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RS883 - Prasasan 127 Issue Contents 12-29
RS883 - Prasasan 127 Issue Contents 12-29
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Web : www.moga.gov.np, E-mail: [email protected]
PRASHASAN
(The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration)
Editorial Board
Government of Nepal
Ministry of General Administration
Planning and Human Resource Development Division
Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: 4200187, 4200367, 4200368, 4200369, Fax No.: +977-1-4200187
Web: www.moga.gov.np, E-mail: [email protected]
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;]jfnfO{ ;Ifd, ;'b[9 / pQ/bfoL agfO{ /fHoaf6 gful/snfO{ pknJw u/fOg] ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf
clej[l4 ug{' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;+3Lotfaf/] cfjZos 1fg, hfgsf/L
xfl;n ug{sf nflu / e/kbf]{ ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf] ?kdf pkof]u ug{ ;dfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] :jLs[t
aflif{s sfo{qmd cGtu{t k|zf;g klqsfsf] !@& cf}+ c+snfO{ ;+3Lotfljifos cs+sf] ?kdf k|sfzg
ul/Psf] 5 .
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cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg' ;d–;fdlos / ;fGble{s x'G5 . t;y{ laifout plrt 1fg /
cj;/n] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtfdf j[l4 eO{ ;]jf k|jfxdf u'0f:t/tf sfod ug{ ;lsG5 .
lghfdtL sd{rf/L / gful/s aLrsf] ;xsfo{nfO{ ;an agfpg b'j} kIfsf] ;fdflhs / dfgjLo
1fg, ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ cfjZos eO{;s]sf] 5 . lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ /fHo k'gM;+/rgf kZrft
gful/sx¿sf] rfxgfcg'¿k ;]jfk|bfg ug{ ;Ifd ;+oGqsf] ¿kdfljsf;ub}{ b]zdf ePsf] /fhgLlts,
k|zf;lgs P+j ;fdflhs kl/jt{g / ltgn] kfg]{ k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / ;doqmd;Fu} ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gdf b]vfkg]{ r'gf}tL/ ;d:ofx?;Fu h'Wb} /fli6«o lxtdf ;dlk{t x'g ;Sg] hgzlQm ;lxtsf]
ultzLn lghfdtL sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{'kg]{ ePsf]n] oL ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]6\g klg o;
lsl;dsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsfx?sf] ;fGble{stf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
ctM ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;+3Lotf s]lG›t u/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ r':t b'?:t agfpg
k|zf;g klqsfsf] o; cs+n] ;+3Lotf laifodf ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lsf ?kdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 eGg]
cfzfsf ;fy o; k|zf;g klqsfnfO{ cg'ej / lj1tf ;lxt ;do;fGble{s n]v /rgf pknJw
u/fO{ lbg' x'g] k|a'4 n]vs ju{, klqsf k|sfzgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' x'g] ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf
sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ ;xof]uL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;Dkfbs d08n xflb{s s[t1tf Pj+ cfef/ JoQm ub{5 .
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clek|fon] k7fOPsf k|ltlqmof k|sfzg ug{ ;Dkfbs d08n afWo x'g]5}g .
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cg'ej / Jojxf/af6 vfl/P/ :yflkt ePsf x'G5g\ . To:tf l;4fGt / d"No dfGotfsf] cjnDag,
cg';/0f / cEof;n] ;dfhnfO{ ;'v ;d[l4 k|bfg ub{5 . /fHo ;~rfngsf lglDt cfwf/e"t l;4fGt
/ ;+j}wflgs d"No dfGotfx? ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v u/L ;f]xL cg'?k zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ul/g]
cfw'lgs ;+j}wflgs ljlwzf:q / ;+ljwfgjfbsf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . cfw'lgs /fHon] ;+j}wflgs
nf]stGqsf] cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotf cg'?k /fHo ;~rfng ug{ ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, sfg'gsf]
zf;g, gful/s clwsf/ / dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f, lgikIf :jtGq / cfjlws lgjf{rg,
jx'njfbdf cfwfl/t k|ltikwL{ jx'bnLotf, zlQmk[ysLs/0f, zlQm;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f, :jtGq / ;Ifd
Gofokflnsf, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf, /fHozlQm k|of]u ug]{ lgsfosf] sfd sf/jfxLdf hjfkmb]lxtf /
kf/blz{tf, cfly{s cg'zf;g, e|i6frf/d'Qm zf;g, ;'zf;g h:tf l;4fGt lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;+ljwfgjfbsf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{
;lsPg eg] ljleGg ljs[lt, lj;+ult, e|i6frf/, s'k|zf;g h:tf l:ylt >[hgf eO{ d'n's åGå /
lx+;fsf] e"Fj/Ldf kl//xG5 . h;sf sf/0f dfgj hLjg si6k|b x'G5 . /fHodf lbuf] zflGt, ljsf;,
;'zf;g / ;d[l4sf lglDt alnof] /fHo cfjZos kb{5 . /fHo alnof] x'g /fHosf] j}wflgs zlQmdf
IfoLs/0f x'g' gx'g], /fHok|ltsf] jkmfbfl/tf vl:sg' gx'g], ljlwsf] zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf, ;jn
cy{tGq, hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;+:s[lt h:tf s'/fx? cfjZos 5 . alnof] /fHon] g} gful/ssf] rfxgf /
cfsf+IffnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;Sb5 .
/fHo / ;dfhnfO{ ;+ul7t / Jojl:yt ?kdf /fVg ;+ljwfg agfOG5 . ;+ljwfg /fHo
;~rfng ug]{ b"/b[li6sf] d"n sfg'g xf] . ;+ljwfg ag]/ dfq ;dfh ;Eo / ;d[4 x'g] xf]Og .
;+ljwfgnfO{ hfGg], a'em\g] / dfGg] ;+j}wflgs ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f TolQs} dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . Pp6f ;Eo
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gful/s ;dfh / zflGtsf] ;+:s[lt h:tf s'/fx? cfjZos x'G5g\ .
;+ljwfgn] lglZrt d"No dfGotf / l;4fGtsf dfWodåf/f Pp6f k4lt / k|0ffnLsf] dfu{lrq
lbg] xf] . j'l4, ljj]s / rl/q ;+ljwfgn] lbg ;Sb}g . To;sf] s'g} sf/vfgf klg x'Fb}g . ;+j}wflgs
;+:s[lt ;+j}wflgs r]tgfaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . gful/ssf] ;+j}wflgs r]tgfaf6 /fli6«o Pstf, ;fdflhs
;b\efj, ;+ljwfg dfGg] k|j[lQ, ;Eo, cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt ;dfh / /fHo k|0ffnlsf] ljsf; x'g]
xf] . clxn];dfhdf ;fj{hlgs ;bfrf/ / g}ltstfsf] ;+:s[lt vl:s+bf] 5 . ;fdflhs ;b\efj /
;lxi0f'tf vnaln+bf] 5 . /fHok|ltsf] jkmfbfl/tfdf Iflos/0f eO/x]sf] 5 . st{Jod'vL ;dfh lgdf{0f
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dod} lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsPg eg] d'n's c;kmn x'g] vt/f
/lx/xG5 . h'g d'n'sdf ljlw eGbf JolQmn] zf;g u5{, ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ x'G5, r':t /
k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx /fHon] k|bfg ug{ ;Sb}g, e|i6frf/ s'k|zf;g 5, ;'zf;g 5}g, b08xLgtf 5,
To:tf] d'n's c;kmn x'G5 . cfh ljZjsf sltko d'n'sx? ;'zf;gsf d"No dfGotfsf cfwf/df
zf;g ;~rfng ug{ g;Sbf c;kmn /fHosf ?kdf kl/0ft ePsf 5g\ . o; s'/fnfO{ g]kfnn] klg
x]Ssf /fvL ;'wf/ / ?kfGt/0fsf sfo{ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
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cfkm\g} klxrfg agfPsf] /fi6« xf] .ljZjsf w]/} d'n'sx? ;fd|fHojfbsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] cj:yfdf klg
g]kfn :jtGq /fHosf] cl:tTj sfod ug{ ;kmn ePsf] d'n's xf] . g]kfnn] ;dosf] ljleGg sfnv08df
ljleGg lsl;dsf] /fhgLlts / k|zf;glgs ptf/ r9fj ef]Ub} /xg' k¥of] . g]kfnsf] k|flrg zf;g
Joj:yf g}ltstf / wd{df cfwfl/t lyof] . wd{zf:qaf6 dfq /fHo rnfpg sl7g ePsfn] lj=;+=
!(!) b]lv ;+lxtfa4 sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f k|f/De ul/of] . lj=;+= @))& ;fnkl5 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg] clek|fon] lghfdtL ;]jf nufot ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;DaGwL sfg'gx?sf]
th'{df ul/of] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf z'4tf sfod u/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg lj=;+=
@))( ;fnb]lv g} e|i6rf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL ljz]if sfg'gx? agfO{ nfu" ul/of] . tL sfg'gx?nfO{
;do ;fk]If agfpFb} nluof] . lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] kl/0ffd kZrft\ hf/L ePsf]
;+ljwfgsf] clwgdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ Jojl:yt / dof{lbt agfpg ;f]xL cg'?k ljleGg P]g
sfg'gx? lgdf{0f ul/of] . lj=;+= @)^# sf] kl/jt{gn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] ;dfj]zL nf]stGqnfO{ cy{k"0f{
agfpg ;f]xL cg'?k sfg'gx?df kl/jt{g ul/of] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ e|i6rf/d'Qm, cg'zfl;t /
lhDd]jf/ agfpg] p2]Zon] e|i6rf/ lgjf/0f P]g, ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf
;~rfng_ P]g h:tf dxTjk"0f{ P]gsfg'gx? agfO{ nfu" ul/of] . gofF ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / sfg'gx?df
;'wf/ u/] klg ;f]r / Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug{ g;Sbf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf r':t / k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf]
5}g .
lj=;+= @))& ;fndf k|hftGq :yfkgf ePkl5 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug]{ p2]Zon]
nf]s;]jf cfof]u, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;DaGwL ljleGg sfg'g / ;f]xL cg'?ksf] ;+/rgf, sfo{k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf; ug]{ ;Gbe{df ljleGg k|of;x? ePsf] b]lvP klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf glthfd'vL, hgd'vL /
kl/0ffdd'vL x'g ;s]sf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsPg . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ r':t / k|efjsf/L agfpg
ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf j'r sldzg -@))(_ b]lv bfxfn sldzg -@)&)_ ;Ddn] ljleGg
l;kmfl/; ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/]sf] eP klg /fhgLlts OR5fzlQm gx'Fbf To;n] d"t{ ?k lng
;s]sf] b]lvGg . /fhgLltn] ;xhtf / sd{rf/Ln] cg's"ntf vf]Hg] k|j[lQn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf d"No
lgisif{M
;+ljwfgjfb adf]lhdsf] ;+ljwfg, ;+j}wflgs nf]stGqsf] d"No dfGotf cg'?ksf] sfo{ Jojxf/,
;+j}wflgs ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;åf/f ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt cfjZos 5 . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 agfPsf]
;+ljwfg g} bLuf] x'G5 eGg] ;f]rsf cfwf/df g]kfndf ;ft bzssf] ;+3if{ kl5 ;+ljwfg;efaf6
;+ljwfg agfOPsf] 5 . t/ klg ;+ljwfgk|lt ;a}sf] ckgTj / :jLsf/f]lQmsf] cj:yf aGg g;Sbf
sfof{Gjogdf ljleGg ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? >[hgf ePsf 5g\ . d'n's ;Fw} cfGbf]ng, ;+3if{ / åGåsf]
d'7e]8d} /xL /xg] xf] eg] ljsf; cj?4 eO{ gful/ssf] ;'zf;g kfpg] g};lu{s clwsf/sf]
sfof{Gjog hl6n aGb5 . ca /fhgLlts zlQmx?n] lglZrt ;xdlt sfod u/L d'n'ssf] /fhg}lts
;+j}wflgs :yfloTj sfod u/L d'n'ssf] cy{tGqsf] ;'wf/ / ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"ltdf s]lGb|t x'g'
kb{5 . /fhgLlt ;]jf efjn] ug]{ sfo{ xf] eGg] d"No dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L /fhgLlts bnx?n]
cf–cfkm\gf ultljlw / lqmofsnfk ;+j}wflgs nf]stGqsf] dfGo l;4fGtsf] kl/lw leq ug{ ;s]df
g} sfg'gL zf;g hLjGt x'g;Sb5 . d'n's sdhf]/ cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sfn] ;+ljwfgk|bQ sltko
df}lns xssf] sfof{Gjog ug{df 7"nf] wg/f;L /fHon] vr{ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . clxn]sf] cy{tGqn]
To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{;Sg] cj:yf b]lvGg . o;}n] d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf lglDt ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{
r':t / k|efjsf/L agfpg alnof] /fHo lgdf{0f, cy{tGqdf ;'wf/, ljlwsf] zf;gk|lt k|lta4 /
b08lxgtfsf] cGTo u/L hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; h:tf sfo{ ug'{ cfjZos 5 . kl/jlt{t
;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfnfO{ sfg'gåf/f jGwgsf/L zlQm k|bfg u/L
To;sf] cg'udgsf] ;+oGq ;lxt k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] cfjZostf 5 . o;}u/L /fHosf] sfo{If]q
lj:tf/ ePsf] ;Gbe{df ;fdflhs Gofo / ljt/0fd'vL Gofosf] l;4fGtnfO{nfu" ug]{ bfloTj /fHosf]
ePsfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;an, ;Ifd, cg'zfl;t / ;dfh kl/jt{gsf] jfxssf] ?kdf cfkm\gf]
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿M
Elazar, Daniel, Exploring Federalism, Universtity of Alabama Press, 1987
Fukuyama F., State Building, London: Profile Books, 1987
Fukuyama, Francis, The Origins of Political Order, 2011
Kothari, R., Rethinking Democracy, London: ZED, 2007
Peter, B.Guy & Pierre, John (Eds), The Handbook of Public Administration, London:
Sage Publication, 2007
Rohr, John A; Ethics for Bureaucrats: An Essay on Law and Values, Newyork: Marcel
Dekker Inc, 1998
Watts, R.L., Comparing Federal System, Kingston, Queen's University Press, 1999
Wheare, K.C., Modern Constitutions, Oxford University Press, 1984
bfxfn, sfzL/fh, ;+j}wflgs nf]stGq M ;+ljwfg n]vg, cEof; / cg'ej-k':ts_, sf7df8f}+, @)&!
pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] k|ltj]bg, @)&)
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5 d'Vo GofoflwjQmf 1 7 10 70
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9.1 d'VodGqL 1 7 2 14
9.2 dGqL 10 70 10 70
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9.5 pk;efd'v 1 7 1 7
Gff]6 M n]vs4f/f cg'dflgt . tflnsfdf pNn]lvt sd{rf/L oL ;+:yfsf ;fdGo ;~rfngsf nflu dfq
xf] . o;df sfof{no ;xof]uL / ;'/IffsdL{ ;dfj]z 5}g .
k|f/lDes r/0fdf k|lt k|b]z $! u/L ;j} k|b]zdf @*& Jf6f ;+:yfsf] lgdf{0f cfjZos 5 .
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;+3Lo /fHo eg]sf] ljleGg txut ;/sf/ ;lxtsf] zf;g Joj:yf xf] hxFf lglZrt ef}uf]lns
;Ldf / If]q leq zf;g ;~rfngsf nflu /fHosf txx?df zlQm / sfo{If]qsf] ljefhg ul/Psf]
x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] :ki6 ef}uf]lns l;dfgf x'G5, :jzf;g x'G5 . xfn;Dd ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf ;b:o
!(@ d'n'sdWo]] @* d'n'sn] ;++3Lo k|0ffnLsf]1 cjnDag u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;+3Lo k|0ffnL cjnDag ug{]
d'n'ssf] kª\tLdf g]kfn klg ;dfj]z x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
r'gf}tLx?M
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+3Los/0f / k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ sfo{x? r"gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5g\ . o;
l;nl;nfdf cfpg] d'Vo r'gf}tLx? lgDg adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
• ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ck]Iff Joj:yfkg– k|zf;gsf] ;+l3os/0f / k'g{;+/rgfaf6 k|zf;gsf
;/f]sf/jfnx?n] cfˆgf w]/} ;d:ofx? / dfux?sf] ;Daf]wg x'g] ck]Iff /fVg] x'Fbf tL c;+Vo /
cl;ldt cfsf+Iffx? k"/f ug{' ;/sf/sf] nflu r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ x'G5 . To;df klg gofF ;+/rgf,
Go"g;|f]t ;fwg, ;Lldt Ifdtfsf jLr cfd gful/ssf] pn{bf] rfxgf / ck]Iffn] r'gf}tL emg}
ef/L x'g] x'G5 .
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k|zf;lgs k'g;{+/rgfsf] d'n p2]Zo /fHon] hgtfnfO{ lbg'kg{] ;]jf ;'ne, lgikIf / k|efjsf/L
?kdf ljgf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg' g} xf] . ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] o; kl/j]zn] cToGt ;'ema'emsf ;fy
k|zf;gsf] ;+/rgf ug{] df}sf (The Architecture of Administration) k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . k|zf;gsf]
alnof] hu a;fpg], :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ k|zf;lgs lx;fjn] ;Ifd OsfO{sf] (Viable Unit) df
abNg], u'd]sf] k|zf;gsf] ;fv k'gM cfh{g ug{], clwsf/ >f]t / hjfkmb]xL Ps} 7fpdf /xg] Joj:yf
ug{], sfdsf] afF8kmFf8sf] cfwf/df (Functions) ;+/rgf / dfgj >f]tsf] cfs+ng u/L cfk\mg} pQd
;+u7g, cEof; tyf k|0ffnL ljsf; / k|j4{g ub{} hfg], ;]jfnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgf
ug{] of] :j0fL{d cj;/ klg xf] .2##
1# d'Vo ;lrj 8f= ;f]dnfn ;'j]bL– ærf}tf/Ldf kftL pv]n]sf] ;j}n] b]V5g\, sfd u/]sf] s;}n] b]Vb}gg\Æ
cgnfOg va/, )&# df3 !! ut] .
2## lnnfd0fL kf}8\ofn, g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg åf/f g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljlzi7
>]0fLsf clws[tx?sf nflu cfof]lht uf]i7Ldf ldlt)&#.#.@$ df k|:t't sfo{kq .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|LM
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@
;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g M cj;/ / r'gf}tLx?– k|f s[i0f vgfn
/fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo lgsfodf clwsf/, sfo{lhDd]jf/L / >f]t ;fwgsf] $=
lgIf]k0fsf ;jfnx?–>L pbo g]kfnL >|]i7, k/z'/fd pkfWofo
k|f=/f]o s]nLsf] ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnaf6 cfof]lht k|lzIf0fdf JoQm k|jrgdf cfwfl/t
g]kfndf ;+3Lotf / sfo{lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f, 8f= ;f]dnfn ;'j]bL, o'gfO6]8 u|flkms lk|G6;{ k|f=ln,
@)^%
g]kfndf /fHok'g;{/rgf / ;ª\3Lotfsf] ax;, sNof0f /f]sf k|sfzs ;xof]ufTds ;dfh, @)^*
• • •
–uf]kLgfy d}gfnL*
ljifo k|j]zM
;dfh ljljwtfsf] k'~h xf] . h;/L k|fs[lts ljljwtfsf] k|ltlglwTj ;dfhn] u/]sf] x'G5,
To;/L g} ;dflhs ljljwtfsf] ;+of]hg /fHo k|0ffnLdf x'g'k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ffsf;fy ljljwtf
Joj:yfkgsf] ljifon] dxTj kfPsf] 5 . /fHo k|0ffnLnfO{ /fhg}lts / sfg'gL ?kdf Jojxf/ ul/b}
cfPsf]df ;dfhzf:qLo ?kdf klg x]l/g' k5{ eGg] cfu|xsf ;fy ljljwtfsf] ljifon] k|j]z kfPsf]
xf] . eflifs, hftLo, auL{o / ;f+:s[lts ?kdf ljljwtf ePsf d'n'sdf log} ljljwtfnfO{ ;+jf]wg
u/]/ g} /fi6«lgdf{0fnfO{ blx|nf] agfpg ;lsG5 . To;}n] gjnf]stflGqs d'n'sx?n] ljljwtfsf]
Joj:yfkgnfO{ /fli6«o sfo{;"rL agfpb} cfPsf 5g\ . ljljwtfnfO{ ;+of]hg ug]{ ljlw / k|lqmofdf
Ps?ktf geP klg slnnf nf]stGq ePsf d'n'sx? ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf ;fdfGo l;4fGtnfO{
cjnDjg ug{ nfluk/]sf 5g\ . /fHo dfq xf]Og, ;fdflhs ;ª\u7g / Jofj;flos lgsfox? klg
ljljwtf Joj:yfkgsf] dfu / bjfjdf 5g\ . lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfkl5 g]kfndf klg ;f+:s[lts
tyf hftLo ljljwtfsf] ljifon] w]/} dxTj kfPsf] 5 .
;fdflhs ljljwtfM
;dfhdf /x]sf ljleGg ju{, If]q, lnª\u / ;+:s[ltsf] Jojl:yt ;+of]hgdfkm{t ;fdflhs
;xefj sfod ug'{ ;fdflhs ljljwtf xf] . ljljwtfn] w]/}vfn] cj:yfnfO{ hgfp5, rfx] Tof]
;fdflhs, cfly{s jf ef}uf]lns :j?kdf /x]sf] g} lsg gxf];\ . ;dfhsf] dfgjLo rl/q g} leGg
vfnsf] x'G5, Ps?kdf x'b}g, rfxgf, ;fdYo{, cfjZostf, k|fyldstf h:t} w]/} s'/fn] JolQmnfO{
csf]{af6 cnUofPsf] x'G5 / tL cnUofO{aLr cfk;L ;DaGw / ;xsfo{ klg ;dfhsf] rl/q xf] .
;fdflhs ljljwtfn] oxL dd{nfO{ a'emfp5 . csf]{ zJbdf eGbf ;dfhdf /x]sf] juL{o, hftLo,
lnª\uLo, ;+:s[ltut, zfl/l/s, dfgl;s, of}lgs, ef}uf]lns, pd]/ut ljljwtfnfO{ a'em\g', :jLsfg'{,
;Ddfg ug'{ / dxTj lbg' g} ;fdflhs ljljwtf xf] . (Diversity is generally defined as
acknowledging, understanding, accepting, valuing, and celebrating differences among
people with respect to age, class, ethnicity, gender, physical and mental ability, race,
sexual orientation, spiritual practice, and public assistance status (Esty, et al., 1995) .
* ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ .
/fli6«o txdfM
• /fli6«o Pstfsf nflu cfjZos
• ;fdflhs ;xefjsf nflu
• nf]stGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;3fp5
• ;fdflhs åGå ;dfwfg ug{
• ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu
• ;dGoflos ljsf; ug{
• ;LdfGtLs/0fdf k/]sfnfO{ cj;/ k|bfg ug{
• /fHo k'g;+/rgfsf] 9fFrf klg xf]
• ;j} d"Nojfg 5g\ eGg] cg'e"lt hufpg
• ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg ug{ .
pk;+xf/M
g]kfnL ;dfh k/Dk/fut ?kdf Pscfk;df ;b\efj / ;xsfo{ /fVg] ;dfh xf] . ;fgf
7"nf w]/} hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt, wd{, efiff h:tf ljlzi7tf /x]/ klg Pscfk;df slxn] ljjfb ge}
…;j}hftsf] ;femf km"naf/LÚ sf ?kdf :yflkt 5 . t/ Tof] ;f}xfb|{tf / ljljwtf zf;sLo k|lqmofdf
eg] ;dfj]z e}g;s]sf]n] kl5Nnf lbgx?df klxrfg / ljjfbsf pu| :j/x? klg ;'lgb} cfPsf 5g\,
h;nfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{ /fHosf] k'g;+/rgf ul/b} 5 . ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] ljsf; / ;~hfnLs/0fn] klg
ljljwtf Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;3fPsf] 5 / bjfj klg l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . zf;g k|lqmofdf ;dfj]zLtf,
k|zf;sLo Joj:yfdf ;xeflutf / ;dfhdf ;lxi0f'tf ljsf; x'b} u/]sf]n] ;j} ;fDk|bflos ;d"xsf]
ljlzi6 ;+efjgf /fli6o ljsf;df pGgog x'g] jftfj/0f jg]sf] 5 . km]l/ klg of] lg/Gt/sf] k|lqmof
ePsfn] s;}n] s;}k|lt å]if / b'ef{j /fVg] ;f]ra[lQ ;+w}sf] nflu cGt ul/g' kb{5, h;sf nflu
/fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf] pbfx/0fLotf h?/L x'G5 .
• • •
!= k[i7e"ldM
bLuf] zflGt, ;'zf;g, lasf; / ;d[l4sf] cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ sf ;fy} hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d
clwsf/,:jfoQtf / :jzf;gsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t ;+:yfut ug{ ;+lawfg ;efaf6 P]ltxfl;s
;+lawfg kf/Lt eO{ hf/L ;d]t ePsf] 5 . ;+a}wflgs Aoj:yf cg';f/ g]kfn ca ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs
u0ftGqdf ?kfGt/0f ePsf] 5. g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgf ca ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg
txsf] x'g] 5 / /fHozlQmsf] k|of]u pk/f]Qm tLg txn] ;+lawfg / sfg"g adf]lhd ug]{ 5g . g]kfn
at{dfgdf ;ft k|b]z, &% lhNnf ;ef, k'g ;+/rgf cfof]uaf6 tf]lsPsf] ;+Vof / l;dfgf adf]lhd
sf ufFpkflnsf / gu/kflnsf :yfgLo tx cGtu{t /xg] Aoj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . ufFpkflnsf
/ gu/kflnsfsf j8fsf] ;+Vof eg] ;+3Lo sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf ;+lawfgdf ePtfklg
g]kfn ;/sf/n] :yfgLo tx k'g;{+/rgf cfof]unfO{ l;kmfl/z ug{ sfof{b]z ;d]t lbPsf] 5 . To:t}
;+lawfgn] ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';fF:s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns lalawtfo'Qm laz]iftfnfO{
;Daf]wg ;d]t ug{ / ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts ;+/If0f jf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu laz]if, ;+/lIft jf
:jfoQ If]q sfod ug{ ;Sg] / tL If]qsf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug{ ;d]t pk/f]Qm cfof]unfO{ g} lhDd]jf/L
;'Dk]sf] 5.
tLg} txsf ;/sf/x?nfO{ ;+lawfg adf]lhd g} Aoj:yfksLo / sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ ;d]t
k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 / ;+3Lo sfg"g ;+u g aflemg] u/L k|b]zn] / ;+3Lo / k|fb]lzs sfg"g;+u gaflemg]
u/L ufFp ;ef / gu/ ;efn] sfg"g agfpg] clwsf/ ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . k|To]s txsf ;/sf/sf]
sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lsf] Aoj:yf ;+lawfgsf] cg';"rL %,^, / * df ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] Psn
Pj+ & / ( cg';"rLdf qmdzM ;+3 / k|b]zsf] tyf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;femf clwsf/sf]
/ cjlzi6 clwsf/ ;+3df /xg] Aoj:yf ;d]t ul/ /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] 5 . pk/f]Qm
Aoj:yf af6 ltg} txsf ;/sf/ cf–cfkm'nfO{ k|fKt clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;+lawfg / sfg"g adf]lhd
:jfoQ /x]sf 5g eGg] :ki6 x'g cfpF5 . jt{dfgdf k|wfgd+qL tyf dlGql/ifb sfof{noaf6
kfFr j6f laifo If]qut ;d'x sfo{ bn u7g sf ;fy} k|To]s d+qfnodf k|flalws ;ldlt ;d]t
u7g u/L sfo{ lhDd]jf/LnfO{ la:t[lts/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf]5 . la:t[lts/0f
ubf{ ;+lawfgsf] cg';"rL adf]lhdsf sfo{ lhDd]jfl/sf ;fy} ;+lawfgaf6 k|bQ df}lns Pjd
ljsf; ;DaGwL xs, /fHosf gLlt lgb]{zs l;WbfGt, laifout sfg"g,sfol{\aefhg lgodfjnL
nufotsf sfo{x?nfO{ ;d]tsf] ;Gbe{ lnO{ txut ?kdf k|To]s txdf ul/g] sfo{ lhDd]jfl/sf] ;"rL
pk/f]Qm tflnsfdf b]vfOP cg';f/ ko{6g b:t"/ / k|fs[lts >f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L ;+3, k|b]z
tyf :yfgLo tLg} txdf bf]xf]/f] k/]sf]5 eg] 3/, hUuf /lhi6]zg z'Ns, ;jf/L ;fwg s/, dgf]/+hg
s/ / lj1fkg s/ k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf bf]xf]l/Psf] 5 . k|b]z txdf s[ifL cfodf s/ nufpg]
k|fjwfg ;d]t /flvPsf] 5.
pk/f]Qm afx]s ;+lawfgaf6g} tLg} txsf ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] clwsf/ leqsf] cfly{s clwsf/
;DaGwL laifodf sfg"g agfpg], aflif{s ah]6 agfpg], lg0f{o ug]{, gLlt tyf of]hgf tof/ ug]{ /
sfof{Gjog ug]{ :jfoQtf ;d]t /xg]5 . o; afx]s cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]q leq s/ nufpg] / /fh:j
p7fpg ;Sg] ;d]t clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5. ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr /fh:j afF8kmfF8 Pj+
ljQLo x:tfGt/0f ;DaGwdf klg la:t[t Aoj:yf ;d]t ;+lawfgdf ul/Psf] 5 .
^= lgZsif{M
g]kfnsf] ;+lawfgn] /fHosf tLgj6} txsf ;/sf/x?nfO{ laQLo ;+3Lotfsf] cjwf/0ff Pj+
k|rlnt cGt//fli6«o dfGotf adf]lhd vr{sf] lhDd]jf/L, /fh:j ;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L, cGt/ ;/sf/L
laQLo x:tfGt/0f, /fh:j afF8kmfF8, C0f lng ;Sg] Joj:yfsf ;fy} k|bQ clwsf/sf laifodf sfg"g
agfpg ;Sg], sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] :jfoQtf ;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] 5. ;+lawfg, P]g, sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog ePdf dfq Aoj:yf ul/Psf k|fjwfgn] ;fy{stf k|fKt ug]{ x'G5. o;sfnflu tLg} txdf
lgjf{rgsf dfWodaf6 hgk|ltlgwLsf] rog eO{ zf;gsf] ;+rfng x'g ;s]df Joj:yf ePsf k|fjwfg
sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] laZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 / ;+lawfgsf] dg;fo adf]lhd gful/sn] ;xh ;]jf ;'lawf
k|fKt u/L hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ NofO{ b]zsf] ;Da[l4 x'g] laZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . ctM ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}n]
;+lawfgsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogdf cf–cfˆgf] :yfgaf6 sfo{ u/L ;kmn sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]usf] ck]Iff
/fi6«n] /fv]sf] 5 .
• • •
dgf]/~hg s/ dgf]/~hg s/
Joj;flos lel8of] s/
axfn s/ 3/ axfn s/
axfn aL6f}/L s/ –
gu/kflnsf lj1fkg s/ lj1fkg s/
Joj;fo ;fwg s/ Joj;fo s/
– 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zg s/
k|fs[lts >f]t pkof]u s/ k|fs[lts >f]tsf] cfo
gS;fkf; b:t'/ –
;]jf z'Ns b:t'/ ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/
gftf k|dfl0ft JolQmut 36gf, hGd d[To' btf{,
laafx / tYof+s
b08 hl/jfgf b08 hl/jfgf
• • •
–lzj/fd Gof}kfg]*
k[i7e"ldM
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;/sf/sf] gLlt, lg0f{o sfo{fGjog ug]{ k|d'v :yfoL ;+oGq xf] . o;sf]
k|efjsf/L ;+rfngjf6g} ;/sf/sf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL u/fpg ;lsG5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ cg'?k ;Ifd, sfdofjL / ljZj;gLo u/fpgsf nflu
lg/Gt/ ;fdlos ;'wf/sf] h?/L ePsf] x'G5 . cfkm\gf gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmdx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf
;+rfng u/L d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;nfO{ ultlzn u/fpgsf nflu ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{
;w} k|lt:klw{ / ;Ifd u/fO{ /fVg k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] x'G5 . lj=;+= @))&
;fndf ePsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft\ k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:Yff ;'xfFpbf] ljsf;d"ns k|zf;g
Joj:Yff ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu k|zf;g ;'[wf/sf] cfjZostfsf] dx;'; ul/of] . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/sf] cf}krfl/s k|of; lj=;+= @))( ;fndf Pd j'r sf] g]t[Tjdf u7g ePsf]
;ldltjf6 ;'emfj k|fKt ePkl5 ePsf] xf] . tt\kZrft\ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;Ifd, ;/n, kxF'rof]Uo,
hgpQ/bfoL, lgikIf / kf/bzL{ agfpg ;do–;dodf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .
/fhgLlts k4ltdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, hgr]tgfsf]:t/df cfPsf] j[l4, v'nf ;dfh, ;"rgf / k|ljlwsf]
If]qdf cfPsf] ljsf;, Joj:yfksLol;4fGtdf cfPsf] gjLgtd wf/0ff / ljZjJofkLs/0fn] NofPsf
gjLgtd dfGotfn] ;fj{hlgsk|zf;gsf] ljsNksf] vf]hL;d]t ug{ k'u]sf] cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gnfO{ lgoldt kl/jt{g,kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ u/L ;do ;fk]If agfpg] p2]Zon] ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf ;'wf/sf k|of;x? lg/Gt/ x'b} cfPsf 5g\ . ;'wf/ Pp6f ultzLncjwf/0ff ;d]t
xf] . g]kfndf lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ ;do;fk]If ¿kdf hgd'vL, pQ/bfoL, ;Ifd, lgikIf tyf
nf]stflGqs Joj:Yff cg's"n agfpg] p2]Zon] ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg cfof]u u7g u/L ljutb]lv
g} k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ lj=;+= @))* ;fndf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] u7g eO{
cfof]ujf6 lghfdtL ;]jfsf sfo{x?nfO{ sfg"g, ljlw, k|0ffnL;Ddt u/fpg] k|of; ePkl5 o;df yk
of]ubfg k'u]sf] xf] . ljleGg /fhgLlts Pj+ kl/j]zut kl/jt{gjf6 ;do ;dodf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf
nflu ;'emfj ;ldlt u7g eO{ ;'emfj k|fKt ug]{ tyf ;f]xL cg'?k ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgfut, sfg"gL Pj+
sfo{ljlwut ;'wf/x? x'b} cfPsf 5g\ .
v_ ;+/rgfut sl7gfO{x?M
• ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ff jdf]lhdsf k|zf;lgs ;+u7g Pj+ Joa:yfkg ;e]{If0f x'g
g;s]sf]
• k|zf;g ;'wf/sf gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;Ifd, ;'b[9 :yfoL
;+:yf :yfkgf x'g g;s]sf]
• ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf]
• s]Gb|Lo lgsfox?df k|zf;g ;'wf/ OsfO{x? u7g x'g g;s]sf]
• ;'wf/ sfo{sf] cfjZos ;dGjo Pj+ ;xlhs/0fsf nflu k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf]
sfof{nojf6 k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x x'g g;s]sf]
• pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldlt ;'wf/sf] sfo{df sfdofjL x'g g;s]sf]
u_ sfo{ljlwut sl7gfO{x?M
• /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs sfo{qmdx?df k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ;jfnx?nfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f
ug{ g;lsPsf]
• k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu lgoldt ?kdf kof{Kt ;|f]t ;fwg pknJw x'g g;s]sf]
• ;ffdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] sfo{ cu|;/tf Pj+ ;dGjosf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L x'g
g;s]sf]
• nf]s;]jf cfof]u, k|wfgdGqL Pj+ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, cy{ dGqfno, ;fdfGo k|zf;g
dGqfnojLrsf] ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ sdhf]/ /x]sf]
• k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ;'emfjx?nfO{ sfo{of]hgf ;lxt sfof{Gjogdf nfg g;lsPsf]
• k|zf;g ;'wf/sf sfo{df sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ffsf] sdL ePsf]
3_ cg'udg d"Nof+sgsf] sdhf]/ cj:yfM
• k|zf;g ;'wf/sfnflu k|fKt ;'emfjx?sf] sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] cg'udg d"Nof+sg x'g
g;s]sf]
• k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] lgoldt cg'udgsf nflu ;'b[9 ;+:yf :yfkgf x'g g;s]sf]
• cg'udg d"Nof+sgnfO{ cfjZos ;|f]t, ;fwgsf] pknJwtf x'g g;s]sf]
• lgoldt cg'udg, d"Nof+sg, ljZn]if0f, k[i7kf]if0fsf cfwf/df efjL ;'wf/sf of]hgf
tof/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg g;lsPsf]
• pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltsf] cg'udg, lgu/fgL, lbzf lgb]{zsf] sfd sdhf]/
/x]sf]
• • •
–lji0f' l3ld/]*
k[i7e"ldM
ljutdf ePsf y'k|} cfGbf]ng, ;+3if{ tyf jlnbfgsf] kmn:j?k ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t g]kfndf
;+3Lo /fHo k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg lj=;+= @)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut] 3f]if0ff ePsf]
xf] . ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/] cg'?ksf] ;+3Lo /fHo k|0ffnLnfO{ d"t{ ?k lbO{ b]zsf] zf;g ;+rfng
k|0ffnLnfO{ hgtfsf] glhs eGbf glhs k'¥ofpg' cjsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ cfjZostf xf] . o;sf]
nflu ;LdfÍg nufotsf ;+ljwfgsf stLko k|fjwfgx¿ k|lt c;Gt'li6 hfx]/ ub}{ cfPsf /fhgLlts
bnx¿sf] hfoh dfu ;Daf]wg u/L ;+ljwfgk|lt ;a} gful/ssf] ckgTj sfod ug{' kg]{ t 5Fb}5,
;fy;fy} ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/] cg'?k lj=;+= @)&$ ;fn df3 ;ft ut]leq} :yfgLo tx, k|b]z
tyf ;+3Lo Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/L s]G›Ls[t zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ Jojxf/d} :yfgLo:t/df
k'¥ofpg' kg]{ ;+j}wflgs bfloTj klg 5 . o;aLrdf ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfkg cGtu{t ljleGg If]q /
tx h:t} /fhgLlts If]q, sd{rf/LtGq nufotn] klg cf–cfˆgf] If]qaf6 k"/f ug{'kg]{ y'k|} lhDd]jf/Lx¿
5g . /fhgLlts bnx¿n] vf;u/L cfjZos sfg"gx¿sf] lgdf{0f, /fhgLlts ;xdlt dfkm{t
;+ljwfgsf] ;j{:jLsfo{tfdf a[l4, ;doleq} tLgj6} txsf] lgjf{rg nufotsf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ lgjf{x
ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 eg] sd{rf/LtGqn] klg plNnlvt sfo{x¿df /fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u
ug{'sf cnfjf ;+3Lo Joj:yfdf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;dfof]hg nufotcfjZos
sfg"gx¿sf] lgdf{0fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . To;f] t b]zsf] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] x}l;otdf
;+ljwfgdf /x]sf x/]s Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{' u/fpg' lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k/d\ st{Jo t hlxn]
klg /x]sf] x'G5 g} .
k|:t't n]vdf ;+3Lo g]kfndf lghfdtL tyf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf ;DaGwdf /x]sf] ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yf, lghfdtL / cGo ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;+3Lotfdf ;dfof]hg tyf Joj:yfkg, o; ;DaGwL
cfjZos sfg"gx¿sf] lgdf{0f nufotsf If]qx¿df xfn;Dd ePsf] tof/L tyf cfufdL lbgdf
ug{'kg]{ sfo{x¿sf af/]df ;+If]kdf rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
*
–gGb/fh 1jfnL
;f/M
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 b]z ;+3Lo :j?kdf uO{;s]sf] kl/k|]Ifdf /fHosf] k|zf;goGq ;f]xL
cg'?k sfof{Gjogdf hfg'kg]{ sfo{nfO{ cljnDj yfngL ug{'kg]{ bfloTj clxn] xfdL ;fd' ylkPsf] 5 . laleGg
k|b]zx? aLr sfd, st{Ao, clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/L Pj+ pknAw >f]t ;fwg tyf k|zf;gsf] ;fem]bf/L
ub}{ /fHon] cjnDjg ug]{ gLltnfO sfof{Gjog ug{'kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf]nflu ;du|
lghfdtL k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO r':t b'?:t agfO{ pko'Qm ;+u7g ;+/rgf ;lxt cfjZos b/jGbLx?sf] plrt
Aoj:yfkg u/L glthfd"ns / ;Ifd k|zf;g agfpgsf nflu g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/ u/]sf] tLg txsf]
sfo{;"lr cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;+u7g ;+/rgfx?sf] laBdfg ;+/rgf /jGbLnfO{ ;do;fk]If agfpb}
df}h'bf sfol{\jlwdf ;do ;fk]If k'g/fjnf]sg cfjZos 5 . gful/ssf ;Gt'li6sf ;fy} ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf
sfo{qmd adf]lhdsf s[ofsnfk ;+rfngfy{ ;Ifd, ;]jfd"ns / glthfd"ns k|zf;g agfpg laBdfg b/jGbL /
;+/rgfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ sfo{ut Ps?ktfsf ;fy} Aojl:yt / a}1flgs tj/af6 ;]jf k|bfos / ;]jfu|fxL
b'j}nfO ;xh x'g] lsl;dn] pTs[i7 ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;d]t ;u7g ;+/rgfnfO{r':t / b'?:t jgfpg cfjZos 5 .
/fHosf tkm{af6 hgtfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] k|Tofe"lt ug{
cfjZos kg]{ ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf / b/jGbLx? sfo{af]em, cfjZostf / cf}lrTo ;d]tsf cfwf/df lgdf{0f ul/
;+3Lotf d}qL;u7g ;+/rgf jgfpgsfnflu lglZrt l;4fGt tfyf cfwf/x? cjnDagug{' kb{5 . o; n]vdf
;+u7g tfyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ug{ ;fljsdf cjnDag ul/Psf] sfg'gL k|s[of, ljlw / gLlt sf] ;fy} jt{dfg
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ cg';f/sf] ;dfof]hg tyf wf/f @*% cg';f/ ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cg';f/ ug{'
kg]{ ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ubf{ cjnDjg ul/g] k|s[of ljlw tyf gLltsf] jf/]df 5f]6s/Ldf pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
cjwf/0ffM
;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd gful/s ;dIf k'¥ofpg] ;/sf/L ;+u7gx?sf] ;rfng tyf
Joj:yfkgsf ;+rflnt ljlw tyf k4ltx? dWo] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f (Organization
and Management Survey, Pp6f dxTjkk0f{ ljlw xf] . ;g\ !($@ df j]nfotsf] Treasury
kl/efiffM
s'g} sfof{nosf] :yfkgf ug{, ljBdfg sfof{nosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug{, jf b/jGbL yk ug{‘ k/]df
ljlw ;Ddt k|s[ofåf/f ;f]sf] cWoog ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ / ;f]xL k|ltj]bgsf] d'NofÍgsf
cfwf/df ;f] ;dalGw lg0f{o ug]{ k4ltnfO{ ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f elgG5 . ;+u7g tyf
Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0fsf] kl/efiffsf jf/]df ljleGg ljåfgx?sf cf–cfˆgf wf/0ffx? /x]sf] kfO{G5 .
C.F. Palmer n] "Organization and Management Survey (O & M Survey)is the
activities of those groups of people in government, public bodies of private forms who
are asked to advise the administrators of managers on the efficiency of the work" egL
;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0fnfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ eg] Luther Gullick n] O & M Survey
n] ;+u7gnfO{ r':t b'?:t /fVgsf nflu ul/g'kg]{ POSDCORB sf ;a} ljifodf Wofglbg'k5{ egL
cfˆgf] wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ . R.G Anderson sf cg';f/ "Organization and Management
serves the same purpose in the administrative division.Organization and Management
is such an idea in the field of management services which has neither definite origin
nor a single definition." ctM ;+u7gsf] cfGtl/s tyf afXo sfo{ jftfj/0fdf cfPsf] / cfpg
;Sg] kl/jt{gnfO{ cfˆgf] lxtdf k|of]u ug{ / Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/ u/L ;+u7gnfO{ ;do;fk]If agfpg'
;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f xf] .
;fljssf] cEof;M
xfn;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s'g} lgsfosf] ;+u7g tyfJoj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ul/ ;+u7g ;+/rgf
tof/ ubf{ jf b/jGbLdf x]/km]/ ubf{ lgDg cfwf/df ub}{cfOPsf] 5M
sfg"gL Joj:yfM
lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;+u7g tyf hgzlQm lj:tf/ tyf ;+s'rg ubf{ lglZrt cfwf/ ;lxtsf]
;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ug{‘kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( n] u/]sf] 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf ^s sf] pkbkmf -@_ cg';f/ s'g} gofF ;/sf/L sfof{no :yfkgf ug{,
;+u7g tof/ ubf{ / gofF b/aGbL l;h{gf ubf{ jf tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/aGbLdf
k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ jf x]/km]/ ubf{ ;DalGwt dGqfnon] sfo{qmd, sfo{af]em, sfo{k|s[lt tyf b/aGbL
!= ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ cg';f/ xfn sfo{/t sd{rfl/x?nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{sfnflu ;+ljwfgsf]
cg';"rL / ;f]sf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] sfol{\j:t[lts/0f ;"rL-Unbundling List_
cg';f/sf] ;+3 k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/jGbL t]l/h jgfpg] / ;+j}wflgs
k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;dfof]hg P]g jgfP/ ;f] cg';f/ sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg ug]{.
@= ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @*%sf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf P]g th'{df ug]{ / g]kfn
;/sf/sf] s'g} dGqfno jf lgsfosf] ;+u7g ;/rgf x]/km]/ tyf k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ lgoldt
?kdf ;+3Lo lghfdtL P]g cg';f/ ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f ug]{ .
cfjZostf
cj ;+3Lotfdf ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f lgDg sf/0fn] ug{'k/]sf] b]lvG5:
• ;+ljwfgn] tf]s]sf] tLg txsf] sfo{;"rL cg';f/ ;+u7g lgdf{0f ug{,
• ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f sfo{df ;dGjo ul/ ;j}df Ps?ktf NofpFg,
• cj jGg] ;dfof]hg P]g / lgodfjnLsf] sfo{;Dkfbg k|lqmofnfO{ cema9L ;/nLs/0f ug{,
• ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ sf] ;dfof]hgsf] Joj:yfnfO{ Jojxfl/s ?kdf sfof{Gjg ug{,
• ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @*% cg';f/ ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] nflu ;u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f
ug{sf] nflu cfwf/ tof/ ug{,
• g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_af6 :jLs[t ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL %,^,&,* /( df pNn]lvt ;+3,k|b]z
/ :yfgLo txsf] Psn tyf ;femf clwsf/ ;"rLsf] sfo{ lj:t[lts/0f ;DjGwL k|ltj]bg
;d]tsf] cfwf/df tLgj6} txsf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{ .
lgisif{M
;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] df}lns xs, /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf bfloTj lgjf{x ug{
tyf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] /fHosf] ;+/rgf / zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8sf] Jojxfl/s
k|of]unfO{ sfo{¿kdf Nofpg ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] txut sfo{;"rL c'g;f/sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf to
ub}{ ;+3Lotfd}qL k|zf;sLo k'g;{+/rgf ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] nflu O & M Survey Ps cr's
cf}hf/ xf] . O & M Survey Systematic, Scientific / Principle Based x'g} k5{ . lghfdtL
;]jf P]g, @)$( n] ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ s]G›Lo lgsfosf] ?kdf O & M Survey ug]{
sfo{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5 . kl/jlt{t Joj:yf cg';f/ ;}4flGts¸sfg"gL / Jojxfl/s b[li6sf]0faf6
cWoog ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfq} ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf¸ b/aGbL tyf kb l;h{gfsf] l;kmfl/z ug{‘ kg]{ x'G5 .
O & M Survey sf] ;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/z adf]lhd g} ;+3Lo ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ul/Pdf ;/sf/L
;+u7gx? / ;/sf/L ;]jfx?df k|efjsfl/tf clea[l4 eO{ ;dli6ut ;'wf/¸ kl/jt{g / ljsf; lbuf]
agfpg ;lsG5 . ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;d]to; sfo{sf nflu ljwL, gLlt, k|s[of / k4ltsf]
cjnDjg ul/g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|LM
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)
;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f lgb]{lzsf, @)^^
kf}8]n, a]u]G›/fh zdf{, -@)!#_, l8;]Da/, l;+xb/af/b]lv e'mkl8;Dd, wf}nflu/L a'S; P08 :6]zg/L,
sf7df8f}+ .
1jfnL, gGb/fh-@)&#_, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;a]{If0f, x'nfs, k"0ff{Í %%,
jif{ %% k"0ff+s !($, x'nfs k|lzIf0f s]G› .
Drucker, Peter , People and Performance: The best of Peter Drucker on Management, New
Yourk; Harpers College Press.
Agrawal, Govinda Ram (2016), Principle of Management in Nepal, Kathmandu, MK.
Publishers and Distributers.
• • •
kl/roM
ul/aL g]kfnL ;dfh / cy{tGqsf] Pp6f oyfy{ xf] . of] ul/asf] nflu ;d:of xf] eg]
;/sf/sf] nflu Pp6f r'gf}lt . b]zdf JofKt ul/aLnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;/sf/n] ul/asf nflu ;/sf/
eGg] cleofg cuf8L ;f/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ sl/j ^) jif{ cl3s}
gLltsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] ¿kdf lng' kb{5 . ul/aL 36fpg–x6fpg ;j{k|yd ul/asf] klxrfg x'g'k5{
eGg] cy{zf:qsf] gjzf:qLo dfGotf xf] . oxL dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L sltko zlQmzfnL
cGt/fl{\i6«o ljsf; lgof]ux¿ nufot /fli6«o ;/sf/x¿ / u}/;/sf/L ;+3–;+:yfx¿n] klg ul/aLsf]
klxrfg Pj+ dfkgnfO{ ljsf; k|lqmofsf] Pp6f cgGo efusf ¿kdf cjnDag ul//x]sf 5g\ . ul/aL
eg]sf] s] xf] < sf] ul/a xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf ;j{:jLsfo{ kl/efiff gePtfklg ul/aLsf] dfkg ug{
df}l›s Pj+ ax'cfoflds ;"rsx¿sf] ljsf; u/L b]zdf ePsf] ;du| hg;+Vofsf] olt k|ltzt hgtf
lg/k]If¿kn] /fli6«o ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g\ egL tYofÍx¿ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ sfd cfjlws ¿kdf
eO/x]sf] kfOG5 .
g]kfnn] d"ntM ul/aLsf] dfkg ug]{ df}l›s cfwf/nfO{ pkof]u u/L ul/aLsf] dfkg ul//x]sf]
5 . cfwf/e"t cfjZostf cyf{t\ b}lgs @!$) Sofnf]/L k|fKt x'g] vfBfGgsf] df}l›s d"No / s]xL
u}/vfB j:t'x¿sf] df}l›s d"No;d]t k|ltJolQm k|ltlbg cf};t ?= %@=&@ eGbf sd cfo cfh{g ug]{
3/kl/jf/nfO{ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] hg;+Vofsf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 . o:tf]
df}l›s dfkgsf] cfwf/df g]kfndf @!=^ k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/ lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] tYof+s
* /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno
References
Bhusal, Lok Nath (2011) Poverty Underestimation and the Relative Strength of Social Security
and Economic Globalisation in Poverty Reduction: Perceptions Survey Evidence from
;+3Lotfsf cfwf/M
ljutdf klxrfg / ;fdYo{nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;+3Lotfdf hfg] s'/f;+u ;a} /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿
jLr Psdt ePtf klg hftLo cfwf/df ;+3Lotf lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/f;+u ;xdlt gePsf] cj:yf 5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf ;+3Lotf lgdf{0f ubf{ ljZj cg'ej, cfly{s ;fdYo{ / klxrfg ;lxtsf] cfwf/df
;+3Lotf agfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;+3Lotfdf hfFbf klxrfg TolQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg g]kfndf !@%
hfthflt, !@# efiffefifL / !) wdf{jnDaL ePsf] / Pp6} hfthflt, efiffefifL / wdf{jnDaLsf]
afx'Notf gePsf] cj:yfdf oL cfwf/df /fHosf] gfdfs/0f ug]{ u/L ;xdlt x'g] b]lvFb}g . ;fdYo{
;+3Lotf lgdf{0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ ePtf klg o;sf] dfq cfwf/ lnbf ljutsf] pTkL8gsf] Ifltk"lt{
gx'g] / l;dfGts[t ju{n] o;/L ag]sf] ;+3LotfnfO{ ckgTj glng] x'bf b'j}sf] cfwf/ lnbf ;xdltsf]
ldng laGb' aGg ;Sb5 . ;fdYo{sf] cfwf/df ;+3Lotf agfpbf ;+3Lo k|0ffnLn] :yfloTj kfpg] x'G5
t/ o;f] eGb}df klxrfgnfO{ la;{bf ljutsf] pTkL8gsf] kIfdf Gofo u/]sf] kfOb}g . ljZjsf] cg'ej
x]bf{ ef/t h:tf] 7"nf] / :jL6h/Nof08 h:tf] ;fgf] b]zn] klg ;+3Lotf ckgfPsf] b]lvG5 . df]8nsf]
¿kdf Coming Together df]8nsf] ¿kdf cd]l/sfsf] ;+3Lotf /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] ef/tdf Hoding
Together df]8nsf] ¿kdf ;+3Lotf /x]sf] kfOG5 . clwsf/ afF8kmfF8nfO{ x]bf{ klg ljleGg ;+3Lo
zf;g ckgfPsf b]zx¿df km/s km/s lsl;dn] afF8kmfF8 ePsf] kfOG5 . ef/tdf sf]–ck/]l6k,
Sofg8fdf Asymmetric / :jLh/Nof08df Duel df]8ndf clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
To;} u/L cd]l/sfdf :6]6sf] ;'lk|d]:fL 5, eg] k|mfG;df hgtfsf] hd{gdf Ethnicity Supremacy
ePsf] b]lvG5 . :jL6h/Nof08df eflifs cfwf/df ;+3Lotf ag]sf] 5 eg] Olyof]lkofdf hftLo
cfwf/df ag]sf] kfO{G5 . ;+3Lotf ckgfPsf] d'n'sdf /fi6«ktLo / k|wfgdGqLo b'j} k|sf/sf zf;g
Joj:yf ePsf] klg kfOG5 . To;} u/L lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgfPsf b]zx¿df klg s'g}df ;dfg'kflts,
ax'dtLo k|0ffnL tyf ldl>t ;a} k|sf/sf] cEof; ePsf] kfOG5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dfly pNn]vePsf df]8nnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ;+3Lo /fHosf] cjwf/0ff nfu'
x'g nfu]sf] 5 . g]kfn hftLo, eflifs Pj+ wfld{s ljljwtf ePsf] b]z xf] . of] d'n'sdf ;+3Lotfsf]
cfwf/ Psn hftLo agfpg ldNb}g . oxfF ljleGg c~rn, lhNnf, ufpF ljsf; leq klg w]/} hflt
;+3Lotfsf l;4fGtM
/fHosf] zlQm / clwsf/ s]Gb|Lo /fHodf dfq g/xg] k|fGtLo /fHodf ;d]t /xg]
dfGotf g} ;+3Lotf /fHo k|0ffnLsf cfwf/e"t dfGotf xf] . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f s]Gb|n] :yfgLo
;+3Lotfsf cj;/M
;+3LotfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;lsPsf] cj:yfdf d'n'sdf k|z:t cj;/x? ;[hgf x'g ;Sb5g\ .
To;}n] g]kfndf ;+3Lotf cjnDag ug{ k|of; ePsf] 5 . o;df ;aeGbf klxn] o; Aoj:yfdf
ljsf;sf sfo{x? ljs]lGb|t x'G5 . cfhsf] h:tf] ljsf;sf sfo{x? s]Gb|df dfq l;ldt x'b}gg .
;+3Lotfdf /fHoaf6 gful/sn] kfpg] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ Pj+ cj;/x? cfkmg} 3/b}nf]df k|fKt ug{
;Sb5g . csf]{ ;+3Lotfn] ;dfhsf] hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt / wd{sf] ;+/If0f x'G5 . o; cl3sf] g]kfnL
;dfhdf hghflt ;fF:s[lts ?kn], blnt hfltut ?kn] / dw]zL ef}uf]lns lx;fan] /fHokIfaf6
;w} ;LdfGts[t ePsf] b]lVfG5 . o:tf ;LdfGts[t ju{sf] ;+/If0f ;+3Lotfn] dfq ug{ ;Sb5 . To:t}
;+3Lotfn] hflt / ;d'x aLr cfk;L ;befjsf] ljsf; ug{ d4t ub{5 . ;+3Lotfn] ljljwtfdf
Pstf sfod ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . o;n] :jfotf k|bfg ub{5 . To:t} ;+3Lotfn] ;dfj]zLs/0f x'g]
ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfdf blnt, dlxnf / cGo ;LdfGts[t ju{sf] kxF'r k'¥ofpg ;xof]u
ub{5 .
;+3Lotfsf r"gf}tLM
g]kfnsf] nflu ;+3Lotf gofF ljifo ePsf]n] To;} klg r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . klxnf] ;+lawfg;efn]
g]kfndf w]/} g} k|b]zsf] ;+3Lotfsf] cjwf/0ff cl3 ;f/]sf] lyof] t/ Tof] g]kfnsf] nflu pko"Stm lyPg
116 PRASHASAN The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration
lsg eg] cfly{s ?kdf wfGg g;Sg] x'gfn] To;nfO{ cjnDag ug{ ;lsPg . bf];|f] ;+lawfg;efn]
g]kfndf ;+3Lotfsf] nflu g]kfnL hgtfsf] hgdt adf]lhd yf]/} k|b]zsf] ;+3Lotf pko"Stm x'g]
cfdwf/0ff cg';f/ & k|b]zsf] ;+3Lotf agfpg vf]lhPsf] xf] . of] ;+3Lotf leq g]kfnsf] e"uf]n,
hflt, efiff / ;+:s[ltn] ;dfg t/Lsfn] ljsf; x'g] cj;/ kfpg' kb{5 t/ g]kfndf s]xL c/fhs
tTjn] o;}nfO{ e8sfP/ kmfObf lng klg ;ls|o /x]sf]n] of] Pp6f k|d'v r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 / o;sf]
csf]{ r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf ;Ldfgf / ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 dfGg ;lsG5 . To:t} zlSt x:tfGt/0fsf] laifo
klg ;+3Lotfsf]] r'gf}tL xf] . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns lx;fan] s'g} k|b]znfO{ clwsf/ a9L / s'g} k|b]zsf]
clwsf/df sdL x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o; s|ddf ljjfb l;h{gf eof] eg] 7'nf] ;d:of x'g
hfG5 .;+3Lotfsf d'Vo r'gf}tLx? lgDg adf]lhd /fVg ;lsG5 .
! ;+3Lo PsfOx?sf] :jfoQ zf;gsf] pRr rfxgf / s]G›nfO{ ;'9[9 ug]{ lrGtgaLrsf] ;Gt'ng
;+3Lotfsf] k|d'v r'gf}tL xf] .
@ ;+3Lotf Joj:yfkgsf lx;fan] Pp6f hl6n Joj:yf xf] .
# ;+3Lotfdf cGt/;/sf/ åGå ;dfwfgsf nflu ;a} txsf ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwd'ns / ;+/rgfut
k|aGw cfjZos x'G5 .
$ ;+3Lotfdf ljQLo ;dfgLs/0fsf] ultzLn ;+:yfut Pj+ gLltut Joj:yf cfjZos x'G5 .
% ;+3Lotfdf tNnf] txsf ;/sf/sf] ;Gt'i6L pGd'v /fhlglts / cfd rfxgfsf] ;Daf]wgaLr
;Gt'ng cfjZos x'G5 .
^ s]G›sf] cGt/fli6«o bfloTj / k|fb]lzs rfxgfsf aLr ;Gt'ng /fVg] ljifodf ;d:of x'G5 .
& cfd hgrfxgfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ k|lqmofut l9nfO{ sd ug]{ ;d:of x'G5 .
* k|b]zx?df w]/} /fh:j p7g] jf p7fpg] / afF8kmfF8 jLrsf] åGb hl6n x'G5 .
( ;+3Lotf t'ngfTds?kdf vlr{nf] zf;g k|0ffnL xf] .
!) ;+3Lo k|b]zx?jLr k|fs[lts >f]t;fwgsf] pkof]u / afF8kmfF8 lgs} hl6n klg x'G5g .
!! :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 k|b]zdf / s]G›df ;fy} k|b]zaf6 s]G›df k|ltlglwTj ;+t'ngsf] lx;fan]
dxTjk'0f{ x'G5 . ldnfpg g;s]sf]] v08df åGb a9g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
cGtdfM
la=;+= @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf, lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf / ;+ljwfg ;efsf]
hgfb]z cg';f/ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ / ;d[4, cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ cleofgdf g]kfn
h'6]sf] 5 . ;+3Lo ;+/rgf ;lxtsf] gofF g]kfndf hgtfn] ;]jf ;'ljwf l56f], 5l/tf], k|efjsf/L /
ldtJooL tl/sfn] k|fKt u/L pgLx¿df ;'zf;g ePsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g' kb{5 . g]kfn clxn] /fHo
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿ M
lghfdtL ;]jf bk0f{ @)&@ lghfdtL ;]jf lbj;, d'n ;df/f]x ;ldlt ,d'b|0f ljefu l;+xb/af/,
sf7df08f} .
k|zf;g klqsf ljleGg c+sx? M ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno l;+xb/af/, sf7df08f} .
lji0f' ;'j]bL, @)^$ k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg / nf]stGqsf gjLg cfofdx?, k}/jL k|sfzg, k'tnL;8s,
sf7df08f} .
uf]/vfkq b}lgs klqsfsf] n]v /rgfx? .
• • •
–eljZj/ l3ld/]*
;f/f+zM
s'g} d'n'sn] lsg ;+3Lo k|0ffnL ckgfp+5 eGg] ljifosf] Tolt ;xh hjfkm 5}g o;sf] ljsNkdf s]
eGg ;lsG5 eg] ;+3Lotf canDag x'g] s'/f P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd, /fhgLlts k|0ffnL, hgtfsf] rfxgf,
jftfj/0fLo k|efj h:tf s'/fdf lge{/ /xG5 . klxrfg, kx'+r / k|ltlglwTjn] g]kfndf ;+3Lotfsf] cfjZostf
dx;'; u/fPsf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . g]kfnn] xfl;n u/]sf] ;+3Lonf]stfGqLs u0ftGq ;dsfnLg ljZjdf sd
dxTjk'0f{ xf]Og. g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf k|fKt pknAwLnfO hg:t/af6 ;+:yfut ug]{ cfjZostf
r'gf}ltk'0f{ x'G5 t/ ug}{ kb{5 . ;+ljwfg hf/L eP kZrft tNnf :yfgLo txx¿ h;n] hgtf;Fu k|ToIf sfd
ug{'kg]{ x'G5 ltgLx¿sf] lgjf{rg tf]lsPs} ;doleq ul/g'kb{5 . hgtfsf] ;d[l4sf] dfWod :yfgLo txx¿ x'g]
ePsf]n] /fhg}lts bnx¿ lj/f]w tyf ;do Jolttdf dfq ;do vlrg{' eGbf klg j}1fgLs tl/sf af6 g]kfnL
hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df kl/jt{g ug]{, pGgtL ug]{, ;fdYo{jfg\ agfpg], cfTdlge{/ agfpg] ul/ ;+l3otfsf]
;fy{s sfof{Gjog tkm{ nfUg'df ;a}sf] sNof0f x'g] 5 . k'g;{+{/rgfsf] lj:t[t cy{ /fhg}lts k|0ffnLsf] k'g;{+/rf
dfq xf]Og , /fHosf tx / c+u ljrsf] zlQm ljefhgsf] k'g;{+/rgf, cfly{s k|lqmofsf] k'g;{+/rgf, ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] k'g;{+/rgf, of]hgf k|0fnL tyf ;]jf Joj:yfkgsf] k'g;{+/rgf j'‰g' kb{5 . >f]t ;fwg ,zlQm, lg0f{o
k|lqmofx¿ k|efjsf/L gful/s ;]jfsf c+ux¿ x'g . /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf o;y{ zf;lso txsf] dfq k'g;{+/rgf
xf]Og lsgls /fHo OR5f ;+rfng / sfof{Gjg ug]{ k|zf;lgs ;+oGq, of]hgf k|0fnL / lg0f{o k|lqm{ofsf] klg
k'g;{+/rgf xf] . /fHonfO ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] glhs k'of{P/ pgLx¿sf cfjZostf / ck]Iffsf] ;'g'jfO{ ToxL
:yfgaf6 ug]{ sfo{ k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf g} /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf xf] .
ljifo k|j]zM
;fdfGo cy{df ;‹Lotf eg]sf] ax'n zf;sLo k|0ffnL xf] . k//fi6« gLlt, df}l›s Joj:yf,
/Iff / df}lns k|lt/Iff cflb k|s[ltsf k|d'v ljifox¿ s]G›Lo ;Qfdf /fvL cGo s'/fdf :jfoQ
zf;gsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ cg]s /fHosf] ;+u7g jf OsfO{ g} ;+3Lotf xf] . -g]kfnL zAb sf]if_
;dfg p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ k"j{ :jtGq cl:tTj ePsfx¿n] gofF ;+u7g l;h{gf ug{ x:tfIf/ u/]sf]
k|ltj4tf kq / ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/df d'n"s ;+rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L s]G› / dftxtdf ljefhg u/L
ag]sf] /fHo jf zf;g k|0ffnL hxfF s]G›Lo txdf ;femf zf;g / If]qLo hftLo Pj+ :yfgLo txdf
:jfoQ zf;g;+u ;u} rnL /x]sf] x'G5, To;nfO{ ;+3Lo k|0ffnL elgG5 . s]G›Lo ;/sf/ eGbf tNnf]
txsf ;/sf/n] ;+j}wflgs ?kdf lglZrt clwsf/x¿ cEof; ug{ kfpg], s'g clwsf/ s'g txnfO{
s;/L k|of]u ug{ lbg] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ;+ljwfgåf/f x'g] tyf tf]lsPsf clwsf/df s]G›Lo ;/sf/sf]
lgoGq0f gx'g] u/L Aoal:yt ul/Psf] :jfoQ /fHo, k|fGt jf :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;lxtsf] Plss[t /fHo
* tYof+s clws[t, g]kfn ;/sf/
–s]zj/fh hf]zL*
k[i7e"ldM
;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg"g xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmddf klxnf] lnlvt ;+ljwfgsf]
?kdf /x]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ b]lv xfn;Dd ;ftj6f ;+ljwfg hf/L eO;s]sf
5g\ . ;ftf} ;+ljwfgsf] ?kdf ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 klxnf]k6s b]zn] @)&@ c;f]h # ut] b]lv nfu'
x'g] u/L g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg kfPsf] 5, h'g sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . hgtfaf6 5flgPsf
hgk|ltlglwx?n] ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t lgld{t g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+l3otf ;lxtsf] w]/} ljifa:t'x?nfO{
;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;d]6]sf jftfj/0fLo kIfx?nfO{ oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
:jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xsM
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu–# sf] wf/f !^ b]lv wf/f $* ;Dd df}lns xs / st{Aosf] Aoj:yf
ul/Psf]df :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xsnfO{ wf/f #) n] ;d]6]sf] 5 . :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xs cGtu{t lgDg
Aoj:yfx? ul/Psf] 5 .
• k|To]s gful/snfO{ :jR5 / :j:y jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg] xs .
• jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f jf x|f;af6 x'g] Ifltafkt kLl8tnfO{ k|b"ifsaf6 sfg"g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{
kfpg] xs .
• /fi6«sf] ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{df jftfj/0f / ljsf;aLr ;d'lrt ;Gt'ngsf nflu cfjZos
sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{ .
jftfj/0f ;Da4 gLltx¿M
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu–$ sf] wf/f %! n] /fHon] cjnDjg ug]{ gLltx? ;DjlGw Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . tL gLltx? cGtu{t s[lif / e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL gLlt, ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt, k|fs[lts ;fwg
;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / pkof]u ;DaGwL gLlt, gful/ssf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ;DaGwL gLlt /
ko{6g ;DaGwL gLltx?n] jftfj/0f;Fu ;Dj4 gLltx?nfO{ cFufn]sf] b]lvG5, h'g lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf
5g\ .
* jftfj/0f lg/LIfs, jftfj/0f ljefu, nlntk'/
124 PRASHASAN The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration
• e"ldsf] pTkfbgzLntf, k|s[lt tyf jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng ;d]tsf cfwf/df lgodg /
Joj:yfkg ub}{ To;sf] ;d'lrt pkof]u ug]{ .
• ljsf;sf b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf If]qnfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} ;Gt'lnt, jftfj/0f cg's"n, u'0f:t/Lo
tyf lbuf] ¿kdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ .
• /fli6«o lxt cg's"n tyf cGt/k':tf ;dGofosf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ b]zdf pknAw
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / jftfj/0f cg's"n lbuf] ¿kdf pkof]u ug]{ .
• hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t :jb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} hn;|f]tsf] ax'pkof]uL ljsf;
ug]{ .
• gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] pTkfbg tyf ljsf; ub}{ gful/ssf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf
nflu ;'ky / ;'ne ¿kdf e/kbf]{ pmhf{sf] cfk"lt{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ tyf pmhf{sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u
ug]{ .
• hnpTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f / gbLsf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ lbuf] / e/kbf]{ l;+rfOsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
• hg;fwf/0fdf jftfj/0fLo :jR5tf ;DaGwL r]tgf a9fO{ cf}Bf]lus Pj+ ef}lts ljsf;af6
jftfj/0fdf kg{ ;Sg] hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ jg, jGohGt', k+IfL, jg:klt tyf h}ljs
ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / lbuf] pkof]u ug]{ .
• jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngsf nflu cfjZos e"efudf jg If]q sfod /fVg] .
• k|s[lt, jftfj/0f jf h}ljs ljljwtfdfly gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] jf kg{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf
gsf/fTds jftfj/0fLo k|efj lgd{"n jf Go"g ug{ pko'Qm pkfox¿ cjnDag ug]{ .
• jftfj/0f k|b"if0f ug]{n] ;f] afkt bfloTj Aoxf]g{'kg]{ tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf k"j{;fjwfgL /
k"j{;"lrt ;xdlt h:tf kof{j/0fLo lbuf] ljsf;sf l;4fGt cjnDag ug]{ .
• k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 x'g] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ k"j{ ;"rgf, tof/L, p4f/, /fxt Pj+ k'g:yf{kgf
ug]{ .
• jftfj/0f cg's"n k|ljlwnfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} ;fj{hlgs oftfoftnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .
• /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf kof{j/0f cg's"n ko{6g pBf]usf] ljsf; ug]{ .
lgZsif{M
:jR5 / :j:y jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf ;'lglZrt u/]sf]
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] jftfj/0fsf ;jfnx?nfO{ w]/} xb;Dd ;d]6]sf] 5 . oBkL jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt
;+j}wflgs Aoj:yfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] kf6f]df oy]i6 sbdx? rfNg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu ;+j}wflgs
Aoj:yf cg's'n jftfj/0f ljifo;Fu ;DjlGwt ljBdfg sfg"gL k|fjwfgx?nfO{ kl/dfh{g ub}{ ck'u
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿M
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg= g]kfn /fhkq, @)&@ c;f]h # ut]= d'›0f ljefu, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+ .
lzjfsf]6L, uf]kfn, @)&@= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_M ;+ljwfgsf] d"n kf7, AofVofTds l6Kk0fL /
P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd;lxt=bf];|f] ;+:s/0f= k}/jL k|sfzg, k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+ .
• • •
• • •
ljifoj:t'M
;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf] nflu /fhgLlts ?kdf s]lx ;d:of b]lvPsf] ePtf klg k|zf;lgs
If]qaf6 s]lx dxTjk'0f{ sfo{x?sf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5 . d\'Vo ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf /x]sf] ;+3Lotf
sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf ;dGjo ;ldltn] ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] ;jfndf ;+ljwfgsf]
cg';'rL % b]lv ( ;Dddf /x]sf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ ;'rLnfO{ lj:t[tLs/0f ug]{
sfd ;DkGg ul/;s]sf] 5 . cj k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /x]sf] pRr:t/Lo ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog
tyf k|zf;g k'g{;+/rgf ;ldltn] To;nfO{ clGtd ?k lbP/ lz3| sfof{Gjog txdf n}hfg k5{ .
:yfgLo :t/df ;+3Lotfsf] cg'e"lt ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg' k5{ . To;}n] ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf]
nflu cj sfo{kflnsLo, Joj:yfksLo / GofokfnsLo ;+/rgf jgfpg z'? ug'{k5{ . o; If]qdf
* cWoIf, g]kfn k|zf;g kqsf/ d~r .
- Indra B. Paudel *
Summary
This article has elucidated the bases of federalism in Nepal and the world – identity
and capability, some seven points to be determined in the federal constitution for the
working of federalism, strengths, and weaknesses of federalism, issues of federalism
including ethnic federalism with examples.
1. Concept of Federalism:
Mainly, federalism has incorporated two basic presumptions- inclusion and self-
governance - that empower all. It is not mean to cleavage the nation, nor search for the
own land and its identity ascribed to the community. Today, identity and nationalism
both are required ( a common sentiment to the nation and ownership). To make secular
federalism, ethnic identity and extensive nationalism both are required. People are the
nation, and so all the people’s common concept and sentiment is nationalism.1*
1* Baral, Lok Raj. "Positive Thinking on the Dialogue on Federalism". Kantipur. 3 Falgun.
https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/13839/chapter%20two.
pdf?sequence=13
30 Nepal … Transitional
1# Black's Law Dictionary. 8th Ed. St. Paul (USA): Thomson, West, 1999, p. 644
Nepal is multi-ethnic, and the many struggles for representation and recognition cannot
be dealt with in isolation. During nation-building, sacrifice is often called for, yet it is
striking that no leader mentions it with regard to federalism and inclusion.3#
In Nepal, ethnic liberation movement and linguistic liberation movement, the history
of which is very old, raised the voice against ethnic and linguistic discrimination. They
are never concentrated on ethnic identity, the establishment of state government with
agradhikar. But, along with the people’s revolt led by NCP (Maoist), the voices and
rhythms on ethnic liberation got altered with the changing span of time. Even today,
they are associated with the establishment of federal units. … In Nepal, there are 103
ethnic groups and 92 languages. So, the question of ethnic, linguistic and religious
discrimination cannot be resolved by offering identity and special rights (agradhikar)
to few ethnic groups.4#
A state should not prioritize a culture more and less to other. On the other, minority
ethnic groups like Raute, Meche, etc. should be protected by the state. If ethnic
federalism is created, how can they be protected? The state should develop separate
Protected Zones.5#
1# Pokhrel, Kabi. “Base of Federal Structure” (In Nepali). Rajdhani. 11 Magh, 2068 VS, p.
7
2# Bangel Lama. Nima. “Ethnic States is not the Resolution of the problem”. Gorkhapatra.
25 Shrawan, 2069 VS, p. 7
3# Neelakanthan, Anagha. “Moment of Truth”. Republica. May 24, 2012, p. 8
4# Roka, Kalyan. “Why Caste is Attached with Federalism?” (In Nepali). Rajdhani. 9
Jestha, 2069 VS, p. 6
5# Shapkota, Dinesh. “So Ethnic Federalism is not Feasible” (In Nepali). Nagarik. 29th
January, 2015, p. 6
Crisis of Identity:
The term “Identity crisis” has at first been used by development psychologist Erik
Erikson. According to him, identity crisis occurs when one individual or group starts
presenting oneself differently from what the society regards its identity. James Mercia
and his friends had elaborately presented in the 1960s and 1970s: identity crisis is the
imbalance between one’s capabilities and commitments.
Ways to Solve the Identity Crisis:
a. By appraising and keeping oneself satisfying of having one’s identity among
various identities. One should be convinced that our identity has not been
loaded by anybody external; it is due to our existence and our efforts.
• By identifying alternatives of identities. Your identity may be on the basis
of skill, property, academic excellence, etc. So, a state’s identity may be of
ethnicity, religion, language, culture, geography, etc.
• By saving oneself from external influence: other’s suggestion could be taken,
but not the imitation/replication. If one makes a new identity, then other neighbors
throw a wave of sarcasm. We can narrow down one’s scope of selfishness, if
not totally avoid one’s selfishness. Whether separate identities of 125 ethnic
groups is great or a bigger Nepal’s identity? Our greatest achievement is this:
transforming individual interests into a common interest of the country (See
Bhandari: 2071).
4. Federaism in Nepal:
Various ethnic groups transformed into bigger ethnic groups. Later, the
concept of greater state developed around 11th and 12th centuries by merging smaller
state units like the Baisi States, Chaubise states. In such states, somehow republic
system, somewhere feudal systems were set up integrated for state operation. Until the
18th century, Hindustan was also in the similar condition. In such a situation, Gurkha
King P. N. Shah started his campaign of state unification and set up the foundation
of modern Nepal. The language of the King was Khasa. After the creation of Bhanu
Bhakta’s Ramayana in the 20th century, the Nepali language has developed full-fledged.
It was only after 2007 capitalist revolution; the Nepali language could be developed
systematically. A lingua franca (contact language) was required to tie various ethnic
communities throughout the country. Before Khasa language, Maithili, Bhojpuri,
Abadhi, Newari were the languages developed in a mass scale in Nepal.2#
There are the following two tasks or historical bases of initiating federalism in Nepal:
• To “…carry out an inclusive, democratic and progressive restructuring of the
State by eliminating the current centralized and unitary form of the State…”
(Comprehensive Peace Accord, 2006, Section 3.5)
• To “…implement the concept of full democracy through a forward-looking
restructuring of the State to resolve the problems related to all sectors including
class, caste, gender, religion, …” (12 point agreement: 2005, preamble)
(Maharjan: 2009).
1* S. B. “New Constitution and Foreign Interference”. Dainik Patra. 5 Jestha, 2069 VS, p. 4
2# Gautam, Bamdev. “Federalism in our context” (In Nepali). Kantipur. March 28, 2012, p. 6
3 Minority Rights Federalism protects the Yugoslavia fell into the bloodshed
rights of the minority. ethnic conflict, whereas
Czechoslovakia divided peacefully.
6. Issues of Federalism:
1# Mishra, Bihari Krishna. “Local Bodies’ Elections”. The Himalayan Times. March 19,
2014, p. 6