Periodic Classification: Dobereiner'S Triads

STUDY EXCELLENCE COACHING CENTRE PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION
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PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION
DOBEREINER’S TRIADS:
In 1829, J.W. Dobereiner discovered that within a group of elements of three
closely related in chemical properties, the atomic masses are either nearly the same
(eg. Iron, cobalt and nickel) or the atomic mass of the middle element is
approximately the arithmetic mean of the other two elements. These are called
Dobereiner’s triads.
NEWLAND'S LAW OF OCTAVES:

An English chemist Newland arranged the elements in the ascending order of their
atomic weights. He observed that the properties of every eighth element were similar
to those of the first. He called this regularity of elements as the "Law of Octaves"
and arranged most of the elements then known accordingly.
Li=7 Be=9.4 B=11 C=12 N=14 O=16 F=19

Na=23 Mg=24 Al=27.3 Si=28 P=31 S==32 Cl=35.5
Chemistry-II Chapter 1 By Naveed Ahmed

Newland's arrangement of elements.

In this classification. Li and Na; Be and Mg; B and Al; C and Si; N and P, O and S;
and F and CI resemble in chemical properties.
ADVANTAGES:
1. This law provided a basis for the classification of elements into groups of
elements having similar properties.
2. This law provided a wider scope to arrange all known elements into a tabular
form.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. The periodic arrangement of elements did not include Noble gases because
they were not discovered then.
2. Heavier elements could also not be accommodated.
LOTHAR MEYER'S CLASSIFICATION:

Lothar Meyer, a German chemist presented the concept of chemical periodicity in a
graphical manner. He plotted the values of certain physical properties such as atomic
volumes, against atomic weights, and obtained different curves. He observed that
elements with similar physical properties occupied similar position in the curve. For
example, alkali metals occupy the peaks of the curves, and the halogens and elements
forming acidic oxides occur on the ascending portion of the curves.
DRAWBACKS OF LOTHER MEYER’S CLASSIFICATION:

i) Meyer's periodic table was incomplete compared with Mendeleev's periodic
table which was published in the same year with remarkable predictions of
discoveries of certain elements.
ii) Meyer's classification was supported by a study of various physical properties
such as atomic volume, atomic size etc. related with atomic weights with no
empirical or logical basis or classification. On the other hand, Mendeleev's
periodic classification was based on Periodic Law.
MENDELEEV'S PERIODIC LAW:

Mendeleev discovered a law known as periodic law which is stated as:

The properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic weights.
FEATURES:
1. Mendeleev's law is an extension of Newland's law of octave.
2. Mendeleev arranged all the then known elements in order of their increasing
atomic weights in seven horizontal lines, called periods, and in eight vertical
columns, called groups.
3. Mendeleev left certain gaps in periodic table for the elements to be discovered.
According to his prediction he named them as Eka-Boron; Eka-Aluminium
and Eka-Silicon.
4. He also predicted the atomic weights and properties of the undiscovered
elements. These elements were discovered in the life of Mendeleev and were
named Scandium. Gallium, and Germanium. Further, these elements were
found to possess properties as were predicted by Mendeleev.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Mendeleev is usually given the credit for giving the periodic system of
elements.
5. This classification of elements on the basis of periodic law proved useful for
predicting unknown elements. Mendeleev left certain gaps in periodic table
for the elements to be discovered. According to his prediction he named them
as Eka-Boron; Eka-Aluminium and Eka-Silicon.
2. Mendeleev also predicted the atomic weights and properties of the
undiscovered elements.
3. This periodic table established a relation between chemical properties and
atomic weights.
4. Mendeleev corrected the atomic masses of some elements such as Boron.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. In certain cases Mendeleev himself disregarded the periodic law. For instance
he placed ArC39.9) before K (39) and Te (127.6) before I (126.9).
2. Position of Hydrogen is not clear because it resembles hoth the alkali metals
and halogens.
3. No separate places were assigned to isotopes.
4. Coinage metals such as (Cu, Ag, Au) were placed along with the alkali metals
even though they differ greatly.
5. Failed to explain structure of atoms.

6. Inner transition elements do not find any appropriate places in periodic table.
How Modern periodic law removed the defects of Mendeleev's

system of classification?
Mendeleev's periodic classification does have many weaknesses, but its main
weakness was due to consideration of periodic law based on atomic weights. Modern
periodic law removed the anomalies of Mendeleev's classification.
 Anomalous placement of Elements:
When the atomic weights of the elements were adopted as the basis for periodic
classification, a number of anomalies were observed. Thus, Potassium(39.1)
should come before Argon(39.94). Similarly, Tellurium(127.5) should come
after Iodine(126.9) and Cobalt(58.4) should be placed after Nickel(55.69).
These anomalies disappeared automatically when atomic number was adopted
as the basis of periodic classification and these elements occupy positions
justified by their atomic number.
 Position of Rare earth elements:

The rare earth elements are also known as the Lanthanides. All of them are
metals. Their compounds are very closely related to one another which involved
tremendous difficulties in their separation. All of the elements are, therefore,
placed in one and the same group starting from Lanthanum(57) to Lutecium(71).
These 15 elements actually have only one place in periodic table and are placed
together at the bottom.
 Position of Actinides:
This group of elements starting from Actinium (89) includes all the trans-uranium
elements which have been discovered within the last few years. For the same
reasons as in the Lanthanides the Actinides are also placed in the same position
of periodic table and are tabulated at the bottom.
 Position of Isotopes:
In Mendeleev’s classification isotopes could not be accommodated in their
respective positions. Classification based on the electronic configuration rather
than atomic masses solved the problem of position of isotopes.

 Structure of Atom:
Mendeleev’s classification failed to explain the structure of an atom but modern
periodic law easily explained the structure of an atom, and also valencies because
it depends upon atomic number or electronic configuration.
MODERN PERIODIC LAW:

The properties of the elements are the periodic functions of their atomic numbers
and not the atomic weights".
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE:
The basic concept of Aufbau principle of building up of electronic shells is that every
electron goes to the lowest energy level available. The energy sequence of orbitals
is 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p.
LONG FORM OF PERIODIC TABLE:

The tabular arrangement following Aufbau principle is called long form of periodic
table. Periodic table is built up as follows on the basis of electronic configuration:
Perlod-1: This period corresponds to filling up of K-shell. It is the shortest period
and contains only 2 elements H and He with electronic configuration 1s1 and 1s2.
Period-2: This period corresponds to filling up of L-shell. In this period electrons
occupy 2s and 2p orbitals. Therefore, it contains 8 elements from Lithium (1s2.2s1)
to Neon (ls2.2s2.2p6). It is called first short period.
Period-3: This period corresponds to the filling up of M-shell. In this period 3s and
3p orbitals are being filled. It starts from Na and ends at Ar. This period also
contains 8 elements and is called second short period.
Perlod-4: This period corresponds to the filling up of N-shell. It starts with filling of
4s orbital followed by 3d and- 4p orbitals. It contains 18 elements. It is called first
long period.
Period-5: This corresponds to the Ailing up of O-shell. It starts with the filling of 5s
orbital followed by 4d and 5p. It contains 18 elements. It is called second long
period.
Perlod-6: This period includes 2 elements of s-block with configuration 6s1 and
6s2. 10 elements of d-block with configuration 6s2.5d1 to 6s2.5d10 and 14

elements of f block with configuration 6s2.5d1.4f1 to 6s2.5d1.4f14 (Lanthanides).

This is an exceptional case where electrons start filling 4f orbitals after 5d
accommodates one electron.
Pcriod-7: Tills period Includes 2 elements of s-block with configuration 7s1, and
7s2, 10 elements of d-block with configuration 7s2.6d1 to 7s2.6d10 and 14 elements
of f-block with configuration 7s2.6d1.5f1 to 7s2.6d1.5f14 (Actinides). This is also
an exceptional example where electrons are accommodated in 5f orbitals after 6d
acquires one electron.
TYPES OF ELEMENTS BASED ON ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION:
The periodic table has been divided into s, p, d and f-blocks on the basis of
electronic configuration:
1. The Noble Gases:

In the periodic table, the noble gases are found at the end of each period in zero
group. They are colourless gases upto some extent chemically unreactive and
diamagnetic. With the exception of helium (Z=2), all the noble gases have outer
electronic configuration of 2s2.2p6. No atom has a complete outer shell with the
exception of helium and noble gases.
2. Representative Elements Or Typical Elements:

All elements of A sub-groups of the periodic table are called representative or
typical elements. These include elements of s and p-blocks.
(A) S-BLOCK ELEMENTS: In these elements the last electron

enters ns orbital which is being progressively filled. The elements of
IA and IIA belong to s-block. The valence shell configuration varies
from ns1 to ns2 where 'n' is the period in which the element is present.
(B) P-BLOCK ELEMENTS: The elements in which p orbitals are

being progressively filled are called p-block elements. The elements of the groups
III-A, IV-A, V-A, VI-A VIIA and zero group are members of p-block. The valence
shell configuration of these elements ranges from ns2.np1 to ns2.np6.

3. d-Block Elements (Outer Transition Elements): The elements

in which the last electron enters (n-1)d orbitals are called d-block elements. These
elements are also called outer transition elements. The valence shell configuration
of these elements ranges from ns2.(n-l)d1 to ns2.(n-l)d10. There are four series of
outer transition elements, the 4th is incomplete.
4. f-Block Elements (Inner Transition Elements):

The elements in which the last electron enters (n-2)f orbital are called f-block
elements or inner transition elements. They have outer electronic configuration:
ns2.(n-l)d1.(n-2)f1-14.

Periodic Classification: Dobereiner'S Triads

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STUDY EXCELLENCE COACHING CENTRE PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION

NEWLAND'S LAW OF OCTAVES:

Li=7 Be=9.4 B=11 C=12 N=14 O=16 F=19

Chemistry-II Chapter 1 By Naveed Ahmed

Newland's arrangement of elements.

LOTHAR MEYER'S CLASSIFICATION:

DRAWBACKS OF LOTHER MEYER’S CLASSIFICATION:

MENDELEEV'S PERIODIC LAW:

Chemistry-II Chapter 1 By Naveed Ahmed

Chemistry-II Chapter 1 By Naveed Ahmed

How Modern periodic law removed the defects of Mendeleev's

 Position of Rare earth elements:

Chemistry-II Chapter 1 By Naveed Ahmed

MODERN PERIODIC LAW:

LONG FORM OF PERIODIC TABLE:

Chemistry-II Chapter 1 By Naveed Ahmed

elements of f block with configuration 6s2.5d1.4f1 to 6s2.5d1.4f14 (Lanthanides).

TYPES OF ELEMENTS BASED ON ELECTRONIC

1. The Noble Gases:

2. Representative Elements Or Typical Elements:

(A) S-BLOCK ELEMENTS: In these elements the last electron

(B) P-BLOCK ELEMENTS: The elements in which p orbitals are

Chemistry-II Chapter 1 By Naveed Ahmed

3. d-Block Elements (Outer Transition Elements): The elements

4. f-Block Elements (Inner Transition Elements):

Chemistry-II Chapter 1 By Naveed Ahmed

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