9

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Quantum Mechanical Model
of the Atom
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written in order to help you understand the
concept of Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom.

The activities in this module will enable you to describe how it is likely to find
electrons in an atom by probability, write electron configurations of different
elements, and allow you to determine the patterns and rules in electron
configuration.

At the end of this module, it is expected that you will learn to:

1. Explain how the Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom describes the
energies and positions of the electrons (S9MT-IIa-22).
a. describe quantum mechanical model;
b. determine the relationship between principal energy level, sublevel,
orbital and how they relate to the number of electrons of an atom;
c. write the electron configuration of elements and determine the rules in
filling up orbitals.
 Lesson

1 Quantum Mechanical Model

All the things that we know about the structure of atoms has been developed
over a long period of time. In the past, before we properly understood the structure
of the atom, scientists came up with lots of different models or pictures to describe
what atom look like. Nowadays, we know that atoms are made up of positively
charged nucleus in the center surrounded by negatively charged electrons.

In this module, you will explain how the quantum mechanical model of the
atom describes the energies and positions of the electrons. You will also able to
describe the inter-relationships between principal energy level, sublevel, orbital, and
how they relate to the number of electrons of an atom, write the electron
configuration of different elements, and determine the rules in filling up orbitals.

What’s In

In the past, you have learned that particles of matter like atoms are composed
of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Let us now review the atomic structure of some
common elements.

Activity 2: Complete chart below using what you know about atoms.

Element Element Atomic Atomic No. of No. of No. of Group Period

Name Symbol Number Mass Protons Neutro Electro No. No.
ns ns

Aluminum 13 14

3 7

Ca 40 20

12 12

Ag 47 61
 The structure of atom is distinct from other kind of atoms. Elements are
composed of atoms and these elements are arranged in the periodic table which can
be used as a tool in determining the properties of elements. Now that you are already
familiar with the atomic structure, we are going to learn the present model of the
atom, which is called the quantum mechanical model of the atom.

Notes to the Teacher

This module will prepare the learners to explain how the Quantum Mechanical
Model of the atom describes the energies and positions of the electrons.

What’s New

Activity 3:

Study the pictures and choose the correct answer in the box below.

1. 2.

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61&Pauli-exclusion-principle 61&Pauli-exclusion-principle

3. 4.

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https://gamesmartz.com/definitions?definition=73
61&Pauli-exclusion-principle
61&Pauli-exclusion-principle
 5. 6.

https://gamesmartz.com/definitions?definition=73
https://gamesmartz.com/definitions?definition=73
61&Pauli-exclusion-principle
61&Pauli-exclusion-principle

Aufbau Principle Sublevel

Uncertainty Principle Quantum Mechanical Model
Principal Energy Level Atomic orbital
Pauli Exclusion Principle Electron configuration

What is It

What is Quantum Mechanical Model? Who proposed the Quantum

Mechanical Model of an Atom? What is the inter-relationship between principal
energy level, sublevel, orbital and electron? Do you know how to write the electron
configuration of elements?

Three physicists led the development of a better model of an atom known as

Quantum Mechanical Model. These were Louie de Broglie, Erwin Schrodinger and
Werner Karl Heisenberg. De Broglie proposed that the electron (which is thought of
as a particle) could also be thought of as a wave. Schrodinger used this idea to
develop a mathematical equation to describe the hydrogen atom. Heisenberg
discovered that for a very small particle like the electron, its location cannot be
exactly known and how it is moving. This is called uncertainty principle.

Instead, these scientists believed that there is only a probability that the
electron can be found in a certain volume in space around the nucleus. This volume
or region of space around the nucleus where the electron is most likely to be found
is called an atomic orbital. Thus, we could only guess the most probable location of
the electron at a certain time to be within a certain volume of space surrounding the
nucleus.
 The quantum mechanical model of the atom comes from the mathematical
solution to the Schrodinger equation. The quantum mechanical model views an
electron as a cloud of negative charge having a certain geometrical shape. This model
shows how likely an electron could be found in various locations around the nucleus.
However, the model does not give any information about how the electron moves from
one position to another.

Figure 1: Probability distributions for 1s, 2s, 3s orbitals. Greater color

intensity indicates regions where electrons are more likely to exist.
Nodes indicate regions where an electron has zero probability of being
found. Image credit: UCDavis Chemwiki, CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 US

Figure 1 shows that the greater color intensity an area has, the greater is the
probability of finding electrons in that area. The quantum mechanical model also
gives information about the energy of the electron. The model also describes the
region of space around the nucleus as consisting of shells. These shells are also
called principal or main energy levels. The principal energy levels or shells may have
one or more sublevels. These sublevels are assigned with letters: s, p, d, f, g, h and i
as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Principal Energy Levels and Sublevels of Electrons

Principal Number Type of Sublevel and Total Maximum

energy of Sub- number of orbitals number number of
Level levels of electrons
(n) orbitals (2n2)
(n2)
1 1 1s (1 orbital) 1 2
2 2 2s (1 orbital), 2p (3 orbitals) 4 8
 3 3 3s (1 orbital), 3p (3 orbitals), 9 18
3d (5 orbitals)
4 4 4s (1 orbital), 4p (3 orbitals), 16 32
4d (5 orbitals), 4f (7 orbitals)
5 5 5s (1 orbital), 5p (3 orbitals), 25 50
5d (5 orbitals), 5f (7 orbitals),
5g (9 orbitals)
6 6 6s (1 orbital), 6p (3 orbitals), 36 72
6d (5 orbitals), 6f (7 orbitals),
6g (9 orbitals), 6h (11 orbitals)
7 7 7s (1 orbital), 7p (3 orbitals), 49 98
7d (5 orbitals), 7f (7 orbitals),
7g (9 orbitals), 7h (11orbitals),
7i (13 orbitals)

As shown in Table 1, the principal quantum number is always equal to the number
of sub-levels within that principal energy level. That is, the principal energy level 1
will have 1 sub-level, principal energy level 2 will have 2 sub-levels, principal
energy level 3 will have 3 sub-levels, and so on. The maximum number of electrons
that can occupy a principal energy level is given by the formula 2n2, where n is the
principal quantum number. Therefore, the maximum number of electrons that can
occupy the first principal energy level is 2 ((2)12). For energy level 2, the maximum
number of electrons is 8 ((2)22), and for the third principal energy level, the
maximum number of electrons is 18 ((2)32). The table above lists the number of
sub-levels and electrons for the seven principal energy levels.

The largest known element contains 118 electrons. Quantum mechanics sets
no limit as to how many energy levels exist, but no more than 7 principal energy
levels are needed to describe the electrons of all known atoms. Each energy level can
have as many sub-levels as the principal quantum number, as discussed above, and
each sub-level is identified by a letter. Beginning with the lowest energy sub-level,
the sub-levels are identified by the letters s, p, d, f, g, h, i and so on. Every energy
level will have an s sub-level, but only energy levels 2 and above will have p sub-
levels. Similarly, d sub-levels occur in energy level 3 and above, and f sub-levels in
energy level 4 and above. Energy level 5 could have a fifth sub-level named g, energy
level 6 could have a sixth sub-level named h, and energy level 7 could have a seventh
sub-level named i, but all the known atoms can have their electrons described
without ever using g, h, and i sub-levels. Therefore, it is often said that there are only
four sub-levels, although theoretically there can be more than four sub-levels.
 Quantum mechanics also tells us how many orbitals are in each sub-level. In
Bohr’s model, an orbit was a circular path that the electrons followed around the
nucleus. In quantum mechanics, an orbital is defined as an area in the electron cloud
where the probability of finding the electron is high. Each orbital can hold a
maximum of 2 electrons. The number of orbitals in an energy level is equal to the
square of the principal quantum number. Hence, energy level 1 will have one orbital
(12), energy level 2 will have 4 orbitals (22), energy level 3 will have 9 orbitals (32),
energy level 4 will have 16 orbitals (42), energy level 5 will have 25 orbitals (52), energy
level 6 will have 36 orbitals (62), and energy level 7 will have 49 orbitals (72).

The s sub-level has only 1 orbital because it can only carry a maximum of 2
electrons. Each of the p sub-levels has three orbitals because it can only carry a
maximum of 6 electrons. The d sub-levels have five orbitals, which can carry a
maximum of 10 electrons. And the f sub-levels have seven orbitals, with a maximum
of 14 electrons. If we wished to assign the number of orbitals to the unused sub-
levels, g would have nine orbitals, with a maximum number of 18 electrons; h would
have 11 orbitals, with a maximum number of 22 electrons; and i would have 13
orbitals that can carry a maximum of 26 electrons.

As a result, the single orbital in energy level 1 is the s orbital. The four orbitals
in energy level 2 are a single 2s orbital and three 2p orbitals. The nine orbitals in
energy level 3 are a single 3s orbital, three 3p orbitals, and five 3d orbitals. The
sixteen orbitals in energy level 4 are a single 4s orbital, three 4p orbitals, five 4d
orbitals, and seven 4f orbitals.

The table shows the relationship between n (the principal quantum number),
the number of orbitals, and the maximum number of electrons in a principal energy
level. Theoretically, the number of orbitals and number of electrons continue to
increase for higher values of n. However, no atom actually has more than 32 electrons
in any of its principal levels.

Figure 1. Shapes of s orbital and p orbital

 Orbitals have specific energy values. They have particular shapes and
direction in space. The s orbitals are spherical, and p orbitals are dumbbell-shapes,
as shown in Figure 1. Because of the spherical shape of an s orbital, the probability
of finding an electron at a given distance from the nucleus in an s orbital does not
depend on direction, unlike the three kinds of p orbitals which are oriented along the
x, y, and z axes. So, they have different orientations in space, p x, py, and pz.

The shapes of the other orbitals (d and f orbitals) were derived from complex
calculation and will not be discussed in this module.

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

In an atom, electrons and the nucleus interact to make the most stable
arrangement possible. The way in which electrons are distributed in the different
orbitals around the nucleus of an atom is called the electron configuration. Filling of
electrons start from lowest energy level to highest energy level.

Electron Configuration Chart

The Electron Configuration Chart is use in writing the electron configuration of

elements. There are three parts of electron configuration; principal energy level,
sublevel, and number of electrons.

Parts of an electron configuration:

• Principal Energy Level – a number (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

• Sublevel – a letter (s, p, d, f)
• Number of electrons – a superscript number (2, 6, 10, 14)
 1H -

In writing the electron configuration, when the electrons fill the orbitals, they occupy
the lowest energy orbitals that are available. And keep in mind that each orbital can
accommodate a maximum of two electrons. Just follow the arrow in the chart, write
the principal energy level, sublevel, and the number of electrons. The electron
configuration depends on the atomic number of the elements.

For example, Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1 (1 protons). The electron will first
occupy the lowest orbital, which is 1s. The electron configuration would be 1s 1. In
an orbital diagram, it would simply be a box with one up arrow in it, which represents
the 1s orbital and the number of electrons.

1H – 1s

Likewise, Helium has an atomic number of 2 (2 protons), and its electron

configuration would be 1s2. Its orbital diagram would be a line with one up arrow
and one down arrow.

2He – 1s



Lithium has atomic number 3 (3 protons) and an electron configuration of 1s 2 2s1,

so the orbital diagram will be:

3Li – 1s 2s

 

Things get trickier with higher orbitals. For example, Boron has an electron
configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p1 and the orbital diagram looks like this:

5B – 1s 2s 2p

  
Now for the Carbon atom with an atomic number of 6, the electron configuration
would be 1s2 2s2 2p2. The orbital diagram looks like this:

6C – 1s 2s 2p

   

The rule for doing this is that when electrons are placed in a set of orbitals of equal
energy, they are spread out to give as few paired electrons as possible. For Carbon,
that means that the two electrons in the 2p, would be in separate orbitals.

Basically, the above information can be summed up into 3 rules that define how
electrons can be arranged in an atom’s orbital.

1. Aufbau Principle – electrons fill the orbitals one at a time, starting with the
lowest energy orbital then proceeding to the one with higher energy.

2. Hund’s Rule – single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-
energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins can occupy the
same orbitals.

3. Pauli Exclusion Principle – states that only two electrons occupy an orbital,
and they must have opposite spins.

What’s More

Activity 4: Predicting the Probable Location of an Electron

Objective:

• Describe the probability of finding electrons in the atom

Materials:

• One sheet of short bond paper

• Pencil or colored marker with small tip
• Compass
• Ruler
Procedure:

1. Draw a dot on the center of the sheet of paper.

2. Draw five concentric circles around the dot with a radius of 1.0 cm, 3.0 cm, 5.0
cm, 7.0 cm, 9.0 cm from the dot.

3. Tape the paper on the floor to make sure that it will not move.

4. Stand on the side of the target. (The target is the dot on the center which represent
the nucleus of an atom). At chest level above the center of the circles you have drawn,
hold a pencil or a marker.

5. Drop the pencil or marker 100 times so it will leave 100 dots on the circles drawn
on paper or folder. In each circle, count the number of dots and record it on the date
table.

6. Using the formula E/D, calculate the number of dots per square centimeter (cm 2).

Data Table:

Circle Average Area of Difference Number Number Percent

Number Distance Circle, in Areas of of Dots of Dots Probability
from the cm2 the Two in Circle per cm2 of Finding
center, Consecutive (E)/(D) Dots, %
cm Circles, cm2 (F) x 100
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G)

Example: 1.0 3.14 25.13 5 0.1990 19.90

1

1 1.0 3.14 25.13

2 3.0 28.27 50.27

3 5.0 78.54 75.40

4 7.0 153.94 100.53

5 9.0 254.47 125.66

Guide Questions:

Q1. Based on the result of your activity, what happens to the number of dots per
unit area as the distance of the dots go farther from the center?

Q2. Draw a graph and plot the average distance from the center on the x-axis and
percent probability of finding dots on the y-axis.

Q3. What is the average distance with the highest probability of finding a dot?

Q4. How many dots are found in the distance with highest probability?

Q5. Compare the result of your activity to the distribution of electrons in an atom.

Activity 5: Principal Energy Level and Sublevel of Electrons

Study Table 1 on page 7 and 8, and answer the following questions.

1. How many types of sublevel are in principal energy level three?

2. How many atomic orbitals are in the highest sublevel of principal energy level two?

3. What are the sublevels present in principal energy level two?

4. What would be the total number of electrons in an atom, if the first energy level is
full?

5. How many orbitals are in the fourth principal energy level?

6. If the first and second principal energy levels are full, what would be the total
number of atomic orbitals?

7. How many principal energy levels are needed to describe the electrons of all known
atoms?

8. What is the total number of electrons that could occupy the fifth principal energy
level based on the electron configuration?

9. How many electrons can be contained in the “f” sublevel?

10. Based on the electron configuration, how many sublevels does the principal
energy levels 5, 6, and 7 have?
Activity 6: Electron Configuration
Objectives:
• Write the electron configuration of elements
• Determine the patterns of filling the orbitals
• Devise rules in filling up the orbitals
Materials:

• Pen and paper

• Periodic Table of Elements
Table 1. Electron Configuration of the first ten elements

Chemical ORBITALS
Symbol &
Electron Configuration
Atomic
Number 1s 2s 2p

H1  1s1

He2  1s2

Li3   1s2 2s1

Be4   1s2 2s2

B5    1s2 2s2 2p1

C6     1s2 2s2 2p2

N7      1s2 2s2 2p3

O8      1s2 2s2 2p4

F9      1s2 2s2 2p5

Ne10      1s2 2s2 2p6

Use this table as a guide for this activity.

Procedure:

1. Write the electron configurations for the elements in the third period of the periodic
table. (Use the same template as Table 1, add columns and rows if necessary.)

2. Compare the electron configurations of the second period (see Table 1) and the
third period elements.
Guide Questions:

Q1. Do you see pattern in the distribution of their electrons?

Q2. What are these patterns you have observed?

Q3. What are the rules apply in filling up the orbitals?

What I Have Learned

Activity 7
I. Read each statement below and fill in the blanks.
1. Three physicists, ____________________, _____________________, and
__________________ led the development of Quantum Mechanical Model.
2. The sublevels are assigned with letters ___, ____, ____, ____.
3. Filling of electrons start from the __________ energy level to ___________ energy
level.
4. Heisenberg discovered that for a very small particle like the electron, its
____________ and ____________ cannot be exactly known.
5. The volume or region of space around the nucleus where electron is most likely
to be found is called ____________________.
6. The way in which electrons are distributed in the different orbitals around the
nucleus of an atom is called ____________________.
7. ____________________, ____________________, ______________________, are the
rules used in the electron configuration of elements.
8. Orbitals, which are found in ________________, have different shapes,
depending on the energy of the electrons they contain.
9. The maximum number of electrons that can occupy a principal energy level is
given by the formula _________, where n is the principal energy level.
10. The principal quantum number is always ______________ to the number of
sublevels within that principal energy level.

II. Show here are electron configurations for the elements named. Each configuration
is incorrect in some way. Identify the error in each and write the correct electron
configuration.
11. Carbon – 1s2 2s2 3p2
___________________

12. Calcium – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2

_______________________________________

13. Chlorine – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 4s1

_____________________________________

14. Aluminum – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3d1

__________________________________

15. Titanium – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3

 ______________________________________

What I Can Do

Activity 8

Supply the table with the data needed.

Element Electron Orbital Filling Highest Number Number

Symbol Configuration Diagram Energy of of
Level orbitals Electrons

7N 1s2 2s2 2p3 1s 2s 2p 2 5 7

    

15P

37Rb

8O

12Mg

18Ar
 Assessment

Activity 9

A. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Who proposed the probability of finding electrons in certain locations around

the nucleus of an atom?
a. Neils Bohr c. Ernest Rutherford
b. Erwin Schrodinger d. J.J. Thomson
2. Which orbital designation has the highest energy?
a. 2s b. 2p c. 3d d. 4s
3. Electrons occupy orbitals of lowest energy level first is part of what electron
configuration rule?
a. Hund’s Rule c. Aufbau Principle
b. Pauli Exclusion Principle d. None of the above
4. Which of the choices shows a violation of the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
a. 1s 2s 2p c. 1s 2s 2p

b. 1s 2s 2p d. 1s 2s 2p

5. What is the total number of orbitals on the second principal energy level?
a. 4 b. 8 c.9 d. 12
6. What does the quantum number “n” represent?
a. Electron spin c. orbital
b. sublevel d. principal energy level
7. How many electrons are in the third principal energy level of vanadium?
a. 8 b. 11 c. 13 d. 15
8. How many electrons are in the “p” sublevel of the last principal energy level of
silicon, atomic number 14?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
9. Which of the following is the correct order for the electrons filling in orbitals?
a. 4s, 3d, 4p, 4d c. 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d
b. 1s, 2s, 2p, 2d d. 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d
10. The number of electrons in the highest principal energy level of 20Ca is
_________.
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 10
B. True or False: Write True if the statement is correct, and write False if it is
incorrect.

11. The total number of orbitals is represented by “n”.

12. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that the position of an electron
can be found by measuring its momentum.
13. The volume or region of space around the nucleus where the electron is most
likely to be found is called an atomic orbital.
14. Filling electrons start from the highest energy level to the lowest energy level.
15. Pauli Exclusion Principle states that a maximum of two electrons may occupy
a single orbital, but only if the electrons have opposite spins.

C. Write the electron configuration of the following elements (number 21 is given as

an example).

16. 14Si –
2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
1s2
(Example)
      


17. 33As –

18. 19K –

19. 22Ti –

20. 74W –
Activity 1
A 1. a 6. d B. 11. F
2. b 7. b 12. T
3. b 8. d 13. T
4. c 9. b 14. T
5. 6 10. a 15. F
Activity 2
Eleme Eleme Atomi Atomi No. of No. of No. of Group Period
nt nt c c Mass Proton Neutro Electro No. No.
Name Symbo Numb s ns ns
l er
Alumin Al 13 27 13 14 13 13/IIIa 3
um
Lithium Li 3 7 3 4 3 1 2
Calciu Ca 20 40 20 20 20 2 4
m
Magn Mg 12 24 12 12 12 2 3
esium
Silver Ag 47 108 47 61 47 11/Ib 5
Activity 3
1. Pauli Exclusion Principle
2. Uncertainty Principle
3. sublevel
4. atomic orbital
5. Quantum Mechanical Model
6. electron configuration
Activity 4
Data Table with hypothetical values for the last three columns (Answer will vary)
Circle Average Area Difference Number Number Percent
Number Distance of of Areas of of Dots of Dots Probability
from the Circle, the Two in Circle per cm2 of Finding
center, cm2 Consecutive (E)/(D) Dots, %
cm Circles, cm2 (F) x 100
(A) (B) (D) (E) (F) (G)
(C)
1 1.0 3.14 25.13 5 0.1990 19.90
2 3.0 28.27 50.27 43 0.8554 85.54
3 5.0 78.54 75.40 31 0.4111 41.11
4 7.0 153.94 100.53 18 0.1791 17.91
5 9.0 254.47 125.66 3 0.0239 2.39
Answer Key
Q1. Based on the data above, the number of dots increase abruptly and then decreases as the
dots go farther from the canter. (Answer will vary)
Q2. (Answer will vary)
Q3. 3 cm (Answer will vary)
Q4. 43 dots (Answer will vary)
Q5. The result of the activity is similar to the structure of the atom because the probability of finding
an electron (dot) increases abruptly then decreases as it goes farther from the nucleus (target).
Activity 5
1. 3 sublevels 6. 5 atomic orbitals
2. 3 atomic orbitals 7. 7 principal energy levels
3. s, p sublevels 8. 32 electrons
4. 2 electrons 9. 14 electrons
5. 16 atomic orbitals 10. 4 sublevels
Activity 6
Chemical ORBITALS Electron Configuration
Symbol &
Atomic 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
Number
11Na 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
12Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
13Al 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
14Si 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
15P 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
16S 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
17Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
18Ar 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Q1. Yes
Q2. Some patterns are:
➢ An orbital has a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins
➢ An orbital in the same sublevel is filled with one spin before pairing
➢ Filling the orbitals with electron starts from the lowest energy level to the highest energy
level
➢ The total number of electrons on the outermost energy level is the same as the group
number in the periodic table of element
Q3. Pauli Exclusion Principle, Aufbau Principle and Hund’s Rule
Activity 7 A
1. Louie de Broglie, Erwin Schrodinger, and Werner Karl Heisenberg 6. electron
configuration
2. s, p, d, f 7. Paul Exclusion Principle, Aufbau Principle, Hund’s Rule
3. lowest, highest 8. sublevel
4. location, how it is moving 9. 2n2
5. atomic orbital 10. Equal
Activity 7 B
1. 1s2 2s2 2p2
2. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
3. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
4. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
5. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2
Activity 8
Element Electron Orbital Filling Diagram Highest No. of No. of
Symbol configuration Energy orbitals Electrons
Level
7N 1s2 2s2 2p3
2 5 7
15P 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
3 9 15
3p3
37Rb 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
3p6 4s2 3d10 5 19 37
4p6 5s1
8O 1s2 2s2 2p4
2 5 8
12Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
3 6 12
18Ar 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
3 9 18
3p6
Activity 9
I. 1. b II. 11. False
2. c 12. True
3. c 13. True
4. b 14.False
5. a 15. True
6. d
7. b
8. b
9. c
10. a
III.
21 14S 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
. i
22 33A 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p3
. s
23 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s 3p6 4s1
19K
.
24 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s 3p6 4s1 3d2
22 Ti
.
25 51S 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
. b
5s2 4d10 5p3
Activity 10