Edwin Powell Hubble: National Academy of Sciences
Edwin Powell Hubble: National Academy of Sciences
E d w i n p o w e l l H u bb l e
1889—1953
A Biographical Memoir by
N. U. Mayall
Biographical Memoir
Copyright 1970
national academy of sciences
washington d.c.
EDWIN POWELL HUBBLE
November 20,1889-September 28,1953
BY N. U. MAYALL
RESUME OF RESEARCH
SCIENTIFIC WORK
BIBLIOGRAPHY
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
Am. Astron. Soc. Publ. = American Astronomical Society Publications
Astrophys. J. = Astrophysical Journal
Carnegie Inst. Wash. News Serv. Bull. = Carnegie Institution of Washing-
ton News Service Bulletin
Contrib. Mt. Wilson Obs. = Contributions from the Mount Wilson
Observatory
Leaflet Astron. Soc. Pacific = Leaflet of the Astronomical Society of
the Pacific
Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. = Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Society
Mt. Wilson Obs. Commun. = Mount Wilson Observatory Communica-
tions
Mt. Wilson Palomar Obs. Reprint = Mount Wilson and Palomar
Observatories Reprint
Popular Astron. = Popular Astronomy
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. = Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences
Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific = Publications of the Astronomical Society
of the Pacific
Sci. Monthly = Scientific Monthly
Smithsonian Inst. Ann. Rept. = Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report
1916
Twelve faint stars with sensible proper-motions. Astronomical
Journal, 29:168-69.
The variable nebula N.G.C. 2261. Astrophys. J., 44:190-97.
Changes in the form of the nebula N.G.C. 2261. Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci., 2:230-31.
1917
Recent changes in the variable nebula N.G.C. 2261. Astrophys.
J., 45:351-53.
1920
The spectrum of N.G.C. 1499. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 32:
155-56.
The planetary nebula I.C. 2003. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 32:161.
Twelve new variable stars. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 32:161-62.
EDWIN POWELL HUBBLE 209
Photographic investigations of faint nebulae. (Ph.D. Dissertation.)
Publications of the Yerkes Observatory, 4:69-85.
With Frederick H. Seares. The color of the nebulous stars. As-
trophys. J., 52:8-22; Contrib. Mt. Wilson Obs., 9:273-88.
1921
Twelve new planetary nebulae. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 33:
174-76.
1922
A general study of diffuse galactic nebulae. Astrophys. J., 56:
162-99; Contrib. Mt. Wilson Obs., 11:217-54.
The source of luminosity in galactic nebulae. Astrophys. J., 56:
400-38; Contrib. Mt. Wilson Obs., 11:397-436.
With Knut Lundmark. Nova Z Centauri (1895) and N.G.C. 5253.
Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 34:292-93.
1923
Density distribution in the photographic images of elliptical
nebulae. Am. Astron. Soc. Publ., 5:63; Popular Astron., 31:
644. (A)
Messier 87 and Belanowsky's Nova. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific,
35:261-63.
1924
Cepheids in spiral nebulae. Am. Astron. Soc. Publ., 5:261-64. (A)
1925
N.G.C. 6822, a remote stellar system. Astrophys. J., 62:409-33;
Contrib. Mt. Wilson Obs., 14:1-26.
Cepheids in spiral nebulae. Observatory, 48:139-42; Popular As-
tron., 33: 252-55; Science, 61:278-79. (A)
1926
A spiral nebula as a stellar system: Messier 33. Astrophys. J.,
63:236-74; Contrib. Mt. Wilson Obs., 14:83-122.
Extra-galactic nebulae. Astrophys. J., 64:321-69; Contrib. Mt. Wil-
son Obs., 14:379-428.
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1932
Nebulous objects in Messier 31 provisionally identified as globular
clusters. Astrophys. J., 76:44-69; Contrib. Mt. Wilson Obs., 20:
81-106.
The surface brightness of threshold images. Astrophys. J., 76:
106-16; Contrib. Mt. Wilson Obs., 20:107-18.
The distribution of extra-galactic nebulae. Science, 75:24-25.
1934
The distribution of extra-galactic nebulae. Astrophys. J., 79:8-76;
Contrib. Mt. Wilson Obs., 21:139-208.
Red-Shifts in the Spectra of Nebulae. (Halley Lecture, 1934.)
Oxford, The Clarendon Press. 17 pp.
The award of the Bruce Gold Medal to Professor Alfred Fowler.
Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 46:87-93.
The realm of the nebulae. Sci. Monthly, 39:193-202.
With Milton L. Humason. The velocity-distance relation for
isolated extragalactic nebulae. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 20:264-
68; Mt. Wilson Obs. Commun., No. 116.
1935
Angular rotations of spiral nebulae. Astrophys. J., 81:334-35;
Contrib. Mt. Wilson Obs., 22:191-92.
With Richard C. Tolman. Two methods of investigating the
nature of nebular red-shift. Astrophys. J., 82:302-37; Contrib.
Mt. Wilson Obs., 22:391-426.
1936
The luminosity function of nebulae. I. The luminosity of resolved
nebulae as indicated by their brightest stars. Astrophys. J.,
84:158-79; Contrib. Mt. Wilson Obs., 23:279-300.
212 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
The luminosity function of nebulae. II. The luminosity function
as indicated by residuals in velocity-magnitude relations. As-
trophys. J., 84:270-95; Contrib. Mt. Wilson Obs., 23:301-26.
Effects of red shifts on the distribution of nebulae. Astrophys.
J., 84:517-54; Contrib. Mt. Wilson Obs., 23:445-82.
Ways of science. Occidental College Bulletin, n.s., Vol. 14, No. 1.
Effects of red shifts on the distribution of nebulae. Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci., 22:621-27; Mt. Wilson Obs. Commun., No. 120.
The Realm of the Nebulae. (Silliman Lectures.) New Haven, Yale
University Press, xii + 210 pp.
With Glenn Moore. A super-nova in the Virgo Cluster. Publ.
Astron. Soc. Pacific, 48:108-10.
1937
Red shifts and the distribution of nebulae. Monthly Notices Roy.
Astron. Soc, 97:506-13.
Observational Approach to Cosmology. (Rhodes Memorial Lec-
tures, 1936.) Oxford, The Clarendon Press, vi + 68 pp.
Our sample of the universe. Sci. Monthly, 45:481-93; Carnegie
Institution of Washington Supplementary Publication, No. 33,
pp. 1-13.
1938
Adventures in cosmology. Leaflet Astron. Soc. Pacific, 3:120-23.
The nature of the nebulae. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 50:97-110.
Das Reich de Nebel. Braunschweig, Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn.
x + 192 pp.
Explorations in the realm of the nebulae. In: Cooperation in
Research, pp. 91-102. Washington, D.C., Carnegie Institution of
Washington.
1939
The nature of the nebulae. Smithsonian Inst. Ann. Rept., 1938,
pp. 137-48.
Barred spirals. Am. Astron. Soc. Publ., 9:249-50. (A)
The motion of the galactic system among the nebulae. Journal
of the Franklin Institute, 228:131-42.
Points of view: experiment and experience. Huntington Library
Quarterly, 2(3):243-50.
EDWIN POWELL HUBBLE 218
With Walter Baade. The new stellar systems in Sculptor and
Fornax. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 51:40-44; Mount Wilson
Observatory Reprint, No. 160.
1940
Problems of nebular research. Sci. Monthly, 51:391-408.
1941
Supernovae. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific, 53:141-54.
The role of science in a liberal education. In: The University
and the Future of America, pp. 137-55. Stanford, Stanford
University Press.
With Nicholas U. Mayall. The direction of rotation of spiral
nebulae. Science, 93:434. (A)
1942
The problem of the expanding universe. American Scientist, 30:
99-115; Science, 95:212-15. (A)
The problem of the expanding universe. In: Science in Progress,
3d Ser., ed. by E. O. Lawrence et al., pp. 22-44. New Haven,
Yale University Press.
1943
The problem of the expanding universe. Smithsonian Inst. Ann.
Rept, 1942, pp. 119-32.
The direction of rotation in spiral nebulae. Astrophys. J., 97:112-
18; Contrib. Mt. Wilson Obs., 27:225-32.
The problem of the expanding universe. Sci. Monthly, 56:15-30.
1945
The exploration of space. In: The Scientists Speak, ed. by Warren
Weaver, pp. 37-40. New York, Boni & Baer.
1946
The exploration of space. Popular Astron., 54:183-86.
1947
The 200-inch telescope and some problems it may solve. Publ.
Astron. Soc. Pacific, 59:153-67.
214 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1948
The greatest of all telescopes. Listener, Vol. 15, No. 1025.
1949
First photographs with the 200-inch Hale Telescope. Publ. Astron.
Soc. Pacific, 61:121-24.
Five historic photographs from Palomar. Scientific American, 181
(5): 32-39.
1950
The 200-inch telescope and some problems it may solve. Smith-
sonian Inst. Ann. Rept, 1949, pp. 175-88.
Fotografias historicas del Cielo tomadas en el Observatorio Palo-
mar. Boletin de Ciencia y Technologia, No. 2, pp. 23-31.
1951
Explorations in space: the cosmological program for the Palomar
Telescope. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,
95(5):461-70; Mt. Wilson Palomar Obs. Reprint, No. 55.
1953
With Allan Sandage. The brightest variable stars in extragalactic
nebulae. I. M31 and M33. Astrophys. J., 118:353-61; Mt.
Wilson Palomar Obs. Reprint, No. 107.
1954
The Nature of Science and Other Lectures. San Marino, California,
The Huntington Library. 83 pp.
The law of red-shifts. (The George Darwin Lecture.) Monthly
Notices Roy. Astron. Soc, 113:658-66; Mt. Wilson Palomar
Obs. Reprint, No. 131.
1958
The Realm of the Nebulae. New York, Dover Publications, Inc.
207 pp.