Chapter 2 Managing: History and Current Thinking: Modern Management, 11e (Certo / Certo)

Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
publishing as Prentice Hall
Modern Management, 11e (Certo / Certo)

Chapter 2 Managing: History and Current Thinking
1) The scientific management approach to management emphasizes the "one best way" to
perform a task.
Topic: The Classical Approach
2) The classical approach to management was the product of the first concentrated effort to
develop a body of management thought.
3) The classical approach to management can be divided into a lower-level analysis and an
upper-level analysis.
4) The lower-level analysis portion of the classical approach concerns the management function
as a whole.
5) Frank Gilbreth is known as "the father of scientific management."

Topic: Lower-Level Management Analysis
6) The primary goal of Frederick Taylor was to increase worker efficiency by scientifically
designing jobs.
7) Frederick Taylor modified the job of employees whose sole responsibility was shoveling
materials at Bethlehem Steel Company.
Topic: Frederick W. Taylor
8) The primary investigative tool used in the Gilbreths' research was motion study.
9) Henry Gantt developed the scheduling tool most commonly used by modern managers.
Topic: Scheduling Innovation
10) Taylor was more aware of the human side of production than either Gantt or the Gilbreths.
11) Gantt pioneered a piece-rate system under which workers were paid according to the amount
they produced.
Topic: Rewarding Innovation
12) Gantt's favored compensation system incorporated a piece-rate system and a bonus system.
13) The comprehensive analysis of management is an expansion on scientific management.

Topic: Comprehensive Analysis of Management
1
Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
14) Scientific management theories are concerned with the entire range of managerial
performance.
15) Henri Fayol is regarded as the pioneer of administrative theory.

16) Fayol's general principles of management emphasize three areas: organizational efficiency,
the handling of people, and appropriate management action.
Topic: Henri Fayol
17) A common criticism of the classical approach is that it does NOT adequately emphasize
human variables.
Topic: Limitations of the Classical Approach
18) Douglas McGregor emphasized a management philosophy built upon the views that people
can be self-directed and accept responsibility.
Topic: The Human Relations Movement
19) The Hawthorne Studies demonstrated the direct relationship between workplace lighting and
worker productivity.
Topic: The Hawthorne Studies
20) The Hawthorne Studies were named after the main researchers responsible for the study.
21) The bank wiring observation room experiment portion of the Hawthorne studies had a
scientific management orientation.
22) The behavioral approach to management emphasizes increasing production through an

understanding of people.
Topic: The Behavioral Approach
23) Some modern researchers seem to believe that Fayol's work has not received as much
acclaim as it deserves.
Topic: Henri Fayol
24) According to Fayol, the belief that management should encourage harmony and general good
feelings among employees is known as 'espirit de corps.'
Topic: Henri Fayol
25) The human relations movement is a people-oriented approach to management in which the
interaction of people in organizations is studied to judge its impact on organizational success.
2
26) The management science approach to management emphasizes increasing production

through an understanding of people.
Topic: The Beginning of the Management Science Approach
27) The management science approach emphasizes the use of the scientific method and
mathematical techniques to solve operational problems.
28) Management science techniques are normally applied to management problems that are
fairly simple and straightforward.
29) The management science approach began during the Korean War.
30) Contingency management is similar to scientific management in that both are based on the
premise that there is one "best way" to solve management problems.
Topic: The Contingency Approach
31) The basic challenge of the contingency management approach is the ability to choose the
management tactics that are best suited to the situation.
32) The contingency approach to management emphasizes that what managers do in practice
depends on a given set of circumstances or situations.
33) In order to successfully utilize contingency management concepts and tactics, managers must
first consider the realities of the specific organizational circumstances they face.
3
34) A plant is an example of an open system.

Topic: The System Approach
35) A number of interdependent parts functioning independently of each other are a system.
Topic: The System Approach
36) An open system is one that is influenced by and continually interacting with its environment.
Topic: Types of Systems
37) Today's modern organization can be considered a closed system.

Topic: The Management System
38) The management system is a closed system.

39) Suppliers have very little if any influence on the management system.
40) The information used to discuss the management system is generally derived from the
classical, behavioral, and management science schools of thought.
Topic: Information for Management System Analysis
41) An organization that does well in creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge, and in
modifying behavior to reflect new knowledge represents the traditional management
paradigm.
Topic: Learning Organization: A New Approach
42) The only factors involved in building a learning organization are to challenge mental models,
team learning, and personal mastery.
43) The first concentrated effort to develop a body of management thought was:
A) the behavioral approach
B) administrative management
C) the classical approach
D) systems approach
E) the Taylor approach
44) Which approach to management emphasizes organizational efficiency to increase

organizational success?
A) management science approach
B) classical approach
C) behavioral approach
D) systems approach
E) the quality approach
4
45) The classical approach to management can be broken down into:

A) three distinct areas: lower-level analysis, middle-level analysis, and top-level analysis
B) lower-level management analysis and top-level management analysis
C) beginning and advanced management analysis
D) Grant analysis and scientific management
E) lower-level management analysis and comprehensive analysis
46) Which of the following researchers would NOT be considered a major contributor to the
classical approach to management?
A) Abraham Maslow
B) Frederick Taylor
C) Frank Gilbreth
D) Lillian Gilbreth
E) Henry Fayol
5
47) Scientific management can be broken down into two distinct areas. Which of the following
researchers would NOT be considered a major contributor to the lower-level management
analysis area of scientific management?
A) Frederick Taylor
B) Frank Gilbreth
C) Henry Gantt
D) Henri Fayol
E) Lillian Gilbreth
48) The process of finding the "one best way" to perform a task is called:
A) scientific management
B) management science
C) behavioral approach
D) the comprehensive analysis of management
E) the human relations movement
49) "The Father of Scientific Management" is:

A) Frank Gilbreth
B) Frederick Taylor
C) Henry Gantt
D) Elton Mayo
E) Henry Fayol
50) Demi is in the process of establishing job performance standards for her department. In order
to do so she has identified the most basic movements possible for each job. She is following and
utilizing the contributions of:
A) Frederick Taylor
B) Henri Fayol
C) Frank Gilbreth
D) upper-level management
E) Henry Gannt
Topic: Frank Gilbreth
6
51) The primary investigation tool of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth was:
A) Motion study
B) Time study
C) Comparative Analysis
D) Workplace politics
52) According to the Gilbreths, which of the following would NOT be considered a 'worker
variable'?
A) Health
B) Tools
C) Skill
D) Anatomy
Topic: Table 2.1
53) According to the Gilbreths, which of the following would NOT be considered an
'environmental variable'?
A) Heat
B) Materials Quality
C) Rate of Fatigue
D) Lighting
Topic: Table 2.1
54) ________ performed motion studies of bricklaying

A) Frederick Taylor
B) Henry Gannt
C) Henri Fayol
D) Abraham Maslow
E) Frank Gilbreth
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55) An easily understood chart that summarizes what work was scheduled for specific time
periods and how much of this work has been completed was developed by:
A) Frederick Taylor
B) Lillian Gilbreth
C) Frank Gilbreth
D) Henry Gantt
E) Adam Lowell
Topic: Schedule Innovation
56) According to Fayol, ________ is the idea of lowering the importance of the subordinate role.
A) Centralization
B) Decentralization
C) Remuneration
D) Delegation
Topic: Henri Fayol
57) According to Fayol, the notion that workers should receive orders from only one manager is
known as:
A) Centralization
B) Unity of direction
C) Remuneration
D) Unity of Command
Topic: Henri Fayol
58) According to Fayol, the concept of increasing the importance of the subordinate role is
known as:
A) Division of work
B) The scalar chain
C) Decentralization
D) Unity of direction
Topic: Henri Fayol
8
59) Which scientific management contributor advocated a bonus system if workers exceeded
their daily production?
A) Frederick Taylor
B) Chester Barnard
C) Henry Gantt
D) Henri Fayol
E) Lillian Gilbreth
60) Of the following scientific management contributors, which would be considered as being
the most concerned with the human side of production?
A) Henry Gantt
B) Frank Gilbreth
C) Lillian Gilbreth
D) Frederick Taylor
E) Henry Ford
61) Henry Gantt believed that workers should be compensated according to:
A) a piece-rate system
B) a flat salary
C) a bonus system
D) both A and B
E) both A and C
62) The pioneer of administrative theory in the comprehensive analysis view of management
was:
A) Henry Ford
B) Henry Gantt
C) Henry Frank
D) Henri Fayol
E) Frederick Taylor
9
63) According to Fayol, the right to give orders and the power to exact obedience is:
A) authority
B) responsibility
C) the scalar chain
D) centralization
E) discipline
64) ________ is defined as new or additional work activity taken through self-direction.
A) Order
B) Espirit de corps
C) Initiative
D) Discipline
Topic: Henri Fayol
65) The primary limitation of the Classical Approach is that:

A) it views management as a science rather than as an art
B) it does not adequately emphasize human variables
C) it is only for lower-level managers
D) it views the organization as a closed system
E) it can be used only in manufacturing firms
66) James believes that if he understands his people and adapts his organization to them, he will
be successful. He would most likely be considered to be a follower of which of the following
management approaches?
A) scientific approach
B) classical approach
C) contingency approach
D) behavioral approach
E) scientific management
Topic: The Behavioral Approach
10
67) The original purpose of the relay assembly test room experiment portion of the Hawthorne
Studies was to:
A) determine the relationship between intensity of light and worker efficiency
B) develop a new type of supervisory relationship
C) analyze the social relationships in a work group
D) make the work environment more enjoyable
E) test the effects of incentives on worker performance
68) The purpose of the bank wiring observation room experiment portion of the Hawthorne
Studies was to:
A) determine the relationship between intensity of light and worker efficiency
B) develop a new supervisory relationship
C) analyze the social relationships in a work group
D) make the work environment more enjoyable
E) test the effects of incentives on worker performance
69) Which of the following is most accurate when describing the management thinking that
emerged as a result of the Hawthorne studies?
A) the emphasis should be placed on task efficiency in job design
B) job design should involve the bonus system
C) the human variable in organizations required much more analysis
D) managerial problems should be solved through the utilization of management science
techniques
E) social relationships are unimportant in worker performance
70) The ultimate objective of the human relations movement is to:

A) make workers happy
B) enhance organizational success by building appropriate relationships
C) develop the contingency view of management
D) view every organization as an open system
E) find the "one right way" to perform a task
11
71) Which of the following researchers has made the greatest contribution to the human relations
movement?
A) Henry Fayol
B) Lillian Gilbreth
C) Abraham Maslow
D) L. Thomas Hopkins
E) Frederick Taylor
72) Which management approach emphasizes the use of the scientific method and quantitative
techniques to increase organizational success?
A) human relations
B) systems approach
C) contingency approach
D) management science
E) scientific management
73) The management science approach first became popular in:

A) the military
B) large public corporations
C) laboratory experiments
D) utility companies
E) railroads
Topic: The Management Science Approach
74) The correct sequence of steps for the scientific method in the management science approach
is:
A) construct model, observe system, deduce system behavior, test system
B) observe system, construct model, deduce system behavior, test system
C) deduce system behavior, construct model, test system, observe system
D) test system, observe system, construct model, deduce system behavior
E) observe system, construct model, test system, deduce system behavior
12
75) Hal works for a large industrial organization and one of his primary tasks is production
scheduling. A very useful management approach that could assist Hal in this task is:
A) the administrative approach
B) the human relations approach
C) management science
D) scientific management
E) time and motion studies
Topic: Management Science Today
76) Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that are usually present in situations
in which management science techniques are applied?
A) the use of mathematical models
B) scientific management
C) problems are complicated
D) use of computers
E) use of ergonomic implications as guidelines for decision making
Topic: Characteristics of Management Science Applications
77) One of the greatest challenges for management science is:

A) improving the effectiveness of the model
B) applying the techniques to smaller organizations
C) applying the techniques to more diverse problems
D) applying the techniques in complicated situations
E) applying techniques to the military
Topic: Management Science Today
78) The contingency approach to management emphasizes:

A) if-then relationships
B) either-or relationships
C) employer-employee relationships
D) the universality of management
E) open and closed systems
13
79) The main challenges of using the contingency approach are all of the following EXCEPT:
A) perceiving organizational situations as they actually exist
B) choosing the appropriate management science technique
C) choosing the management tactics best suited to the situation
D) competently implementing the appropriate tactic
E) applying scientific management effectively
80) An organization that interacts with its environment is a/an:

A) closed system
B) interactive management system
C) whole system
D) open system
E) human relations system
81) Which of the following would Ludwig Von Bertalanffy identify as a closed system?
A) a clock
B) a plant
C) a school
D) a business
E) none of the above
82) According to L. Thomas Hopkins, all of the following are important guidelines for anyone
undertaking systems analysis, EXCEPT:
A) each component of the system needs to be investigated individually
B) possible modification in each part should be weighed in relation to possible effects on every
other part
C) the nature of the part and its function is determined by its position in the whole
D) all analysis starts with the existence of the whole
E) integration is the key variable
Topic: Systems and "Wholeness"
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83) According to the systems approach, the management system would be considered:
A) a closed system
B) part of the external environment
C) an open system
D) an integrated system
E) none of the above
84) The use of three sources of information to analyze the management system is referred to as:
A) Modern Management
B) Tripartite Management
C) Circular Management
D) Triangular Management
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43
85) Which of the following is NOT a main part of the management system:
A) environmental factors
B) production processes
C) finished goods
D) organizational resources
E) all of the above are main parts of the management system
86) Triangular management is a management approach that emphasizes using information from:
A) the classical, behavioral, and systems schools of thought
B) the classical, management-science, and systems schools of thought
C) the classical, management-science, and behavioral schools of thought
D) the behavioral, contingency, and management-science schools of thought
E) the behavioral, contingency, and systems schools of thought
15
87) An organization that emphasizes systematic problem solving, experimenting with new ideas,
and learning from past experiences and the experiences of others is referred to as a/an:
A) learning organization
B) college
C) integrated organization
D) socially responsible organization
E) process organization
88) With ________, every organizational member understands his or her own job and how the
job fits together to provide final products to the customer.
A) Systems thinking
B) Shared vision
C) Team learning
D) Personal mastery
89) When every organization member understands his or her own job and how the jobs fit
together to provide final products to the customer, Senge would characterize that as:
A) personal mastery
B) shared vision
C) systems thinking
D) team learning
E) social responsibility
90) Explain and discuss the two areas of the classical approach to management.
Answer: Suggested response: The first area is that of lower-level management analysis.
Frederick Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, and Henry Gantt studied the jobs of workers at
lower levels of the organization and focused on the "one best way" to perform a task. This
became known as scientific management. Comprehensive analysis of management concerns the
management functions as a whole; Henri Fayol is known as the primary advocate of the
principles of management, which are still considered useful in contemporary management
practice.
Page Ref: 31
16
91) Although significant research and advances were made through the classical approach to
management, it also had its limitations. Explain the success and weaknesses associated with the
classical approach to management.
Answer: Suggested response: Contributors to the classical approach felt encouraged to write
about their managerial experiences largely because of the success they enjoyed. Structuring work
to be more efficient and defining the manager's role more precisely yielded significant
improvements in productivity. However, the classical approach does not adequately emphasize
human variables. People today do not seem to be as influenced by bonuses as they were in the
nineteenth century. It is generally agreed that critical interpersonal areas such as conflict,
communication, leadership, and motivation were shortchanged in the classical approach.
Page Ref: 37
92) Explain and discuss the nature and importance of the Hawthorne Studies.
Answer: Suggested response: The Hawthorne studies are divided into two phases  the relay
assembly test room experiments, and the bank wiring observation room experiments. The relay
assembly test room experiments are perhaps more famous because they were originally based on
scientific management principles. The original purpose of the experiments was to determine the
relationship between intensity of lighting and worker productivity. The results were very
surprising in that no matter what conditions employees were exposed to, production increased.
The experimenters concluded that human factors could significantly influence production. The
bank wiring observation room experiment was intended to analyze the social relationships in a
work group, and the effect of social pressures. The conclusions again indicated that human
factors were much more complex than previously estimated. The Hawthorne Studies sparked an
interest in the human factor in employment and led to the Human Relations Movement.
Page Ref: 37
93) Explain the concept of the management system.

Answer: Suggested response: The management system is an open system  one influenced by
and continually interacting with its environment. The main parts of the system are organizational
inputs, organizational processes, and organizational outputs. The critical concept here is that the
parts of the system are very interdependent and continually being influenced by the environment
of the organization. As a result, in order to effectively and efficiently achieve organizational
goals, managers must manage the entire dynamic system and keep aware of any and all
environmental factors that could effect the organization.
Page Ref: 42
Topic: The Systems Approach
17
94) What is a "learning organization"? Why is this concept important for today's organizations?
Answer: Suggested response: A learning organization is an organization that does well in
creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge, and in modifying behavior to reflect new
knowledge. They emphasize systematic problem solving, experimentation, learning from
experience and past history, learning from others, and transferring knowledge rapidly throughout
the organization. Learning organizations are important today because organizations must
constantly adapt to quickly changing environments, and being a learning organization gives a
significant competitive advantage.
Diff: 3 Page Ref : 44
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Chapter 2 Managing: History and Current Thinking: Modern Management, 11e (Certo / Certo)

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Copyright ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

publishing as Prentice Hall

Modern Management, 11e (Certo / Certo)

5) Frank Gilbreth is known as "the father of scientific management."

13) The comprehensive analysis of management is an expansion on scientific management.

15) Henri Fayol is regarded as the pioneer of administrative theory.

22) The behavioral approach to management emphasizes increasing production through an

26) The management science approach to management emphasizes increasing production

34) A plant is an example of an open system.

37) Today's modern organization can be considered a closed system.

38) The management system is a closed system.

44) Which approach to management emphasizes organizational efficiency to increase

45) The classical approach to management can be broken down into:

49) "The Father of Scientific Management" is:

54) ________ performed motion studies of bricklaying

65) The primary limitation of the Classical Approach is that:

70) The ultimate objective of the human relations movement is to:

73) The management science approach first became popular in:

77) One of the greatest challenges for management science is:

78) The contingency approach to management emphasizes:

80) An organization that interacts with its environment is a/an:

93) Explain the concept of the management system.

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