INTRODUCTION

To get to know the importance of correct and effective communication.

OBJECTIVES
The sole objective of this training is to make you an effective communicator.
Customer Service is no longer confirmed within the geographical boundaries of a
country. Business today is very fast paced and in order to survive and excel in
this cutthroat competition of a contact center, it is of utmost importance to be
articulate in diction and be globally understood in the English Language.

Comprehensibility is thus the ultimate focus of this training.

WHY ME?
Your voice is the means by which you convey your inner self and you inner
thoughts and feelings in an immediate way to other people – the outside world. It
is the outward expression of your inner self, a sort of channel from inside to
outside and is therefore a very particular expression of you and your personality.

You are now part of a world-class organization. You may wonder why you need
this course. The reason is that English is spoken differently in different countries.
The English Language its structure and the accent or dialect changes from
country to country. Hence, it is very critical to speak in a globally comprehensibly
English dialect. This global dialect will differ from the way English is spoken in
your country.

THE STRUCTURE
The task you perform is very complex and difficult one. Listening to a foreign
accent, comprehending the clients’ problem and at the same time, shuttling
between screens is, to say the least a very difficult task.
This can easily stress you and going further can affect your voice and dialect.
Keeping this in mind, the exercises in this module have been given a logical flow.
The idea is to instill the Global English dialect as part of your personality, so that
even if you are stressed, you end up speaking English in a clear and
comprehensible dialect. The exercises are quite simple and very effective and
follow a logical speech flow.

1
THE OVERVIEW:

RELAXATION
While talking you will find that both your mind and body getting tired. In order to
combat fatigue, you will go through a 5-minute relaxation exercise, which focuses
on rejuvenating your mind and body. A relaxed voice resides in a relaxed body.
Stress and tension affect the muscles around your neck, causing the voice to
break and lose its quality. Considering the fact that nay language in this spoken
form is carried forth by the voice, this is totally unacceptable. The thoughts need
to be relaxed and only then can we convert them to a meaningful speech. Hence,
the first step to effective communication starts with relaxing ourselves.

PRONUNCIATION
Pronunciation is the act or manner of pronouncing words in a way that is
accepted or generally understood. Pronunciation is governed by two mail factors.
These are syllable stress and the consonant and vowel sound articulation.
Dialects not only differ from one country to another but also within a country, they
differ from one region to another. The reason being that we tend to speak English
with the sounds present in our regional languages. When we do this, a British will
find it difficult to comprehend what we say. The Indian language has a very
strong consonant sounds compared to the English language. Furthermore
syllable stress is a key factor in English, whereas it does not hold enough
significance in any of the Indian languages. Hindi has a 4 beat rhythm as
compared to10 beat rhythm of the English language. Hence intonation or speech
music of each language differs from one another and must not spill over onto a
different language. All these factors lead us to speak a dialect, which could
sound totally alien.

FLUENCY
The ability to convert the mental intention into the physical action of making
speech and ensuring that the words come out sharp and crisp at a steady rate of
speech is what can be defined as being fluent.
Humans think in thought groups and these thoughts are converted into language.
This is a very complex task and the fluency exercise in this module help crafting
out is a very complex task and the fluency exercises in this module help in
crafting out this very important and crucial aspect of communication.

2
COMPREHENDING THROUGH ACTIVE LISTENING
The ability to listen differs from one human to another. This ability though, can be
improved. To listen in to foreign accents and dialects is a very complex and
tedious task. The listening exercises in this module help you to develop the
essential listening abilities and at the same time attune you to easily comprehend
the customers’ problem in spite of his accent. This module also helps you to
paraphrase the customers’ problems by honing your listening and
comprehension skills.

ACCENTS
No accent is essentially good or bad, but it has to be recognized the way we
perceive accents does play a role in our attitudes to others. Different people have
different perceptions. The British are well known for being extremely sensitive
about how they and the others speak the English language. Accent differences
seem to receive more attention here than is general anywhere in the world,
including other English-speaking countries. It may be for this reason that native
and non-native teachers of English view the matter with considerable interest.
The teacher of British English as a foreign language typically chooses Received
Pronunciation as the model (or BBC English, Standard English, Queen’s English
or Oxford English as it is sometimes called). RP (for short) is the most widely
understood pronunciation of those who use British English as their reference
accent.

PERFORMANCE FEEDBACK
Throughout the training process, the Trainer will give you constant feedback on
your speech, pronunciation, grammar and performance. By paying close
attention to your feedback and practicing the correction mechanisms given to
you, you will improve your spoken language ability and will be well prepared to
handle all situations on the floor.
For certification to take calls on the floor, you will need to take a test to
demonstrate that your ability to communicate with customers has improved. Be
sure to spend extra time on your weakest areas to ensure full success.

3
 INTRODUCTION TO CONSONANTS

CONSONANT SOUNDS
Consonant sounds are produced by the partial or full interruption of the breath
flow. Consonants give clarity and sharpness to a word. The do the work of
making our speech crisp and clear, just like the function of treble in a music
system. When you whisper, it is consonants that carry forward the sound and the
meaning. Apart from giving clarity and sharpness to language, consonant sounds
also convey logic.

The aim is to master the global English consonant sounds. Let us take a closer
look at these sounds.

The English consonant sounds are divided into two broad buckets, which are
 Voiced Consonants &

 Unvoiced Consonants

VOICED CONSONANTS are those consonants sounds, which are produced

and carried forward by the human voice. These sounds can be fully utilized to
add resonance to the voice.

INVOICED CONSONANTS are consonant sounds that are produced without

any human voice.

PLACES OF ARTICULATION:
Each consonant sound is produced in different parts of the mouth:

 Produced between the lips: p, b, m, w

 Produced with the tongue and teeth: th(soft) and the th (hard)

 Produced with the upper teeth ridge and lower lip: f, v

 Produced with tongue tip: t, d, n. l, z

 Produced with tongue blade near the hard palate: r, sh, zh, ch, j

 Produced with tongue on soft palate: g, k, ng

 Produced by air passing through windpipe: h

4
 INTRODUCTION TO VOWELS

VOWELS

Vowels are produced by the uninterrupted flow of breath. These sounds carry
emotion and give due weight to a word. These sounds, if nice and open, can
add resonance to your voice.

Vowel sounds can be categorized into two buckets:

 Lip Vowels &

 Tongue Vowels

LIP VOWELS are those vowel sounds that are crafted by the shaping of the lips.
Note that the lips have to change shape in order to craft these sounds.
Lip vowels are:

Aa - Aw - Oh - Oo

TONGUE VOWELS are vowel sounds that are made by the movement of the
tongue. Feel the tongue move as you enunciate these sounds.
Tongue vowels are:

Aa - Ay - Ee - I

Shades of Vowels
These are some common vowel sounds that need to be mastered in their lond
and short sounds.

Aa u er ae e ay i ee I
(bark) (but) (bird) (fat) (bet) (say) (bit) (see) (my)

5
 CONSONANAT CLUSTERS

The trainer will take you through the consonant clusters, and will make you
understand the reasons for doing this exercise.

Clarity comes from completing words. At the end of most words there are
clusters of consonants, which at times are difficult to pronounce due to laxness of
the tongue muscles. Words like makes, couldn’t and amidst are typical examples
of consonant clusters. Just like we work out our body muscles at the gym, we
need to work out tongue muscles for better clarity and meaningful speech.

6
 APPLICATION PASSAGES

Passage 1

I was thinking of two people I met last time I was in England, at Cambridge. One
of them was an atomic physicist, the other was a philosopher. Both extremely
eminent. But one had a mental age, outside the laboratory, of about eleven and
the other was a compulsive eater with a weight problem that he refused to face.
Two extreme examples of what happens when you take a cleaver boy give him
fifteen years of the most intensive formal education and totally neglect to do
anything for the mind-body which has to do the learning and the living.

Passage 2

On dark nights, I sometimes dream of little dwarfs who like to ride through the
woods and along country roads on tiny donkeys. On cold stabbing nights they try
to invert riddles to the sound of the wind. They tend to find clear skies
disappointing and much prefer dark stormy nights. One dark dismal night in
winter, I observed a dozen of these little men hunting for dandelions in the
woods. It was raining hard but in the distance I could see a little figure riding
away from me. I followed close behind until the dwarf reach the door through
which he disappeared. I knocked hard on the door, hoping to catch a glimpse of
where he lived. All of a sudden I heard a dreadful drumming sound behind me. A
drunken dwarf dressed in a diamond encrusted cloak was riding past me on a
dappled donkey! I tried to address him, but with down cast eyes, he trundled
down the road into the distance. As the day dawned, I woke from my dream.

From UNDER MILK WOOD

And the shrill girls giggle and muster around him and squeal as they clutch and
thrash and he blubbers away downhill with his patched pants falling and his tear-
splashed blush burns all the way as the triumphant bird-like sisters scream with
buttons in their claws and the bully brothers hoot after him his little nickname and
his mother’s shame and his father’s wickedness with the loose wild barefoot
women of the hovels of the hills. It all means nothing at all, and, howling for his
milky mum, for her cawl and buttermilk and cow breath and welsh cakes and the
fat birth-smelling bed and moonlit kitchen of her arms, he’ll never forget as he
paddles blind home through the weeping end of the world. Then his tormentors
tussle and run to the Cockle Street sweet-shop, their pennies sticky with honey,
to buy from Ms. Myfanwy Price, who is cocky and neat as a puff-bosomed robin
and her small round buttocks tight as ticks, gobstoppers big wens that rainbow as
you suck, brandy balls, wine gums, hundreds and thousands, liquorices sweet as
sick, nougat to tug and ribbon out like another red rubbery tongue, gum to glue in
the girl’s curls, crimson cough drops to spit blood, ice cream cornets, dandelion
and burdock, raspberry and cherryade, pop goes the weasel and the wind.

7
Practice the Consonant and Vowel sounds in the following text:

THE Powers whose name and shape no living creature knows

Have pulled the Immortal Rose;
And though the Seven Lights bowed in their dance and wept,
The Polar Dragon slept,
His heavy rings uncoiled from glimmering deep to deep:
When will he wake from sleep?
Great Powers of falling wave and wind and windy fire,
With your harmonious choir
Encircle her I love and sing her into peace,
That my old care may cease;
Unfold your flaming wings and cover out of sight
The nets of day and night.
Dim powers of drowsy thought, let her no longer be
Like the pale cup of the sea,
When winds have gathered and sun and moon burned dim
Above its cloudy rim;
But let a gentle silence wrought with music flow
Whiter her footsteps go.

8
War of the V’s and W’s

V’s and W’s are a common area of difficulty for Indian speakers. Both sounds are
formed at the lips. V is a true consonant, because the lips com into contact with
the teeth. W is a glide or a semi vowel, because the lips do not come into
contact. You just pucker up and push the sound out, but do not allow any contact
between your lips.

Passage Application “V”

Victor Vickerson voted to review the very vilest version of the veto to avoid a
controversy. Even Evan reviewed Virginia’s available provisions for the vacation
as inevitably devoid of value. Evan eventually arrived at the village and saved the
day with vast amounts of veal.

Passage Application “W”

9
Objective of Training

The sole objective of training is to make you an effective communicator.

Customer Service is no longer confirmed within the geographical boundaries of a
country. Business today is very fast paced and in order to survive and excel in
this cutthroat competition of a contact center, it is of utmost importance to be
articulate in diction and be globally understood in the English Language.

Comprehensibility is thus the ultimate focus of this training.

Why Me?
Your voice is the means by which you convey your inner self and you inner
thoughts and feelings in an immediate way to other people – the outside world. It
is the outward expression of your inner self, a sort of channel from inside to
outside and is therefore a very particular expression of you and your personality.

You are now part of a world-class organization. You may wonder why you need
this course. The reason is, that English is spoken differently in different countries.
The English Language its structure and the accent or dialect changes from
country to country. Hence, it is very critical to speak in a globally comprehensibly
English dialect. This global dialect will differ from the way English is spoken in
your country.

The Structure
The task you perform is very complex and difficult one. Listening to a foreign
accent, comprehending the clients’ problem. This can easily stress you and going
further can affect your voice and dialect. Keeping this in mind the idea is to instill
the Global English dialect as part of your personality, so that even if you are
stressed, you end up speaking English in a clear and comprehensible dialect.
The exercises are quite simple and very effective and follow a logical speech
flow.

Relaxation
While talking you will find that both your mind and body getting tired. In order to
combat fatigue, you will go through a 5-minute relaxation exercise, which focuses
on rejuvenating your mind and body. A relaxed voice resides in a relaxed body.
Stress and tension affect the muscles around your neck, causing the voice to
break and lose its quality. Considering the fact that nay language in this spoken
form is carried forth by the voice, this is totally unacceptable. The thoughts need
to be relaxed and only then can we convert them to a meaningful speech. Hence,
the first step to effective communication starts with relaxing ourselves.

10
Pronunciation
Pronunciation is the act or manner of pronouncing words in a way that is
accepted or generally understood. Pronunciation is governed by two mail factors.
These are syllable stress and the consonant and vowel sound articulation.
Dialects not only differ from one country to another but also within a country, they
differ from region to region. The reason being that we tend to speak English with
the sounds present in our regional languages. When we do this, a British will find
it difficult to comprehend what we say. The Indian language has a very strong
consonant sounds compared to the English language. Furthermore syllable
stress is a key factor in English, whereas it does not hold enough significance in
any of the Indian languages. Hindi has a 4 beat rhythm as compared to10 beat
rhythm of the English language. Hence intonation or speech music of each
language differs from one another and must not spill over onto a different
language. All these factors lead us to speak a dialect, which could sound totally
alien.

Fluency
The ability to convert the mental intention into the physical action of making
speech and ensuring that the words come out sharp and crisp at a steady rate of
speech is what can be defined as being fluent.

Humans think in thought groups and these thoughts are converted into language.
This is a very complex task and the fluency exercise in this module help crafting
out is a very complex task and the fluency exercises in this module help in
crafting out this very important and crucial aspect of communication.

Accents
No accent is essentially good or bad, but it has to be recognized the way we
perceive accents does play a role in our attitudes to others. Different people have
different perceptions. The British are well known for being extremely sensitive
about how they and the others speak the English language. Accent differences
seem to receive more attention here than is general anywhere in the world,
including other English-speaking countries. It may be for this reason that native
and non-native teachers of English view the matter with considerable interest.
The teacher of British English as a foreign language typically chooses Received
Pronunciation as the model (or BBC English, Standard English, Queen’s English
or Oxford English as it is sometimes called). RP (for short) is the most widely
understood pronunciation of those who use British English as their reference
accent.

11
 Performance Feedback
Throughout the training process, the Trainer will give you constant feedback on
your speech, pronunciation, grammar and performance. By paying close
attention to your feedback and practicing the correction mechanisms given to
you, you will improve your spoken language ability and will be well prepared to
handle all situations. Be sure to spend extra time on your weakest areas to
ensure full success.

What is Phonetics?
Representing the sounds of speech, with a set of distinct symbols, each
designating a single sound.

Background of British English:

The size of the British Isles often leads people to assume that the language
spoken in its countries of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland is somewhat
homogeneous and first time visitors are often surprised to find that they have
difficulty in understanding the accents and dialects of certain regions. Even within
the country of England alone there is great diversity of dialect both regionally and
socially. Accents are clues to where people were born and where they grew up.
Although some people may change the way they speak during their lifetimes,
most people "carry at least some trace" of their accent and dialect origins
throughout their lives:

In addition to the regional accents of England, there can also be class differences
reflected in the different accents. The general sociolinguistic issues section
discusses this more fully.

Geography of British English:

The term "British English" can occasionally be confusing depending upon the
regions included by the term British. Although there is an abundance of different
dialects within England that can be referred to as "northern" or "southern" for
example, they do not really follow any sharp boundaries or coincide with any
county lines.

Accents within England:

As language change continues to take place within Britain and within England,
there are some who claim that a relatively newly established accent, "Estuary
English" (EE) is due to replace the traditional educated accent of England
Received Pronunciation" (RP).
It must be emphasized, however, that there are many features in common
among these more prevalent accents that are present in England and that they
must be thought of as existing on a continuum rather than having strict, non-
fuzzy boundaries.
However, two of the most commonly known and researched accents are RP and
Cockney.

12
What is Received Pronunciation (RP)?
Many different forms of English are spoken in the UK. The three major divisions
are normally classified as Southern English dialects, Northern English dialects
and Scots dialects. Besides these, you also get to hear the Welsh and the Irish
forms of English, each of which has its own peculiarities and distinctive style. The
dialect known to many people outside the UK as many in the south & east of
England speak British English, and within the UK, is known as Received
Pronunciation or RP as the Queens English or BBC English or Public School
English.

The term “received” originally meant “that which is generally accepted” or “that
accepted by the society”. It remains that RP is often regarded as “neutral” and
often “correct” accent.

In due course, RP came to sybolize a person's high position in society. During

the 19th century, it became the accent of public schools, such as Eton and
Harrow, and was soon the main sign that a speaker had received a good
education. It spread rapidly throughout the Civil Service of the British Empire and
the armed forces, and became the voice of authority and power. Because it was
a regionally 'neutral' accent, and was thought to be more widely understood than
any regional accent, it was adopted by the BBC, when radio broadcasting began
in the 1920s. During WW2, it became linked in many minds with the voice of
freedom, and the notion of a "BBC pronunciation" grew.

RP is only really associated with England and not the other countries of Great
Britain. However, it is not associated with any particular location within England.
Because it is what might be thought of as an "educated accent" it appears
characteristically in upper and upper middle class speakers and is more
sociologically defined rather than geographically defined.

Speaking with Received Pronunciation

In general, the accent gives great importance to vowel sounds, which are
extended and rounded.
Some examples of the transformations of words when spoken with a received
pronunciation are as follows:
 "Oh!" is pronounced as a, w sound to round off the word.
 "Room" is often pronounced with a short vowel sound.

In addition to manipulating the vowels, great attention is paid to articulating

consonants clearly. Therefore, whilst some accents may "drop h", transforming
"hello" to "'ello", or let a t slip to a d (as Americans and Australians do), Received
Pronunciation makes sure to enunciate every consonant properly, except for the
r consonant, which is not pronounced when it immediately precedes a consonant
(as in cart), and which is enunciated at the end of syllables only when linking with
vowel sounds.

13
This is true regardless of whether the syllable linking is intrinsic or extrinsic to a
word. (E.g.: The word "heresy" has a clear r consonant, but the word "hearsay"
does not. Similarly, "here we are" does not have either the r pronounced, but
"here it is" has its single r clearly pronounced. Further, "law and order" has an r
linking "law" and "and", making the final product sound somewhat like "lah-ran-
dorder" when spoken.)

There is a greater number of distinct vowel sounds, for example "caught", "cot",
"cart" are different in Received Pronunciation.

The a sound is particularly elongated, sounding like "ah", noted in the

pronunciation of words such as "class". It also drops the h from wh, pronouncing
"Wales" and "whales" identically

Differences in prounication of American English & Received Prounication

There are clear distinctions in how Americans and Britons, as they may be
generally categorized, use their language. However, considering the vast
differences in the way Americans in different parts of North America and,
likewise, Britons in different parts of Britain, use and pronounce English, it is wise
to consider only one established form of American English and one of British
English.

(Standard) American English (henceforth referred to as AE) is difficult to define

exactly, but in the simplest terms, it is said to be “the English language as used in
the United States”. Naturally there are extensive differences in the speakers of
AE, but here an attempt to present a general picture is undertaken. AE can be
used to effectively examine the differences between the English spoken in the
United States and that spoken in Britain.

The most notable differences in pronunciation between AE and RP is the word

stress patterns and the articulation of single phonemes within words. Morris-
Wilson defines the stressing of certain syllables as those syllables being
“stronger or longer or more prominent than others”. In simpler terms, it can be
said that the elements of the basic alphabet are called phonemes; each vowel or
consonant category is a phoneme of the language

The difference in word stress can generally be seen in relatively long words, or at
least they are more prominent there than in short words. For example, the words
cigarette, brochure, address, laboratory, garage and harassment have differing
stress pattern in AE and RP.

14
Consonants
Consonant sounds are produced by the partial or full interruption of the flow of air
through the mouth (and nose). Consonants are created when that airflow is
directly restricted, or obstructed. Consonants give clarity and sharpness to a
word. They do the work of making our speech crisp and clear, just like the
function of treble in a music system. Apart from giving clarity and sharpness to
language, consonant sounds also convey logic.

The speech sound being obstructed can be voiced or unvoiced. It can be

obstructed in a number of different places in the vocal tract. The nature of the
obstruction can take a number of forms, or manners.

Voiced and Voiceless Consonants

The level of vibration of the vocal cords determines whether a sound is voiced or
voiceless. If the vocal cords are apart, then air can escape unimpeded. Sounds
produced in this way are said to be voiceless. The easiest example of this to
whisper. When you whisper your glottis is wide open and therefore, all sounds
produced are voiceless. If the vocal cords are very close together, the air will
blow them apart as it forces its way through. This makes the cords vibrate,
producing a voiced sound.

To feel the distinction between voiced & voiceless sounds is very easy. Place
your finger and thumb lightly on your throat. Say ssssssssssss to yourself. Then
say zzzzzzzzz. Repeat these a few times. Then substitute fffffffff and vvvvvvvv,
but nothing when you say sssssss and ffffffffff.

It is also possible to hear the vibration. Instead of putting your fingers on your
throat, put your index fingers in your ears and repeat the above sounds. You
should ear a low buzzing sound when you articulate zzzzzzzzzz and vvvvv, but
almost nothing on the other two sounds.

Voicing is important in a language like English because the meaning of a sound

often depends on whether that sound is voiced or not.
Example – “big” carries a very different meaning from “pig”

Your vocal cords are in your Adam’s apple. When you speak, you will feel a
vibration in your Adam’s apple. The vocal cords are used to make a sound
voiced or voiceless. Vowels are always voiced, but consonants can be
voiced or voiceless.
Example – the difference between the underlined sound in prize (voiced) and
price (voiceless).

The voiced consonant sounds make a resonant sound in the throat. Make the
sound m. Put your fingers on your Adam’s apple. Can you feel the vibration? The
vibration makes the sound voiced.

15
In other words, voiced consonants are produced with a tangible vibration of the
vocal cords but with little or no aspiration.
Voiceless consonants are accompanied by a puff of air with very little or no
vibration of the vocal cords.

In RP there are no consonants like “C”, “K”, or “Q” these are pronounced as a
soft “kh” as in
Catch, keep, quay, duck, cat, cable
The other consonants are b, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, m, p, s, v, w, z, th, sh, ng.

Consonant Routine
Speak aloud each consonant sound and then hear it repeat itself within each
tongue twister. The more time you take in saying each consonant, the clearer
each word will sound.

Tongue Twisters.
A big black bug bit a big black bear,
made the big black bear bleed blood.

Brisk brave brigadiers brandished broad bright blades,

blunderbusses, and bludgeons -- balancing them badly

A bitter biting bittern

Bit a better brother bittern,
And the bitter better bittern
Bit the bitter biter back.
And the bitter bittern, bitten,
By the better bitten bittern,
Said: "I'm a bitter biter bit, alack!"

If one-doctor doctors another doctor, does the doctor

who doctors the doctor doctor the doctor the way the
doctor he is doctoring doctors? Or does he doctor
the doctor the way the doctor who doctors doctors?

If Danny danced the dodo dance to Dundee in twenty minutes then how long
Would Diana take to do the do-do dance to Dumfries?

Greta’s great grandma grew aghast at Greta’s grammar.

Cows graze in droves on grass that grows on grooves in groves

Gale's great glass globe glows green.

16
Larry sent the latter a letter later.

Lesser leather never weathered lesser wetter weather.

If you stick a stock of liquor in your locker,

it is slick to put a lock upon your stock.
For some joker who is quicker will rob you of your liquor
if you fail to lock your liquor with a lock.

A missing mixture measure.

Much mashed mushrooms.

Moses supposes his toeses are roses.

But Moses supposes erroneously.
For Moses, he knows his toeses aren't roses.
As Moses supposes his toeses to be.

Mix a box of mixed biscuits with a boxed biscuit mixer.

Nick knits Nixon's knickers.

Nine nimble noblemen nibbled nuts

If a noisy noise annoys an oyster

An annoying noisy annoys an Oyster more

Norse myths.

Nine nice night nymphs.

Valuable valley villas.

The vain vet cut the vein of the Vine in his View.
For revenge, the Vine cut the vain vets vein.

Vincent vowed vengeance very vehemently

If two witches were watching two watches,

which witch would watch which watch?

Wetter weather never weathered wetter weather better.

Wally Winkle wriggles his white, wrinkled wig.

17
How much wood would a woodchuck chuck, if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
A woodchuck would chuck all the wood he could chuck if a woodchuck could
chuck wood.

This is a zither.
Is this a zither?

Zizzi's zippy zipper zips.

Zithers slither slowly south.

The fickle finger of fate flips fat frogs flat.

Fran feeds fish fresh fish food.

Few free fruit flies fly from flames.

One smart fellow, he felt smart.

Two smart fellows, they felt smart.
Three smart fellows, they felt smart.
Four smart fellows, they felt smart.
Five smart fellows, they felt smart.
Six smart fellows, they felt smart.
Seven smart fellows, they felt smart.
Eight smart fellows, they felt smart.
Nine smart fellows, they felt smart.
Ten smart fellows, they felt smart!

Higgledy-Piggedly!

The hare's ear heard ere the hare heeded.

Harry Hare held Hatty Hares Hat

A haddock! A haddock!
A black-spotted haddock!
A black spot On the black back
Of a black-spotted haddock!

18
Catch a can canner canning a can as he does the cancan, and you've caught a
can-canning can-canning can canner!

Clean clams crammed in clean cans.

A cupcake cook in a cupcake cook's cap cooks cupcakes.

Crisp crust crackles.

Chocolate chip cookies in a copper coffee cup

If you must cross a course cross cow across a crowded cow crossing,
cross the cross coarse cow across the crowded cow crossing carefully.

Cheap sheep soup.

A cup of proper coffee in a copper coffee cup.

Kinky kite kits.

A knapsack strap.

Keenly cleaning copper kettles.

Come kick six sticks quick.

Kiss her quick, kiss her quicker, kiss her quickest!

The quack quit asking quick questions.

The queen coined quick clipped quips.

Quick kiss. Quicker kiss. Quickest kiss.

Peter Piper picked a pack of pickled pepper,

a pack of pickled pepper Peter Piper picked.
If Peter Piper picked a pack of pickled pepper,
where's the pack of pickled pepper Peter Piper picked?

Paul, please pause for proper applause.

A pack of pesky pixies.

19
A proper cup of coffee is a proper coffee cup.
A proper crop of poppies is a proper poppy-crop.

Is a pleasant peasant's pheasant present?

Pooped purple pelicans.

I'm the son of a pheasant plucker, A pheasant plucker am I.

I'm only plucking pheasants Till the pheasant plucker comes.

20
No shipshape ships shop stocks shop-soiled shirts.

21
Sister Susie sewing shirts for soldiers.

Six shy shavers sheared six shy sheep.

The sixth sheik's sixth sheep's sick.

Sinful Caesar sipped his snifter,

seized his knees and sneezed.

A skunk sat on a stump.

The stump thunk the skunk stunk.
The skunk thunk the stump stunk.

Sheila is selling her shop at the seashore,

For shops at the seashore are so sure to lose.
Now she's not so sure of what she should be selling!
Should Sheila sell seashells or should she sell shoes?

I'm a sheet slitter. I slit sheets.

I am the best sheet slitter that ever slit a sheet.

I slit the sheet, the sheet I slit. Upon the slitted sheet I sit.

Mr. See and Mr. Soar were old friends. See owned a saw and Soar owned a
seesaw. Now See's saw sawed Soar's seesaw before Soar saw See, which
made Soar sore. Had Soar seen See's saw before See saw Soar's seesaw,
then See's saw would not have sawed Soar's seesaw. But See saw Soar's
seesaw before Soar saw See's saw so See's saw sawed Soar's seesaw. It was a
shame to let See see Soar so sore because See's saw sawed Soar's seesaw.

Jack the jailbird jacked a jeep.

Our Joe wants to know if your Joe will lend

our Joe you Joe's banjo. If your Joe won't
lend our Joe your Joe's banjo our Joe won't
lend your Joe our Joe's banjo when our Joe
has a banjo!

A gentle judge judges justly.

I thought a thought but the thought I thought wasn’t the thought I thought.
If the thought I thought had been the thought I thought I wouldn’t have thought so
much.
The theory that Theodore Thurston thought that three thirds was worth thirty
thousand pounds meant that one thirtieth was worth one thousand pounds.

22
Shelly and Shawn went fishing for fish by the sea shore

Sheep shouldn’t sleep in a shack, sheep should sleep in a shed.

Cheryl’s chilly cheap chip shop sells Cheryl’s cheap chips.

The cat catches can’t catch caught cats.

The stunning woman would not speak with the strong young flamingo trainer until
she had a ring on her finger. He was angry because he longed to speak to her.
She inquired if he was hungry, but he hung his head. The flamingo trainer
banged his fist on the fish tank.

The British “T” – Glottal T

Possible positioning
 Word initial as in town, take, talk
 Word medial as in fatal, steak, butter
 Word final as in but, fit, boat

You can clearly feel your tongue touch the alveolar ridge and the distinct
explosion of air that marks it as being plosive.

Rules for British “T”

As the T is influenced very strongly by the resonance in intonation and its
position in a word or a phrase.
1. T at the beginning of a word is pronounced as /T h/ [slightly aspirated]
example – table, take, tomorrow, teach, ten
2. The English do a complete explosion on the T sound at the end of the
word example hit[h], get[h], sit[h]
3. The sound of /T/ in the medial position remains a nice clear T[h] sound
examples – matter, later, better
Note – if T is accompanied by S within a word or at the beginning of a
word, it is not produced with excessive aspiration as is the case at the
beginning of a word or in other words where T is in the middle of the word.
Example – customer, start, stipend, statement, starry, status, asteroid
4. In British English there are areas where T is replaced by a glottal stop.
This is the sound in between the two vowel sounds as in ‘uh-oh’ or the
initial consonant in ‘honest’. You will often hear words being pronounced
with a glottal stop where the T sounds would normally be produced e.g.
daughter in RP would sound like daw-ah in a regional accent.

23
Tongue Twisters
 Twist you tongue with a tongue twister and get totally tongue-tied!
 Tom and Thomas tangoed down the Thames with two teetotalers trying to
taste tangerines in tallow.
 Betty Botta bought some bottles to store batter but the batter got bitter so
her brother bought some better batter to bottle in the bottles that Betty
Botta bought.
 A tutor who tooted the flute, Tried to tutor two tooters to toot.
Said the two to the tutor, "Is it harder to toot, or to tutor two tooters to
toot?"

Rhotic “R” in American, Non-Rhotic “R” in British

Rhotic speakers will pronounce the r in barn, park, cart, whereas non-rhotic
speakers won’t, making no distinction between barn and (auto) bahn. Most of
America is rhotic. SE Britain is apparently the source of non-rhotic. England is
non-rhotic, apart from the SW and some ever-diminishing northern areas.
Scotland and Ireland are rhotic.
In Britain, the R sound is pronounced when it comes before a vowel
Example – red, road, truck
In many other cases the R sound is dropped.
Possible positioning
 word initial as in rope, real, rob
 word medial as in mirror, very, arrow
 word final as in far, poor, here but only when the next sound is a vowel.
/r/ is a very tricky consonant. Many people think that /r/ is still rolled in the mouth:
although this could be said about Scottish English, it is not true of RP.
/r/ is not pronounced when it comes before a consonant (even if it is written). The
same is true if /r/ comes at the end of a word. So, it is only pronounced if the
following word begins with a vowel.

Tongue Twisters
A lump of red lead, A red lead lump.

Round and round the rugged rocks the ragged rascal ran.

Rex wrecks wet rocks.

Rubber baby-buggy bumpers.

Raise Ruth's red roof.

Roland road in a Rolls Royce.

Rush the washing, Russell!

Ruth's red roof.

24
Lets look at the different “R”
The ER ending
Player is pronounced as play-ah
Example - runner, player, helper, sweeter, heavier

The AR combination becomes AH.

Star is pronounced as StAH
Example - star, car, alarm, hard, march

The ORE, OOR, OUR combinations sound similar to the pushed broad AW.
Remember to bring in that extra stretch in the vowel while protruding your lips
forward.
Example – four, door, chores, more, important

The /R/ drop from /EAR/ sound like e – yah.

Example – clear, beer, here, tears, career

The /R/ drop from the /AIR/ sound like AY-AH

Examples – hair, pair, barely, everywhere, sacred

The R drop from the /URE/ sound like OO-AH

Examples - sure, cure, endure, secure, insure
Exceptions:
You cannot drop the /R/ sound when it comes in between two vowel sounds
Example – very, sorry, miracle
In a lot of English speech the R sound keeps coming back. Keep the English
muscle glide and pronunciation and do a normal /R/ sound.

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Learners Log for Consonant Sounds
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Vowel Sounds
Vowels differ from consonants in that there is no noticeable obstruction in the
vocal tract during their production. Air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way
through the mouth and/or nose.

If you try saying aaaaa, iiiii, uuuuu, eeeeee, oooooo to yourself you should be
able to feel that, although your tongue moves about your mouth, it never actually
obstructs the airflow. You should also be able to feel that the position of the
tongue changes for each of those vowels.

Vowels are determined by changes in position of the lips, tongue and palate.
These changes can be very slight and difficult to detect. It is worth mentioning
that, as it is so difficult to determine the exact position of the lips, tongue and
palate, there is no single agreed upon vowel sound.

Primary Vowel Sounds in Words and Sentences.

Your ability to hear specific vowel sounds within words and sentences gives you
great confidence in articulation and speech. Please speak out loud the following
words and sentences hearing clearly the particular vowel being practiced each
time it repeats itself. These exercise are the ABC of speaking skills. They may
seem simplistic but like notes of a song are essential. Please do them seriously &
enjoyably.

Aa
Last
Guard
Card
The cart drove out of the farm then took a sharp turn.

Aw
Bought
More
Raw
The store bore the name of Baldwin’s forefathers.

Oh
Blow
Ohio
Show
She danced slow, on tiptoe in the studio.

Oo
Booed
Stew
Oodles
The oodles of noodles tasted better than the apple strudel.

29
Ay
Day
Obey
Neigh
Kate baked a cake and served it with a milkshake.

Ee
We
Please
Free
The parakeet flew into the green tree.

I
Sigh
Guide
Vile
How high can you fly in the blue sky?

Written exercise -:
Following the example, write three words with the each vowel sound and write a
sentence using the same.

Ah – Cast
1. _________________ 2. _________________ 3. ___________________

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Aw – Law
1. _________________ 2. _________________ 3. ___________________

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Oh – Tomorrow
1. _________________ 2. _________________ 3. ___________________

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Oo – Fluke
1. _________________ 2. _________________ 3. ___________________

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Ee – Tree
1. _________________ 2. _________________ 3. ____________________

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Ay – Away
1. _________________ 2. _________________ 3. ___________________

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I – White
1. _________________ 2. _________________ 3. ___________________

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Tongue Twisters for Vowel Sounds

Gnats are not now gnawing on the nuts at night.

Can you imagine an imaginary menagerie manager

managing an imaginary menagerie?

Awful old Ollie oils oily autos.

"Under the mother otter," muttered the other otter.

The owner of the Inside Inn - Was outside his Inside Inn
With his inside outside his Inside Inn.

An undertaker undertook to under take an undertaking. The undertaking that the

undertaker undertook was the hardest undertaking the undertaker ever
undertook to undertake.

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Learner’s Log for Vowel Sounds

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Practice Poem for Consonant and Vowel Sound

THE Powers whose name and shape no living creature knows

Have pulled the Immortal Rose;
And though the Seven Lights bowed in their dance and wept,
The Polar Dragon slept,
His heavy rings uncoiled from glimmering deep to deep:
When will he wake from sleep?
Great Powers of falling wave and wind and windy fire,
With your harmonious choir
Encircle her I love and sing her into peace,
That my old care may cease;
Unfold your flaming wings and cover out of sight
The nets of day and night.
Dim powers of drowsy thought, let her no longer be
Like the pale cup of the sea,
When winds have gathered and sun and moon burned dim
Above its cloudy rim;
But let a gentle silence wrought with music flow
Whiter her footsteps go.

34
SYLLABLE
Syllables are very important part of our speech. You must regard syllables as an
impressive part of the English language. They give a word its pronunciation.
These are sound units that build up the structure of every word. Without them,
the speech would sound dull, boring and meaningless.
What is a Syllable
A syllable is one musical note. Every word is made of syllables.
For example:
The word FI nal has 2 syllables
The word vo CAB u lary has 4 syllables

Word Syllables Number of syllables

Dog Dog 1
Green green 1
Orange o-range 2
Table Ta-ble 2
Expensive Ex-pen-sive 3
Interesting In-ter-est-ing 4
Realistic Re-a-lis-tic 4
Unexceptional Un-ex-cep-tio-nal 5

Exercise-:
Find out how many syllables the following words have. Mark the end of each
syllable with a / symbol.
1. Gesture 2. Recorder
3. Consultant 4. Estimated
5. Method 6. Percent
7. Survey 8. Software
9. Biological 10. Apologise

STRESS
What is Stress?
Stress is caused as a result of extra force used in speaking a particular word or
syllable. While word stress will indicate which word in a sentence has been
highlighted while speaking, syllable stress takes care of stress of the syllable
within a word and is an indicator of the pronunciation of the word to a large
extent.
What is Syllable Stress?
In English we do not say each syllable with the same amount of force and
strength. In one word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say ONE syllable loudly
and all the other syllables not so loudly or softly.

Stress differences, although minor, stand out. Britons stress the first vowel in
ballet, Americans the second, but they often stress the first vowel in cigarette.

35
SENTENCE STRESSES
Rules for Sentence Stress in English: The basic rules of sentence stress are:
content words are stressed structure words are unstressed the time between
stressed words is always the same. The following tables can help you decide
which words are content words and which words are structure words:

Content words
Words carrying the meaning Example
Main verbs SELL, GIVE, EMPLOY
Nouns CAR, MUSIC, MARY
Adjectives RED, BIG, INTERESTING
Adverbs QUICKLY, LOUDLY, NEVER
Negative auxiliaries DON'T, AREN'T, CAN'T

Structure words
Words for correct grammar Example
Pronouns he, we, they
Prepositions on, at, into
Articles a, an, the
Conjunctions and, but, because
Auxiliary verbs do, be, have, can, must
"To be" as a main verb is, are, was

Exceptions The above rules are for what is called "neutral" or normal stress. But
sometimes we can stress a word that would normally be only a structure word,
for example to correct information. Look at the following dialogue: "Have you
seen ET?" "No, I haven't, but he has.

Note – native English speakers don’t always “agree” on where to put the stress.
Hence we do not rely on them too much because there are many exceptions. It is
better to try to “feel” the music the language and to add the stress naturally.

Sometimes you can predict the stress placement because of the type of word or
the ending you put on it. Here are some general rules:

1. When there are just 2 syllables in Nouns and Adjectives the stress is always
on the 1st syllable.
E.g. TA-ble, SLEN-der

2. When there are just 2 syllables in a Verb the stress is on the last syllable.
E.g. ex-PORT, be-GIN, de-CIDE

3. In words ending in ION, TION the stress is always on the syllable preceding
the SION, CION, TION
E.g. STA-tion, Pro-DUC-tion, Ele-VA-tion, De-CE-ion,

36
4. (a) In compound nouns stress is on the 1st part of the word.
E.g. BLACK-bird, GREEN-house, RAIL-road, HARD-ware

(b) In compound adjectives the stress is on the 2 nd part of the word.

E.g. bad-TEMPERED, old-FASHIONED.

(c) In compound verbs the stress is on the 2nd part of the word.
E.g. under-STAND, over-FLOW

The noun – verb change

Sometimes there may be a variance in the pronunciation of the same word
according to the usage. When a word appears in the noun form then the stress is
always on the first syllable as opposed to when it appears in its verb form, the
stress moves to the last syllable.
Example: Content (noun)
Content (verb)

Here are a few examples of such words along with their application in sentences.

Noun Verb Sentence

An accent To accent His Scottish accent, accented his English.
A conflict To conflict The conflict was caused due to the conflicting
interest between the two parties
A contract To contract The new contract, contracted the term to 2 years
A convict To convict The convict was convicted for 12 years of hard labor
An insert To insert Please insert an insert in tomorrow’s newspaper
A permit To permit Please permit me to go and get the travel permit
made.
Produce To produce Due the drought, the fields didn’t produce much
produce this year.
Progress To progress We need to progress faster to be able to match up to
the progress made last year
A project To project The project head projects a 3-fold rise in the next
quarter
Recall To recall Do you recall the email that he recalled?
A record To record She recorded the dates from the records they had
kept.
Reject To reject She rejected the rejects from the previous
interviews.
A subject To subject The subject was subjected to a harrowing
experience while traveling to work.
A suspect To suspect I suspect that the suspect left town last Wednesday

37
INTONATION
What is Intonation?
Intonation or speech music, is the sound that you hear when a conversation is
too far away to be clearly audible but close enough for you to tell the nationality
of the speakers.
Intonation is the music of language. It is generally true that mistakes in
pronunciation of sounds can be overlooked but mistakes in intonation make a
lasting impression.
Speech, like music, has pitch changes that create melody. The melody in speech
is called intonation.

How is Rhythm created?

Intonation is the answer. Whenever we speak, we stress on one part of a word
more than the other. That stress provides us with intonation. The pitch of our
voice changes and inflects through the word.

What is Pitch?
Pitch insofar as it basically refers to the tonal height of a sound object, e.g. a
musical tone or the human voice.

What is Tone?
In English, we use tone to signal emotion, questioning and parts of the sentence
among many other things. It’s important to recognize the meaning behind the
tones used in everyday speech, and to be able to use them so that there are no
misunderstandings between the speaker and the listener.

Intonation: Wh - questions
Questions beginning with what, when, where, which, who, whom, whose, why
and how often have a falling tone on an important word (often near the end of
the question). Imagine that you have just told me that you are going on holiday
next week.
Example: I might say:
WHERE ARE YOU GO ing ?
However, if the speaker is checking that he or she has heard something correctly
or is very surprised at some information that they have just heard, the question
may start rising on the wh word and continue to rise throughout. Imagine that you
have just told me that you are going to the North Pole next week. I might say:
where are you go ING?

38
Frequently Mispronounced Words

Advantage Approving Assumptions Accentuate Available

Accurately Assertive Alternative Acknowledge Appreciate
Affirm Acceptable Abusive Annoyed Affirmative
Automatic Assure Apologize Appropriately Attribute
Aptitude Accept Barriers Behavioral Benefits
Beginning Considerate Consecutive Communicat Confidential
e
Confirm Credibility Communicatio Compromise Competent
n
Competition Competitive Computer Comfortable Considerable
Competently Condescendin Consequently Challenging Confrontation
g
Conversation Composure Certainly Disapproving Disadvantag
e
Develop Development Devastated Digestion Direction
Disconnect Disappointed Difficult Delivery Differentiate
Description Defensive Disagreement Empathize Empathy
Electricity Exaggerate Executive Economical Extempore
Embarrassed Expressing Express Emotional Empathizing
Enthusiastic Environmental Enunciation Evaluative Exchange
Effectively Errors External Encountering Emotionally
February Facsimile Favorable Flowers Fantastic
Garage Gigantic Government Generalizing General
Griping Harassment Hazardous Honesty Highlands
Hysterical Historical Hinders Information Intentions
Indicate Interpret Inconsiderate Identify Intimidated
Interesting International Identification Ipswich Inquiry
Intensity Justification Listening Measurable Manifestation
Memory Methodical Material Magnificent November
Negative Observable Opportunities Options Opinion
Positive Provision Product Personally Purchase
Permission Prejudices Permitted Professionals Position
Response Reflective Responsibility Referred Referral
Sentence Summarize Social Society Specific
Suppose Selective Solutions Tentative Telephone
Understandin Updating Unexpected Unique Utilization
g
Usual Validity Vegetables Wednesday Warranty
Zero Zoo Zebra

39
Language Fluency - Indianisms
A commonly used word, phrase or an expression used colloquially, which
influences the spoken English of Indians. These may be misinterpreted or
misunderstood by native speakers of English.
Examples:

If we say Alternatively we should say

Hit ok for four times
I’m not getting you
I can’t get you
Repeat it once again
Have a great time
What all we have
At weekends
Its getting over
Second name
We would be
We people
No problems
Last four ones ( said about SSN)
One twenty five dollar
I am understanding
I am knowing
I think you missed out on what I said
What is your good name
Bye Bye
Rest is OK
Can you not do that?
Cope up with
2nd month, 3rd month, etc.

A beautiful blue-
eyed lady passed
away in front of
me……

40
Top 100 British Boys Names
1. Jack 51. Reece
2. Joshua 52. Sam
3. Thomas 53. Rhys
4. James 54. Muhammad
5. Daniel 55. Joe
6. Samuel 56. David
7. Oliver 57. Leo
8. William 58. Oscar
9. Benjamin 59. Isaac
10. Joseph 60. Robert
11. Harry 61. Kiev
12. Matthew 62. Finlay
13. Lewis 63. Kian
14. Ethan 64. John
15. Luke 65. Morgan
16. Charlie 66. Jay
17. George 67. Bailey
18. Callum 68. Christopher
19. Alexander 69. Aidan
20. Mohammed 70. Finley
21. Ryan 71. Billy
22. Dylan 72. Mohammad
23. Jacob 73. Joel
24. Adam 74. Noah
25. Ben 75. Leon
26. Jake 76. Lucas
27. Alfie 77. Mason
28. Connor 78. Taylor
29. Cameron 79. Jonathan
30. Liam 80. Andrew
31. Nathan 81. Ellis
32. Harvey 82. Logan
33. Jamie 83. Sean
34. Owen 84. Dominic
35. Tyler 85. Elliot
36. Max 86. Jordan
37. Louis 87. Scott
38. Kyle 88. Patrick
39. Michael 89. Sebastian
40. Chad 90. Riley
41. Aaron 91. Louie
42. Bradley 92. Declan
43. Edward 93. Jude

44. Brandon 94. Luca

45. Alex 95. Jayden
46. Archie 96. Freddie
47. Harrison 97. Tom
48. Henry 98. Evan

41
49. Charles 99. Josh
50. Toby 100. Gabriel

42
Top 100 British Girls names
1. Emily 51. Keira
2. Ellie 52. Libby
3. Jessica 53. Isobel
4. Sophie 54. Shannon
5. Chloe 55. Tia
6. Lucy 56. Sarah
7. Olivia 57. Zoë
8. Charlotte 58. Massy
9. Katie 59. Rosie
10. Megan 60. Alicia
11. Grace 61. Alisha
12. Hannah 62. Eve
13. Amy 63. Rachel
14. Ella 64. Sophia
15. Mia 65. Nicole
16. Lily 66. Imogen
17. Abigail 67. Natasha
18. Emma 68. Madeleine
19. Amelia 69. Summer
20. Molly 70. Lydia
21. Lauren 71. Alexandra
22. Millie 72. Scarlett
23. Holly 73. Morgan
24. Leah 74. Brooke
25. Caitlin 75. Maddison
26. Rebecca 76. Louise
27. Georgia 77. Harriet
28. Bethany 78. Laura
29. Eleanor 79. Francesca
30. Isabelle 80. Holly
31. Ruby 81. Mollie
32. Daisy 82. Maya
33. Freya 83. Chelsea
34. Isabella 84. Faith
35. Elizabeth 85. Melissa
36. Jasmine 86. Louise
37. Erin 87. Jodie
38. Alice 88. Jennifer
39. Eve 89. Kathy
40. Amber 90. Jade
41. Paige 91. Kate
42. Abbie 92. Zandra
43. Madison 93. Charlie
44. Phoebe 94. Cary
45. Poppy 95. Georgina
46. Aimee 96. Lara
47. Courtney 97. Zara
48. Naomi 98. Elise
49. Anna 99. Victoria

43
50. Isabel 100. Kathryn

44
NAMES OF PLACES

NAME PROUNICIATION NAME PROUNICATION

Aberdeen Ah ber deen Darlington Daa ling ton
Anglesey Ahng gl see Dartford Daat fd
Angus Ahn gus Denbighshire Dehn big sh
Argyllshire Aa gl sh Derby Daar bi
Devon Deh vn
Banffshire Baa nf sh Doncaster Dong kah ster
Bath Baath Dorchester Daw chis ter
Bedford Bed fud Dorset Daw sit
Belfast Belh fast Dudley Dud lee
Berkeley Baa kli Dumfries Dum freez
Berkshire Baak sh Dunbartonshire Dun baarton sh
Bervickshire Baa wik sh Dundee Dun dee
Birmingham Ber ming hum Durham Dur hm
Blackburn Black bun Dursley Derz lee
Bournemouth Bawrn myth
Bradford Bradh fud East Lothian East Loh thi un
Breconshire Brehk in sh Edinburgh Ed in burg
Bredbury Bread b ri Enfield En feeld
Brighton Bra hee ton Essex Es iks
Bristol Bris t’l Exeter Ek si ter
Bromlee Brom lee Exmoor Ek smaw
Buckinghamshire Bucking hum sh Exmouth Ek smuth
Buteshire Boot sh Exton Ek ston

Caernarvonshire K’naa v’n sh Falkirk Fall kerk

Caithness Kayth ness Flintshire Flint sh
Cambridge Kaym bridge
Canterbury Kan ter buri Glamorgan Gl’maw’gn
Cardiff Kaa diff Glasgow Glaaz goh
Carlisle Kaal aheel Gloucester Glos ter
Carmarthenshire K’ maa thin sh Guildford Gil f’d
Chelmsford Chelmz fd
Cheshire Cheh sh Halifax Hahli I fahks
Chester Cheh ter Hamshire Hahm sh
Colchester Kohl chi ster Harrisburg Hahr is berg
Cornwall Kawn wall Harrow Hahr oh
Coventry Kaw when tree Hebrides Heb ri deez
Crewe Kr oo Hemel Hempstead Hehm al hemp stid
Croydon Krawee don Hereford Hehr i fd
Cumberland Kum ber land Hertfordshire Hehrt fd sh
Huddersfield Hud iz feeld
Huntingdonshire Hun ting dn sh

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Inverness-shire In vn ness sh Oldham Ohl dm
Ipswich Ip swich Orkney Islands Awk ni Islands
Isle Of Mann Aeel ov mahn Oxfordshire Oks fd sh
Isle of Wright Aeel ov waaeet
Pembrokeshire Pehm brook sh
Kent Kehnt Perston Pers ton
Kilmarnock Kil maa nok Perthshire Perth sh
Kincardineshire Kin kaa din sh Peterborough Peeter bro
Kinross-shire Kin ros sh Plymouth Plim th
Kingston upon Kingzton upon Portsmouth Pawts mth
Thames tehmz
Kirkcaldy Ker kaw di
Kirkcudbrightshire Ker koo bri sh Radnorshire Rahd n sh
Kirkwall Kerk wawl Reading Rehding
Redhill Rehd hill
Lanarkshire La nak sh Renfrewshire Rehn froo sh
Lancashire Lahng k sh Romford Rom fd
Lancaster Lahng k st Ross & Cromarty Ross n krom ti
Leeds Leedz Roxburghshire Roks berg sh
Leicester Lehs tr Rutland Rut land
Lincolnshire Ling kn sh
Liverpool Liv a pool Salisbury Sawlz buri
Luton Loo tn Selkirkshire Sell kerk sh
Sheffield Shehf feeld
Manchester Mahn chis ter Shetland Islands Sheht land
Medway Mehd way Shrewsbury Shrooz buri
Merionethshire Meri un thin sh Shropshire Shroop sh
Middlesex Midl sehks Slough Slaaoo
Midlothian Mid loh thi n Somerset Sum set
Milton Keyes Mil ton keez Southampton Saaoo thahm tn
Monmouthshire Mon mth sh Staffordshire Stahf d sh
Montgomery Mont gum ri Stevenage Stee vn ij
Morayshire Mur I sh Stirlingshire Ster ling sh
Stockport Stok pawt
Narinshire Nairn sh Stoke on Trent Stokh on trehnt
Newcastle-upon- Nyou caasl apon Stratford-upon- Strahtfd upon ay
Tyne taaeen Avon von
North Yorkshire North Yawk sh Suffolk Suf’k
Northamptonshire Naw’thahmp t’n sh Sunderland Sun der land
Northumberland Nawthum bl ‘nd Surrey Sur i
Norwich Nor ij Sussex Sus iks
Nottinghamshire Not ing hm sh Sutherland Suth land
Sutton Sut n
Swansea Swon zi
Swindon Swin dn

46
Taunton Tawn ton Walsall Wawl sawl
Telford Tehl fd Warrington Woring tn
Tesside Tehs aaeed Warwickshire Wor rik sh
Torquay Taw kee Watford Wot fd
Truro Troo roh West Midlands West Mid lndz
Turnbridge Well Tun brij wehlz Westmorland Wehst mor land
Twickenham Twik en hmm Wigan Wig’n
Twyford Twaaee fd Wigtownshire Wig taaoon sh
Tyne and Wear Taaeen and Wi Wiltshire Wilt sh
Worcestershire Woos ter sh

Phonetic Alphabet Chart

A - Alpha
B - Bravo
C - Charlie
D - Delta
E - Echo
F - Foxtrot / Fred
G - Golf / Gold
H - Harry / Hotel
I - India
J - Juliet
K - Kilo
L - Lima
M - Mike
N - November / Navy
O - Oscar
P - Papa
Q - Quebec
R - Romeo
S - Sugar
T - Tango
U - Umbrella / Uniform
V - Victor
W - Whiskey
X - X-ray
Y - Yankee
Z - Zulu

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