Refrigeration
Refrigeration
Refrigeration
Refrigeration
Ahmad Zaki Mubarok
Department of Agricultural Product Technology
Brawijaya University
Introduction
The preservation of food by refrigeration
is based on a very general principle in
physical chemistry: molecular mobility is
depressed and consequently chemical
reactions and biological processes are
slowed down at low temperature.
EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
VALVE
EVAPORATOR
COMPONENT OF A REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
CONDENSOR
EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
VALVE
EVAPORATOR
EVAPORATOR
C. Condensor
(1) Where the heat is transferred
from the refrigerant to another
medium (air or water)
(2) When this happens, the
refrigerant decreases in
temperature and condenses.
COMPONENT OF A REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
CONDENSOR
EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
VALVE
EVAPORATOR
D. Expansion valve
(1) Where the flow of liquid refrigerant is controlled
(2) When this happens, the evaporator receives a
constant supply of refrigerant.
REFRIGERANT
d b
EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
VALVE
a
e EVAPORATOR
P (kPa)
P1 d b
P2 e a
Diagram P-H
H1 H2 H3
Enthalpy (H; kJ/kg)
MECHANISM
c
CONDENSOR
c
P (kPa)
P1 d b
d b
EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
VALVE P2 e a
a
e EVAPORATOR
H1 H2 H3
P (kPa)
P1 d b
d b
EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
VALVE a P2 a
e
EVAPORATOR
e
H1 H2 H3
Location c :
Enthalpy (H; kJ/kg)
- compressed gas enters the condenser
- the condensing temperature must be higher than
that of an easily available heat sink, e.g., ambient
air, water, etc.
- the refrigerant gas discharges latent heat of
condensation to the heat sink and changes phase to
liquid.
MECHANISM
CONDENSOR
c
c
P (kPa)
P1 d b
d b
EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
VALVE a P2 e a
EVAPORATOR
e
H1 H2 H3
Location d : Enthalpy (H; kJ/kg)
- refrigerant in a saturated liquid state
- expansion valve separates high pressure as
refrigerant passes through the expansion valve the
sudden decrease in pressure causes some of the
refrigerant to change into gas
MECHANISM
CONDENSOR
c
c
P (kPa)
P1 d b
d b
EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
VALVE a P2 e a
EVAPORATOR
e
H1 H2 H3
P (kPa)
P1 d b
P2 e a
• The refrigerant flow rate depends upon the totalEnthalpy (H; kJ/kg)
cooling load on the system and the amount of heat
that refrigerant can absorb
COMPRESSOR
P (kPa)
P1 d c b
CONDENSER
P (kPa)
P1 d c b
EVAPORATOR
P (kPa)
P1 d c b
COEFFICIENT PERFORMANCE
𝑯𝑷 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏𝟓
=
𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒓 𝜸(𝑪𝑶𝑷ሻ
𝑪𝒑
𝜸=
𝑪𝒗
12.3
Constant temp line
133
e a
12.3
32 74
d b
133
Condenser
Expansion
valve
e a
12.3
32 74 94
For Freon 12
133 d c
P1 b
P (psia)
T = -30oF (-34oC) → P= 12.3 psia (85 kPa)
T = 100oF (37.8oC) → P=133 psia (910 kPa)
12.3
P2 e a
H1 = 32 btu/lb (74 kJ/kg)
H2 = 74 btu/lb (172 kJ/kg)
H3 = 94 btu/lb (218 kJ/kg)
32 74 94
Note:
Refrigerant capacity (heat/kg refrigerant):
1 psia = 6.89 kPA
H2 – H1 = (172 – 74) kJ/kg = 98 kJ/kg = 98,000 J/kg
1 btu = 1.055 kJ
1 lb = 0.454 kg
For Freon 12
COP = (H2-H1)/(H3-H2)
133 d c = (172 - 74)/(218 - 172)
P1 b
P (psia)
= 2.1
12.3
P2 e a HP per ton refrigerant:
= Cp/Cv for R-12 = 1.14
HP/(ton) = 4.715/(COP)
32 74 94
= 4.715/(1.14)(2.1) = 1.97
Enthalpy (H; btu/lb)
The refrigeration capacity is expressed in tons of refrigeration, the rate of heat removal
sufficient to freeze 1 ton (2000 lb) of water in 24 hours. Because the heat of fusion of
water is 144 BTU/lb, this rate of heat removal is equivalent to 12,000 BTU/h.
3517 J/s
= = 0.0359 kg/s
98000 J/kg
= 129 kg refrigerant/hour
Freezing time
Freezing time: time required to lower the temperature of a food
from an initial value to a predetermined final temperature at the
thermal center.
Freezing time depends on:
Size and shape of the product
Thermal conductivity of the food material
Area of the food available for heat transfer
Surface heat transfer coefficient of the medium
Temperature difference between the food and freezing medium
Type of packaging film in the case of packaged foods
PERHITUNGAN WAKTU PEMBEKUAN
Ti Ti
q q
L
GENERAL PLANCK'S EQUATION
rf l f RL 2
PL
= +
( f - i ) f
tf
T T k h
Where:
Infinite slab Sphere Infinite cylinder Cube
P 1/2 1/6 1/4 1/8
R 1/8 1/24 1/6 1/24
L Thickness Diameter Diameter Edge
a : dimensi terpendek
c : dimensi terpanjang
b c 2 = c/a
a 1 = b/a
Lihat chart/diagram :
dengan diketahui nilai 2 dan 1 maka
dapat dibaca nilai P dan R
P dan R untuk digunakan dalam persamaan
Plank untuk produk berbentuk balok (brick-
shape)
Contoh Soal
= 23.11 kJ/W
= 23110 s
= 6.4 h