of the situation of the country alone can ensure the
smooth functioning of the federal system.
• A three-fold vertical division consisting of the hills and the plains can be made
on the understanding to be reached amongst the people living in those areas.
Yet, proportional representation and the actual sharing of power and resources
would maintain a balance if the Madhesi and the hill janajatis agree on such a
formula. The Tharus who want to be different from the Madhesi groups for their
own identity has also given a new perspective on the issue of Madhesh. So, the
Tharuwan, or the place of Tharus also needs to be coordinated by Madhesh and
the Hills (Baral: 2998, 30-32).

Due to Nepal’s geographical and social diversity, collaborative federalism will be
suitable in Nepal - federal power will disburse the state power …. To all ethnic groups,
classes, and communities. 1#
B. Ethnic Federalism in Nepalese Context:

Nepal is the synonym to ethnic groups, religions, languages and cultures of various
types. The movements raised by various ethnic groups are not for fragmenting the
country. They expect equal shares as other ethnic groups. If the country is divided into
states as many as ethnic groups, what would be the result?2#
Nepal is multi-ethnic, and the many struggles for representation and recognition cannot
be dealt with in isolation. During nation-building, sacrifice is often called for, yet it is
striking that no leader mentions it with regard to federalism and inclusion.3#
In Nepal, ethnic liberation movement and linguistic liberation movement, the history
of which is very old, raised the voice against ethnic and linguistic discrimination. They
are never concentrated on ethnic identity, the establishment of state government with
agradhikar. But, along with the people’s revolt led by NCP (Maoist), the voices and
rhythms on ethnic liberation got altered with the changing span of time. Even today,
they are associated with the establishment of federal units. … In Nepal, there are 103
ethnic groups and 92 languages. So, the question of ethnic, linguistic and religious
discrimination cannot be resolved by offering identity and special rights (agradhikar)
to few ethnic groups.4#
A state should not prioritize a culture more and less to other. On the other, minority
ethnic groups like Raute, Meche, etc. should be protected by the state. If ethnic
federalism is created, how can they be protected? The state should develop separate
Protected Zones.5#
1# Pokhrel, Kabi. “Base of Federal Structure” (In Nepali). Rajdhani. 11 Magh, 2068 VS, p.
7
2# Bangel Lama. Nima. “Ethnic States is not the Resolution of the problem”. Gorkhapatra.
25 Shrawan, 2069 VS, p. 7
3# Neelakanthan, Anagha. “Moment of Truth”. Republica. May 24, 2012, p. 8
4# Roka, Kalyan. “Why Caste is Attached with Federalism?” (In Nepali). Rajdhani. 9
Jestha, 2069 VS, p. 6
5# Shapkota, Dinesh. “So Ethnic Federalism is not Feasible” (In Nepali). Nagarik. 29th
January, 2015, p. 6

C. Bases of Number and Name of States:
State Restructuring Committee has recognized nine ethnic groups to be identified in
naming the states - four on the basis of geographical region and two on the basis of
languages.
• “Jadan” has no any connection with roads.
• There are defects by the mapping of political parties and State Restructuring
Committee.
• In Nigeria, some states are named after ethnic groups.
• The people of Rasuwa will have to run to Salleri (Solukhumbu) for performing
administrative tasks in the Sherpa state.
• There is no tourism and hydropower hub in Mithila-Bhojpura-Koch-Madhesh
state.
• What is Going Wrong in Nepal?
• Some facilities could be given to DAGs.
D. Identity and Federalism:

Four hundred and ten MPs of Nepal signed a paper and forwarded it to the CA
demanding the (ethnic) identity-based federalism in the new constitution.1*
Bases of federalism are the following: identity and capability.
A. Identity:
Ethnicity (community-based identity), language (linguistic identity), culture (cultural
identity), geography (regional contiguity) and history (historical contiguity) are the
five bases of identities. Among them, four were nor uttered, and only one gripped the
hold, and Nepali people were cheated by Nepali political leaders. In formulating the
new constitution. … The case of … ethnic groups have raised the issues of ethnicity
since 2065….. those social and cultural issues have been turned to be political. So, all
the parties, small and big, cannot move at all without addressing the issues of ethnic
groups.2*
1* Thalang, Hari. Samajik Loktantra. Shrawan 1, 2071 VS, p. 28

2* Raj Kumar Lekhi. In an Interview. Kantipur. 31 Ashadh, 2069 VS, p. 7

Two questions arise in the question of identity:
• What is the meaning of “I,” if I could not preserve mu identity? Each,
community, race and class should have the opportunity to preserve their
respective identity. One’s identity would be meaningful in that time when one
can have the opportunity to present one’s identity among other identities.
• If I am for myself alone, what is the meaning of my identity?: To preserve one’s
identity by losing others’ identity is not properly humanitarian (See Bhandari:
2071).
Crisis of Identity:
The term “Identity crisis” has at first been used by development psychologist Erik
Erikson. According to him, identity crisis occurs when one individual or group starts
presenting oneself differently from what the society regards its identity. James Mercia
and his friends had elaborately presented in the 1960s and 1970s: identity crisis is the
imbalance between one’s capabilities and commitments.
Ways to Solve the Identity Crisis:
a. By appraising and keeping oneself satisfying of having one’s identity among
various identities. One should be convinced that our identity has not been
loaded by anybody external; it is due to our existence and our efforts.
• By identifying alternatives of identities. Your identity may be on the basis
of skill, property, academic excellence, etc. So, a state’s identity may be of
ethnicity, religion, language, culture, geography, etc.
• By saving oneself from external influence: other’s suggestion could be taken,
but not the imitation/replication. If one makes a new identity, then other neighbors
throw a wave of sarcasm. We can narrow down one’s scope of selfishness, if
not totally avoid one’s selfishness. Whether separate identities of 125 ethnic
groups is great or a bigger Nepal’s identity? Our greatest achievement is this:
transforming individual interests into a common interest of the country (See
Bhandari: 2071).
There are the following two bases of federalism:

Eight-point and twelve-point agreements were made between the political parties of
Nepal on state restructuring based on ethnic identity. Report of the Committee for State

Restructuring (in the Fist CA). And Report of Commission on State Restructuring was
approved by the majority of major political parties (UNCP (Maoist), NCP (UML),
Madhesh-based parties). Similarly, among the 601 MPs. 417 MPs have signed for
the federal constitution along with identity and handed the petition (gyapan-patra)
to CA via the Chairperson of CA. But afterward, some leaders of NCP (UML) had
conspired against the decision of their own political party and obstructed the move
(Sherpa “Kishan”: 2071, 30).
Federalism is regarded significant to increase access to governance as well as to
ascend further one step the governance to the doorstep of people (Upadhaya: 2066,
77).
The people living in the states with their respective identity should be reflected in
the state’s restructuring including federalism. …The campaign to protect identity
is of nation formation and unity. Each and every citizen’s historical, cultural identity
links him/her environment and society and, offers self-confidence. Diversity maintains
cultural weight leading to a unique nation.1*
Federalism with Identity means right offered to downtrodden nationalities, regions or
linguistic groups. If self-governance and autonomy are offered to them, productivity
automatically rises. They can at maximum mobilize and utilize resources for their
development. Instead, brain drain may be controlled.2*
The identity of a person should be maintained on the basis of his/her deed/s, personality,
and social contribution, not on the basis of caste. The age giving one’s identity on the
basis of caste has previously been terminated.3*
Identity is also a collective capability but, even if the state identifies differently all
the people’s identity, the base of the state could not be determined.4*
B. Capability: All the ethnic groups, linguistic groups, religious groups, people
of different areas, should have equal opportunity. For that, the constitution should
1* Dikshit, Kanak Mani.” Nagarik. 5 Jestha, 2069 VS, p. 6

2* Rai, Prakash. “Political Economy of Federalism” (In Nepali). Gorkhapatra, March 27,
2014, p. 6
3* Regmi, Madhab. “Ethnic Federalism and National Integrity” (In Nepali). Gorkhapatra.
23rd February, 2012, p. 7
4* Mishra, Birendra P. “Base of State Restructuring: Identity or Capability” Annapurna. 5
Jestha, 2069 VS, p. 7; Gurung, Prithvi Subba. Kantipur. 1 Jestha, 2069 VS, p. 7

guarantee their personality development via fundamental rights. The people should
have access to the state resources outright. Not only peoples’ ethnic, linguistic, cultural
and religious rights, but also their social, economic and political rights should be
guaranteed.1* The capability also implies the following:
• Sharing power and means between governments and states (what power
and right to central government and what power to the local one)
• The right to the development of every citizen within a sovereign state: (i)
political rights; (ii) economic rights; (iii) socio-cultural rights.
4. Federaism in Nepal:
Various ethnic groups transformed into bigger ethnic groups. Later, the
concept of greater state developed around 11th and 12th centuries by merging smaller
state units like the Baisi States, Chaubise states. In such states, somehow republic
system, somewhere feudal systems were set up integrated for state operation. Until the
18th century, Hindustan was also in the similar condition. In such a situation, Gurkha
King P. N. Shah started his campaign of state unification and set up the foundation
of modern Nepal. The language of the King was Khasa. After the creation of Bhanu
Bhakta’s Ramayana in the 20th century, the Nepali language has developed full-fledged.
It was only after 2007 capitalist revolution; the Nepali language could be developed
systematically. A lingua franca (contact language) was required to tie various ethnic
communities throughout the country. Before Khasa language, Maithili, Bhojpuri,
Abadhi, Newari were the languages developed in a mass scale in Nepal.2#
There are the following two tasks or historical bases of initiating federalism in Nepal:
• To “…carry out an inclusive, democratic and progressive restructuring of the
State by eliminating the current centralized and unitary form of the State…”
(Comprehensive Peace Accord, 2006, Section 3.5)
• To “…implement the concept of full democracy through a forward-looking
restructuring of the State to resolve the problems related to all sectors including
class, caste, gender, religion, …” (12 point agreement: 2005, preamble)
(Maharjan: 2009).
1* S. B. “New Constitution and Foreign Interference”. Dainik Patra. 5 Jestha, 2069 VS, p. 4
2# Gautam, Bamdev. “Federalism in our context” (In Nepali). Kantipur. March 28, 2012, p. 6

How to institute federalism in Nepal? Federalism is a means not an end in itself. There
are 42 governments formed since 2007 B.S. till date. How to concretize the federal
states in Nepal?
• By conducting creative, positive and meaningful dialogues and making it

understandable at the local level and referring it to the policy formulation level;
• By analyzing distribution of means and resources and their economic
dependency;
• By ensuring minority rights (as it got failure in Sri Lanka due to this);
• By effective civic education, ensuring human rights and effective implementation
of social inclusion and social justice;
• For exterminating prosecution/suppression (utpidan) of the minority;
• By ensuring right to self-determination;
• By respecting pluralism and multi-party system;
• By offering special rights to local autonomy,
• By managing transitional justice;
• By multi-ethnic identity (there are 70 % indigenous nationalities in Nepal);
• Powerful and autonomous local government within the federal units;
• By balancing between identity and capability;
• By developing self-dependence of people at the local level;
• By increasing mass awareness, gender equality and attainment of justice;
• By maintaining a common consensus on federalism by narrowing down the
individual arguments (See Bhandari: 2071).
Effective decentralization is the alternative to federalism. As decentralization was not
properly implemented, so problems arose, discrimination took place, various groups
of people laid in exclusion.
5. Strengths and Failures of Federalism in the World:
In the countries with diversity, the culture of tolerance and understanding is required.
A successful example of federalism is seen in the countries where the rule of law and
independence of the judiciary is respected.

Now, let us observe some strengths and failures of some issues on federalism in the
world.
Table 2: Strengths and Weaknesses of Federalism

S. N. Agenda Strengths Failures
1 Democracy Federalism lets an Communist countries under a

extension of democratic nominal federal constitution could
government. not be kept together as usual while
democratizing.
The countries are
formerly practicing The countries like Argentina,
a unitary form of Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria and
government, like Spain, Russia had a federal constitution
S. Africa, and Ethiopia each by name only, but for long,
has been turned to be they were under one-party or a
federal in the process of military regime. However, after
democratization. the restoration of democracy, the
attraction of federalism rose.
Formerly communist countries
of Europe could not withstand
the transition (sankra man) of
democracy.
2 Identity It increases an identity There are no common interests

politics. seen sufficient to maintain a single
country intact.
3 Minority Rights Federalism protects the Yugoslavia fell into the bloodshed
rights of the minority. ethnic conflict, whereas
Czechoslovakia divided peacefully.

4 C u l t u r a l Federal form of In some countries, the tension of
Diversity government would civil war rose.
be strong if cultural
The Soviet Union divided itself
diversity is defined
into small independent countries,
and mutual tolerance
by leaving the heir of the union.
is (innately) taken as
granted, (even as if
the states are divided
according to ethnic,
linguistic or religious
bases).
6 Political Test Federalism lets

After getting independence from
new political and
colonization, countries could not
constitutional innovation
be sustainably managed as they
and test. could not manage federal pattern of
governance. For example, (i) West
Innovation in bringing
Indies, (ii) Middle Africa, (iii) East
into one the sovereign
Africa, (iv) West Africa, etc.
countries.
The European Union
has tied 12 countries
into one and has been
representing a special
political test.
6. Issues of Federalism:
6.1 Ethnic Federalism

Nepal is a common garden of all the ethnic groups, so pro-democracy is the
common forum for searching solution of the concerns and problems of the people.1*
In an ethnic-based federalism model, there could be a chance of a tussle
regarding cultural or religious beliefs, that is, ethnocentrism and therefore, conflict
among ethnic groups may arise. Re-structuring the state from an anthropological
1* Bhatarai, Madhu Sudan. “Barricade of Ethnicity while drafting Constitution” (In Nepali).
Naya Patrika. 22 Jestha, 2069 VS, p. 5

perspective, rather than a political one, would be the best and most scientific way to
steer clear of any possible conflict. Strong nationalism demands internal homogeneity.
In an ethnic federal state, such homogeneity is not feasible (Pranjali).
Non-ethnic residents of an ethnic state will be outsiders, and no amount of legal
protection will make them feel at home.1*
If communists of Nepal lobby ethnic federalism, it is the contempt of communist
manifesto (1848) (the bible to communists), the dictatorship of the proletariat or it is
blasphemy. All ethnic groups have a certain contribution on nation-building. If others
are nor addressed, it is partiality to them.
Examples of Ethnic Federalism
Nagaland and Tamil Nadu states were formed on the basis of single ethnic
identity. In Nagaland Naga community covers the population of 81 %, whereas, in Tamil
Nadu, Tamil covers 76 % of the total population. Such a scenario cannot be compared
in Nepal because in each ethnic state/province as proposed by the Committee of State
Restructuring, the population of the targeted ethnic community is further decreased.
Table 2:
Ethnic population to determine the ethnic name of province/state in federalism
S. N. Proposed Name of Ethnic Population (%) Targeted

States in Nepal Community
of the targeted Ethnic
Community
1 Tamsaling 44 Tamang
2 Tharuwan 42 Tharu
3 Sherpa 36 Sherpa
4 Newa 36 Newar
5 Kirat 34 Rai
6 Tamuwan 32 Gurung
7 Limbuwan 27 Limbu
8 Jadan 1 Bhote
Source: Gurung, 2071), 7
1* Shah, Sukdev. “Time for a Rethink”. Republica. May 19, 2012, p. 8

7. Negative Aspects of Federalism:
a. Economically and administratively difficult to mange: Prof. Ulrich Karpen of

University of Hamburg Law School observed in Kathmandu that federation is a
complicated system to manage even for a country like Germany, and maintained
that if the German voters were deciding a new, they would never go for a federal
system.1#
The redistribution of resources and revenues would also be a great challenge
for Nepal in an ethnic-based federal model. Most of the farm lands are in the
Tarai whereas water resources fall in the hilly region. Further, almost all tourist
areas and mountains are in the hilly region. As tourism earnings are one of the
most important sources of the country’s revenue, it would matter a lot for any
proposed federal state. How can redistribution with fair representation then be
possible?
b. Fiscal federalism is not without any issue: Unless there is an equitable distribution
of resources like water resources, forests, minerals, tourism earnings, farm land,
industries, sugarcane, etc. there is a high risk of political conflict because an
unequal economic structure would definitely cause unfair competitions and
lead to inconsistencies between and among the federal provinces. The conflict
caused by the unequal distribution of resources could lead the entire country to
a quagmire, causing violence and destruction, and ultimately, perhaps fuelling
demands for secession (Pranjali).
Disadvantages of Ethnic Federalism

• It will invite ethnic and religious conflicts: the indigenous nationalities who
are not given the sates each will claim that. AS in Nigeria…. Even today, there
is internal conflict between Kirat region and Limbuwan region, Madhesh
region and Tharuhat region, etc.
• The legal conflict will transform into the ethnic conflict: As the ethnic groups
ake their best effort to utilize the constitutional provisions on their welfare
each, the legal conflict will change to ethnic conflict.
• There will be a cleavage between first grade and second citizens: Each ethnic
group tends to formulate the policies of the state on ethnic ground/s. Priority
will be given to the dominant ethnic group in the matters like migrating/settling
to that region, purchasing land in that region, having employment, receiving
1# Mishra, Bihari Krishna. “Local Bodies’ Elections”. The Himalayan Times. March 19,
2014, p. 6

services from the state, consuming the resources of the state. The state-related
ethnic groups may be treated as first-class citizens, and others will be treated
as second grade citizens.
• It will invite consequently the ethnic cleansing: Minority ethnic groups will
have to face dishonor, loss in their physical property, imparting discrimination,
teasing…… The Newars have gheraoed the seat of the Mayot sloganing “The
people who could not speak Nepal Bhasa will have no employment in the
Metropolis”. Commuinal revolt is not lower than any great war.
• It is the curse of the secular state. If the state is declared secular and state
policy is to favour one ethnic group over the other, the matters are mutually
conflicting. Such a provision is improper and intolerable.
8. Conclusion:
Federalism is a good political alternative in democratic countries where there
are big and diverse societies/communities. It offers a un-shatterable shape in practical
advantages to political co-existence and proper concept of community. By dissecting
government into two levels, federalism makes its best effort on making accountable
the people’s thoughts and concerns.
Ethnic, regional and class-based concerns are rising provocatively exploding
in Nepal while introducing federalism. There are 123 nationalities, … dialects and
ten religions . There is a challenge to address these all communities’ demands. So,
separation of powers alone does not solve the conflicts between states, conflicts
between the central government and provincial government, and conflicts between the
provincial government and local government. There must be the mechanism/respect of
the right to fair hearing and access to each community to courts.1#
If the states/provinces are named after certain ethnic groups or class-based
identification, the attack will be of sovereignty and integrity of the nation. It should be
done on the geographical ground and economic ability to hold tight. The Constitution
should be “ours, better and long lasting."2# In reality, federalism is not complete in
itself, as democracy is.
• • •
1# Bhattarai, Ananda Mohan. “On Independent Judiciary” (In Nepali). Kantipur. 1st November,
2014, p. 6
2# Ghimire, Ram Sharan. “Constitution and Constituent Assembly” (In Nepali). Legislature-
Parliament Service Souvenir -2071. Kathamandu, 2071, p. 18

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