Worksheet in Gen.

Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

Exercise 11

Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Dynamics

Name: _______________________________________ Date Submitted: __________________

Section: ______________________________________ Subject Teacher: __________________

Pre-test. Multiple Choice. Answer the question that follows. Choose the best answer from the given choices.

1. Which of the following statements show the properties of angular displacement and linear displacement?
A. θ, for points on a rotating object depends on their distance from the axis.
B. θ, for points on a rotating object does not depends on their distance from the axis.
C. The displacement, for point on a rotating object, depends on their distance from the axis of rotation.
D. The displacement, for point on a rotating object, does not depends on their distance from the axis of
rotation
2. What is the linear speed of a child on a merry-go-round of radius 3.0 m that has an angular velocity of 4.0
rd/s?
A.) 0.75 m/s B.) 10 m/s C.) 12 m/s D.) 13.0 m/s
3. What is the angular velocity of an object traveling in a circle of radius 0.75m with a linear speed of 3.5
m/s?
A.) 4.3 rd/s B.) 4.8 rd/s C.) 4.9 rd/s D.) 4.7 rd/s
4. What is the angular acceleration of a ball that starts at rest and increases its angular velocity uniformly to
5 rd/s?
A.) 8.0 rd/s2 B.) 2 rd/s2 C.) 0.5 rd/s2 D. 3 rd/s2
5. What is the angular velocity of a ball that starts at rest and rolls for 5 seconds with a constant angular
acceleration of 20 rd/s2?
A.) 4 rd/s B.) 10 rd/s C.) 100 rd/s D.) 7 rd/s
6. If no external torque acts on a body, its angular velocity remains conserved.
A) True B) False
7. The easiest way to open a heavy door is by applying the force
A) Near the hinges B) In the middle of the door
C) At the edge of the door far from the hinges D) At the top of the door
8. Does a bridge anchored resting on two pillars have any torque?
A) No, it isn't moving B) Yes, but it is at equilibrium
C) Yes, but it will soon break because of the torque D) No, Bridges can't have torque
9. When an object is experiencing a net torque
A) it is in dynamic equilibrium. B) it is in static equilibrium.
C) it is rotating. D) it is translating.
10. A rusty bolt is hard to get turned. What could be done to help get the bolt turned?
A) use a long-arm lever B) decrease the force
C) apply the force at a 30 degree angle D) use a short-arm lever

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Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS

Rotational motion is all around us from molecules to galaxies. The earth rotates about its axis. Wheels,
gears, propellers, motors, the drive shaft in a car, a CD in its player, a pirouetting ice skater, all rotate. Our
study of rotation is between linear motion and rotational motion. In this lesson, we consider rotation about an
axis that is fixed in space, or one that is moving parallel to itself as in a rolling ball.

Have you ever watched a Ferris wheel as it turns? How do you feel? Did you ever wonder how it
moves? Will you still ride it if it doesn’t turn? This is why rotational motion is a very important motion. It is
important to know how this motion affects the movement of a certain body.

As you go along this lesson, you will be able to:

 Define kinematic rotational variables such as angular position, angular velocity, and angular
acceleration
 Derive rotational kinematic equations, and
 Solve for the angular position, angular velocity, and angular acceleration of a rotating body.

Activity 1. Am I Important?
List some types of rotating objects and how are they important to society. Write your answer in tabular form
below.

Types of Rotating Objects Importance to Society

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Kinematics is the description of motion. It is concerned with the description of motion without regard
to force or mass. But what exactly is rotational kinematics? From the word, you can describe that it’s all about
any object that can rotate or spin. It’s different from linear motion when object simply moves forward.
The kinematics of rotational motion describes the relationships among rotation angle (θ), angular velocity (ω),
angular acceleration ( α) , and time (t). You will find that translational kinematic quantities, such as
displacement, velocity, and acceleration have direct analogs in rotational motion.

Axis of Rotation

In activity 1.1, you have listed some types of rotating objects and their importance to society right?
Everything that you have listed are all rotating about a line somewhere within the object called the axis of
rotation. We are also going to assume that all these objects are rigid bodies, that is, they keep their shape
and are not deformed in any way by their motion. Look at Figure 1 below. It shows the wheel and axle of a
bike. Is the axle (axis of rotation) part of the wheel (rigid body)? The answer is NO. If you were to spin the
wheel around its center, the axis of rotation (axle) would be pointing perpendicular to the motion of the wheel.

Angular Displacement

The symbol generally used for angular displacement is θ pronounced "teta" or "theta." θ is the angle
swept by the radius of a circle that points to a rotating object. Look at the circle below and assume its rotating
about its middle so the axis of rotation is pointing out of the page. Start with a piece of the circle at point A.
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Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)
as the circle rotates counterclockwise, the piece of the circle reaches point B. The point traveled a distance
of s along the circumference, and swept out an angle θ. We can also say that the angle θ “substends’ an arc
length of s. Note that the points A and B are always at the same distance, r, from the axis of rotation.

Figure 1.2 The Angle of Displacement

We will now define the angle of rotation (θ) as the ratio of the arc length (s) to the radius (r) of the
circle. We call this angle of rotation (θ) the angular displacement. We denote angular displacement as Θ
(theta). In symbol,

Where : θ is the angle of rotation,

S is the arc length, and
r is the radius.

Angular displacement is unitless since it is the ratio of two distances but, we will say that the angular
displacement is measured in radians. We know degrees, and we know that when a point on a circle rotates
and comes back to the same point, it has performed one revolution; let us say from point A, and rotate until
we come back to point A.

Refer to Figure 1.2 again, what distance (s) was covered? How many degrees were swept by this full
rotation? The point moved around the entire circumference, so it traveled 2πr while an angle of 360 0 was
swept through. Using the angular displacement definition:

When an object makes one complete revolution, it sweeps out an angle of 360 0 or 2π radians. One
radian is the angle at which the arc has the same length as the radius r.
1 radian = 57.30

The radian is frequently abbreviated as rad.

Sample Problems
1. ) An object travels around a circle10.0 full turns in 2.5 seconds. Calculate (a) the angular
displacement, θ in radians.

Given:
# of turns/complete rotations = 10 turns
Time = 2.5 seconds

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Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)
Find: Angular displacement (θ) in radians

*Note that 1 complete rotation = 360 0 = 2π radians = 6.28 rd

Solution:
Θ = 10.0 turns (6.28 rd / turn) = 62.8 radians.

2. ) A girl goes around a circular track that has a diameter of 12 m. If she runs around the entire track for a
distance of 100 m, what is her angular displacement?
Given:
Diameter of the curved path = 12m
*Note that diameter = 2r therefore,
r= d/2 so,
r= 12m/2= 6m
Linear displacement, s = 100 m.

Find: Angular displacement θ

Solution:
Θ = s/r → θ = 100m / 6 m = 16.67 radians
Angular displacement can now be related to linear displacement. Working on Kinematics problems
with linear displacement was tackled in your previous lessons. What other quantities played a key role in
linear displacement?

Angular Velocity
In linear motion, velocity (v) is defined as the rate of change of the object's position with respect to a
frame of reference and time that is, 𝑣 = ∆𝑥/∆𝑡

while acceleration (a) is the rate of change of velocity. In symbol, we have:

𝑎 = ∆𝑣/∆𝑡 ; 𝑎 = (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )/∆𝑡

In rotational motion, angular velocity (ω) is defined as the change in angular displacement (θ) per unit
of time (t). In symbol,

𝜔 = ∆𝜃/∆𝑡

The symbol ω is pronounced "omega" is used to denote angular velocity.

We usually describe the angular velocity as revolution per second (rev/sec, rps), or radian per second.
See Figure 1.3. You will often have to convert this number, since it is usually given as a frequency (revolutions
per time frame).

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Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

Figure 1.3 Angular Velocity

From linear velocity conversion, we have:

ω = v/r,
where:
ω is the angular velocity (rad/s),
v is the tangential velocity (m/s), and
r is the radius in circular path (meters).

Starting from angular velocity, let’s substitute the linear displacement for the angular displacement
we have:

As you can see, the tangential velocity (v) is directly proportional to the product of the angular velocity
and the radius of the moving object. This confirms your feeling when riding a merry-go-round. Thus, the
farther you are from the center, the faster you feel you are moving.

Sample Problems

1.) If an object travels around a circle with an angular displacement of 70.8 radians in 3.0 seconds, what is
its average angular velocity ω in (rd/s)?

Answer

Given: Δθ = 70.8 rd ; Δt = 3 s
Find: ω = ?

Solution: ω = Δθ / Δt = 70.8 rd / 3.0 s = 23.6 rd/s

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Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

2.) A bicycle wheel with a radius of 0.28 m starts from rest and accelerates at a rate of 3.5 rad/s2 for 8 s. What
is its final angular velocity?

Answer
Given: r = 0.28 m; α = 3.5 rd/s2 t=8s
Find: ω =?
Solution: From the equation α = ω / t, we can have
ω = αt = 3.5 rd/s2 (8s) = 28 rd/s

Angular Acceleration
If the angular velocity of the rotating object increases or decreases with time, we say that the object
experiences an angular acceleration, α. The angular acceleration of a rotating object is the rate at which the
angular velocity changes with respect to time. It is the change in the angular velocity, divided by the change
in time. The average angular acceleration is the change in the angular velocity, divided by the change in time.
The angular acceleration is a vector that points in a direction along the rotation axis. The magnitude of the
angular acceleration is given by the formula below. The unit of angular acceleration is radians/s 2.

In symbol,

Where:
α = angular acceleration, (radians/s2)
Δω = change in angular velocity (radians/s)
Δt = change in time (s)
ω1 = initial angular velocity (radians/s)
ω2= final angular velocity (radians/s)
t1 = initial time (s)
t2= final time (s).

The symbol α is pronounced "Alpha". The unit of measure is radian per second squared (rd/s 2).

All points in the object have the same angular acceleration. Every point on a rotating has, at any
instant a linear velocity (v) and a linear acceleration (a). Look at the illustration in Figure 1.4 below, we can
relate the linear quantities (v and a) to the angular quantities (ω and α). Linear velocity and angular velocity
are related since
v = rω
Where; v is the linear velocity,
r is the radius of the object, and
ω is the angular acceleration.

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Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

Figure 1.4 Relation of Linear Velocity and Angular Velocity:

Points farther than the axis of rotation will move faster (linear velocity) but the angular
velocity for all points is the same.

It is not only the point (we measure) move in that angular velocity. All points in the object rotate with
the same angular velocity. Every position in the object move through the same time interval. Conventionally,
object moving counterclockwise has a value of positive (+) angular acceleration, while the one moving the
clockwise direction has negative (-) value.

Angular acceleration occurs when the angular velocity changes over time. It acts in the direction of
rotation in a circular motion (not the same as centripetal acceleration). In this case, we must also introduce
tangential acceleration at, since the tangential velocity is changing. If there is angular acceleration, there will
also be tangential acceleration
𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑟𝛼 and 𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜔2 𝑟
where:
at is the tangential (linear) acceleration (m/s)
r is the radius of circular path (meters)
α is the angular acceleration;
ar is the radial (linear) acceleration (m/s);and
ω is the angular acceleration (rd/s2).

Sample Problems

1. A disc in a DVD player starts from rest, and when the user presses “Play”, it begins spinning..The disc is
spins at 160 radians/s after 4.0 s. What was the average angular acceleration of the disc?

Answer:
Given:
T1 = 0 T2= 4.0 s
ω1 = 0 ω2 =160 rd/s
Find:
Angular acceleration (α) =?
Solution:

Between the initial and final times, the average angular acceleration of the disc was 40.0 radians/s 2.
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Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)
2. A car tire is turning at a rate of 5.0 rd / sec as it travels along the road. The driver increases the car's
speed, and as a result, each tire's angular speed increases to 8.0 rd /sec in 6.0 sec. Find the angular
acceleration of the tire.

Answer:

Given: ω1 = 5.0 rd/s; ω2 = 8.o rd/s; Δt = 6.o s

Find: α=?

Solution:

α = Δω / Δt = (ω2 - ω1) /Δt = (8.0 rd/s - 5.0 rd/s ) / 6.0s = 0.50 rd/s2.

3. As a car starts accelerating ( from rest ) along a straight road at a rate of 2.4 m/s 2, each of its tires gains
an angular acceleration of 6.86 rd/s 2. Calculate (a) the radius of its tires, (b) the angular speed
of every particle of the tires after 3.0s, and (c) the angle every particle of its tires travels during the 3.0-
second period.

Answer:

Given: ω1 = 0 (from rest) at = 2.4 m/s2 α = 6.86 rd/s2 Δt = 3.0 s

Find: a) r b) ω2 c) θ

Solution:

a. ) From the equation

at = rα, we get r = at /α = [2.4 m/s2] / [6.86 rd/s2] = 0.35m

(b) From the equation

α = (ω2- ωi1)/Δt, we get

α Δt = ω2- ω1

ω2= ω1+ α Δt

ω2= 0 +(6.86rd/s2)(3.0s) = 21 rd/s.

(c) θ = (1/2)α t2 + ωi t = (1/2)( 6.86 rd/s2)(3.0s)2 + (0) (3.0s) = 31 rd.

Putting these definitions together, you observe a very strong parallel between translational
kinematic quantities and rotational kinematic quantities See Table 1.1 below.

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Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

Table 1.1a Symbols for Translational ang Angular Kinematics Quantities

Source:https://www.aplusphysics.com/courses/honors/rotation/honors_rot_kinematics.html

It’s quite straightforward to translate between translational and angular variables as well when you
know the radius (r) of the point of interest on a rotating object.

Table 1.2 Translational ang Angular Kinematics Quantities (if radius is given)
Source:https://www.aplusphysics.com/courses/honors/rotation/honors_rot_kinematics.html

The rotational kinematic equations (See table below) can be used the same way you used the
translational kinematic equations to solve problems. Once you know three of the kinematic variables, you
can always use the equations to solve for the other two.

Table 1.3 Translational and Rotational Kinematics Equations

Source:https://www.aplusphysics.com/courses/honors/rotation/honors_rot_kinematics.html
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Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

The above Kinematics equations allowed you to explore the relationship between displacement,
velocity, and acceleration. You can develop a corresponding set of relationships for angular displacement,
angular velocity, and angular acceleration. The equations follow the same form as the translational equations,
all you have to do is replace the translational variables with rotational variables.

Activity 2. Matched Me Right

Match column A with column B according to their meaning. Write the letter of your answer on the
space provided before each number.

Column A Column B (Term/s)

(Meaning/Definition)
___ 1. A measure of how angular velocity changes over time. A. Angular
___ 2. The imaginary or actual axis around which an object may rotate. position
___ 3.It is the change in linear velocity divided by time. B. Linear velocity
___ 4. It is half of the circle’s circumference C. Axis of
___ 5. The orientation of a body or figure with respect to a specified reference rotation
position as expressed by the amount of rotation necessary to change D. Tangential
from one orientation to the other about a specified axis. Acceleration
___ 6. The rate of rotation around an axis usually expressed in radian or E. Angular
revolutions per second or per minute. velocity
___ 7. A property of matter by which it remains at rest or in uniform motion in F. Kinematics
the same straight line unless acted upon by some external force. G. Angular
___ 8. Branch of dynamics that deals with aspects of motion apart from acceleration
considerations of mass and force. H. Radian
___ 9. It is the rate of change of the position of an object that is traveling along I. Angular
a straight path. displacement
___ 10. It is an angle whose corresponding arc in a circle is equal to the radius J. Radius
of the circle

Activity 3. Think Critically!

Solve the following in a clean sheet of paper. Show your solution and box your final answer.

1. Mark bought a pizza of a radius of 0.5 m. A fly lands on the pizza and walks around the edge for a
distance of 80 cm. Calculate the angular displacement of the fly?

2. What is the angular velocity of an object traveling in a circle of radius 0.75 m with a linear speed of
3.5 m/s?

3. What is the angular acceleration of a ball that starts at rest and increases its angular velocity uniformly
to 5 rad/s in 10 s?

Activity 4. Correct Me If I’m Wrong

Explain briefly. Write your answer in a separate paper.

1. Angular acceleration does not change with radius, but tangential acceleration does.
2. Differentiate angular acceleration from tangential (or linear) acceleration.
3. On a rotating carousel or merry-go-round, one child sits on a horse near the outer edge and another
child sits on a lion halfway out from the center. Which child has the greater linear velocity? Which
child has the greater angular velocity?

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Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS

Torque is a physical quantity closely related to rotation. It is the Force’s ability to cause an object to
rotate.
Perform the following tasks to have a preliminary observation on the relationship between torque to
the distance of application and angle of rotation. To do this, apply an estimated constant force to the labelled
points to rotate the object and rank the ease of rotation from easiest to hardest.

Ease of Rotation
Situation (Rank the Forces from easiest to hardest)
1st 2nd 3rd
A. Opening a Door

B. Removing a Bolt using a Wrench

C. Rotating A Blade

From the results obtained and observed, deduce the relationship of the following:

A. Torque vs. the Distance of Application

B. Torque vs. the Angle of Application

A. TORQUE (𝝉)

Have you ever wondered why doorknobs are situated at the opposite end of the hinges and not near
it? And why is it easier to use long-handled wrenches than the short-handled one in removing bolts? How
about doing an arm-wrestling with a longer-arm person? What do you think would be your chances of winning?

This lesson will enlighten you on the simple physics behind these things. With the understanding of
Torque, you will be able to answer these questions.
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Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

To understand this, let us imagine a door. The door

has hinges on one side. To successfully open the door, you
need to apply a force. This force will cause the door to rotate
about its hinges, or its axis of rotation. This rotation creates
Torque.

Torque, also called the Moment of Force, is the

result of the force that can cause an object to rotate about
an axis. It is a vector quantity. It is the cross product of the
vector Force and the distance from the axis of rotation.

Mathematically, 𝜏⃑ = 𝑟⃑ 𝑥 𝐹⃑
whose magnitude is equal to 𝜏 = 𝑟⊥ 𝐹
𝜏 = 𝑟𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
where 𝑟⊥ = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
And 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑟 and 𝐹
S.I. Unit: Nm

The direction of the torque may either be counterclockwise

(CCW) or clockwise (CW). By convention, we take the
counterclockwise direction to be positive and clockwise as negative.

From the equation, we see that the effect of the Force on the motion of the rotating body depends on
three factors as follows:

1. Magnitude of the Force

2. Lever Arm (Moment Arm) – perpendicular distance of the line of action to the axis of rotation
3. The angle between the Force vector and the lever arm

The torque increases as the force increases, and also as

the distance increases. That is why doorknobs are located at the
opposite end of the hinges. It is easier to open the door in this case
since small force is needed to cause torque to the door.

Sample Problems:

1. A Force of (4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ )𝑁 is applied at a point whose position vector is (7𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ )𝑚. Find the Torque
of force about the origin.

Solution:
𝐹⃑ = (4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ )𝑁
𝑟⃑ = (7𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ )𝑚
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜏⃑ = 𝑟⃑ 𝑥 𝐹⃑ = | 7 4 −2| = (20 − 6)𝑖̂ − (35 + 8)𝑗̂ + (−21 − 16)𝑘̂ = (14𝑖̂ − 43𝑗̂ − 37𝑘̂ )𝑁𝑚
4 −3 5

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Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)
2. A crane has an arm length of 20 m inclined at 30º with the vertical. It carries a container of mass of 2 ton
suspended from the top end of the arm. Find the torque produced by the gravitational force on the
container about the point where the arm is fixed to the crane.

[Given: 1 ton = 1000 kg; neglect the weight of the arm. g = 9.8 m/s2]

Solution:

𝜏 = 𝑟𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 where 𝐹 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔

= 𝑟(𝑚𝑔)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= (20𝑚)(2000𝑘𝑔)(9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 )(𝑠𝑖𝑛30)
𝜏 = 1.96𝑥105 𝑁𝑚

Note: 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑟 and 𝐹

3. Consider the door shown in the figure, which is seen from an aerial view. The circle on the left is the hinge
(pivot point).
a. Find the Net Torque acting on the door.
b. Which way will the door open, up or down?

Solution:

a. 𝜏𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝜏1 + 𝜏2 + 𝜏3 + 𝜏4
𝜏1 = 𝑟𝐹1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = (0)(60𝑁)𝑠𝑖𝑛90 = 0
𝜏2 = 𝑟𝐹2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = (0.20𝑚 )(50𝑁 )𝑠𝑖𝑛90 = 10𝑁𝑚
𝜏3 = 𝑟𝐹3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = (0.2𝑚 + 0.6𝑚 )(70𝑁)𝑠𝑖𝑛90 = 56𝑁𝑚
𝜏4 = 𝑟𝐹4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = (0.2𝑚 + 0.6𝑚 + 0.2𝑚 )(80𝑁)𝑠𝑖𝑛30 = 40𝑁𝑚

Before adding the torque, determine their corresponding direction according to the rotation of the door.
𝜏1 has no rotation since the torque is zero
𝜏2 and 𝜏4 : pulling the door upward would make it rotate in the CCW direction (+)
𝜏3 : pulling the door downward would make it rotate in the CW direction (-)

𝜏𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 0 + 10𝑁𝑚 + (−56𝑁𝑚 ) + 40𝑁𝑚 = −6𝑁𝑚

b. Since the result of the net torque is negative, this means that the door will rotate in the clockwise or
downward direction.
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Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

B. STATIC EQUILIBRIUM

Static equilibrium occurs when an object is at rest – neither rotating nor translating. It is analogous
to Newton’s 1st Law of motion for rotational system. An object which is not rotating remains not rotating unless
acted on by an external torque. Similarly, an object rotating at constant angular velocity remains rotating
unless acted on by an external torque.

For an object to maintain in static equilibrium, the following conditions must be met:

1. The net force acting on the object must be zero: ∑ 𝐹⃑ = 0

2. The net torque acting on the object must be zero: ∑ 𝜏 = 0

Applications of Static Equilibrium is constantly seen and observed around us. A common example of
balanced torques is two children on a see-saw. If the fulcrum is in the center of the see-saw, the two children
must have equal mass for it to be balanced. If the fulcrum is not in the center, their masses must vary to
create equal torques.

This topic will also help you understand important applications in the field of engineering such as
building bridges, the Physics behind crane towers and many more.

Sample Problems:

1. A 0.15kg meterstick is supported at the 50cm mark. A mass of 0.5kg is attached at the 80cm mark.
a. How much mass should be attached to the 40cm
mark to keep the meterstick horizontal?
b. Determine the supporting force from the fulcrum
on the meterstick.

Solution:
a. From the 2nd condition of Equilibrium:
∑𝜏 = 0 → 𝜏1 + 𝜏2 = 0
Where 𝜏1 is the torque caused by the force exerted by mass m
𝜏2 is the torque caused by the force exerted by the 0.5kg mass
Hanging mass m would cause the stick to rotate in the CCW direction, thus 𝜏1 is (+)
Hanging the 0.5kg-mass would cause the stick to rotate in the CW direction, thus 𝜏2 is (-)

∑ 𝜏 = 𝜏1 − 𝜏2 = 𝑟1 𝐹1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑟2 𝐹2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0 where 𝐹 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔

[(0.10𝑚)(𝑚)(9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛90] − [(0.30𝑚)(0.5𝑘𝑔)(9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛90] = 0

(0.98𝑚 2 /𝑠 2 )𝑚 − 1.47𝑁𝑚 = 0 →
1 𝑚 = 1.47𝑁𝑚/0.98𝑚 2 /𝑠 2 ) = 1.5𝑘𝑔
7
𝑚 = 1.5𝑘𝑔

14
Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

b. From the 1st condition of Equilibrium:

∑ 𝐹⃑ = 0 = ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹1 + ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹2 + ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹𝑚 + ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹𝑓 = 0

Where ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹1 = 𝑤 = 𝑚1 𝑔 is the downward force due to mass 𝑚1 = 1.5𝑘𝑔
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹2 = 𝑤 = 𝑚2 𝑔 is the downward force due to mass 𝑚2 = 0.5𝑘𝑔
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹𝑚 = 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔 is the downward force due to the mass of the meterstick
⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹𝑓 = is the upward force exerted by the fulcrum to support the weight of the meterstick and
masses
⃑⃑⃑⃑1 − ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
−𝐹 𝐹2 − ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹𝑚 + ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹𝑓 = 0 → ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹𝑓 = ⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹1 + ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹2 + ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹𝑚 = 𝑚1 𝑔 + 𝑚2 𝑔 + 𝑚𝑔
⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹𝑓 = (1.5𝑘𝑔)(9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 ) + (0.5𝑘𝑔)(9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 ) + (0.15𝑘𝑔)(9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 )
⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐹𝑓 = 21.07𝑁

2. A firefighter who weighs 800N climbs a uniform ladder and stops one-third of the way
up the ladder. The ladder is 5m long and weighs 180N. It rests againsts a vertical wall
making an angle 53º with the ground. Find the normal and the frictional forces on the
ladder at its base.

Solution:

We first contruct the Free-Body Diagram to identity the forces present.

Since the Normal Force is located at the y-axis, we get the net force
along this axis.

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑁 − 𝑊𝑝 − 𝑊𝑙 = 0
𝑁 = 𝑊𝑝 + 𝑊𝑙 = 800𝑁 + 180𝑁
𝑁 = 980𝑁

To solve the friction Force, we use get the net force along the x-
axis.
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐹−𝑓 = 0 → 𝐹=𝑓
To solve for F, we use the 2nd condition of equilibrium. ∑𝜏 = 0
𝜏𝑁 − 𝜏𝑊𝑝 − 𝜏𝑊𝑙 + 𝜏𝐹 = 0

𝑟𝑁 𝑁𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑟𝑤𝑝 𝑊𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑟𝑤𝑙 𝑊𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑟𝑓 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0

−𝑟𝑁 𝑁𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑟𝑤𝑝 𝑊𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑟𝑤𝑙 𝑊𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝐹=
𝑟𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

1
(0)(980𝑁𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) + ( ) (5𝑚 )(800𝑁)(𝑠𝑖𝑛37°) + (2.5𝑚 )(180𝑁)(𝑠𝑖𝑛37°)
𝐹= 3
(5𝑚 )𝑠𝑖𝑛53°

0 + 802.42𝑁𝑚 + 270.82𝑁𝑚
𝐹=
3.99𝑚

𝐹 = 268.98𝑁 = 𝑓
15
Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

C. WORK DONE BY A TORQUE

We have seen how Newton’s Laws of motion is similar to rotational motion. Newton’s Laws may be stated
in terms of rotational motion.

1st Law of Rotational Motion:

A body in motion at constant angular velocity will continue in motion at the same angular velocity,
unless acted upon by some unbalanced external torque.

2nd Law of Rotational Motion:

When an unbalanced external torque acts on a body with moment of inertia, I, it gives that body an
angular acceleration α, which is directly proportional to the torque and inversely proportional to the
moment of Inertia.

3rd Law of Rotational Motion:

If body A and body B have the same axis of rotation, and if body A exerts a torque on body B, then
body B exerts an equal but opposite torque on body A.

We can derive the equation of Torque in terms of the angular acceleration , 𝛼,from Newton’s 2nd Law of
Motion:
𝐹⃑ = 𝑚𝑎⃑ multiplying both sides with 𝑟
𝑟𝐹⃑ = 𝑟𝑚𝑎⃑ where 𝑟𝐹⃑ = 𝜏 and 𝑎 = 𝑟𝛼
𝜏 = (𝑟𝑚 )(𝑟𝛼)
𝜏 = 𝑚𝑟 2 𝛼 ; 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 2
𝜏 = 𝐼𝛼

Rotational Work

To calcula the work done by the torque, we derive it from the translational equation of Work.

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 where 𝑑 = 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 (𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑟𝜃 ; 𝐹𝑟 = 𝜏
𝑊 = 𝜏𝜃

Rotational Kinetic Energy

1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔 (𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
2
1 1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚(𝑟𝜔)2 = 𝑚𝑟 2 𝑣 2 ; 𝑚𝑟 2 = 𝐼
2 2
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔2
2

For vehicles such as cars and bicycles, the tires exert rotational and translational kinetic energy. Thus, the
total kinetic energy is equal to:
1 1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝐼𝜔2
2 2

Angular Momentum

Angular momentum is a quantity that tells us how hard it is to change the rotational motion of a
particular spinning body. For a single particle with known momentum. The angular momentum can be
calculated using the relationship:
16
Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

𝐿=𝑟𝑥𝑝
Where 𝐿 is the angular momentum of the object;
𝑟 is the distance of the particle from the point of rotation and
𝑝 is the linear momentum

𝐿 = 𝑟 𝑥 (𝑚𝑣) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔
𝐿 = 𝑟 𝑥 (𝑚 )(𝑟𝜔) = 𝑚𝑟 2 𝜔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑟 2 = 𝐼

Therefore: 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔

The higher the angular momentum of the object, the harder it is to stop. Objects with higher angular
momentum have greater orientational stability. That is why in riding a bicycle, if you are going faster, you will
not fall ober easily as when you are going slower.

Conservation of Momentum:

“The momentum of a system will not change unless an external torque is applied.”

𝐿𝑓 = 𝐿𝑖 (𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚)

17
Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

Sample Problems:

1. Janelle uses a 20cm long wrench to tighten a nut. The wrench

handle is tilted 30º above the horizontal and Janelle pulls straight
down on the end with a force of 100N. How much torque does
Janelle exert on the nut?

Solution:

𝜏 = 𝑟𝐹⊥ = 𝑟𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜏 = (0.20𝑚 )(100𝑁)(𝑠𝑖𝑛60°) = 17.3𝑁𝑚

2. A flywheel of mass 182kg has a radius of 0.62m (assume the flywheel is a hoop).
a. What is the torque required to bring the flywheel from rest to a speed of 120rpm in an interval of
30 sec?
b. How much work is done in this 30-sec period?

Solution
a. 𝜏 = 𝑟𝐹 = 𝑟(𝑚𝑎) = 𝑟𝑚(𝑟𝛼 ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼 = (∆𝜔/∆𝑡)
∆𝜔 𝜔𝑓−𝜔𝑖 𝜔𝑓
𝜏 = 𝑚𝑟 2 ( ∆𝑡 ) = 𝑚𝑟 2 ( ∆𝑡 ) = 𝑚𝑟 2 ( ∆𝑡 ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜔𝑖 = 0 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡)
𝑟𝑎𝑑
12.57
𝑠
𝜏 = (182𝑘𝑔)(0.62𝑚 ) [ 30𝑠
] = 29.31𝑁𝑚

Rememeber to be consistent with the units.

Conversion of the angular velocity 𝜔 in 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐:

𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜔𝑓 = (120 )( )( ) = 12.57 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 60𝑠𝑒𝑐

b. 𝑊 = 𝜏𝜃 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑎𝑣𝑒 ∆𝑡
𝜔𝑖 + 𝜔𝑓 12.57𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠)
𝑊 = 𝜏( ) ∆𝑡 = (29.31𝑁𝑚 ) ( ) (30𝑠) = 5,526.4𝐽
2 2

3. A 1.20kg disk with a radius of 10.0 cm rolls without slipping. The linear speed of the disk is 1.41m/s.
a. Find the translational KE.
b. Find the rotational KE.
c. Find the total kinetic energy.

Solution:
1 1
a. 𝐾𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 = 2 (1.20𝑘𝑔)(1.41𝑚/𝑠)2 = 1.19𝐽
1 1 1 𝑣 2 1 1
b. 𝐾𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 2 𝐼𝜔2 = 2 (2 𝑚𝑟 2 ) (𝑟 ) = 4 𝑚𝑣 2 = 4 (1.20𝑘𝑔)(1.41𝑚/𝑠)2 = 0.596𝐽
c. 𝐾𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝐾𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 + 𝐾𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 1.19𝐽 + 0.596𝐽 = 1.79𝐽

18
Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)
4. A bowling ball that has an 11cm radius and a 7.2kg mass is
rolling without slipping at 2.0m/s on a horizontal ball return. It
continues to roll without slipping up a hill to a height h before
momentarily coming to rest and then rolling back down the
hill. Model the bowling ball as uniform sphere and calculate h.

Solution:

Since the problem involves the presence of kinetic 𝐾, and potential energy 𝑈, we use the conservation
of mechanical energy to calculate h.

∆𝐸 = 0 → 𝐸𝑓 − 𝐸𝑖 = 0 → 𝐸𝑓 = 𝐸𝑖

where 𝐸𝑖 = 𝐾𝑖 + 𝑈𝑖 and 𝐸𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 + 𝑈𝑓

𝐾𝑓 + 𝑈𝑓 = 𝐾𝑖 + 𝑈𝑖
1 1 1
𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑓 + 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑖 + 𝑚𝑣𝑖2 + 𝐼𝜔2 ; 𝑣𝑓 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑖 = 0
2 2 2
1 1 2
𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑓 + 0 = 0 + 2 𝑚𝑣𝑖2 + 2 𝐼𝜔2 ; 𝐼𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 5 𝑚𝑟 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜔 = 𝑣/𝑟

1 1 2 𝑣 1 1
2 𝑚𝑣𝑖2 + 2 (5 𝑚𝑟 2 )(𝑟 )2 2 𝑚𝑣𝑖2 + 5 𝑚𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 = =
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔

1 2.0𝑚 2 1 2.0𝑚 2
(7.2𝑘𝑔) ( ) + (7.2𝑘𝑔)(
2 𝑠 5 𝑠 )
ℎ𝑓 = = 0.29𝑚
9.8𝑚
(7.2𝑘𝑔)( 2 )
𝑠

5. An ice skater with a moment of inertia of 1.2kg.m 2 initially spins at a rate

of 1 revolution every 0.8seconds, when her arms and one leg are
extended outward.
a. Find her angular speed
b. Find her angular momentum.
c. When she pulls her arms and legs inward, her moment of inertia
changes to 0.9kg.m2. Find her angular speed.

Solution:

2𝜋 2𝜋
a. 𝜔 = 𝑇
= 0.8𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 7.85𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
7.85𝑟𝑎𝑑
b. 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔 = (1.2𝑘𝑔𝑚 2 ) ( ) = 9.42𝑘𝑔. 𝑚 2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑠𝑒𝑐
c. 𝐿𝑓 = 𝐿𝑖 (𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚)
𝐼𝑖 𝜔 𝑖 9.42𝑘𝑔.𝑚 2/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐼𝑓 𝜔𝑓 = 𝐼𝑖 𝜔𝑖 → 𝜔𝑓 = 𝐼𝑓
= 0.9𝑘𝑔𝑚 2
= 10.47𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

19
Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

Activity 5. Torque Challenge!

Direction.Copy the figure in a separate paper and calculate the mass of each item. Show your solutions.

20
Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

Activity 6. Solve This!

Direction. Solve the following problems in a separate paper. Show your solutions systematically and clearly.

1. A 400.0-N sign hangs from the end of a uniform strut. The strut is 4.0 m long
and weighs 600.0 N. The strut is supported by a hinge at the wall and by a
cable whose other end is tied to the wall at a point 3.0 m above the left end of
the strut. Find the tension in the supporting cable and the force of the hinge on
the strut.

2. A cylinder of mass m and radius R has a moment

1
of inertia of 2 𝑚𝑟 2. The cylinder is released from
rest at a height ℎ on an inclined plane, and rolls
down the plane without slipping. What is the
velocity of the cylinder when it reaches the bottom
of the incline?

3. A uniform solid cylinder, sphere, and hoop roll without slipping from rest at the top of an incline. Find out
which object would reach the bottom first.

21
Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

Activity 7. It’s undersTORQUEable!

From the lessons learned, list down 3 sports/events that utilizes the concept of Torque and briefly explain
how this concept is used.

Sports/Events Torque Concept

1.

2.

3.

SUMMARY

Rotational Kinematics

Angular Displacement θ is the ratio of the arc length (s) to the radius (r) of the circle. Mathematically, 𝜃 = 𝑠/𝑟
Angular velocity (ω) is defined as the change in angular displacement (θ) per unit of time (t). In symbol, 𝜔 =
∆𝜃 𝑣
∆𝑡
=𝑟
The angular acceleration of a rotating object is the rate at which the angular velocity changes with respect to
time and is given by the equation 𝛼 = ∆𝜔/∆𝑡.
If there is angular acceleration, there will also be tangential acceleration
𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑟𝛼 and 𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜔2 𝑟
Analogy between Rotational and Translational Kinematics

22
Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

Rotational Dynamics

Torque, also called the Moment of Force, is the result of the force that can cause an object to rotate about
an axis. It is a vector quantity. It is the cross product of the vector Force and the distance from the axis of
rotation. Mathematically,𝜏 = 𝑟𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
The Torque is dependent on the following factors:

1. Magnitude of the Force

2. Lever Arm (Moment Arm) – perpendicular distance of the line of action to the axis of rotation
3. The angle between the Force vector and the lever arm

Static equilibrium occurs when an object is at rest – neither rotating nor translating.
For an object to maintain in static equilibrium, the following conditions must be met:

1. The net force acting on the object must be zero: ∑ 𝐹⃑ = 0

2. The net torque acting on the object must be zero: ∑ 𝜏 = 0

To calcula the work done by the torque, we derive it from the translational equation of Work and is equal to
𝑊 = 𝜏𝜃
1
The Rotational Energy is given by: 𝐾𝐸 = 2 𝐼𝜔2

For motion involving rotarional and translational kinetic energy, the total energy is equal to the sum of the
1 1
two energies. Mathematically, 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝐼𝜔2
2 2

Angular momentum is a quantity that tells us how hard it is to change the rotational motion of a particular
spinning body. 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔 where I is the moment of inertia of the object.
Conservation of Momentum:

“The momentum of a system will not change unless an external torque is applied.”

𝐿𝑓 = 𝐿𝑖 (𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚)

23
Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

Post-test. Multiple Choice. Answer the question that follows. Choose the best answer from the given choices.

1. Why are you more stable when riding a bicycle at a faster speed?
A) You have more mass B) The wheels have angular momentum
C) It's not easier to ride at a faster speed D) The bike has more momentum

2. What does the rotational inertia describe?

A) The average position of mass in an extended object.
B) How the mass of an object is distributed
C) How a force can rotate an object.
D) The tendency of an object to move in a straight line.

3. 2600 rev/min is equivalent to which of the following?

A) 2600 rad/s B) 43.3 rad/s C) 273 rad/s D) 60 rad/s

4. A 0.12-m-radius grinding wheel takes 5.5 s to speed up from 2.0 rad/s to 11.0 rad/s. What is the wheel's
average angular acceleration?
A) 9.6 rad/s/s B) 4.8 rad/s/s C) 3.1 rad/s/s D) 1.6 rad/s/s

5. Suppose you are rotating in a chair with 2 equal masses held in each outstretched hand and you drop
them. What happens to your angular velocity?
A) Increase B) Decrease C) Stays the same D) Is lost

6. When seen from below, the blades of a ceiling fan are seen to be revolving anticlockwise and their speed
is decreasing. Select correct statement about the directions of its angular velocity and angular
acceleration.
A) Angular velocity upwards, angular acceleration downwards
B) Angular velocity downwards, angular acceleration upwards
C) Both angular velocity and angular acceleration upwards
D) Both angular velocity and angular acceleration downwards
24
Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)
7. You exert a force on a friend who is holding a 4.0-m-long rope. Now suppose you exert the same force
on your friend, but the friend is holding an 8.0-m-long rope. How will this affect the rotational acceleration?
A) It will be quartered B) It will be halved C) It will double D) It will quadruple

8. The figure shows scale drawings of four objects, each of the same mass and uniform thickness, with the
mass distributed uniformly. Which one has the greatest
moment of inertia when rotated about an axis
perpendicular to the plane of the drawing at point P?
A B C D

9. A person sits on a freely spinning lab stool that has no friction in its axle. When this person extends her
arms,
A) Her moment of inertia increases and her angular speed decreases.
B) Her moment of inertia decreases and her angular speed increases.
C) Her moment of inertia increases and her angular speed increases.
D) Her moment of inertia increases and her angular speed remains the same.

10. What is the rotational kinetic energy of the cylinder at t = 2 s?

A) 2.0J B) 2.5J C) 5.0J D) It cannot be determined without knowing the radius

11. A force of magnitude, F is applied to a doorknob and a second force of magnitude, 2F is applied to the
same door at the middle of the door. Both forces are perpendicular to the door plane. Which of the
following is the correct ratio between the torque of the first force and the torque of the second force?
A) 1:2 B) 1:1 C) 2:1 D) 4:1

12. A 4.0-kg block travels around a 0.50-m radius circle with an angular velocity of 12 rad/s. Its angular
momentum about the center of the circle is:
A) 12 kg.m2 /s B) 24 kg.m2 /s C) 48 kg.m2 /s D) 6 kg.m2 /s

13. A solid sphere rolling without slipping down an incline has:

A) rotational kinetic energy B) constant angular momentum
C) zero external torques D) translational kinetic energy

14. A seesaw with mass x is perfectly balanced with a fulcrum in the center. If mass x changes uniformly does
the net torque change?
A) Yes, because the Gravitational force increases with more mass, and torque is related to Force
B) No, because the net torque is still zero despite increases in one of the individual components.
C) No, because it is balanced that means net torque is zero, a uniform increase in weight keeps it
balanced keeping net torque at zero
D) Yes, any increase in weight will increase torque

15. You apply force to a wrench to tighten a bolt. The wrench breaks in half. Select the best answer for what
happens next. Assume the force applied remains constant.
A) The torque is now half of what it was, because torque and distance are inversely proportional
B) The torque is now half of what it was, because torque and distance are directly proportional
C) The torque is now double of what it was, because torque and distance are inversely proportional
D) The torque is now double of what it was, because torque and distance are directly proportional

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Worksheet in Gen. Physics 1 (Week 11; 2nd Quarter)

16. A construction worker is worried about applying too much torque to a bolt using his wrench. What could
he do to reduce his torque on the bolt?
A) Increase the length of the wrench B) Increase the force on wrench
C) Reduce the length of the wrench D) Reduce the friction between the bolt and wrench

17. Which has greater linear speed, a horse near the outside rail of a merry-go-round or a horse near the
inside rail? A) the inside horse B) the outside horse C) Neither

18. Which force produces the greatest torque?

A) 20N with a lever arm of 1m B) 15N with a lever arm of 3m
C) 10 N with a lever arm of 4m D) 8N with a lever arm of 5m

19. A meter stick is balanced. If a 0.5 kg mass is fastened 0.3 m to the left of the fulcrum and a 0.6 kg mass
is fastened 0.25 m to the right of the fulcrum, the meterstick will...
A) rotate counterclockwise (left) B) rotate clockwise (right)
C) remain in balance D) move up and down

20. Which of these objects is in static equilibrium?

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