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    1. The document provides an overview of key concepts for studying Philippine history, including the importance of understanding causation and learning from the past. 2. It discusses the different types of primary and secondary sources that historians use, such as written documents, oral histories, artifacts, and textbooks. Primary sources provide first-hand accounts while secondary sources analyze primary sources. 3. The role of the historian is described as verifying and examining sources for authenticity while being aware of biases and changes in historical understanding over time based on new evidence. Historians must select relevant subjects and extract information from various sources.

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    1. The document provides an overview of key concepts for studying Philippine history, including the importance of understanding causation and learning from the past. 2. It discusses the different types of primary and secondary sources that historians use, such as written documents, oral histories, artifacts, and textbooks. Primary sources provide first-hand accounts while secondary sources analyze primary sources. 3. The role of the historian is described as verifying and examining sources for authenticity while being aware of biases and changes in historical understanding over time based on new evidence. Historians must select relevant subjects and extract information from various sources.

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    313 views3 pages

    GE 2 Midterm Exam Reviewer

    Uploaded by

    Brylle Roderos
    1. The document provides an overview of key concepts for studying Philippine history, including the importance of understanding causation and learning from the past. 2. It discusses the different types of primary and secondary sources that historians use, such as written documents, oral histories, artifacts, and textbooks. Primary sources provide first-hand accounts while secondary sources analyze primary sources. 3. The role of the historian is described as verifying and examining sources for authenticity while being aware of biases and changes in historical understanding over time based on new evidence. Historians must select relevant subjects and extract information from various sources.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    GE 2 – Midterm Exam Reviewer

    Reading in Philippine History


    Why do we need to study History?
    • Meaning and relevance of history
    • To figure out the causation in history (what actions caused such history or event)
    • To learn the past because we hole the future in our hands.
    When did history begin?
    • When mankind learned how to write and keep a record knowledge.

    Source – an object from the past on which historians depend in order to create their own
    depiction of that past.

    Kinds of Sources
    1. Written Sources – Books, Magazines, Journals, Diary
    2. Non-written Sources – Oral History, Pictures, Video Recordings, Artifacts, Fossils

    Types of Sources
    1. Primary Sources – document first hand experiences of the event.
    • Personal interviews
    • Journals/diaries
    • First-hand experience (your personal experience)
    • Government records (Land title, birth certificate, cedula, etc…)
    • Photographs
    • Videos (Vlog entries too)
    • Maps, Art, Film archives, Artifacts

    2. Secondary Sources – sources based on the primary sources.


    • Textbooks
    • Magazine articles (non-biographical)
    • Assignments (even copy-paste ones)
    • Heard a story from a friend of a friend

    ➢ Secondary sources can still be used for history writing.


    ➢ Rumor or “chismis” can be used as a source.
    Role of the Historian
    History (istoria)
    - inquiry or knowledge acquired by investigation.
    - written documents written in the past.
    Biases - personal, political, religious, personal idiosyncrasies.
    Frame of Preference - a set of interlocking values, loyalties, assumptions, interests and
    principles of actions.
    ➢ Historian is many times removed from the events under investigation.
    ➢ Historians rely on surviving records.
    ➢ History can change over time when presented with new evidence.
    ➢ History is not fiction.
    ➢ History not supported by evidence is worthless.
    ➢ Historians have to verify sources, to date them, locate their place of origin and identify
    their intended functions.

    Involves:
    1. Selection of Subject
    2. Collection of Sources
    3. Examination of Genuineness
    4. Extraction from Sources

    ➢ Test of Authenticity
    - Determine the date of the document
    - Determine the author (handwriting, signature, seal)
    - Anachronistic style
    - Anachronistic reference to events
    - Provenance – determining genuineness
    - Semantics – meaning of each text.
    - Hermeneutics – determining ambiguities.

    3 Major Components to Effective Historical Thinking


    1. Sensitive to multiple causation
    2. Sensitive to context
    3. Awareness of the interplay of continuity and change in human affairs
    Prehistory – events that occurred before written records.
    Sources:
    1. Artifacts - anything made by humans.
    • Stone, Wood, Bone, Shell, and Glass Tools
    • Ceramics

    ❖ Ecofacts – natural objects that have been used or affected by humans.


    ❖ Fossil – remains of a prehistoric organism found inside a rock.
    ❖ Features – a different kind of artifact that cannot be easily removed from
    archeological sites.

    2. Folklore – manner, customs, observances, songs, traditions

    ➢ Before Present (BP) – years as a time scale in archeology.


    ➢ Before Common Era (BCE) – before current era.
    ➢ Before Christ (BC) – before 1 AD.

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