Bab1 Hydraulics-and-Pneumatics

hydra aulos
pneumn
can
3
Usually from outside supplier
Energy source Electric motor or diesel
Electric
drivenmotor or diesel driven
Limited (batteries) Limited (accumulator)Good (reservoir)
Excellent, with minimal loss Limited, basically a local
Good,
facility
can be treated as a plant wide service
Lowest
Energy storage Distribution system Medium Highest
AC and DC motors. Good control on DCLowmotors.
speed. Good control.
WideCanspeedbe range.
stalled Accurate speed control difficult
AC motors cheap
Energy cost Rotary actuators Cylinders. Medium force
Short motion via solenoid. Otherwise via mechanical conversion
Possible with solenoid and DC motors
Complicated by need for cooling
Linear actuator
Danger from electric shock
Cylinders. Very high force
Controllable force Controllable high force Controllable medium

force
Points to note Leakage dangerous and Noise

unsightly. Fire hazard
fps system
cgs system
mks system SI system
Grams 1 × 10−3
Tonnes 1000 Also known as metric ton
Short tons 907.185 1 short ton = 2000 pounds
Long tons 1016.05 1 long ton = 2240 pounds
Kips 453.59 1 kip = 1000 pounds
Hundredweight (cwt) 50.802 1 cwt = 112 lbs
Pounds 4.5359 × 10−4 1 pound = 16 ounces
Ounces 2.8350 × 10−5
Grains 6.48 × 10−7

SI unit is the kilogram: kg
Millimeters (mm) 10−3
Centimeters (cm) 10−2
Kilometers (km) 1000
Miles 1609.35 1 mile = 1760 yards
Nautical mile (UK) 1853
Yards 0.9144
Feet 0.3048
Inches 2.54 × 10−2 1 inch = 25.4 mm
Mil (thou) 2.54 × 10−5 1 mil = 0.001 inches
Micron Angstrom 10−6

Fermi 10−10
10−15
SI unit is the meter: m (also spelt metre in some texts)
Liters 10−3 1 liter = 1000 cc

Cubic cm (cc) 10−6
Imperial gallons 4.5461 × 10−3 1 gallon of water weighs 10 lb
Quart (qt) 1.1365 × 10−3 4 quarts = 1 gallon
Pints 5.6826 × 10−4 8 pints = 1 gallon
US gallons 3.7854 × 10−3 1 US gallon = 231 cubic inches
Cubic yards 0.76455
Cubic feet 2.8317 × 10−2
Cubic inches 1.6387 × 10−5
Fluid ounces 2.8413 × 10−5 20 fluid oz = 1 pint
SI unit is the cubic meter: m3

force
force
mass
g
Ton f (ton weight) 9964
lb f (lb weight) 4.448
oz f (ounce weight) 0.278
Poundal 0.1383 fps unit of force
kp 9.807
Pond (p) 9.807 × 10−2
kg f (kg weight) 9.807
g f (gramme weight) 9.807 × 10−2
Dyne 10−5 cgs unit of force
SI unit is the newton: N
A
3
equivalent
wg water gauge
bar.
difference differential pressure,
gauge pressure,
absolute pressure
Kilopascal (kPa) 103 Practical unit
Atmosphere (at) 1.013 × 105 1 at approx 14.5 psi
Bar 105 1 bar approx 1 at
N m−2 1
kp cm−2 9.807 × 103
kg f m−2 9.807
kg f cm−2 9.807 × 104 1 kg f cm−2 approx 1 at
Inches water gauge 248.9 in WG
mm water gauge 10.34 mm WG
Inches mercury 3385 in Hg
mm mercury (torr) 131 mm Hg
lb f ft−2 47.88
lb f in−2 (psi) 6895

One pascal SIis unit is the as
defined pascal:
one Pa
newton force per square meter (1 Pa = 1 N m−2 = 1 kg m−1 s−2)
The pascal is not a very practical unit and common units in industry are the kilopascal (kPa), the bar and lb f in−2 (psi)
3
total power used

3
Watts 10−3
Horse power (HP) 0.7457 1 HP = 745.7 watts
German HP (ps) 0.7355
French HP (ch, CV) 0.7355
kcal s−1 4.1868
ft lb f s−1 1.36 × 10−3
Btu s−1 1.055
SI unit is the kilowatt: kW
kWh 3.6 × 106 1000 watts × 60 min × 60 sec
Therm 1.055 × 108 1 therm = 105 Btu
British Thermal Unit (Btu) 1.055 × 103
ft lb f 1.356
ft poundal 0.0421
calorie (cal) 4.187
SI unit is the joule: J

One joule = one watt second
torque is
Pascal’s law,
kg f m lb ft 9.807
lb in 1.356
oz in 0.1129
7.062 × 10−3
SI unit is the newton meter: N m

_A_
0
mechanical advantage
0
0
−3
3
Volumetric flow is
Mass flow Velocity of flow

Imperial gallons/min Imperial gallons/hour US gallons/min ft3/sec 7.756 × 10−5
ft3/min (cfm) m3/min m3/hour liters/sec 1.263 × 10−6
liters/min (lpm) 6.309 × 10−5
2.831 × 10−2
4.719 × 10−4
1.667 × 10−4
2.778 × 10−8
10−3
1.667 × 10−5
SI unit: cubic meters per sec, m3 s−1. This is a rather impractical unit
laminarstreamline
Reynolds number, R
<
>
,
0
Freezing point 32 0
Boiling point 212 100

absolute zero
3
V V
T T
V V
T T

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hydra aulos

Cylinders. Very high force

Controllable force Controllable high force Controllable medium

Points to note Leakage dangerous and Noise

Tonnes 1000 Also known as metric ton

Short tons 907.185 1 short ton = 2000 pounds

Long tons 1016.05 1 long ton = 2240 pounds

Kips 453.59 1 kip = 1000 pounds

Hundredweight (cwt) 50.802 1 cwt = 112 lbs

Pounds 4.5359 × 10−4 1 pound = 16 ounces

Ounces 2.8350 × 10−5

Grains 6.48 × 10−7

Kilometers (km) 1000

Miles 1609.35 1 mile = 1760 yards

Nautical mile (UK) 1853

Inches 2.54 × 10−2 1 inch = 25.4 mm

Mil (thou) 2.54 × 10−5 1 mil = 0.001 inches

Micron Angstrom 10−6

SI unit is the meter: m (also spelt metre in some texts)

Liters 10−3 1 liter = 1000 cc

Imperial gallons 4.5461 × 10−3 1 gallon of water weighs 10 lb

Quart (qt) 1.1365 × 10−3 4 quarts = 1 gallon

Pints 5.6826 × 10−4 8 pints = 1 gallon

US gallons 3.7854 × 10−3 1 US gallon = 231 cubic inches

Cubic yards 0.76455

Cubic feet 2.8317 × 10−2

Cubic inches 1.6387 × 10−5

Fluid ounces 2.8413 × 10−5 20 ﬂuid oz = 1 pint

SI unit is the cubic meter: m3

lb f (lb weight) 4.448

oz f (ounce weight) 0.278

Poundal 0.1383 fps unit of force

Pond (p) 9.807 × 10−2

kg f (kg weight) 9.807

g f (gramme weight) 9.807 × 10−2

Dyne 10−5 cgs unit of force

SI unit is the newton: N

difference differential pressure,

Atmosphere (at) 1.013 × 105 1 at approx 14.5 psi

Bar 105 1 bar approx 1 at

kp cm−2 9.807 × 103

kg f cm−2 9.807 × 104 1 kg f cm−2 approx 1 at

Inches water gauge 248.9 in WG

mm water gauge 10.34 mm WG

Inches mercury 3385 in Hg

mm mercury (torr) 131 mm Hg

lb f in−2 (psi) 6895

total power used

German HP (ps) 0.7355

French HP (ch, CV) 0.7355

kcal s−1 4.1868

ft lb f s−1 1.36 × 10−3

Btu s−1 1.055

SI unit is the kilowatt: kW

kWh 3.6 × 106 1000 watts × 60 min × 60 sec

Therm 1.055 × 108 1 therm = 105 Btu

British Thermal Unit (Btu) 1.055 × 103

calorie (cal) 4.187

SI unit is the joule: J

SI unit is the newton meter: N m

Mass ﬂow Velocity of ﬂow

Boiling point 212 100

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