Professional Documents
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Taylor v. UDI#4, LLC, 2021 IL App (4th) 210057-U
Taylor v. UDI#4, LLC, 2021 IL App (4th) 210057-U
This Order was filed under 2021 IL App (4th) 210057-U September 14, 2021
Supreme Court Rule 23 and is Carla Bender
not precedent except in the NO. 4-21-0057 4th District Appellate
limited circumstances allowed Court, IL
under Rule 23(e)(1). IN THE APPELLATE COURT
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
ORDER
¶ 1 Held: The appellate court affirmed the trial court’s grant of defendants’ motion to
dismiss and compel arbitration because (1) the health care power of attorney was
valid and (2) the arbitration agreement was not unconscionable.
estate, filed a complaint against defendants, UDI #4, LLC, d/b/a Leroy Manor (Leroy Manor);
Leroy South Buck, LLC; Unlimited Development, Inc.; Bekime Feezor-Branch, RN; and Nashira
negligent nursing home care to Floyd Dodson, which resulted in his death.
asserting that when Floyd was admitted to Leroy Manor, he and his son, Jack Dodson, signed a
nursing home contract and arbitration agreement that required some of Taylor’s claims to be
submitted to arbitration. Taylor responded that the motion should be denied because (1) Floyd
lacked the capacity to contract when he signed the admissions paperwork and (2) the arbitration
¶4 Taylor appeals, arguing the trial court erred by compelling arbitration. We disagree
and affirm.
¶5 I. BACKGROUND
¶6 A. The Complaint
¶7 In November 2019, Linda Taylor filed a complaint against defendants, alleging they
provided negligent care for Floyd Dodson. The complaint contained a total of 11 counts against
defendants, asserting claims under the Illinois Nursing Home Care Act (210 ILCS 45/3-714 (West
2018)), the Illinois Survival Act (755 ILCS 5/27-6 (West 2018)), and the Wrongful Death Act (740
¶8 The complaint alleged that on August 22, 2018, Floyd became a resident at Leroy
Manor, a long-term care facility. Defendants were aware Floyd was a fall risk. Floyd needed help
engaging in daily activities such as walking, eating, and dressing. On September 30, 2018, Floyd
suffered a fall that resulted in substantial injuries, including a subdural hematoma and an orbital
fracture. Floyd died on October 8, 2018. Taylor was appointed as the independent executor of
Floyd’s estate. Taylor alleged defendants provided negligent care before and after the fall, which
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¶ 11 In April 2020, defendants filed a section 2-619(a)(9) (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9)
(West 2018)) motion to dismiss and compel arbitration as to the Nursing Home Care Act and
Survival Act counts in the complaint. Defendants argued that Floyd and Jack Dodson, his son and
¶ 12 In support of their motion, defendants submitted the affidavit of Erin Murray. She
averred that she was the admissions director for Leroy Manner on August 22, 2018, the day that
Floyd was admitted, and led new residents and their families through the admissions paperwork
and process. Murray explained that pursuant to her standard practices, she would discuss the
nursing home contract and arbitration agreement with residents and “representatives of residents.”
the event of any dispute or legal action taken by either the resident or Leroy Manor,
the dispute or legal action would need to be submitted to arbitration. I would explain
to a new resident or a resident’s representative that, in the event the resident pursues
legal action relating to the skilled nursing services provided by Leroy Manor, the
dispute and/or legal action would be submitted to arbitration, per the terms of the
arbitration agreement.”
Murray further explained that when arbitration began, each side would choose an arbitrator and
those two arbitrators would jointly select a third. Murray said her “discussion with each new
resident and/or the resident’s representative on the terms and meaning of the arbitration agreement
was always part of the admissions process, as of August 2018.” Murray averred that she followed
¶ 13 The defendants attached to Murray’s affidavit a copy of the nursing home contract
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and arbitration agreement. Both documents were signed by Floyd and Jack. Jack signed the nursing
home contract in the location marked for “representative(s).” Three lines above Jack’s signature,
boxes labeled “health care power of attorney” and “financial power of attorney” were marked with
an “X,” apparently signifying he was signing in that capacity. The arbitration agreement was a
separate two-page document, double spaced, written in italicized font. The relevant portion stated
the following:
AGREEMENT, any and all disputes arising hereunder shall be submitted to binding
arbitration and not to a court for determination. Arbitration shall commence after
written notice is given from either party to the other, such arbitration shall be
accomplished expeditiously in the county and state where the property which is the
the rules of the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”). The arbitration shall
FACILITY and one whom shall be appointed by RESIDENT. The third arbitrator
shall be appointed by the first two arbitrators. The arbitrator shall be selected from
a list of arbitrators submitted by the AAA. Judgment upon the award rendered by
the arbitrators may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof. Arbitration
shall not commence until the party requesting it has deposited one thousand five
hundred and No/100 U.S. Dollars ($1,500.00) with the arbitrators as a retainer for
the arbitrators’ fees and costs. The party requesting arbitration shall advance such
sums as are required from time to time by the arbitrators to pay the arbitrators’ fees
and costs, until the prevailing party is determined or the parties have agreed in
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writing to an alternate allocation of fees and costs. Each party shall pay its own
legal fees and costs and any other fees incurred in connection with an arbitration
provided, however, that the arbitration panel shall award the arbitrators’ fees and
The second paragraph of the agreement stated that, in the event that a court determined the dispute
was not subject to arbitration, the parties agreed to (1) waive the right to a jury and proceed to a
bench trial and (2) the prevailing party would be entitled to recover “all costs incurred, including
reasonable attorney’s fees and costs, whether incurred before trial, at trial, in bankruptcy
proceedings, or on appeal.”
¶ 14 2. Taylor’s Response
2020, Taylor filed a response to defendant’s motion to dismiss in which she argued that the
agreement was invalid because (1) Floyd lacked the capacity to contract and (2) Jack never acted
as Floyd’s health care agent under a power of attorney. Alternatively, Taylor asserted that the
agreement was unenforceable because it was substantively and procedurally unconscionable and
¶ 16 Jack and Taylor submitted affidavits in support of the response. Jack stated that he
drove Floyd to Leroy Manor on August 22, 2018. Jack and Floyd first went to a residential room
before Jack left and went to a different room to sign admissions paperwork. Jack stated he signed
the admission documents for Floyd, believing he had to do so for his father to be admitted to the
facility. Jack also said his father never authorized Jack to sign anything on his behalf. Jack stated
that no one explained the arbitration agreement to him or the rights he was giving up and had
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someone done so, he would have refused to sign and taken his father elsewhere for care.
¶ 17 Jack further stated he was never designated as Floyd’s health care agent pursuant
to a power of attorney, he was never told Floyd had to sign or did sign a power of attorney, and he
never saw Floyd sign anything that day. Jack stated that Floyd (1) could not read, (2) had an eighth-
grade education, (3) could not speak, and (4) in Jack’s opinion, “had my father been presented
with any documents at the time of his admission ***, I do not believe that he would have been
¶ 18 Taylor’s affidavit averred that (1) she was present for the signing of the admission
documents, (2) Floyd was not present, nor did Taylor see him sign anything that day, (3) Floyd
could not read, (4) Jack was never authorized to act on Floyd’s behalf under a power of attorney,
(5) no one explained the terms of the arbitration agreement, and (6) had someone done so, she
was substantively unconscionable because it waived several statutory rights contained in the
Nursing Home Act, including a plaintiff’s right to attorney fees upon recovery and a jury trial. The
agreement was procedurally unconscionable because (1) it was never explained to Jack, (2) he was
not informed he could change the terms or consult an attorney, and (3) signing was a condition of
admission. Further, Taylor stated that Murray admitted in her deposition that she did not
understand the legal significance of the arbitration provisions and could not answer any questions
about them.
¶ 20 3. Murray’s Deposition
copy of Murray’s deposition. Murray testified that she was the admissions director for Leroy
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Manor since 2013. As part of her position, she “would facilitate with the hospitals and the families
getting the new resident to the building and then completing all the admission work upon their
arrival.” Murray testified that the admissions paperwork was provided to the resident and her
family in a folder. The resident would generally be present while signing; however, if a physician
had determined the resident was incapable of signing, then just the family might be present. If a
resident was coming from a hospital, documentation of incompetency would be included. Murray
stated such paperwork was reviewed by Leroy Manor and herself prior to determining if Leroy
Manor could accept the resident. If Murray ever had a question about someone’s competency, she
would contact the hospital or treating physician. Murray stated only a physician could declare
someone incompetent. Murray estimated that she went over admissions paperwork with new
residents between 15 and 30 times per month on average. Murray stated she discussed the
¶ 22 Murray testified she remembered Floyd because he was the only patient she ever
had that “had a trach.” (We note that (1) the parties agree Floyd had his larynx surgically removed
before being admitted to Leroy Manor and (2) the “trach” Murray described may have been either
a tracheotomy incision or a device, such as a collar, which works in tandem with the incision.)
Murray also remembered that Floyd could “ambulate,” and his son Jack was with him at admission.
Murray testified that her practice was to go through the paperwork in a particular order. “I welcome
them to the building, and I would take them into the office, and we would sit down and discuss all
of the paperwork before they actually get admitted to whatever room that they’ve been assigned
to.” There were about 10 to 12 different documents to sign as part of the admissions paperwork,
¶ 23 Counsel asked Murray if a power of attorney was one of the documents that needed
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to be signed at admission, and the following exchange occurred:
“A. If they already have a power of attorney form in place, then we review
that before any documents are signed. If there’s not one in place, then before the
person that signed as the power of attorney, that form needs to be completed with
the resident designating them as the power of attorney before that person can sign
any documents.
A. Yes.
A. If they don’t have one, then we have the discussion with the resident. As
***
A. [The power of attorney is] done first. If they don’t already have one when
A. It’s a person that can step in and help make decisions when that person
Q. Okay. And do you know what requirements there are for a person to be
***
A. They would need to be able to understand the form that they’re signing.
Q. How do you ensure that someone understands the form that they are
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signing?
A. I would go through it and ask them who they would want to help make
those decisions, and I ask them if they—to make sure that they know, that you
understand what you’re signing as well and ask them if they have any questions
about it.
power of attorney that asks if they’re going to—if it’s to start making decisions
right away or if it’s to make decisions when they’re actually no longer able to make
Q. Okay. And what would you do if there was no power of attorney in place
admitted, I mean, they would have to be deemed incompetent. And if there was no
power of attorney in place, then that’s where the health[ ]care surrogacy would fall
into place.”
¶ 24 Murray stated that residents and family could have copies of the paperwork to
review before admission if it was requested but she did not recall anyone ever making that request.
Murray emphasized that the arbitration agreement needed to be signed before a resident could be
admitted. Whenever someone wants to read a document or look through the paperwork, Murray
¶ 25 Murray testified that she discussed the nursing home contract and arbitration
agreement with the resident and family at the end of the admissions process. If Murray was unable
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to answer a question, she would direct them to the administrator or someone else who could. When
it came to arbitration, Murray testified consistently with her affidavit that “I would tell them that
it is a contract that helps us settle any disputes that would arise either out of the contract or the
skilled nursing care that they get where we would settle outside of the court system.” Murray
further explained that “there would be three arbitrators that would help. They would go through
the disputes. There would be three of them. One is appointed by the resident and the family, one
¶ 26 Murray acknowledged that she did not have any legal training, did not know how
the legal components of the arbitration agreement worked, and Leroy Manor did not have a lawyer
on staff. Murray could not explain the “prevailing party” or attorney fee provisions. She did not
know what rights someone would be giving up by signing the agreement. Murray had never
specifically said to new residents that they had the right to have an attorney look over the
agreement, but she did recall some people asked to speak with an attorney before signing. Murray
stated she would always permit the resident to consult with an attorney and that in the past some
had called their attorney or spoken with them before completing admission later that day. Murray
reiterated that she always tells family and residents that the arbitration agreement is “part of the
¶ 27 Murray further testified regarding Jack, Floyd, and his admissions process as
follows:
“Q. Now, how did you know that Jack could legally sign these agreements
form that came with him from the hospital, and then at the time of admission he
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completed health[ ]care power of attorney paperwork with me prior to signing all
of the admission paperwork that designated Jack as his power of attorney for health
care.
***
A. I know that he would shake his head yes or no if you asked him questions.
I know that if he did speak, it was very low because of having the trach.
Q. So how would you have been able to ensure that Floyd was able to
full sentences?
A. I would review it with him, and I would make sure—I would ask him,
‘Do you understand what you’re signing?’ And he would nod either yes or no.”
“Q. What are the kind of diagnoses that someone would have that would
A. End-stage dementia or Alzheimer’s are ones that I know off the top of
believe it’s two physicians actually that have to complete a form to deem a person
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incompetent.
***
process, is there someone that you could specifically ask whether a person was
competent?
A. I would speak with the social worker at the—or case manager at the
sure that we—that that person is capable of signing their own paperwork. And if
not, then I make arrangements for that power of attorney to be there to sign
paperwork as well.
Q. Okay. Do you know whether any member of Floyd’s family had power
A. I don’t believe so which is why the power of attorney was done at the
time of admission. We had the personal representative form for the hospital, but the
hospital did not physically have power of attorney paperwork to provide, nor did
the family.
then you have them fill one out on admission to the facility?
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A. They do have the right to refuse, yes.
can sign their own admission paperwork. However, if it’s somebody that’s not able
to, then again that’s where the health[ ]care surrogacy would come into play.”
¶ 29 In her response brief, Taylor argued that Murray’s deposition showed that she was
aware Floyd was incompetent because she (1) had his family present to sign the admissions
paperwork and (2) required Floyd to sign a power of attorney. Taylor further argued that Murray’s
deposition supported a finding of procedural unconscionability because she did not understand the
consequences of signing the arbitration agreement and therefore could not answer questions or
¶ 30 4. Defendant’s Reply
¶ 31 Defendants filed a reply brief in which they argued that Taylor had failed to show
that (1) Floyd was incompetent or (2) the arbitration agreement was unconscionable. Defendants
attached a supplemental affidavit from Murray in which she described the process she went
through when deciding whether to have new residents sign a power of attorney. Murray testified
consistently with her deposition and averred that she was present when Floyd signed the power of
¶ 32 Regarding Jack’s authority to sign for Floyd, defendants contended that Jack must
have understood he was Floyd’s agent under a health care power of attorney because he signed all
that Murray’s deposition showed that Jack had the opportunity to read, review, and ask questions
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about the arbitration agreement. Accordingly, any confusion on his part was not a basis for refusing
¶ 34 In December 2021, the trial court conducted a hearing on the motion. After
considering the parties arguments and documents submitted in support of and in opposition to the
motion, the court granted defendant’s motion to dismiss. The court explained its reasoning as
follows:
“It’s clear that when there is a valid arbitration agreement and the parties’
dispute does fall within the scope of the agreement, then arbitration is mandatory
and the trial court must compel it. Also, it’s—the law is pretty clear that an
And so the question for this Court is this arbitration agreement that was
signed by Floyd’s son, Jack, (inaudible) enforceable? Is—is Floyd’s health care
power of attorney to his son, Jack, valid? And the Court believes that it is a valid
health care power of attorney that he gave to his son, Jack. Evidencing that are the
nine documents that Jack signed for his dad. Jack did sign the admission contract.
And the boxes right above his signature, about a half inch above his signature,
indicate that he is the health care power of attorney and the financial power of
attorney as well.
Jack sure thought that he had his dad’s authority[,] otherwise why would he
sign as health care power of attorney, financial power of attorney, and sign nine
other documents? It is clear that he knew that he was the health care power of
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attorney for his father.
***
is pointed out by [defense counsel]. It is the plaintiff’s burden to show this. They
As far as procedural, I don’t believe that the plaintiff has been able to show
unconscionability there as the arbitration agreement is merely two pages long. It’s
[an] easy to read font. The waiver of the right to a jury trial is clearly spelled out in
that document. And the family did have to sign them to get them into this nursing
home. The plaintiff was free to decline the services of the nursing home. Certainly,
they were not forced or compelled to accept admission into LeRoy Manor.
or harsh agreement? No, it’s not. It’s a standard agreement where pre-arbitrators
will be chosen to arbitrate the case. The plaintiff would have to pay—I’m sorry, the
defendant would have to pay $1,500 to start it, and from time to time [as] required.
And it’s certainly also not unconscionable just because the arbitration agreement
¶ 35 Taylor appeals pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 307(a)(1) (eff. Nov. 1,
2017). See Hartz v. Brehm Preparatory School, Inc., 2021 IL App (5th) 190327, ¶ 21 (“[A]n order
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¶ 36 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 37 Taylor appeals, arguing the trial court erred by granting defendants’ motion to
¶ 39 The Illinois Supreme Court recently addressed the appropriate standards applied to
section 2-619(a)(9) motions to dismiss in McIntosh v. Walgreens Boots Alliance, Inc., 2019 IL
claim asserted against defendant is barred by other affirmative matter avoiding the
legal effect of or defeating the claim.’ 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2014). The
phrase ‘affirmative matter’ refers to a defense that negates the cause of action
section 2-619 admits [all] well-pleaded facts but does not admit conclusions of law
alleged in the complaint. [Citation.] In addition, a defendant does not admit the
truth of any allegations in the complaint that may touch on the affirmative matters
presents affidavits or other evidentiary matter supporting the asserted defense, the
burden shifts to the plaintiff to establish that the defense is unfounded or requires
¶ 40 “When ruling on the motion, the court should construe the pleadings and supporting
documents in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Sandholm v. Kuecker, 2012 IL
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111443, ¶ 55, 962 N.E.2d 418. Appellate courts review a dismissal under section 2-619(a)(9)
de novo, considering “whether there exists a genuine issue of material fact that should have
precluded the dismissal or, absent such an issue of fact, whether dismissal is proper as a matter of
¶ 41 B. Validity of the Arbitration Agreement and the Health Care Power of Attorney
¶ 42 Taylor first argues that the arbitration agreement was unenforceable because
(1) Floyd lacked the capacity to contract and (2) Jack was not acting under a valid power of
attorney. Taylor does not dispute that (1) Floyd and Jack signed the arbitration agreement and (2) if
¶ 43 1. The Law
arbitration agreement as part of a contract to receive nursing home care if the arbitration provision
is integral to the entire agreement and required for admission. Fiala v. Bickford Senior Living
Group, LLC, 2015 IL App (2d) 141160, ¶ 45, 32 N.E.3d 80. However, a principal will not be bound
by an arbitration agreement signed by an agent under a health care power of attorney if the
agreement is separate from the contract for services and not required for admission. Id. ¶ 44; see
also Curto v. Illini Manors, Inc., 405 Ill. App. 3d 888, 894, 940 N.E.2d 229, 234 (2010). Likewise,
if the principal did not sign the agreement, the party seeking to enforce the arbitration agreement
must present evidence that the representative signing on the principal’s behalf had actual authority
¶ 45 “[O]nce a defendant shows that a legal and binding contract existed, the burden
shifts to the plaintiff to prove it invalid ***.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Kero v. Palacios,
2018 IL App (1st) 172427, ¶ 33, 140 N.E.3d 789. Because defendants presented an affidavit
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supporting the validity of the arbitration agreement attached to it, Taylor was required to come
forward with evidentiary material demonstrating its invalidity. Id. ¶ 29 (“Based on this evidence,
[one of the defendants] carried its burden of showing it was a party to the arbitration agreement,
thereby shifting the burden to [the plaintiff] to raise an issue of fact on this issue or show that the
agreement was otherwise invalid.”). The same is true of the health care power of attorney.
¶ 46 “By presenting an affidavit supporting the basis for the motion, the defendant
satisfies the initial burden of going forward on the motion, and the burden then shifts to the
plaintiff. [Kedzie and 103rd Currency Exchange, Inc. v.] Hodge, 156 Ill. 2d [112,] 116, 619 N.E.2d
732[, 735 (1993)]. In order to establish that the motion is unfounded, a counter[-]affidavit or other
proof is necessary to refute the evidentiary facts properly asserted by the affidavit supporting the
motion. [Id.]” Hollingshead v. A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc., 396 Ill. App. 3d 1095, 1101-02, 920
N.E.2d 1254, 1260 (2009). “Here, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss and compel arbitration
and supported their motion with the contracts containing the arbitration provisions and an affidavit
establishing their evidentiary foundation. *** [D]efendants met their initial burden of going
forward with their motion and the burden shifted to the plaintiff to establish a defense to the
validity of all four arbitration provisions by counter[-]affidavit or other proof.” Id. at 1102.
competent; their incompetence cannot be inferred merely from old age, physical
illness or defective memory. [Citation.] Impairment of the mind incident to old age
and disease will not invalidate a transaction so long as the person in question was
able to comprehend the nature of the transaction and to protect her interests.” In re
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Estate of Gruske, 179 Ill. App. 3d 675, 678, 534 N.E.2d 692, 695 (1989).
¶ 48 2. This Case
¶ 49 In her brief, Taylor claims, “At the time of his admission to Leroy Manor, Floyd
Dodson did not have the necessary mental capacity to bind himself to the arbitration agreement,
nor did he have the requisite capacity to confer Powers of Attorney to Jack Dodson.” “Accordingly,
for Floyd to have had contractual capacity, he would have had to understand the terms in the Power
of Attorney for Health Care form, and he further would have had to understand the effect that the
designation of authority to Jack would have, including the implications of the arbitration
agreement.” “Floyd did not have the capacity to be able to comprehend the full nature and effect
of his acts [(McGlaughlin v. Pickerel, 381 Ill. 574, 580, 46 N.E.2d 368, 371 (1943))], nor did he
have sufficient mind and memory to understand the terms of the arbitration agreement. [(Jackson
¶ 50 Floyd was 85 years old, had dementia, an eighth-grade education, could not read,
and could not speak but could communicate by nodding in response to yes and no questions.
According to Leroy Manor’s nursing notes, the day after Floyd was admitted, he was transferred
to “Garden Court,” the facility’s wing for patients with dementia. Taylor argues that Murray’s
testimony supports an inference that Murray believed Floyd lacked capacity to sign the admissions
paperwork on his own. Murray testified that if she had any questions about a resident’s cognition,
she would “insist that the potential new resident’s representative be present for the discussion
relating to the contract and agreement.” Murray testified that she would arrange for family to come
and sign the admissions forms if the patient was incapable of doing so. Murray noted that Floyd
did not have a power of attorney prior to admission and required his family be there to sign on his
behalf, suggesting that she should have been aware that Floyd could not execute the power of
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attorney.
¶ 51 Taylor further notes that aside from signatures, Murray was the only person to write
on the power of attorney form Floyd signed. Murray also stated she relied on a hospital form that
designated Jack and Floyd’s two daughters as persons who could receive medical information
about Floyd. However, that form dealt with information only, not decision-making authority, and
Taylor claims Floyd would have had no way to tell Murray that Jack was the person he wanted to
act for him under the power of attorney. Taylor contends that the evidence in the record shows that
Floyd had no way to communicate with Murray, ask questions, read the material, or understand
what he was being asked to sign. Jack and Taylor never saw Floyd sign anything and were never
told he had signed a power of attorney, nor did Floyd ever give Jack authority to act pursuant to a
¶ 52 In her reply brief, Taylor responds to defendants’ claims concerning the conclusory
nature of her supporting affidavits by suggesting that cases dealing with summary judgment are
distinguishable from this case, which involves a section 2-619 motion to dismiss. However, Illinois
Supreme Court Rule 191 (eff. Jan. 4, 2013) applies with equal force to affidavits in support of and
opposing motions to dismiss pursuant to section 2-619 and motions for summary judgment under
section 2-1005. Clemons v. Nissan North America, Inc., 2013 IL App (4th) 120943, ¶ 36, 997
N.E.2d 307. Accordingly, the conclusory nature of the allegations in her supporting affidavits does
present a problem.
¶ 53 We note that because the defendants failed to challenge the affidavits in the trial
court, that argument is forfeited, and the defendants are barred from challenging the affidavits on
Rule 191 grounds. Nonetheless, the purpose of Rule 191 is to ensure that the trial court considers
facts admissible as evidence. The court said little about the affidavits when ruling on the motion
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to dismiss, and this court may affirm on any basis appearing in the record. See Masters v. Murphy,
¶ 54 In this case, Taylor had the burden of showing that Floyd was incompetent to
execute the power of attorney. Floyd is presumed competent despite old age and illness. Gruske,
179 Ill. App. 3d at 678. As Taylor points out, all Floyd needed was to comprehend the nature and
effect of his act of signing the health care power of attorney. Jack and Taylor’s affidavits provide
a factual basis for why Floyd could not have read and understood the forms on his own, but they
do not address his ability to understand things generally or with assistance. Murray testified that
she went through the power of attorney with Floyd and made sure to ask him yes or no questions
so he could respond nonverbally. Nothing in the record suggests Floyd was incapable of
understanding the need to designate a person to make health care decisions for him, especially if
¶ 55 Nothing about the affidavits is inconsistent. Taylor apparently does not contest the
signatures, maintaining only that no one saw Floyd sign the documents. But, Floyd could have
signed the health care power of attorney first, as was Murray’s practice. Moreover, the
circumstances support the trial court’s conclusion that Jack was aware he was acting as Floyd’s
legal representative. Jack admitted in his affidavit that he signed the documents on behalf of his
father and that he believed he had to sign them on behalf of his father for Floyd to receive care.
Jack was correct. Leroy Manor did require the admissions paperwork to be completed and agreed
to by the resident, the resident’s representative, or both prior to providing care. Jack’s signing of
multiple documents on Floyd’s behalf suggests that he was aware of his authority to bind his father.
Surely he did not think that this was an exercise for him to practice his handwriting, but instead an
actual agreement that he was making. Jack’s signing them outside of his father’s presence further
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suggests that both he and Murray were operating on the understanding that Jack had the authority
¶ 56 The defendants met their burden of production by putting forth the fully executed
contract, arbitration agreement, and health care power of attorney. Taylor had the burden to rebut
this evidence and the presumption that Floyd had the capacity to contract. Taylor did not meet her
burden, and the trial court correctly concluded that the power of attorney was valid.
¶ 57 C. Unconscionability
¶ 58 1. The Law
IL App (1st) 201264, ¶ 14 (quoting Razor v. Hyundai Motor America, 222 Ill. 2d 75, 99, 854
N.E.2d 607, 622 (2006)). The Illinois Supreme Court has summarized both types of
unconscionability as follows:
unconscionability concerns the actual terms of the contract and examines the
relative fairness of the obligations assumed, asking whether the terms are so one-
omitted.) Phoenix Insurance Co. v. Rosen, 242 Ill. 2d 48, 60, 949 N.E.2d 639, 647
(2011).
“[T]he issue of unconscionability should be examined with reference to all of the circumstances
surrounding the transaction.” Kinkel v. Cingular Wireless LLC, 223 Ill. 2d 1, 24, 857 N.E.2d 250,
265 (2006).
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¶ 60 “Procedural unconscionability refers to a situation where a term is so difficult to
find, read, or understand that the plaintiff cannot fairly be said to have been aware he was agreeing
to it, and also takes into account a lack of bargaining power.” Razor, 222 Ill. 2d at 100. “Factors
to be considered are all the circumstances surrounding the transaction including the manner in
which the contract was entered into, whether each party had a reasonable opportunity to understand
the terms of the contract, and whether important terms were hidden in a maze of fine print; both
the conspicuousness of the clause and the negotiations relating to it are important, albeit not
conclusive factors in determining the issue of unconscionability.” Zuniga, 2021 IL App (1st)
201264, ¶ 14. Unconscionability is also more likely to be found where the transaction involves a
“consumer, a disparity in bargaining power, and the presence of the allegedly unconscionable
provision is (1) imposed through a standardized contract of adhesion or (2) “presented in fine print
or uses legal language that an average consumer might not fully understand.” Id. Such contracts
are “a fact of modern life,” and consumers “routinely sign such agreements to obtain” a wide
variety of products and services crucial to everyday life without those contracts being “so
fraud, the act of signing legally signifies that the individual had an opportunity to become familiar
with and comprehend the terms of the document he or she signed. An individual ‘who has had an
opportunity to read a contract before signing, but signs before reading, cannot later plead lack of
understanding.’ [Citation.]” Hawkins v. Capital Fitness, Inc., 2015 IL App (1st) 133716, ¶ 14, 29
N.E.3d 442.
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sided as to oppress or unfairly surprise an innocent party, [(2)] an overall imbalance in the
obligations and rights imposed by the bargain, and [(3)] significant cost-price disparity.” (Internal
quotation marks omitted.) Rosen, 242 Ill. 2d at 75. Courts may examine and consider the entire
Harz v. Brehm Preparatory School, Inc., 2021 IL App (5th) 190327, ¶¶ 53, 56.
question of law, which this court reviews de novo. Zuniga, 2021 IL App (1st) 201264, ¶ 11; Kinkel,
223 Ill. 2d at 22. “There is a ‘strong public policy in favor of enforcing arbitration agreements.’ ”
Tortoriello v. Gerald Nissan of North Aurora, Inc., 379 Ill. App. 3d 214, 227, 882 N.E.2d 157,
¶ 65 Taylor argues that the agreement was procedurally unconscionable in part because
(1) Jack and Taylor did not understand the terms of the arbitration agreement and (2) Murray did
not and could not fully explain the arbitration agreement. Taylor misses the mark. Neither Jack
nor Taylor averred that they had questions that went unanswered or that they did not have time to
review the arbitration agreement. Murray testified that if she could not answer a question, she
would get someone who could, like the administrator of Leroy Manor. Further, Murray routinely
gave people privacy and time to review the documents if they needed it. Some even called
attorneys. Jack and Taylor’s lack of understanding is not Murray’s fault. Instead, Jack and Taylor
can only blame themselves given that they had time to review the arbitration agreement and did
not have any questions. They either (1) did not read the terms before signing, (2) did not
understand the terms but signed anyway, or (3) understood the terms and signed anyway.
¶ 66 For similar reasons, the agreement was not procedurally unconscionable. The
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agreement was a separate, two-page document titled “Arbitration Agreement.” The font was in all
italics and was easily legible. The terms were not difficult to understand, and if any confusion
existed, Murray was available to do whatever was necessary to clear up the confusion.
¶ 67 Taylor claims the parties had unequal bargaining power, but the undisputed facts
suggest otherwise. Taylor and Jack averred that had they known the arbitration agreement was
mandatory, they would have gone someplace else. Their willingness to look elsewhere for services
demonstrates that they had significant bargaining power, so much so that disagreement with a
single term—albeit a significant one—would have been enough for them to reject the deal entirely.
Jack and Taylor were not rushed into signing and apparently had other options for nursing home
care. The arbitration provisions were not hidden in fine print or set forth in technical jargon and
legalese; it was explicitly set forth on its own separate document. The agreement was 2 out of just
32 pages of information presented. And no evidence exists that any information was kept from
¶ 69 Taylor baldly asserts that the agreement is “entirely one-sided” for defendants.
However, Taylor’s complaints come down to two issues: (1) jury waiver and (2) fees and costs.
right to a trial by jury in civil cases is inherent in arbitration. See Carter v. SSC Odin Operating
Co., LLC, 237 Ill. 2d 30, 50, 927 N.E.2d 1207, 1220 (2010). Murray consistently explained
arbitration in such a manner. Taylor also complains that the arbitration agreement contained a jury
waiver if the claims were litigated in court. The agreement to have a bench trial is explicit and
plainly worded.
¶ 71 The prevailing party provisions do not favor one party over the other. Taylor insists
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that a business is necessarily in a better position than an individual when it comes to legal
knowledge and financial resources. However, even if we assume that claim to be true, it provides
any arbitration agreements between a business and an individual would almost always then be
¶ 72 The parties agree that defendants are required to pay the initial $1500 retainer and
any further costs during the arbitration. And the agreement states that the arbitrators’ fees and
costs will be assigned to the prevailing party as part of the judgment. The parties are responsible
for their own arbitration costs no matter the outcome. Such a provision brings the arbitration
agreement in line with the traditional American rule, requiring a party to pay the costs of that
¶ 73 The agreement here is not so one-sided as to be oppressive. The parties have equal
input regarding the arbitrators who will decide their case. Defendants bear the burden of paying
the arbitrators’ fees and costs and may only recover those sums if they prevail in arbitration and
the parties do not agree to a different payment scheme. The fee-shifting provisions are not as
advantageous as those in the Nursing Home Care Act, but they are not one sided. The parties are
generally on equal footing. The prevailing party does have a financial advantage, but nothing in
the arbitration agreement makes one party or the other more likely to prevail; each side bears the
same risk. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err by rejecting Taylor’s claim of
substantive unconscionability.
¶ 74 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 76 Affirmed.
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