8.

Zubu – houses built upon logs

Readings in Philippine 9. Cinghapoia, Mandaui, Lalan, Matan
10. Bohol – burning of Conceptione
History 11. Pinalongon – black native like Etiopia
12. Mindanao-big Island, many fishermen offered
fish to the king
Pigafetta Account 13. Chipit and Luzon – excellent port and visited
by 6-8 junks yearly
When? 14. Palaoan – “the land of promise”
- From March 16, 1521 to May 1, 1521 (from record)
- April 26 – 27, 1521 Battle of Mactan Who?
1. The captain – F. Magallanes
Where To? 2. A. Pigafetta
- TRAVEL ROUTE 3. Duarte Barbosa, Portuguese
4. Johan Seranno, Spaniard, left behind
5. San Martin de Sivilla, astrologer
- NATIVES
1. Seignor
2. Caphri or Heathens
3. Rajah Culambu
4. Raja Siaui and queen
- Visited Places 5. Raja Humabon and queen
1. Zamal (Samar) – uninhabited but ideal for 6. Bendara, Cadaio,Simiut, Sibuaia, Maghalibe
water and rest etc.
2. Zuluan – with very familiar people 7. Cilaton, Ciguibucan, Cimaningha, Cimatichat,
3. Humunu (Archipelago of St. Lazarus) – first Cicanbul, Apanoaan etc
signs of gold, great quantity of white corals, 8. Zula and Cilapulapu
and large tree of nuts resembling pine seeds 9. Raia Calanao
or smaller almonds
4. Butuan and Calagan – pieces of gold of the What?
size of a walnut and eggs are found here - Physical Attributes, Hygiene And Adornment,
5. Mazaua – Natives were very heavy drinkers Social Practices, Traits And Qualities, Houses,
6. Ceylon, Bohol, Canighan, Baibai, Gatighan – Cocoanuts, Products And Merchandise,
Bats as big as eagles… taste like chicken” Balanghai, Trading Ports, Eating And Drinking
7. Polo, Ticobon, Poson – rapid sail Practices, Religious Practices, Funerary And
 Burial Practices, Law, Health And Science, Music 10. “Finest looking man from Butuan and Calagan –
And Dance, Local Language, War And Weapons, long and exceedingly black hair touching his
Battle Of Mactan, Others shoulder, wore large gold earrings, cotton cloth
with silk embroidery from waist to knees, dagger
Physical Appearance, Hygiene And with long gold handle, had 3 spots of gold in every
Adornment tooth and teeth bound with gold, perfumed with
1. Dark, fat, short and tattooed of various storax and benzoin, and he was tawny and
designs painted”
2. Wore gold earrings, precious gems, anklets, 11. “Women are clad in tree cloth from waist down,
and many armlets. Earholes are too big. their hair is black and reaches to the ground. They
3. Wore handkerchiefs on their heads. have holes in their ears filled with gold.”
4. They go naked and clothes are embroidered 12. Women entertainers were white, large and
with silk for chiefs and woven from bark of tree beautiful
for commoners. Some wore silk robes.
5. Anoint with coconut oil and bene-seed oil for Boxer Codex and
skin protection Surigao Ancient Gold
6. Men wore black long hair reaching the waist
7. Use daggers, knives, and spears ornamented
with gold, large shields, fascines, javelins

Surigao Ancient Gold

13. The queen, young and beautiful was covered

entirely of white and black cloth. Her mouth and
nails were very red, while on her head, was a large
silk scarf crossed with gold strips and large palm
hat appearing like a parasol, with crown of leaves.
She was delighted with from Spain rose-water.
She was preceded by 3 girls holding her 3 hats.
She seated herself with silk embroidered cushion
while hearing mass.
14. A great number of women accompanied her, all
8. Use boats (balanghai, baloto) and fishing nets wore long hair freely flowing, naked and only their
9. Go barefoot private parts are covered, barefoot.
 15. Male, adult and young, have penis pins. Women Suspicious, fearful, jumpy Preaches about God, the
from the age of 6 and up had vaginal stretching. creator of all and about
Adam and Eve as first
“… people make use of that device for they are of parents of all.
a weak nature.” Commanded to honor
parents, teaches
Observable Traits and Qualities immortality of the soul,
- … not to be frightened for our arms were soft faith and eternal
toward our friends and harsh toward our condemnation
enemies…”
- “King drew blood from his left hand marking his Know many languages Persuaded not to fear but
body, face, and the tip of his tongue as a token of (Kings) of free will
the closest friendship, and we did the same.”
Natives Spaniards
Great signs of joy or Courteous and accepting Blood Compact
pleasures

Reasonable and Accommodating

agreeable

Pleasant, familiar, Showed great honor,

conversable, offered of peace and
friendship by firing mortars Social Practices

King is surrounded by his men, sat on a mat

Leave gracefully and Firm and determine that
Emissaries spoke in public and empowered to make
neatly, hospitable their merchandise are
peace
better than gold
When the fathers and mothers grew old, they received
no further honor, but their children commanded them
Fulfill their promise to Intelligent threatener,
baptism of a sick man with 2 wives and girls
return as casi casi, a sign “destroy our adversaries
Chief has 2 women, and the queen has many male
of sincerity of friendship and those who hate our
female slaves serving her (Mindanao)
faith…”
Chiefs and rowers remove the cover of their privies
when rowing (Mindanao).
They earned prizes for the fighting cocks
F. Magellan as Described by A. Pigafetta 1. Sweet liquor collected by bamboo canes
• He was more constant than ever anyone else in as thick as a leg
the greatest adversity 2. Husk filaments are for binding together
• He endured hunger better than all the others. their boats
• More accurately than any man in the world did he 3. Burned shells for useful powder
understand sea charts and navigation. 4. Fresh white substance are eaten with
• That this was the truth was seen openly, for no meat and fish as we do bread
other had so much natural talent nor the boldness 5. Clear sweet water is refreshing
to learn how to circumnavigate the world, as he 6. Source of vinegar when putrefied and oil

had almost done. when boiled

Houses Merchandise

Built like a hayloft and thatched with fig (igos/biblical Natives Spaniards
tree of life) and palm leaves Fish, jar of palm wine

Built up high on the ground, use ladder to ascend (uraka or arrack), Red caps, mirror, combs,

Bamboo mat was used with drawn up feet bananas, rice (umay), bells, ivory, bocasine,
cocoanuts, sweet Turkish cloth of colors,
Gum of a tree called anime for lights
oranges, sugarcane and linen, coral, glass beads
camotes (Paloan)
Fig Banana/Plantain Trees
Large bar of gold and Cloves, cinnamon,
- Fig banana is a small plump tropical
basketful of ginger pepper, ginger, nutmeg,
banana having a flavor somewhat like a fig.
mace, gold
Dogs, cats, swine,
chicken, fowls, goats, Mortars, swords, knives,
millets, panicum, lemons, cuirass, bucklers
sorgo, wax, garlic, honey,
nangcas, gourds,
Slave trading Compass and sea chart
Chinese silk, brass gongs
and porcelain

Cocoanuts Wholesaler, follows weight

• “Natives get everything from that tree. Just as we and measures, have

have bread, wine, oil and milk.” wooden balances using

lead of ¼, 1/3, 1 libras
Fowls
- Doves, turtle doves, parrots, black birds with long
tails

Inquiry on the Best Ports

Ceylon
Zubu – largest and with most trade
Cloves (Kalabumpako) Calaghann
- From Moluccas and most popular during
Magellan’s travel Eating And Drinking Practices
- Aromatic flower oftentimes used with cumin and - “We ate with such ceremonies and with other
cinnamon to give sweet flavor to meat. signs of friendship.”
1. Add flavor to food o Offer of a plate of pork with gravy and
2. Relieve fever in powder form large jar filled with wine.
3. Aphrodisiac when mixed with milk o “King’s cup is always covered, no one
4. Improve vision drink from it except the king and I”
o Before drinking the king’s clasped hands
were raised toward the sky, then his left
fist extended and then drank”.
o All deals are temporarily halted because
of too much eating and drinking.
o Offer of roast fish with sauce and fresh
ginger
Balanghai o “All the dishes of that king are of gold and
- Situated in Balanghai Shrine in Butuan. There are also some portions of his house… “molto
9 Butuan boats but 6 are not yet excavated from in ordine” meaning very tidy (Calagan)
the site because of the prohibitive cost of
conservation. Food Preparation
- Declared as national cultural treasure in 1987 by Jars of palm wine from the Visayas and stronger and
Pres. Corazon C. Aquino. better tasting distilled rice wine from Palaoan
 Boiled rice from earthen jar with lined large leaf, hard as Anito and Babaylan
bread or in bamboo or wood under the fire that last
better.
Roast fish with sauce, or very salty fish

Pork with gravy

Religious Practices – NATIVES

1. Abba
2. Kings kneeled and kissed the cross but offer no
Religious Practices – SPANIARDS
sacrifice
1. Mass was held and cross was kissed
3. Willing to learn the Christian faith from Spaniards
2. Held fencing tournament to show the sovereign
who will stay
power of the emperor
4. Baptized the kings and 500 natives – Don Carlo
3. Cross was set on the summit
(Humabon), Don Fernando (the prince), Johanni
4. Buried the dead with cross and pomp
(mazaua), Christoforo (Moro).
5. Declared the burning of idols and setting up of a
5. The queen and 40 women were baptized as
cross
Johanna, her daughter Catherina and queen of
6. Counting men, women and children, 800 souls
Mazaua as Lizabeta. The queen was shown an
were baptized.
image of Our Lady, wooden child Jesus (given to
7. Manifested miracle by healing the sick
her) and a cross
6. Wooden idols that are hollow and lack back parts.
Queen Juana and Her Baptism
The arms are open and feet turned up and legs
open. The face is large and has tusks and painted
all over.
7. 2 very old women, dancing and blowing trumpet,
calling out to the sun. Later, one thrusted the lance
to the heart of the hog. It was followed by blood
and eating ceremonies.
Raia Humabon
8. They have large and very tamed cocks for
veneration (Palaoan)
First Mass in Limasawa Language
Word Translation
lac man
baranpaan woman
babay married woman
nipin teeth
dilla tongue
palan palm
tuhud knee
Funerary and Burial Practices tuba wine
monoch chicken
luia ginger
tinapai rice cake
mongsughud to comb
bani palm mat
Law
yisda fish
- “On the summit of a hill at the right , 3 men
suspended from one of the tree, the branches of
War Weapons
which had been cut away … they were
1. Shields made of light wood
malefactors and robbers.”
2. Lances of bamboo and stakes hardened with fire
3. Bamboo spears tipped with iron
Health and Science
4. Bow and poisoned arrow
1. Natives chew areca which is very cooling to the
5. Knife and dagger
heart and if they ceased to use it they would die.
6. Cutlass
2. Idols give them health
7. Blowpipes with thick wooden arrow with harpoon
points. At the end of the blowpipe, they fasten a bit
Music and Dance
of iron like a spearhead as a separate weapon
1. Women with good musical sense played big and
when they shot all the arrows.
small brass gongs (from China) of sweet sounds,
8. Other arrows with fishbones and poisoned with an
and drums. They dance too.
herb.
2. Youth played pipes called subin.
3. Play violin with copper strings
Native Weapons

Battle of Mactan
Natives and Spanish Sides

“They killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true
guide. When they wounded him, he turned back many
times to see whether we are all in the boats.”

Others
Spanish Offer
1. To help defeat the enemies and make them
submit as their subjects
2. Adoration of the cross and safety of their
islands from calamities

Personal Experiences of Pigafetta

1. I slipped and fell into the sea
2. I ate meat on holy Friday, for I could not help
myself
3. “We begged him repeatedly not to go, but he,
like a good shepherd, refused to abandon his
flock.”
4. I could not go out because I was all swollen up
by a wound in my face from a poisoned arrow
5. Johan Serrano weeping and begging to be
redeemed in Zubu… we immediately
departed… I do not know whether he is dead
or alive
 Customs Of the Tagalogs By Fr. Juan De Plasencia o Relacion delas Filipinas by Miguel de
◦ Context And Content Analysis Loarca in 1582 about the Visayan way of
◦ With Images For Augmentation life
o Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas by Gov.
Historical Context Antonio de Morga about the 16th century
1. Limited number of Spanish officials who would Philippines
venture outside Intramuros o Relacion de las Islas Filipinas by Fr.
2. Team up of Filipino gobernadorcillo and friar Pedro Chirino in 1604
o Supervisory and monitoring act o Historia General by Fr. Juan Delgado in
o Most knowledgeable and Influential 1571
figure in the pueblo o Labor Evangelica by Fr. Francisco Colin
3. Missionaries and religious districts in 1663
o Statistics of converts o Historia natural del sitio, fertilidad y
o People’s way of life calidad de las Islas e Indios de Bisayas by
o Socio-economic condition Fr. Francisco Ignacio Alcina in 1668
o Problems of the natives
o Historical Context Fr. Juan de Plasencia, OFM
- Joan de Porto Carrero born in Plasencia,
Extremadura, Spain and joined the Franciscan
order either in Italy and Spain
- Order of Friars Minor
- Arrived in the Philippines on July 4, 1578 inspired
by the resurgence of religiosity and spirituality of
Spain’s Siglo de Oro
- In 1578, he and Fray Diego de Oropesa had their
mission in the Tagalog area
- Key person in the building of various towns in
Quezon, Laguna, Rizal, and Bulacan
4. Friars who are keen observers and gifted writers - Fr. Juan de Plasencia, OFM
had long reports and letters with their personal - Wrote Relacion richly describing the political,
observations and experiences social and economic and cultural practices of the
o Relacion de las Costumbres de los Filipinos before they were converted to the new
Tagalogs by Juan de Plasencia faith
- Author of Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Española
y Tagala in 1593 and advocate of Reduccion plan
 - Into administering sacraments, baptism and - Datos
catechism o Classed from where they came from,
- Died in Liliw, Laguna in 1590 o Chief of barangay, captain of their wars,
o Offender of him and his family was severely
punished
o Energetic, endure, protect his people and do
not order his people

- Maharlica
o Freeborn, pay no tax, accompanied the dato
in war at their own expense, shared with the
spoil of war, rower of the chief, assist in other
activities of the chief, entitled to barangay land
The Account-Customs of the Tagalogs o Recognition of children from another social
- The original entitled Relacion de las Costumbres class to keep the rank of the father.
de los Tagalogs is kept at the Archivo General de o Not allowed to move from another barangay
Indias in Seville, Spain without the fine
- Duplicate copy is kept in the Archivo Franciscano
Ibero-Oriental in Madrid Spain - Namamahay
- English translation in The Philippine Islands, Vol. o Married, server of the chief, with half of
7 by Blair and Robertson and Filipiniana Book cultivated land, own their house, children
guild enjoy their inheritance, property and rank of
their father and cannot be sold nor taken into
Social Ranks- from the Customs of the Tagalogs by another village
Fray Juan de Plasencia
- Saguiguilir
o Serve their master in his house and lands, if
born in his master’s house, he was rarely sold,
motivated by his share in the harvest.

Laws and Dowries from the Customs of the Tagalogs

by Fray Juan de Plasencia
- Laws
o Rules of the dato or two datos or selection of
an arbiter known to be fair and just
 o Punishment and death penalty - Nature worship and makeshift temple
1. Fines in the form of gold Bathala all powerful or maker of all things
2. Payment in the form of slavery with food Sun, Moon, and Universal respect and honor,
and clothing provision Tala great rejoicing
3. Man of low birth Patron of lovers and of
Dian Masalanta
4. Witchery generation
Lacapati Patron of cultivated lands
- Dowries Indianale Patron of husbandry
o Given by male to parents of the female, Idols different shapes and
Lic-ha
o Equally shared by the children of the couple images
unless the father favored his child
o Unmarried women owned no land and Auguries from the Customs of the Tagalogs by Fray
property Juan de Plasencia
o In case of divorce Divination of Omen
1. If wife is to marry again, all dowries will
revert to the husband
2. If wife is to stay single, her dowry will be
returned to her
3. If husband left the wife, he lost the other
half of the dowry
4. If husband with children left, whole dowry
and fine will go to the children with Auguries
grandparent or responsible kin protecting - Divination of bad or good omen
the inheritance of the children
o In case of child betrothal, there is a stipulated Divination and Season from the Customs of the
fine in case of violation Tagalogs by Fray Juan de Plasencia
Knives and daggers were personalized and divined for
Worship from the Customs of the Tagalogs by Fray its usefulness and luck
Juan de Plasencia
No established division of years, months and days
- No consecrated temples for worship
Determined time through land cultivation by phases of
- The house of the Dato is the place of adoration
the moon, seasons of fruits, flower and leaves yielding
during worship festival called “pandot”
Recognition of sun-time and water-time
- ”Nagaanitos”
- “Sibi”, sorihile or small lamps, palm leaves as
décor, small and big drums
Sacrifice and Adoration from the Customs of the Mythical Creatures
Tagalogs by Fray Juan de Plasencia
Proclamation of feast and offer to
the devil of what they had to eat.
Manner of Done in front of an idol, which
Sacrifice they anoint with fragrant oil from
musk, civet or gum and aromatic
woods
Officiating priest or priestess do
the poetic singing and
Catalonan
responding people. “Possessed
by the devil”.
Good piece of cloth, chain of gold
or gold ring, goats, fowls, swine,
Offerings
jar of rice, buyos, fried food and
fruits
Recovery of a sick person,
prosperous sea voyage, good
Reasons harvest, triumph in war, healthy
child delivery and happy married
life.

Witches acting as healer of the

Mangagauay
sick but inducer of diseases
Witches who can apply remedies
to lovers so they would abandon
Manyisalat
and despise their own wives and
even cause her deadly illness.
Emit fire and wallow on the
ordure and filth which falls from
Mancocolam
the houses. Owner of the house
fell ill and died.
Mural “History of Philippine Medicne by Carlos “Botong”
Francisco
 Simple salutation and hand Ghosts from the Customs of the Tagalogs by Fray
Hocloban
gesture can heal or destroy. Juan de Plasencia
Against anyone wearing white.
Can tear out the liver and eat it.
Silagan A victim was a Spanish notary
killed in Catanduanes and buried
in Calilaya.
Magtatangal Show himself at night without his
head or entrails.
Osuang Equivalent to a sorcerer, seen
flying and eating human flesh.
Prevalent in the Visayas but non-
existent in the Tagalog region Life of Rest from the Customs of the Tagalogs by Fray
Mangagayoma Made charms for lovers out of Juan de Plasencia
herbs, stones, and wood
Sonat Equivalent to a preacher. He
helps one die and even predicts
the salvation and condemnation
of the soul.
Pangatojan Soothsayer and predicted the
future
Bayoguin Man inclined to do what is for a Relevance

Cotquean woman 1. Popular primary source describing the way of life

of the Tagalogs before the Spanish contacts

Burial Manner from the Customs of the Tagalogs by 2. Useful inter-disciplinary source on social, political

Fray Juan de Plasencia and legal aspects in the Tagalog region

3. Relevant source on property and inheritance,
marriage, burial manners and judicial systems
4. Detailed information on interesting topics such as
customs, traditions, religious and superstitious
beliefs
5. Inspired priests and missionaries to fulfill their role
as evangelizers
6. Aid to realize that mastery of the local language
and culture led to the success of Christianity in the
Philippines
7. Serves as guide and reference to future
missionaries as well as other professions
8. Disprove the claim of some Spaniards that locals
were uncivilized and lacking in culture
9. Provide an elaborate observation on functioning
government, tax system, criminal justice system,
indigenous calendar, and long-standing customs
and tradition such as garments, gold ornaments,
houses, and idols that are comparable to
Southeast Asian civilization and culture.