PETE 417 - OnIX Oil Company - Final Report

Onix Oil Company
Middle East Technical University

Petroleum & Natural Gas Eng. Department
06531 Ankara, Turkey
MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PETE 417
Petroleum Engineering Design
CO2 Injection for EOR in B-Field

FINAL REPORT
Berkay TÜRKAN
Cem KAYA
Gizem TAVİŞ
Özlem Erol
Gençay MEREY
Türker HALİLOĞLU
Submitted to: Prof. Dr. Serhat AKIN

Onix Oil Company
Submitted by: ONIX OIL COMPANY – DRILLING SERVICES

Submission Date: 14.01.2020
Onix Oil Company
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In this project, ONIX Oil Company aims to design a CO 2 injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery
in B field. In order to do that, reservoir characteristics and fluid properties must be
understood. Logs, production histories, contour map of the field, PVT properties and DST
data are provided to our company as raw data. The process started with analyzing the logs
from previous wells. With that, and refining the other data: porosity, permeability and water
saturation distribution, formation boundaries, formation boundaries and minimum miscibility
pressure is obtained. In that part, few software’s are used. Using grid analysis, the proper
injection pattern is chosen. To finalize the well location selection process, an estimation of
reserves is made, and target depth is determined. Then, casing design process is started.
The process is kicked off by estimating formation pore pressures and abnormal pressures.
After that, also fracture pressure is predicted. After calculations, it is decided that
20”,13.375” and 9.625” casings will be used and in reservoir part, production liners will be
used. The calculations are done on TDAS Software and correlated them with hand.
Afterwards, the cement design is made. The required amount of cement, type of cement and
additives are determined. Following that, the mud design has started. The mud weights are
calculated, needed amount is estimated and the additives are chosen. We used water-based
mud in our drilling. Thereafter, the drill string and bit design is performed. Firstly, hammer bit
is used followed by 17 ½ “ Steel Tooth Bit, then 12 ¼’’ and 8 ½’’ Tungsten Carbide Insert Bit.
Hence, four different sections of drill string are used, considering all the buckling, collapse
and burst possibilities. After that, flow regimes and pressure drop along the string is
analyzed to conduct hydraulic design. These are two important parameters since they affect
cleaning of the hole and equipment. According to that, proper mud equipment’s are chosen.
To ensure that, we are in the safe region during drilling, BOP and wellhead design is done,
considering the worst scenario. Finally, rig is chosen according to our technical requirements
and logistics and economic considerations. It is followed by a plan of the wellsite
configuration. Last but not least, drilling time is estimated considering different possibilities
and the cost analysis of the project is done by considering both tangible and intangible
expenditures. The project is finalized by explanation of health, safety and environment
procedures.
Onix Oil Company
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................................................2
TABLE OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................8
LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................................10
1 WELL LOCATION SELECTION....................................................................................................12
1.1 Log Analysis.............................................................................................................................12
1.1.1 Gamma Ray Log..............................................................................................................13
1.1.2 Sonic Log..........................................................................................................................13
1.1.3 Neutron-Density Log........................................................................................................13
1.1.4 Resistivity Log..................................................................................................................14
1.2 Permeability Calculation.........................................................................................................14
1.3 Porosity Cutoff..........................................................................................................................15
1.4 Reservoir Characteristic Maps...............................................................................................15
1.4.1 3-D Map of Reservoir......................................................................................................16
1.4.2 Porosity Map.....................................................................................................................17
1.4.3 Permeability Map.............................................................................................................17
1.4.4 Thickness Map.................................................................................................................17
1.4.5 Water Saturation..............................................................................................................18
1.5 Drainage Radius Calculation..................................................................................................18
1.5.1 Bubble Map.......................................................................................................................18
1.6 Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP)....................................................................................19
1.7 Original Oil In Place (OOIP)...................................................................................................20
1.8 Possible Patterns.....................................................................................................................22
1.9 Grid Analysis............................................................................................................................24
2 PORE AND FRACTURE PRESSURE DETERMINATION AND CASING DESIGN..............25
2.1 PORE AND FRACTURE PRESSURE DETERMINATION................................................25
2.1.1 Importance of Pore Pressure Determination................................................................25
2.1.2 Abnormal Pore Pressure; Definition and Determination.............................................25
2.1.3 Fracture Pressure; Definition and Determination.........................................................29
Onix Oil Company
2.2 Casing Design..........................................................................................................................32

2.2.1 Purpose of Casing...........................................................................................................32
2.2.2 Types of Casing...............................................................................................................32
2.2.3 Properties of the Casing..................................................................................................33
2.2.4 Determination of Casing Setting Depth.........................................................................35
3 CEMENT DESIGN...........................................................................................................................41
3.1 General Information About Cementing Operations.............................................................41
3.1.1 Cementing Operations....................................................................................................41
3.1.2 Cementing Techniques...................................................................................................41
3.1.3 Cement Content and Classification...............................................................................41
3.1.4 Cement Design Considerations.....................................................................................42
3.1.5 Cement Additives.............................................................................................................43
3.2 Cement Design for BI-38........................................................................................................43
3.2.1 Decision of the Cement Class........................................................................................43
3.2.2 Calculations of Cementing Operation............................................................................44
3.2.3 Additive Calculations.......................................................................................................46
4 DRILLING FLUID DESIGN.............................................................................................................52
4.1 Drilling Fluid Functions............................................................................................................52
4.2 Types of Drilling Fluids............................................................................................................53
4.3 Mud Additives...........................................................................................................................54
4.4 Mud Type Selection.................................................................................................................55
4.5 Mud Weight Determination.....................................................................................................55
4.6 Mud Volume Calculation.........................................................................................................56
4.7 Mud Design for B-Field CO2 Gas Injection Well Project.....................................................58
4.7.1 Sample Calculation of First Interval...............................................................................59
4.8 Mud Pit Dimensions.................................................................................................................62
4.9 Mud Rheology..........................................................................................................................62
5 BIT SELECTION..............................................................................................................................64
5.1 Bit Types...................................................................................................................................64
5.1.1 Roller Cone Bits...............................................................................................................64
Onix Oil Company
5.1.2 Steel Tooth Bits................................................................................................................64

5.1.3 Insert Bits..........................................................................................................................65
5.1.4 Fixed Cutter Bits...............................................................................................................66
5.1.5 PDC Bits............................................................................................................................66
5.1.6 Natural Diamond and Impreg Bits..................................................................................66
5.1.7 Bi- center Bits...................................................................................................................67
5.2 Standard Classification of Bit.................................................................................................68
5.3 Bit Size Selection.....................................................................................................................68
5.4 Bit Type Selection....................................................................................................................70
5.5 Cost Analysis of Bit..................................................................................................................74
6 DRILL STRING DESIGN................................................................................................................75
6.1.1 Drill Pipe............................................................................................................................76
6.1.2 Heavy Weight Drill Pipe (HWDP)...................................................................................77
6.1.3 Drill Collar..........................................................................................................................77
6.1.4 Stabilizers..........................................................................................................................77
6.1.5 Jars....................................................................................................................................78
6.1.6 Bit Sub...............................................................................................................................78
6.1.7 Downhole Motors.............................................................................................................78
6.1.8 MWD/LWD - Measurement While Drilling or Logging While Drilling.........................78
6.1.9 Reamers............................................................................................................................78
6.1.10 Design Criteria for Drill String.........................................................................................78
6.2 Procedure for Drill String Design...........................................................................................79
6.3 Buckling Considerations.........................................................................................................82
6.4 Neutral Point Considerations..................................................................................................83
6.5 HWDP Calculations.................................................................................................................84
6.6 Determination of Jar, Stabilizer and Sub’ s properties........................................................85
6.7 Drill Pipe Calculations.............................................................................................................85
6.8 Collapse Pressure Calculations.............................................................................................86
6.9 Tensional Yield Strength Considerations:............................................................................87
6.10 Torsional Strength Considerations........................................................................................88
Onix Oil Company
6.11 Cost Analysis for Drill String...................................................................................................90

7 HYDRAULIC DESIGN.....................................................................................................................92
7.1 Purposes of Hydraulic System...............................................................................................92
7.2 Flow Regimes...........................................................................................................................92
7.3 Flow Models..............................................................................................................................93
7.4 Flow Regime Determination and Friction Pressure Loss Calculations.............................94
7.5 Velocity Calculations...............................................................................................................95
7.6 Friction Pressure Loss Calculations......................................................................................96
7.7 Surface Pressure Loss............................................................................................................97
7.8 Bit Pressure Drop.....................................................................................................................97
7.9 Bit Nozzle Selection.................................................................................................................98
7.10 Total Pressure Loss and Equivalent HHP Calculation........................................................98
7.11 Mud Pump Selection...............................................................................................................99
8 BOP & WELLHEAD DESIGN.......................................................................................................102
8.1 BOP Design............................................................................................................................102
8.2 Wellhead Design....................................................................................................................104
9 RIG SELECTION...........................................................................................................................106
9.1 Drawworks Power Requirement..........................................................................................106
9.2 Top Drive Power Requirement.............................................................................................108
9.3 Mud Power & Extra Power Requirement............................................................................109
9.4 Grid Analysis & Rig Selection...............................................................................................109
10 WELLSITE DESIGN..................................................................................................................113
11 DRILL TIME ESTIMATION.......................................................................................................114
11.1.1 Drilling rate......................................................................................................................114
11.1.2 Trip Time.........................................................................................................................114
11.1.3 Hole problems................................................................................................................114
11.1.4 Running casing...............................................................................................................114
11.1.5 Move-in and move-out with the rig...............................................................................115
11.1.6 Weather...........................................................................................................................115
11.1.7 Well completion..............................................................................................................115
Onix Oil Company
11.1.8 Wireline & Non-productive Time..................................................................................115

12 COST ANALYSIS......................................................................................................................117
13 HSE AND TECHNICAL RISKS................................................................................................122
13.1 Control of Major Accident Hazards - COMAH....................................................................122
13.2 Material Safety Data Sheet – MSDS...................................................................................123
13.3 HSE Project Plan...................................................................................................................123
13.4 Health and Safety Policy.......................................................................................................124
13.5 Environment Policy................................................................................................................125
13.6 Risk Assesment.....................................................................................................................125
13.7 Licences And Certificates.....................................................................................................126
13.7.1 IWCF – International Well Control Forum...................................................................126
13.7.2 Occupational Safety And Health – OSH.....................................................................127
13.7.3 Licences..........................................................................................................................127
14 APPENDIX..................................................................................................................................129
14.1 Results of the Ecrin................................................................................................................129
14.1.1 B1.....................................................................................................................................129
14.1.2 B2.....................................................................................................................................144
14.1.3 B3.....................................................................................................................................156
14.1.4 B8......................................................................................................................................162
REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................168
Onix Oil Company
TABLE OF FIGURE
FIGURE 1 CONTOUR MAP OF FIELD B 12

FIGURE 2 3-D MAP OF RESERVOIR 16
FIGURE 3 3-D MAP OF RESERVOIR FROM ABOVE 16
FIGURE 4 POROSITY DISTRIBUTION 17
FIGURE 5 PERMEABILITY DISTRIBUTION 17
FIGURE 6 THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION 17
FIGURE 7 WATER SATURATION DISTRIBUTION 18
FIGURE 8 BUBBLE MAP 19
FIGURE 9 PARTS OF THE RESERVOIR SECTION 20
FIGURE 10 PERIPHERAL INJECTION 22
FIGURE 11 5-SPOT INJECTION 23
FIGURE 12 7-SPOT INJECTION 23
FIGURE 13 WELL LOCATION 24
FIGURE 14- SONIC LOG DATA OF B-3 WELL, DEPTH VS READINGS 26
FIGURE 15- SONIC LOG DATA OF B-8 WELL, DEPTH VS READINGS 27
FIGURE 16 HOTTMAN AND JOHNSON METHOD: EQUIVALENT MUD 28
FIGURE 17- B FIELD MAP (TRIMMED) 29
FIGURE 18- GRAPHICAL DETERMINATION OF FRACTURE GRADIENTS USING THE MATTHEWS AND
KELLY METHOD 30
FIGURE 19- PORE AND FRACTURE PRESSURE GRADIENTS OF BI-38 31
FIGURE 20- API CASING GRADES AND PROPERTIES, TAKEN FROM PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
HANDBOOK 34
FIGURE 21- FIRST CASING SETTING DEPTH DETERMINATION 36
FIGURE 22-CASING AND BIT SIZE SELECTION CHART (COURTESY OF OIL AND GAS JOURNAL) 38
FIGURE 23- OVERALL CASING PLAN 40
FIGURE 24- APPLICATIONS OF API CEMENTS (TAKEN FROM DRILLING ENGINEERING, A COMPLETE
WELL PLANNING APPROACH. P.290) 43
FIGURE 25- PORE AND FRACTURE PRESSURE GRADIENTS OF BI-38 47
FIGURE 26- SELECTED CEMENTING PUMP AND ITS PROPERTIES 50
FIGURE 27:MUD WEIGHT DETERMINATION 56
FIGURE 28:MUDWARE VOLUMES CALCULATIONS 57
FIGURE 29: SPUD MUD ADDITIVES 58
FIGURE 30: KCL/POLYMER MUD ADDITIVES 60
FIGURE 31:PLASTIC VISCOSITY, YIELD POINT AND METHYLENE BLUE TEST (MBT) RANGES FOR
WATER-BASE DRILLING FLUIDS 63
FIGURE 32 STEEL TOOTH BIT 65
FIGURE 33 TUNGSTEN CARBIDE INSERT BIT 65
FIGURE 34 PDC BIT 66
FIGURE 35 NATURAL DIAMOND AND IMPREG BITS 67
FIGURE 36 BI-CENTER BIT 67
FIGURE 37 THE DRILL STRING 75
FIGURE 38 COMPANY DESIGN FACTOR 79
Onix Oil Company
FIGURE 39 NEUTRAL POINT ON DRILL COLLAR 83

FIGURE 40: BINGHAM PLASTIC MODEL 94
FIGURE 41:SELECTED MUD PUMP SDF-1600 100
FIGURE 42:SHALE SHAKER,DESILTER AND DESANDER 101
FIGURE 43 SCHEMATIC OF OUR BOP DESIGN 104
FIGURE 44 WELLHEAD 105
FIGURE 45 F-320 RIG 112
FIGURE 46 WELLSITE CONFIGURATION 113
FIGURE 47 DRILL TIME ESTIMATION 116
FIGURE 48 DETERMINATION OF BREAK EVEN POINT 119
LIST OF TABLE
Onix Oil Company
TABLE 1 POROSITY VALUES OF WELLS 14

TABLE 2 WATER SATURATIONS FOR WELLS 14
TABLE 3 PERMEABILITIES FOR WELLS 15
TABLE 4 DRAINAGE RADIUSES FOR WELLS 18
TABLE 5 MMP AND RESERVOIR PRESSURE COMPARISION 19
TABLE 6 POROSITY AND WATER SATURATION AVERAGE 20
TABLE 7 BULK VOLUME CALCULATION FOR EAST 21
TABLE 8 BULK VOLUME CALCULATION FOR WEST 21
TABLE 9 ULTIMATE RECOVERY 22
TABLE 10 GRID ANALYSIS FOR INJECTION PATTERN 24
TABLE 11- CASING RANGE AND LENGTHS 33
TABLE 12 STRATIGRAPHY OF FIELD B 37
TABLE 13- CASING GRADES WHICH ARE DETERMINED BY USING TDAS SOFTWARE AND
CORRELATING WITH HAND CALCULATION 39
TABLE 14- REQUIRED CASING AMOUNTS FOR EACH GRADE 40
TABLE 15- CASING INNER AND OUTER DIAMETERS, CORRESPONDING HOLE SIZES AND SETTING
DEPTH INTERVALS 44
TABLE 16- CEMENT SLURRY VOLUMES FOR EACH CASING SECTION 45
TABLE 17- API CEMENT PROPERTIES 45
TABLE 18-CEMENT VOLUMES AND REQUIRED SACKS FOR EACH SECTION 46
TABLE 19- API CEMENT PROPERTIES 46
TABLE 20- CLASS A CEMENT WITH DIATOMACEOUS EARTH 48
TABLE 21- NEW CEMENT VOLUME AND DENSITY VALUES AFTER ADDING DIACEL-D 48
TABLE 22- CASING TYPES AND CAPACITIES 49
TABLE 23- THE TOTAL CEMENTING OPERATION TIME FOR EACH CEMENT SECTION 51
TABLE 24- THICKENING TIME OF CLASS A CEMENT AFTER ADDING DIACEL-D 51
TABLE 25- THE DIACEL-D RATIOS OF THE CEMENT SLURRIES AND THE REQUIRED WATER AMOUNT
52
TABLE 26:MUD WIEGHT DETERMINATION 56
TABLE 27:MUD VOLUMES 57
TABLE 28:MUD TYPES FOR EACH INTERVAL 58
TABLE 29:SPUD MUD ADDITIVE CONCENTRATION AND WEIGHTS 59
TABLE 30:KCL/POLYMER MUD ADDITIVE CONCENTRATION AND WEIGHTS 61
TABLE 31:MUD RHEOLOGY 63
TABLE 32 MAJOR DRILL BIT TYPES 64
TABLE 33 IADC CLASSIFICATION 68
TABLE 34 CASING AND BIT SELECTION CHART 69
TABLE 35 THE BIT SIZE ACCORDING TO CASING SIZE 69
TABLE 36 GRID ANALYSIS FOR BIT SELECTION 70
TABLE 37 HETEROGENEITY OF FORMATION 71
TABLE 38 ROCK CLASSIFICATIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS 71
TABLE 39 FORMATION CLASSIFICATION 71
TABLE 40 IADC CLASSIFICATION FOR BIT SERIES 73
TABLE 41 BIT DESIGN FOR ALL SECTIONS 73
Onix Oil Company
TABLE 42 COST ANALYSIS OF BIT 74

TABLE 43 DRILL STRING PARTS 76
TABLE 44 BHA AIR WEIGHT CALCULATIONS 80
TABLE 45 WEIGHT OF DRILL COLLAR 81
TABLE 46 NUMBER OF DC CALCULATIONS 81
TABLE 47 BUCKLING CONSIDERATIONS AND NUMBER OF STABILIZERS CALCULATIONS 83
TABLE 48 NEUTRAL POINT CALCULATIONS 84
TABLE 49 COMMON DRILL PIPE GRADES 84
TABLE 50 STIFFNESS RATIO CALCULATIONS 85
TABLE 51 DETERMINATION OF JAR, STABILIZERS, BIT SUBS AND CROSSOVERS 85
TABLE 52 REQUIRED DRILL PIPE LENGTH 86
TABLE 53 NUMBER OF DRILL PIPE CALCULATION FOR SECTION 86
TABLE 54 COLLAPSE PRESSURE 87
TABLE 55 TENSION & SHOCK LOADING 88
TABLE 56 TORSIONAL STRENGTH 89
TABLE 57 COST ANALYSIS FOR DRILL STRING 90
TABLE 58 SECOND SECTION OF DRILL STRING 90
TABLE 59 THIRD SECTION OF DRILL STRING 91
TABLE 60 FOURTH SECTION OF DRILL STRING 91
TABLE 61: USED MUD RHEOLOGY FOR HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS 94
TABLE 62: FLOW RATE VALUES 94
TABLE 63: ACTUAL VELOCITY VALUES IN DRILL STRING 95
TABLE 64: CRITICAL VELOCITY VALUES IN DRILL STRING 95
TABLE 65: ACTUAL VELOCITY VALUES IN ANNULUS 96
TABLE 66: CRITICAL VELOCITY VALUES IN ANNULUS 96
TABLE 67: PRESSURE LOSSES IN DRILL STRING 96
TABLE 68: PRESSURE LOSSES IN ANNULUS 97
TABLE 69:SURFACE PRESSURE LOSS VALUES 97
TABLE 70: BIT PRESSURE DROP VALUES 98
TABLE 71: NOZZLE SIZE AND VELOCITY VALUES 98
TABLE 72: TOTAL PRESSURE LOSSES AND EQUIVALENT HHP 99
TABLE 73 MAXIMUM SURFACE PRESSURES 103
TABLE 74 MAXIMUM CASING LOAD 107
TABLE 75 MAXIMUM DRILL STRING LOAD 107
TABLE 76 COMPARISION OF RIG REQUIREMENTS AND RIGS 110
TABLE 77 GRID ANALYSIS FOR RIG SELECTION 111
TABLE 78 EQUIPMENT OF THE RIG 111
TABLE 79 DRILL TIME CONSIDERATION 114
TABLE 80 DRILL TIME CONSIDERATION WITH SAFETY FACTOR 115
TABLE 81 CASING COST 119
TABLE 82 CEMENT COST 120
TABLE 83 DRILL STRING COST 120
TABLE 84 MUD COST 120
TABLE 85 RIG AND EQUIPMENT COST 121
TABLE 86 HSE COST 121
TABLE 87 WAGE COST 121
TABLE 88 TOTAL COST 121
TABLE 89 HSE PROJECT PLAN FORM 124
Onix Oil Company
1 WELL LOCATION SELECTION
Figure 1 Contour Map of Field B
In Field B, we have 9 wells, 2 major faults and 3 minor faults which are connected to the
major faults around our producing wells (B1, B2, B3, B7, B8, B9). By looking at the production
data, we can easily say we have a water drive in the reservoir. Also, B9 producing %100
water so we assumed water-oil contact is around 1455 meters below from sea level.
Reservoir lithology in this reservoir is limestone. We are not expecting any gas cap in the
reservoir since we have dead oil properties and no deflection in the Density-Neutron Log.
1.1 Log Analysis
Log analysis has a key role on understanding of reservoir. This analysis shows some
properties of reservoir such as porosity, water saturation, pay zone thickness, shaliness and
lithology. In order to find these values, we need a software to do our job easily. In our case,
we use “Neuralog” software to read the logs. In field B, we have logs for 7 wells which are B1-
B2-B3-B4-B5-B8 and B-9.
Onix Oil Company
1.1.1 Gamma Ray Log

Gamma Ray log measures the naturally occurring radioactivity in the rock. This type of
radioactivity mainly caused from Thorium, Uranium and Potassium. Within these elements,
Thorium and Potassium are the indicators of the shale. In this project, we evaluate Gamma
Ray Logs to observe clean zones and formation boundaries.
1.1.2 Sonic Log

Sonic Log is tool that measures the interval time of sound waves that is moving through
formation. With a known matrix velocity, porosity can be calculated with a formula.
Disadvantage of this tool is, it can be easily deflected by fractures in the formation.
Δt log − Δt ma
ф= Δtfluid=189 µsec/ft Δtma=47.5 µsec/ft (Limestone)
Δt fluid−Δt ma
In our case, we use Neutron-Density Log to obtain more accurate porosity.
1.1.3 Neutron-Density Log

1.1.3.1 Neutron Log
Neutron Log has a good response to hydrogen content in the formation and it is calibrated to
limestone formation. Formation porosity can be measured by neutron log. Since we have a
limestone reservoir, our interpretations will be more accurate.
1.1.3.2 Density Log
Density Log measures the density of formation and by using this data porosity can be found.
It can be also used for evaluating complex lithology, mineral depositions and gas bearing
zone. To obtain porosity of the formation, density log porosity should be corrected with
neutron log porosity. In our case, Neutron-density log is used to determine porosity of the
formation.
ρma−ρb
ф Density = where ρb = 2.71 g/cc and ρ f = 0.981 g/cc (from resistivity log
ρma−ρ f
calculations)
After we calculate Density Log porosity, we have to correct values with Neutron Log porosity
values. In order to correct the porosity values, we should use following formula:
ф Neutron +ф Density
ф corr =
2
Onix Oil Company
Well
Name B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B8 B9
Porosity 0,183 0,161 0,183 0,226 0,249 0,185 0,15
1.1.4 Resistivity Log

Table 1 Porosity Values of Wells
Resistivity logs record the
resistivity of formation with electricity. In this logging, we should consider 3 depths which are
shallow, medium and deep in horizontal section. With Resistivity log, we can interpret the
water saturation and the presence of hydrocarbon.
 MSFL (Micro Spherical Focused Log) for medium zone
 LLD (Deep Lateral Log) for deeper zone
 LLS (Shallow Lateral Log) for shallow zone
In Field B, salinity of the water is given 10.000 ppm at reservoir conditions (170⁰F). At this
conditions, density of water is 0,981 g/cc and R w= 0,245 ohm .
Calculation of water saturation requires Archie’s equations for limestone reservoir which are;
1 F∗Rw
F=
ф2
Sw =
√ Rt
Rw= Water Resistivity (ohm-m) ф=Porosity (fraction)
Rt=True Resistivity of Formation (ohm-m) F=Formation Resistivity Factor
Well Name B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B8 B9
Water
Saturation 0,4 0,333 0,456 0,3 0,483 0,673 0,685
Table 2 Water Saturations for Wells
Onix Oil Company
1.2 Permeability Calculation
As ONIX Oil Company, we use software’s to calculate such crucial reservoir properties. In this
section, we use Kappa Ecrin to obtain accurate permeability values from Drill Stem Test.
Average permeability of layered parallel beds are calculated by using:

n
∑ K i ¿ hi
K avg = i=1
ht
Well Name B1 B2 B3 B8
Permeability DST1 (mD) 13,5 19 26,4 13,4
Permeability DST2 (mD) 3,95 3,5
Average Permeability (mD) 6,82 8,31 26,4 13,4
Results of the software are given in the Results of the Ecrin section.
Table 3 Permeabilities for Wells 1.3 Porosity Cutoff
Porosity cutoff is defined as the lower limit of porosity which oil production is not economical.
It is generally taken as 5% in conventional oil reservoirs. We are also considering our porosity
cutoff value as 5% in this project.
1.4 Reservoir Characteristic Maps
In order to observe the characteristics of the reservoir, we create maps with the data that we
refined earlier. We use Surfer 13 software to create these maps.
Onix Oil Company
1.4.1 3-D Map of Reservoir
Figure 2 3-D Map of Reservoir
Figure 3 3-D Map of Reservoir from above

Onix Oil Company
This map shows us, we have a reservoir that is anticline and after a certain time due to some
geological activities, reservoir section broken apart into 2 parts with a fault which has a
direction of north to south-west. With the help of this map, we can easily see the reservoir
shape.
1.4.2 Porosity Map

On the eastern part of
the reservoir has
relatively higher
porosities. Around B1,
there is also good
porosity values.
Figure 4 Porosity Distribution
1.4.3 Permeability Map

Around B3, we have a good
permeability values. On the
other hand, B1, B3 and B9
has relatively lower
permeability.
Figure 5 Permeability Distribution

Onix Oil Company
1.4.4 Thickness Map

We have good thickness
readings on this reservoir
but around B9 thickness is
relatively lower than the
other part.
Figure 6 Thickness Distribution
1.4.5 Water Saturation

Around B9, we have a
very high-water
saturation. B2 and B3
has relatively lower
water saturations.
Figure 7 Water Saturation Distribution
1.5 Drainage Radius Calculation
In order to calculate drainage radius of each well, first, we have to know the
cumulative production of each well. After that, we can use following formula to obtain
drainage radius.
5.615∗N p∗B o
rd =
√ π∗ф∗h∗(1−Sw )
We have 5 production history data but B9 is producing %100 water. For the other 4
wells, drainage radius of each are given in the following table.
Drainage Radius (ft) 199,4 90,7 116 132,8
Onix Oil Company
Table 4 Drainage Radiuses for Wells
Since the cumulative production is very low, drainage radius of each well is quite
small as we expect.
1.5.1 Bubble Map

By using Surfer software and drainage radius values, we construct bubble map of the
field.
Figure 8 Bubble Map
1.6 Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP)
In injection projects, especially CO2 injection, MMP is one of the most important parameters
that affects the design. At constant temperature and composition, the lowest pressure at
which first- or multiple-contact miscibility (dynamic miscibility) can be achieved. [ CITATION
Min19 \l 1033 ]
In order to solve CO2 in reservoir fluid, reservoir pressure should be higher than the MMP.
Otherwise, we cannot talk about miscible displacement in high percentages. Since, we have a
dead oil in the reservoir, we are expecting high MMP values.
While estimating the MMP, we use Khazam M. , Arebi T. and Froya M. approach which is:
[ CITATION Kha \l 1033 ]
10220∗API 8,71∗Pb∗API
MMP CO2=5578+ 10,37∗T +0,929∗P b + −166,3∗API −
R si Rsi
MMPCO2 : Minimum Miscibility Pressure of CO2 solvent (psia)
T : Reservoir temperature (⁰F)
Pb : Bubble Point Pressure (psia)
Rsi : Initial solution gas oil ratio (scf/stb)

Onix Oil Company
API: Oil Gravity (⁰API)
MMP (psia) 7242 7294 6679 6662
Reservoir Pressure
(psia) 2522 2318 2581 2141
Table 5 MMP and Reservoir Pressure Comparison
Since, MMP values are higher than reservoir pressure as we expect, in our
project, we will not have a high miscibility ratio in the reservoir and our project will
continue as immiscible displacement.
1.7 Original Oil In Place (OOIP)
In this project, we run volumetric calculation to obtain OOIP. In order to have accurate OOIP
value, we divide reservoir section into 2 part which is given below.
Figure 9 Parts of the Reservoir Section
For both side, we have different porosity and water saturation values. We calculated the
average porosity and water saturations to apply in volumetric calculations.
East West
Porosity 0,18 0,167
Onix Oil Company
avg
Sw avg 0,5 0,35
Table 6 Porosity and Water Saturation Average
The formula of OOIP is;
OOIP=V bulk ∗ф∗( 1−S w )
V bulk =A∗h
To obtain bulk volume for each section, we need to calculate area of each contour and use
appropriate volumetric formula for each. Bulk volume formulas and conditions are given
below.
A n+1
If >0,5 → Trapozoidal
An
A n+1
<0,5 → Pyramidal
An
h
ΔVbulk = ∗( A n + A n +1) → For Trapozoidal
2
h
ΔVbulk = ∗( A n + A n +1+ √ An∗A n +1) → For Pyramidal
3
For the east part bulk volume calculation and result given at the table below.
Conto Area(m Interval( ΔVbulk

ur 2) Area Ratio m) Equation (m3)
0,3620702 63952,449
1395 4981 19 5 Pyramidal 85
0,3730408 439169,61
1400 13757 37 10 Pyramidal 14
0,4019269 1197452,6
1410 36878 12 10 Pyramidal 95
0,4593759 2798411,3
1420 91753 7 10 Pyramidal 03
0,2037154 5409057,6
1430 199734 14 10 Pyramidal 19
0,8287934 Trapozoid
1440 980456 32 10 al 10817240
1450 118299 0,9290603 5 Trapozoid 6140782,5
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2 08 al
127332
1455 1 - - - -
26866066,
SUM 18
Table 7 Bulk Volume Calculation for East
For the west part bulk volume calculation and result given at the table below.
Conto Area Ratio Of Interval ΔVbulk

ur (m2) Area (m) Equation (m3)
0,0175386 19342,532
1405 177 44 5 Pyramidal 27
0,1346515 375144,86
1410 10092 63 10 Pyramidal 68
0,4039440 1261389,3
1420 74949 99 10 Pyramidal 88
18554 0,6067581 Trapezoid
1430 3 44 10 al 2456685
30579 0,6591723 Trapozoid
1440 4 32 10 al 3848500
46390 0,8009412 Trapozoid
1450 6 97 5 al 2607767,5
57920
1455 1 - - - -
10568829,
SUM 29
Table 8 Bulk Volume Calculation for West
Total BULK Volume

(m3)
37434895,5 m3
After we apply the formula, we obtain the Original Oil in Place from volumetric calculation. As
a recovery factor, we expect %20, since we have a water drive and heavy oil in the reservoir.
OOIP 22,4 MMrB

STOIP 21,4 MMSTB
Recovery Rate 0,2
Ultimate
Recovery 4,27 MMSTB
Table 9 Ultimate Recovery
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1.8 Possible Patterns
We have considered 3 patterns for this project (Peripheral, 5-Spot and 7-Spot). So,
we create 3 possible patterns for 3 optimized illustration .
Figure 10 Peripheral Injection

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Figure 11 5-Spot Injection
Figure 12 7-Spot Injection
While we are creating these patterns, we had many challenges like faults, water contact,
sweep area and injectivity optimization. In injection projects, faults are unfavorable part of the
reservoir. Due to gas loss, project can be very inefficient. So, we tried to avoid from faults as
much as we can while creating patterns. Water contact is also another factor. Carbon dioxide
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tends to dissolve in water and in this project that is also something we don’t want. Injectivity
index is also another parameter while we are placing our wells. Because of the low injectivity
index, project would be inefficient. And finally, we are trying to maximize our sweeping area to
get more oil from the reservoir.
1.9 Grid Analysis
As we mentioned on the possible pattern section, we are considering 3 different patterns.

While we are comparing them, we need some criteria’s such as cost, distance between well
and fault, permeability and thickness. The reason why we choose these criteria’s is;
 Permeability, thickness product directly effects injectivity index
 Distance between well and faults is to prevent CO2 loss
 Cost is the naturally unwanted.
Pattern Cost Distance Permeability Thickness Total

Between Well
and Faults
Weight 3 5 4 4 -
Peripheral 5 4 4 4 67
5-Spot 3 3 4 3 52
7-Spot 1 2 3 2 33
Table 10 Grid Analysis for Injection Pattern
The result of the grid analysis shows that we should make a peripheral pattern
on this project.
For the following parts of the design process (Casing Design, Drill String,
Cement and so on), we will continue the report for the one well which is BI-38.
Figure 13 Well Location

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2 PORE AND FRACTURE PRESSURE DETERMINATION AND CASING

DESIGN
2.1 PORE AND FRACTURE PRESSURE DETERMINATION
2.1.1 Importance of Pore Pressure Determination

Pore pressure determination is the key factor of a safe drilling process. A wrong estimated
formation pressure can cause stuck pipe, lost circulation problems, excessive cost, hole
instability and even blowout. The pore pressure can be subnormal, abnormal and can follow
the normal gradient. While subnormal pore pressure also brings difficulties during drilling, an
abnormal pressure zone is much more dangerous than subnormal pore pressure zones
because of the increased influx risk.
2.1.2 Abnormal Pore Pressure; Definition and Determination

Pore pressures are caused by the fluid in pore spaces of the rock. It is the pressure of the
liquid that is trapped in porous media. “The normal sedimentation process involves the
deposition of layers of various rock particles. As these layers continue to build depth and
increase the overburden (total rock) pressure, the underlying sediments are forced downward
under the weight of surface deposition. The overburden pressure in this case is defined as the
total of the rock matrix pressure and the formation fluid pressure.” (Adams, 1985, p.41).
“Since the total overburden load continues to increase with sedimentation and the rock matrix
can no longer carry its burden, the fluids in the pores of the rock must begin to support part of
the overburden, resulting in higher-than normal fluid pressures, also known as abnormal pore
pressures.” (Adams, 1985, p.43).
One of the methods that is used to estimate the abnormal pressure zones is using the sonic
log data. Sonic logs are used to measure the transit time of the seismic waves. There will be
an increase in transit time if there is an abnormal pressure zone and the difference between
normal trend line and observed transit time will be used to determine pore pressure gradient
and equivalent mud weight by using Hottman & Johnson Method.
Since the closest two wells to our well are B-8 and B-3, sonic log data of those wells will be
used, and the data will be interpolated to find entrance of abnormal pressure zone and
equivalent mud weight at that depth for our well.
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The black dashed line is the normal

10
µsec/ft vs Depth 100 trend line. The deviation between normal
trend line and observed data show us
the entrance of the abnormal pressure
zone and the difference between them
will be used to find pore pressure
gradient by using Hottman & Johnson
method (Figure 3).
The entrance to abnormal pressure

zone is at 6143 feet for B-3 well. The
difference between observed transit time
and normal trend line:
@ 6150 ft, Δtob - Δtn = 2.01

µsec/ft
@ 6191 ft, Δtob - Δtn = 7.37
ft
)
µsec/ft
h(
@ 6225 ft, Δtob - Δtn = 7.80

e
Dp
t
µsec/ft
µsec/ft
Figure 14- Sonic Log Data of B-3 Well, Depth vs Readings
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The entrance to abnormal pressure

10
µsec/ft vs Depth 100 zone is at 6153 feet in B-8 well.
The difference between observed

transit time and normal trend line is:
@ 6153 ft, Δtob - Δtn = 4.68

µsec/ft
@ 6200 ft, Δtob - Δtn = 4.27
µsec/ft
@ 6218 ft, Δtob - Δtn = 7.75
µsec/ft
e
Dp
thft
()
µsec/ft
Figure 15- Sonic Log Data of B-8 Well, Depth vs Readings
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Figure 16 Hottman and Johnson Method: Equivalent Mud By using the graph above, we can find the pore
pressure gradient.
For B-3 well;
@ 6150 ft, Δtob - Δtn = 2.01 µsec/ft = 9.8 ppg
For B-8 well;
@ 6153 ft, Δtob - Δtn = 4.68 µsec/ft = 10 ppg
Now we need to correlate these values for our well. We will use interpolation method to
estimate entrance of abnormal pressure zone and pore pressure gradient values of our well.
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Figure 17- B field map (trimmed)
After making the required calculations of iteration, in BI-38 well, the entrance to the
abnormal pressure zone is estimated as 6147 feet and EMW at that depth is 9.9 ppg.
2.1.3 Fracture Pressure; Definition and Determination
Fracture pressure is the maximum pressure the formation can stand before fracturing. The
hydrostatic pressure of the drilling mud should be less than the fracture pressure of the
formation not to fracture it. Since we will need to increase our mug weight because of the
increasing pore pressures at deeper locations, our increased mud weight cause fracturing
and this can cause lost circulation problems. Therefore, it should be estimated correctly, and
casings should be run accordingly.
We have used Matthews and Kelly approach to determine the fracture. This approach uses a
graph that shows fracture pressures with respect to changing depth and pore pressures.
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Figure 18- Graphical determination of fracture gradients using the Matthews and Kelly Method
By using the depth and the mud weight at that depth, we can determine de fracture pressures
easily. The readings were taken per 1000 ft until the pore pressure gradient increases. After
determining pore and fracture pressure gradients, we obtain a graph like this;
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Figure 19- Pore and Fracture Pressure Gradients of BI-38
Since now we know pore and fracture pressure gradients, we can decide casing setting depths.
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2.2 Casing Design
2.2.1 Purpose of Casing

There are several purposes of casings. Those are;
 Preventing interaction between wellbore and formation pressures.
 Preventing collapse of the formation to the wellbore.
 Providing a basis for establishing wellhead equipment
 Establishing production from different layers of the formation
 Providing means for pressure control
 Preventing underground fresh water contamination
 Reducing the sand production and water cut during hydrocarbon production
2.2.2 Types of Casing
 Conductor Casing
 Surface Casing
 Intermediate Casing
 Production Casing
 Liners
2.2.2.1 Conductor Casing
It is the first casing string that is run and cemented. It is used for protecting against the
collapse of unconsolidated surface formations and divert the mud flow towards mud pit.
2.2.2.2 Surface Casing
It is used to hold back unconsolidated shallow formations against collapsing, to protect

contamination of shallow water sand zones, to facilitate BOP and prevent lost circulation.
2.2.2.3 Intermediate Casing
It is used for achieving safe drilling to the final depth. Its purposes are to shut off subnormal
and abnormal zones, to isolate troublesome zones like shales, loose section against swelling,
caving, collapsing and to provide back up for production casing.
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2.2.2.4 Production Casing
This is the last section of a casing string which is used to isolate production zones and to
prevent any damage to the tubing.
2.2.2.5 Liners
Liners are a type of casing that is not extend to the top of the wellbore. Instead, they are
anchored from inside to the bottom of the previous casing string. They are used to reduce
cost, to be able to use larger tubing above the liner top, improve hydraulic performance when
drilling deeper and not to cause tension limitation for the drilling rig.
2.2.3 Properties of the Casing

2.2.3.1 Casing Length
Casings are manufactured in three different length range by API standards.
Range Length (ft)
1 16-25
2 25-34
3 34-48
Table 11- Casing Range and Lengths
These different length ranges provide us to set the casings to the exact depth that is wanted.
2.2.3.2 Casing Grade
API divided casings into different grades with respect their material strength. In this grading
system, casings are identified as a letter and a following number. While the letter shows us
the steel quality, the number shows us the maximum yield strength that can be applied to the
casing in thousands of psi.
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Figure 20- API Casing Grades and Properties, Taken from Petroleum Engineering handbook
2.2.3.3 Casing Weight
Casing weight is the weight of the casing in pounds per 1 feet of casing. This property
depends on the wall thickness (Outer and inner diameters) and affects the collapse and burst
pressures.
2.2.3.4 Casing joints
There are number of casing joint types. Threads are used as mechanical means to hold the
neighboring joints during axial tension and compression. There are three types of joints
according to API standards. Those are;
 Coupling with rounded threads (long or short)

 Coupling with asymmetrical trapezoidal thread buttress
 Extreme-line casing with trapezoidal thread without coupling
2.2.3.5 Burst Strength
If internal pressure exceeds external pressure, the casing is subjected to burst pressure
loading. Such conditions may exist during well control operations, casing pressure integrity
tests, pumping operations, and production operations.
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2.2.3.6 Collapse Strength
If casing is subjected to external pressure higher than internal, it is said that casing is
exposed to collapse pressure loading. Collapse pressure conditions cementing operations,
trapped fluid expansion, or well evacuation.
2.2.3.7 Axial Strength
Axial strength is a function of wall thickness and minimum yield strength. It determines the
load that can be suspended.
2.2.4 Determination of Casing Setting Depth

Casing setting depth is determined by considering pore pressure, fracture pressure, type of
the formation and possible hole problems like fractures and lost circulation zones.
During the process some design factors were used. Those are;
 Pressure loss during Swab: 0.3 ppg

 Pressure increase during Surge: 0.3 ppg
 Safety: 0.2 ppg
 Maximum allowable differential pressure: 2300 psi
Maximum pore pressure value is 11.6 and design factors are added to this value.
11.6+0.3+0.3+0.2 = 12.4 ppg

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Figure 21- First Casing Setting Depth Determination
A straight line is drawn from the deepest location of the well and at 12.4 ppg, up to the
fracture pressure gradient and then from this point to the left. Since the second line does not
pass inside the abnormal pressure zone, it can be said this is the surface casing setting
depth which is 830 feet. We do not need to use intermediate casing to avoid abnormal
pressure zone. Now we need to check if differential sticking occurs.
Differential sticking is a problem when the pressure inside the wellbore is much higher than
the pore pressure. It causes drill pipe to stick onto the formation walls and stuck there. No
rotational motion nor pulling or pushing is available.
Our maximum mud weight is assumed 12.1 ppg and maximum allowable differential pressure
is assumed 2300 psi.
(12,1-8,9)*0,052*6280 =1445 psi
1445 psi < 2300 psi; no differential sticking occurs.
Thus, we do not need to use intermediate casing for either avoiding abnormal pressure nor
differential sticking. But intermediate casing will be use because of the evaporite zone
existence in the field.
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Formasyon Thickness (ft) Açıklamalar
1 N 394 Sandstone + Shale +

Siltstone
2 N 460 Gypsum + shale
3 N 918 Limestone
4 N 230 Evaporite
5 N 295 Sandstone + Marl + Shale
6 N 1148 Evaporite
7 K 4101 Shale + Dolomite +

Limestone
8 A 2132 Marl + Shaly Sandstone
9 S 47 Limestone + Shaly
Limestone
Table 12 Stratigraphy of Field B
Evaporite zones can be dissolved in the water and since we will use water-based mud,
evaporite zones can be shattered easily and cause both circulations loses and hole problems.
As a result, intermediate casing will be set after passing the evaporite zones.
After passing evaporite zones, now production casing can be set. Our company decided to
use liners to reduce the cost and operation time. Production liner will be set outside diameter
will be 7” since it is the general application in this field.
Also, to prevent unconsolidated shallow formations to collapse, a conductor casing string will
be used, and it will be set to the 150 feet.
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Figure 22-Casing and Bit Size Selection Chart (Courtesy of oil and Gas Journal)
 7” production casing
 8 ½ “ hole
5
 9 ” intermediate casing
8
 12 ¼ “ hole
3
 13 “ surface casing
8
 17 ½ “ hole
 20” conductor
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 26” hole
After deciding the casing setting depths and casing outside diameters, now casing grades can
be selected.
To do this some safety factors must be taken into consideration.
Safety factors will be as follows;
 Collapse design factor: 1.25

 Burst design factor: 1.00
 Joint strength design factor: 2.00
 Yield strength design factor: 1.25
TDAS software was used to determine the casing grades and coupling types and hand
calculations are used to correlate the results that we get from the software. Also, some casing
types were not available, that is given by TDAS, in Turkey, so those are replaced with the
similar ones that are available in Turkey.
Moreover, since the aim of the well is injection of carbon dioxide injection and we have high
amount of water in the field, we need to be prepared against the acidic environment because
carbon dioxide creates an acidic environment when it is dissolved in the water. The last 100
feet of the casing string were replaced with the higher-grade casing and its corrosion resistant
material type, which is 13Cr.
Thus, overall result was as follows;
Table 13- Casing Grades which are Determined by Using TDAS Software and Correlating with Hand Calculation
By taking the average length of one casing as 30 feet we can find the required number of
casings.
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Table 14- Required Casing Amounts for Each Grade

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Figure 23- Overall Casing Plan
3 CEMENT DESIGN
3.1 General Information About Cementing Operations
3.1.1 Cementing Operations

Cementing operations can be examined in two broad categories; primary cementing and
remedial cementing. The purpose of the primary cementing is to provide zona isolation by
restricting the flow between formations and to form a bond between casing and wellbore to
support the casing against the axil loading, burst and collapse pressures, to increase the
stability of the wellbore. Cementing operation includes mixing the cement slurry, cement
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additives and water; and pumping it down through the casing to the casing-cement annulus or
to the open hole below the casing.
The purpose of the remedial cementing is to correct the problems that is caused by wrong
primary cementing job. Remedial cementing should be avoided because of the extra money
and time requirement, by making a good primary cementing design and calculating the all
possibilities that can be encountered. However, if anything goes wrong during the primary
cementing, remedial cementing is a must for being able to continue to the drilling safely.
3.1.2 Cementing Techniques

Most of the cementing job are done by pumping the cement down to the casing and up to the
annulus which is the normal displacement technique. However, some other techniques can
be used for special situation. Those are; through the drill pipe cementing (using the drill pipe
string to pump the cement down), stage cementing (pumping the cement in two different
stages), cementing through tubing (pumping the cement through the tubing), reverse
circulation cementing (for critical formations), delayed-set cementing (to improve the
placement) and multiple string cementing (using pipes or tubings with different diameters).
3.1.3 Cement Content and Classification

Generally drilling cements are made of Portland cement which is a burned blend of limestone
and clay. Mixture of Portland cement slurry and water is used in wells because it can be
pumped easily and it hardens easily. By adding certain amount of chemicals to the Portland
cement, we can create a wide range of cement types that is required for the specific
conditions. API classified these cement types.
 Class A: This cement type is used when there is no special operation required.
Recommended up to 6000 ft and 170°F.
 Class B: This cement type is used when moderate to high sulfate resistant is
required. Recommended up to 6000 ft and 170°F.
 Class C: This cement type is used if quick strength is required. Recommended up
to 6000 ft and 170°F.
 Class D: It is used for moderately high temperatures. It can also be use against
sulfate precedence. Recommended up to 10000 ft and 260°F.
 Class E: It is used for high temperatures and pressures and also for sulfate
precedence. Recommended up to 14000 ft and 290°F.
 Class F: It is used for extremely high temperatures and pressures. It can also be
used against sulfate precedence. Recommended up to 16000 ft and 320°F.
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 Class G: It can be used up to 200°F and 8000 ft depth. It is able to being mixed
with many additives.
 Class H: A denser version of the class G.
 Class J: It can be used up to 320°F and 16000 ft depth. It can be mixed with many
additives to get suitable cement slurry.
3.1.4 Cement Design Considerations

While preparing cement, the conditions of the well must be considered. A default quality of
cement might not be suitable for every well. For different usages, different additives should be
added. While deciding the additives and their amounts, some cement properties and the
situation of the well must be taken into consideration.
 Thickening time: It is the time passes before cement become unpumpable with
reasonable pressures. Temperature of the well and the cement conditions affects
the thickening time.
 Fluid Loss: It is the water amount that will be lost to the formation from the cement
slurry. When the slurry losses too much water, it losses its properties and becomes
hard to pump.
 Mix Water: This is the amount of water that should be added to the cement per
sack.
 Yield: It is the ratio of cement slurry and the dry cement sack.
 Density: Every cement type has its own density. The density should be arranged
not to frac the formation by exceeding the fracture gradient at the depth of interest
and also sometime density should be increase because of the high temperature
zones.
 Downhole temperature: The temperature affects the many properties of the
cement. Thus, required additives should be added if the temperature exceeds the
maximum temperature that the cement slurry can handle.
3.1.5 Cement Additives

A neat slurry sometimes cannot have the required properties for the well. Therefore, some
additives should be added to shape the slurry as the way we wanted.
 Accelerators: As mentioned above, the slurry should be 500 psi before continue to
the drilling operation. Accelerators decreases the waiting time of the cement and
decreases the thickening time.
 Retarders: Cement slurry must be pumpable before it thickens. Sometime depth
can be too high, and the thickening time of the cement slurry might not provide
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enough time for us to complete the cementing operation. To achieve this operation,
retarders might be needed to increase the thickening time of the cement slurry.
 Density Adjusters: As mentioned above, sometimes density of the cement might
be low or high. To arrange this, density adjusters are added to the cement slurry.
 Dispersants: Those chemicals reduce the cement viscosity and make it easier to
pump and also assist the fluid loss control.
 Fluid Loss Additives: Fluid loss additives reduces the water that is lost to the
formation. They help the slurry to maintain its properties.
3.2 Cement Design for BI-38
3.2.1 Decision of the Cement Class

First of all, the cement class that will be used should be decided.
For BI-38: Estimated temperature is 171°F and estimated reservoir depth is 6280 ft. Those
estimations were made by using the data of B3 and B8 wells.
Figure 24- Applications of API Cements (Taken from Drilling Engineering, A Complete Well Planning Approach. p.290)
Class A cement can be used up to 6000ft and 170°F. If we look at our data, temperature is
not that much problem, but the target depth is problematic for the class A cement. Thus, after
6000ft class G cement will be used. While making the decision between class H and class G,
density and thickening time properties were taken into consideration. Class H cement has too
high-density value for the fracture gradient of the depth of interest and it has lower thickening
time. Thus, class G cement will be used after 6000 ft.
Since there will be use two different types of cement for production liner, two stage cementing
job is required for that interval.
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3.2.2 Calculations of Cementing Operation

In this part, cement volume, additive amount, the number of sacks needed, estimated
cementing time and the amount of water needed will be calculated.
The calculation part will start with the volume calculations because the other parameters are
affected by volume required.
3.2.2.1 Volume and Sack Amount Calculations
The volume calculations are made using a simple volume formula. Which is:
( I D2¿ holediameter −O D2 )
Volume= ∗Length
1029.4
This formula calculates the volume between two casing or casing and wellbore .
Table 15- Casing Inner and Outer Diameters, Corresponding Hole Sizes and Setting Depth Intervals
If a casing passes inside of the other casing, ID of the outer casing will be used in the
formula, if the outer section of the casing is the wellbore itself, wellbore diameter will be used
in the formula instead casing inner diameter. If a casing string passes them both, volume
calculation will be applied to two sections separately and sum of them will be the total volume.
Sample calculations;
Cement slurry volume requirement for surface casing:
19.124 2−13.3752 17.52−13.3752 (

Volume= ∗150+ ∗ 830−150 )=111.36 bbl
1029.4 1029.4
This calculation will be applied to all sections.

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Also, we need same safety margins to neutralize unplanned volume losses during
transportation or pumping.
The excess rates will be taken 15% for conductor, surface and production casings. For
intermediate casing, the excess rate will be taken as 75%. The reason of this is the evaporite
sections in this interval. As mentioned before, sine we will use water base mud and evaporite
mineral is solvable in water, this part of the formation will be shattered, and hole size will
increase.
Thus, overall volume calculations will be like this:
Table 16- Cement Slurry Volumes for Each Casing Section
After finding the volumes, we can determine the required sack amount for each class. We
need to determine slurry yield to calculate amount of sacks.
Table 17- API Cement Properties
As it can be seen from the Table 6, the yield of Class A cement is 1.18 and Class G cement is
1.15. Dividing the total ft3 volume to the yield, we can find the sack amount required.
( 259.70+719.05+2045.16+359.62 )
For Class A= =2868 sacks
1.18
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40.84
For Class G= =36 sacks
1.15
Table
18-
Cement
Volumes
and
Required
Sacks
for Each
Section
3.2.3 Additive Calculations

3.2.3.1 Dispersants
The first additive that we will add is a dispersant. We add dispersant to reduce the density of
the cement slurry that we have. We are doing this because Class A cement has too much
weight and it will frac our formation very easily. Also, Class G cement pose a danger for our
formation at the depth where it will be used. This high density and fracture gradient
comparison can be made by using Table 6 and Figure 12.
Table 19- API Cement Properties

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Figure 25- Pore and Fracture Pressure Gradients of BI-38
To decrease density, diatomaceous earth (a.k.a Diacel-D) will be used. Diacel-D is a very
common additive to reduce the slurry density. Unlike the other dispersants, Diacel-D does not
decrease the compressive strength but increases it. Also, it provides corrosive resistant which
is needed for BI-38 because it is a carbon dioxide injection well and we have high amount of
water cut.
This table shows us the density decrease when diacel-D is used for Class A cement. Since
Class A and Class G cements have similar density values, this table will be used to determine
the diacel-D ratio of both classes.
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Table 20- Class A Cement with Diatomaceous Earth
Since diacel-D is being used in high ratios, also a new volume calculation is needed. Thus,
new volume and density values will be as following.
Table
21- New
Cement
Volume
and
Density
Values
After
Adding
Diacel-D
3.2.3.2 Corros
ive Resistant Additive
As mentioned above, the last section of our well will be exploited acidic environment and
corrosion. The upper section of the well be safe because carbon dioxide will be injected
through a tubing and the upper section will not be in touch with water and carbon dioxide
mixture. Thus, this additive will only be added to Class G cement.
The additive is chosen as latex because it also provides a good bonding between formation
and casings. Since we are using liners and our well is an injection well, (in injection wells,
casings might be pushed upward because of the increased pressure) we want our casings to
be stable.
Recommended latex additive amount is 1 gallon per sack. Thus, 36 gallons of latex will be
mixed with Class G cement.
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3.2.3.3 Estimated Cementing Time and Thickening Time Comparison
To calculate cementing operation time, we need to calculate the volume of displacement fluid.
Displacement fluid is the fluid that will be used to push the cement out of the casing to the
annulus. It is the capacity of each casing string that we need to pass through to push the
cement slurry.
I D2
Capacity= ∗Length
1029.4
Table 22- Casing Types and Capacities
We already have the new volumes, after diacel-D is added. Plug release time is estimated 15
minutes and safety time is taken 30 minutes.
Now we need pump rates to calculate the cementing time. The pump was chosen from
Schlumberger’s cementing pump catalog and it is CPS 361.
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Figure 26- Selected Cementing Pump and Its Properties
Properties that will be used in cementing time calculation:
Mixing rate: 60 sacks / min
Displacing fluid pumping rate: 7.9 bbl / min
Cement pumping rate: 10 bl / min
Total amount of Sacks

Mixing time=
Mixing Rate
Displacing Fluid Volume

Displacing time=
Displacing Flid Pumpingrate
Total Volume of Cement Slurry

Cement Pumping Time=
Cement Pumping rate
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Table 23- The Total Cementing operation Time for Each Cement Section
Since the total cementing operation time for each cement section is calculated, now it can be
found whether there will be retarders needed or not. As mentioned before, diacel-D affects
the thickening time. Table 13 show us its effect on thickening time of class A cement.
Table 24- Thickening Time of Class A Cement After Adding Diacel-D
Since class G and class A cements have almost same density values, the thickening time of
the class G cement will also be estimated according to this table.
It can be clearly seen that even with very little amounts, diacel-D retards the thickening time
and if we look at Table 10, the new thickening times are higher than the times we need to
make cementing operation (Table 12). Thus, there will be no retarders needed.
There will be no accelerators used because as company policy, we continue to drill operation,
24 hours after the cementing operation.
Onix Oil Company
3.2.3.4 The Amount of Water Needed
The diacel-D also affects the required water amount. Table 9 shows us the required water
amount after using different diacel-D ratios for the cement slurry .
Table 25- The Diacel-D Ratios of the Cement Slurries and the Required Water Amount
4 DRILLING FLUID DESIGN

The drilling-fluid system, known as the “mud system”, is the single component of the well-
construction process that remains in contact with the wellbore throughout the entire drilling
operation. This fluid contains water, clay, some weighting agents and chemicals. Drilling
muds are designed to solve or minimize many drilling problems. In addition, proper mud
design helps to implement a cost-effective, fit-for-purpose system for each interval in the well-
construction process. The drilling fluids are important to drilling success, both maximizing
recovery and minimizing the amount of time and cost. [ CITATION Dri \l 1033 ]
4.1 Drilling Fluid Functions
Cool and Lubricate the Bit and DriIl String: During drilling operation, due to friction a
considerable amount of heat occurs. The circulation of drilling fluid through the drill string and
up the wellbore annular space helps reduce friction and cool the drill string.
Clean the Hole Bottom & Carrying of Cuttings to the Surface: Removal of cuttings and
cavings are one of the most important functions of the drilling fluids since it prevents stuck
problems. Downward falling rate, or slip velocity, must be less than fluid velocity in the
annulus. Some functions that affects mud carrying capacity are mud weight, fluid viscosity,
suspension, and gellation properties.
Minimize Formation Damage: The formation damage is causing a reduction in permeability

near the wellbore with perhaps a slight porosity reduction. Since filter cake allows drilling
operation to continue, it is important to protect potential pay zones for a drilling fluid
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Control Formation Pressure: The hydrostatic pressure of the mud system should provide
sufficient pressures to prevent hole heaving, kicks and blowouts. To achieve this, mud system
must be equal or greater than the formation pressure.
Maintain Bole Integrity: In fractured zones, unconsolidated sections, hydratable clays, and
pressured sections wellbores may have stability problems. To solve these problems, mud
types and properties should be selected properly for maintaining integrity of hole by remaining
the drilled sections open and allowing deeper drilling.
Well Logging: Physical and chemical properties of drilling fluids may affect the well logging
operations. As an example, since oil acts as an insulator and inhibits current flow, it prevents
the use of resistivity logs. For proper formation evaluation, selection of drilling fluids program
and suitable logs play important roles
Corrosion of Drill string, Casing, and Tubing: Some toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide
cause health & safety problems to personnel and corrosion to metal components. Special
additives can be added to mud to protect drill string, casing and tubing from corrosion.
Contamination Problems: The drilling fluids must control various types of contaminants such
as toxic gases, high solids contents, hydrocarbon gases, and ionic contamination. Mud types
have different properties to control these contaminants. While a dispersed lignosulfonate mud
has a high solids tolerance, polymer systems have low solids tolerance.
Minimize Torque, Drag, and Pipe Sticking: Torque can be defined as the force necessary for
rotating the drill string. Drag can be defined as force above the string weight necessary for
moving the pipe vertically. High torque can cause drill string twist off, whereas high drag
forces can cause pipe sticking and pipe parting. Proper mud types and additives will prevent
torque and drag problems to occur.
Improve Drilling Rate: Mud selection plays important role in reducing drilling time. Various
properties can affect drilling rate for example, high-viscosity muds decrease the cross-flow
velocity below the bit, which inhibits cuttings removal. [ CITATION Nea85 \l 1033 ]
4.2 Types of Drilling Fluids
Three main types of drilling fluid used in industry are water-based, oil-based and air-based
(pneumatic). While selecting drilling fluid type three key factors usually taken into
consideration, which are cost, technical performance, environmental impact. [ CITATION Dri \l
1033 ]
Onix Oil Company
Water-Based Fluids: Water-based fluids are the most widely used mud system throughout the
petroleum industry. Water is the continuous phase including oil (i.e., emulsion muds) or air
(i.e., aerated mud) as the discontinuous phase. Clear, fresh water is the oldest muds used
with perhaps a special additive, which is corrosion inhibitor. It is often the base fluid with
chemicals such as clays, polymers, weighting agents and additives controlling various
properties. Clays contains include sodium and calcium montmorillonite, attapulgite, and
subgroups of montmorillonite. Polymers include CMC (carboxymethylcellulose) and HEC
(hydroxyethylcellulose). Barite, galena, iron oxides, and hematite can be used as weighting
materials. Special additives may be used for controlling mud properties such as fluid loss,
viscosity, gel strength, and pH.
Oil-Based Fluids: In oil-based fluids crude or refined oils is the continuous phase. These
muds may have water emulsified in the oil. Oil-based systems were developed and
introduced in the 1960s to help address several drilling problems such as maintaining hole
stability in hydratable formations or drilling hydrogen sulfide-bearing zones.
Aerated Fluids: Aerated fluids used in drilling operations include air, natural gas, mist, foam,
or aerated muds. These fluids used for minimizing lost circulation problems. When aerated
fluids are used, because of reduced hydrostatic pressure it allows high penetration rates.
When aerated muds are used drilling equipment’s are basically the same as with conventional
muds with the exception of compressors and rotating heads.
4.3 Mud Additives
Main additives needed to get a better drilling process are explained below.
Viscosifiers: The viscosity of a fluid is dependent upon interparticle force; size, shape, and
number of particles; and viscosity of the base fluid. Clays and polymers are used to build
viscosity so that cuttings and weighting agents can be suspended in the drilling fluid. Some of
the well-known polymers are HEC, CMC, polysaccharide (high molecular weight), and
polyacrylate.
Viscosity Reducers: Excessive colloids, undesirable drill solids, or contaminants causes high
viscosity. For this reason, several drilling problems can occur. To solve these problems,
viscosity reducers are used.
Thinners: Thinners are used to reduce viscosity, gel strength, and yield point by breaking
bonds at the edges of clay platelet and reducing attractive forces. Thinners can be divided
into two categories that are organic materials and inorganic phosphates material. Organic
thinners contain include lignosulfonates, lignin’s, and tannins. Inorganic thinners involve
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sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP), tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium tetraphosphate, and

sodium hexametaphosphate.
Weighting Materials : To control formation pressure by increasing the density of mud

weighting materials can be used. The most common weighting material is barite since it is
cheap and readily available.
Fluid Loss Additives: Fluid loss additives can be used to form thin, though, semipermeable
wall cakes. When fluid loss to formation is controlled, it is easy to maintain hole stability, to
protect water sensitive shales, to minimize hole washout for better casing cement jobs, to
minimize formation damage and to minimize log analyzing problems.
pH Adjusters: pH adjusters need to be used to adjust pH of mud, alkalinity and to create

corrosion protection. As a pH adjuster, caustic soda, potassium hydroxide, and calcium
hydroxide can be used. [ CITATION Nea85 \l 1033 ]
4.4 Mud Type Selection
While selecting drilling fluid types economical situations, environmental situations and ease of
use are taken into consideration and water-based mud are selected. The planned drilling
operation divided into three sections and two different types of water-based mud are used
depending on the characteristic of formation. In our process spud mud and KCL/Polymer mud
are used.
Spud mud: Spud mud is used while drilling the first section of the well when there is no too
many special concerns. Preparation of spud mud takes short time and spud mud is cost
effective. It consists of mainly bentonite and water ;however, it still has the same functions as
a drilling fluid.
KCl/Polymer mud: With the existence of potassium ion (K+) KCL/Polymer mud is effective
for shale formation since it prevents shale sloughing. In other words, it is best choice for the
formations where there is clay swelling problems. The basic components of KCl/Polymer mud
are bentonite, potassium chloride, starch or cmc, polymer, lubricants, barite and water. KCl
polymer mud provides higher shear thinning, provides high true yield strength, improves hole
stability, and provides good bit hydraulics and reduce circulating pressure losses.
4.5 Mud Weight Determination
Mud weight must be higher than pore pressure gradient to void kick from formation and it
must be lower than fracture gradient to avoid fracturing of the formation. Also, having a very
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high mud weight in the formation may cause loss circulation. According to ONIX Company
Policy necessary mud weight is determined by simply adding 0.5 ppg to pore pressure
gradient. Until 3600 ft, selected mud weight value is 9.4 ppg and we have normal pressure up
to this zone. However, after 3600 ft, we face with abnormal (high) pressure zone, so mud
weight increased to 12,1 ppg value to keep going between pore pressure gradient аnd
fracture gradient.
Pore and Fracture Pressure Gradients vs Depth

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
0
1000
2000
3000
Depth (ft)
4000
5000
6000
7000
Pore Pressure Gradient Fracture Pressure Gradient Mud weight
Pressure (ppg)
Figure 27:Mud weight determination
Depth Mud Weight

Interval (ft) (ppg)
0 – 830 9,4
830-3600 9,4
3600-6280 12,1
Table 26:Mud wieght determination
Onix Oil Company
4.6 Mud Volume Calculation
Mud volume calculations include pipe volume, annular volume and total well volume for each
section. MudWаre software is used for calculating these volumes. Excess volume of 75% is
used while finding purchasing volume.
Depth Drill String Annulus Total Volume Purchasing

Intervals Volume(bbl) Volume(bbl) (bbl) Volume(bbl) (+75%)
0-150 ft - - - -
150-830 ft 9 219,3 228,3 399,5
830-3600 ft 56,1 420,4 476,6 834
3600-6280 ft 102,2 278,5 380,6 666,1
SUM 1085,5 1899,7

Table 27:Mud Volumes
Figure 28:Mudware Volumes Calculations

Onix Oil Company
4.7 Mud Design for B-Field CO2 Gas Injection Well Project
Lithology Depth Interval (ft) Mud Types
Sandstone+Shale+Sandy siltstone 0-394 Spud Mud
Gypsum+Shale 394-853 Spud Mud
Limestone 853-1772 KCL/Polymer Mud
Evaporite 1772-2001 KCL/Polymer Mud
Sandstone+Marl+Shale 2001-2297 KCL/Polymer Mud
Evaporite 2297-3445 KCL/Polymer Mud
Shale+Dolomite+Microgravel tilted 3445-4101 KCL/Polymer Mud
limestone
Marl+shaly sandstone 4101-6234 KCL/Polymer Mud
Limestone+Clay limestone 6234-6400 KCL/Polymer Mud
Table 28:Mud types for each interval
First Interval (0-830 ft): Additives and concentration ranges for spud mud is shown in
the Figure 2. As an ONIX Company concentration used to achieve 9.4 ppg spud mud is
shown in the table below.
Figure 29: Spud Mud Additives

Onix Oil Company
Spud Mud (0-830 ft)
Additive Concentration Weight (lb)

(lb/bbl)
Bentonite 25 9988,3
Caustic Soda 0,25 99,9
Lime 0,3 119,9
Soda Ash 0,6 239,7
Barite 20 7990,6
Mud Weight (Without barite)( ppg) 9,0
Mud Weight (With barite) (ppg) 9,4

Table 29:Spud mud additive concentration and weights
4.7.1 Sample Calculation of First Interval
To calculate mud weight in ppg, formula given below can be used .In this formula required
mud volume in bbl and weight of additives is in terms of lb.
8.33 × 42× Required Mud Volume+Weight of Additives

Mud Weight ( ppg )=
42× Required Mud Volume
Also, sacks of barite needed is calculated for 100 bbl of mud from formula given below.
Sacks of barite per 100 bbl of mud = 1470 x (W2 – W1) ÷ (35 – W2)
Where; W1 = current mud weight
W2 = new mud weight

Onix Oil Company
To increase mud weight from 9 ppg to 9.4 ppg, we would require 23 sacks of barite for each
100 bbl. For 399.53 bbl volume 92 sacks of barite is needed.
8.33 × 42× 399.5+(9988.3+ 99.9+119.9+239.7 +7990.6)

Mud Weight ( ppg )= =9.0 ppg
42 ×399.5
Sacks of barite
=¿ ¿
100 bbl of mud
=23 sacks of barite
23∗399.53
=92 sacks of barite for 399.53 bbl
100
Second Interval (830-3600 ft): Additives and concentration ranges for KCL/Polymer mud is
shown in the Figure 3. As an ONIX Company concentration used to achieve 9.4 ppg
KCL/Polymer mud is shown in the table below.
Figure 30: KCl/Polymer Mud Additives

Onix Oil Company
KCl/Polymer (830-3600 ft)
Additive Concentration Weight (lb)

(lb/bbl)
Prehydrated Bentonite 7 5838,16
Potassium Chloride (KCl) 28 23352,64
PHPA 1 834,02
Caustic Potash (KOH) 0,3 250,21
Soda Ash 1 834,02
Starch 3 2502,07
PAC 1 834,02
XCD Polymer 0,5 417,01
Mud Weight (ppg) 9,32

Table 30:KCl/Polymer mud additive concentration and weights
To calculate mud weight in ppg formula given earlier can be used .
8.33 × 42× 834.02+(5838.16+ 23352.64+ ( 834.02 )∗3+ 250.21+ 2502.07+417.01)

Mud Weight ( ppg )=
42 ×834.02
=9.32 ppg
To increase mud weight from 9.33 ppg to 9.4 ppg, 34 sacks of barite is needed for a required
volume of 834.02 bbl.
Onix Oil Company
Sacks of barite
=¿ ¿
100 bbl of mud
=5 sacks of barite
5∗834.02
=42 sacks of barite for 834.02bbl
100
Third Interval (3600-6280 ft): Since there is already 9.4 ppg KCL/Polymer mud used in the
second section, as ONIX Company Policy suggests that by adding barite mud weight is
increased from 9.4 ppg to 12.1 ppg. For a required volume of 666,11 bbl 1154 sacks of
barite is needed.
Sacks of barite
=¿ ¿
100 bbl of mud
=174 sacks of barite
174∗666.11
=1160 sacksof barite for 399.53 bbl
100
4.8 Mud Pit Dimensions
Required mud pit volume 1900bbl=10667,7 ft 3
Mud pit dimensions = 20 x 30 x 18 = 10800 ft3
Length: 20 ft
Width: 30 ft
Depth: 18 ft
4.9 Mud Rheology
Our mud rheological properties are standards for specific drilling fluid types in oil industry, are
indicated below. The plastic viscosity (PV) which is indicative of the size, shape, and number
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of particles in the mud; and the yield point (YP) which is a measure of interparticle attractive
forces values are found from figure as shown in the below.
Depth Mud Type Plastic pH Yield Point Fluid Loss,

Interval (ft) Viscosity (cp)
(lb/100 ft2) ml/30 min
0 – 830 Spud Mud 5-10 9.5-10.5 5-16 <5
830-3600 KCl/Polyme 5-10 >11 5-16 <5

r
3600-6280 KCl/Polyme 15-25 >11 5-13 <5

r
Table 31:Mud rheology
Figure 31:Plastic viscosity, yield point and Methylene Blue Test (MBT) ranges for water-base drilling fluids
Onix Oil Company
5 BIT SELECTION
5.1 Bit Types
Bits are crucially important for drilling operations which is used to crush or cut rocks up to
target depth. The main aim of the bit design is to minimize drilling time as much as
possible with minimum cost and optimum drilling parameters for the best performance
when making a hole. The selection of a bit depends on several parameters. These
parameters are classified as lithology of formation, cost of bits, weight on bit (WOB),
penetration rate (RPM). Depending on these parameters, the weight, size, durability,
material types, tooth quantity, steerability, stability, abrasiveness and bearing life of bit
should be considered for drilling at the maximum rate.[ CITATION Sel \l 1033 ] As the Onix oil
company-drilling services policies, drilling should as fast as possible with lower cost and
long working life. According to different demands and areas of utilization, there are
several types of bit in the oil industry. The types of bit are divided into two main groups:
Roller Cone & Fixed Cutter (Drag).
Table 32 Major Drill Bit Types

Onix Oil Company
5.1.1 Roller Cone Bits

The other name of roller cone bits is tri-cone bits. There are three rolling cones which are
attached to main bit body. The cuttings structures are seated on these three cones. Each
cone can be individually rotated during the rotation of the bit body on drill string and the parts
are movable. These bits are cheaper than the fixed cutter bits. The material of the bit teeth is
an essential parameter to decide the bit types which depend on the formation characteristics.
There are two main types for roller cone bits which steel tooth bits (Milled Tooth Bits) & insert
Bits (Tungsten Carbide Insert Bits (TCI)). These bits are classified by how the teeth are
fabricated.
5.1.2 Steel Tooth Bits

Steel tooth bits are also called as milled tooth bits which have steel tooth cutters as parts of
the bit cone. According to formation characteristics, the teeth’ size and shape is varied. For
example, the teeth should be long, slender and widely spaced in soft information. On the
other hand, the teeth should be short and closely spaced in hard formation.
Figure 32 Steel Tooth Bit
The advantages of steel tooth bits have fast ROP and good stability. They are economic. The
disadvantages are tooth wear rate, bearing life and junk in hole risk.
5.1.3 Insert Bits

Insert bits are factorized with tungsten carbide teeth which are pressed into the bit cones.
According to the formation characteristics, the teeth can be varied like long extension and
chisel shape in soft formation and short extension and rounded in hard formation.
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Figure 33 Tungsten Carbide Insert Bit
The advantages of insert bits are cutting structure durability, range of formations, interbedded
formation tolerance, steerability and stability. The disadvantages are slower ROP, bearing life
and junk in hole risk.
5.1.4 Fixed Cutter Bits

Fixed cutter bits include cutting elements which unify with the bit bodies, so these bits do not
have movable parts like cones and bearings. The material of bits can be manufactured from
steel or tungsten carbide. There are two main types for fixed cutter bits which are
polycrystalline diamond cutters (PDC) and natural or synthetic diamond cutters.
5.1.5 PDC Bits

PDC bits are the most common type for long bit runs. There are two types as steel body and
matrix body. The advantages of PDC bits are very fast ROP and long life potential. The
disadvantages are impact damage, abrasiveness and stability. [ CITATION Int15 \l 1055 ]
Onix Oil Company
Figure 34 PDC Bit
5.1.6 Natural Diamond and Impreg Bits

The diamond bits are used to drill through very hard formation. The advantages of natural
diamond and impreg bits are very durable, hard rock capability and low junk in hole risk. The
disadvantages are slower ROP, RPM sensitivity and high cost applications. [ CITATION Dri17 \l
1055 ]
Figure 35 Natural Diamond and Impreg Bits

Onix Oil Company
5.1.7 Bi- center Bits

An integral bit and eccentric reamer are used to simultaneously drill and under-ream the
hole.
Figure 36 Bi-center Bit
5.2 Standard Classification of Bit
Table 33 IADC classification

Onix Oil Company
According to the International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC) -which is a standard

classification system, similar bit types can be identified. IADC classification system consists
four characters to classify bit. [ CITATION IAD15 \l 1055 ] First three characters are numerical and
the forth one is a letter. These characters are series, formation breakdown, bearing design,
gauge protection and additional features, respectively.
5.3 Bit Size Selection
Bit size is defined according to casing diameters. We can determine the hole size since we
know the casing size and we decide the bit size according to casing and bit selection chart.
Table 34 Casing and Bit Selection Chart
We do not need the bit size for the first 150 ft because in this depth, hammering is preferred
instead of bit. The reason behind is that hammering which is used for shallow depth as 150 ft
is much more economic than using bit.
Casing OD
Length(ft) Mud Weight (ppm) Bit Size
(in)
0-150 9,4 26 20
150-830 9,4 17,5 13,375
830-3600 9,4 12,25 9,625
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3600-6280 12,1 8,5 7

Table 35 The bit size according to casing size
5.4 Bit Type Selection
While selecting the bit, following parameters have been considered;
 Cost analysis
 IADC bit coding
 General geological considerations
 Expected rotary speed
 Expected weight on bit (WOB)
 The formation and drilling environment
 Anticipated wear rates from abrasion and impact
When the bit type has been chosen, following parameters have been taken into account:
 Cost
 Formation Hardness
 Heterogeneousness
 Drillability of rocks
For the second section, milled tooth bit should be used and for last two section roller cone bits
would be better. The reason behind is that the second section of B field is softer than the third
and fourth section. Third and fourth section are harder formation. According to parameters,
grid analysis has been carried out.
GRID ANALYSIS
Onix Oil Company
Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits Hybrid Bits

Weight Parameters TC
PDC Diamond Milled Tooth
I
4 Cost 3 4 1 2 5
2 Heterogeneity 4 5 2 3 1
1 Bearing life 3 1 4 5 2
3 Formation Hardness 5 1 4 3 2
TOTAL 38 30 24 28 30
Table 36 Grid Analysis for bit selection
According to given data for B field, we have several types of sedimentary rocks because we
have heterogeneous formation in the all sections. In other words, we can encounter both soft
and hard formation in the same section.
Mud
Length(ft Bit Casing
weight Formation Type
) Size OD (in)
(ppm)
0-150 9,4 26 20 Sandstone+shale+sandy siltstone
150-830 9,4 17,5 13,375 Sandstone+shale+sandy siltstone+Gypsum+shale
12,2
830-3600 9,4 9,625 Gypsum+shale+limestone+evaporite+sandstone+marl
5
3600- Shale+dolomite-micro conglamerate-limestone+marl-
12,1 8,5 7
6280 shale+sandstone+mudy limestone
Table 37 Heterogeneity of formation
Table 38 Rock classifications and descriptions

After observing the geological data, the formation hardness is defined. If we had historical
data of the B field, the observation would be more accurate.
Onix Oil Company
Table 39 Formation classification
According to IADC classification, bit codes have been decided in terms of series, types and
bearing.
 The interval 150-830 ft:
211 IADC code has been determined as 2- milled tooth bit with medium hardness, 1-
relatively soft formation and third 1 represents standard roller bearing.
537 IADC code has been determined as 5- tungsten carbide insert bit with soft to medium
formations with low compressive strength, 3- relatively hard formation and third 7 represents
journal sealed friction bearing bit with gauge protection. When depth increases, temperature
and pressure also increase, so according to Onix oil company- drilling services, 7 has been
decided in case of problems.
637 IADC code has been determined as 6- tungsten carbide insert bit with Medium hard
formations with high compressive strength, 3- relatively hard formation and again -7 sealed
bearing and gauge protection. Gauge protection should be, since the dept interval is deep.
Onix Oil Company
Table 40 IADC classification for bit series
According to selected bit types and IADC codes, the recommended weight on bit (WOB) and
rotary speed (RPM) intervals from catalog are recorded in order to use for drill string design.
Expected Rotary
Length(ft Bit Size WOB
Bit Type IADC WOB Speed
) (in) (Ibs)
(Ibs/in) (rpm)
0-150 Hammer - - - - -
150-830 17 1/2 Steel Tooth Bit 211 1000-4000 70-180 25000

Tungsten
830-3600 12 1/4 Carbide Insert 537 2800-3800 55-70 45000
Bit
Tungsten
3600-
8 1/2 Carbide Insert 637 4000-6200 35-60 40000
6280
Bit
Table 41 Bit Design for all sections

Onix Oil Company
5.5 Cost Analysis of Bit
Costs of bits have been found from cost catalog and the number of bits has been decided
according to depth interval and company policies on the safe side.
Table 42 Cost Analysis of Bit
Overall Bit Cost = 41200 $

Onix Oil Company
6 DRILL STRING DESIGN
Figure 37 The Drill String
Drill string is the one of the most important well equipment because drill string provides
connection between bit and rig. There are four main functions of drill string as:
 rotate the bit

 push the bit
 carry the mud
 guide and control the trajectory of the bit
Rock is removed from the bottom of the hole hydraulically and is carried to surface in a fluid,
depending on conditions one of these fluids will be used water, air or natural gas, oil and
chemically composed, fit for purpose, drilling fluid like mud and drill in completion fluid. Drill
string should have several properties. These are to carry fluid under pressure without leaking,
to transmit torque, to handle tensile loads, to handle pressure and torque while in
compression.
The drill string is commonly divided into two parts as the drill pipe and the bottom hole
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assembly (BHA).
Table 43 Drill String Parts
BHA provides WOB, stability, running in compression and directional control. When drill
collar (DC) and heavyweight drill pipe (HWDP) which belong in the BHA provides WOB, at
the same time, they and stabilizers in the BHA provide stiffness to well. Reamers, jars, hole
openers, logging while drilling (LWD) and measurement while drilling (MWD) tools are used
as BHA according to the purpose. The weight, grade, size, couplings, elongation, buckling
of the drill string and mud weight should be considered in the drill string design. Moreover,
as Onix oil company-drilling services, a safety factor should be kept at a minimum cost limit.
The traditional BHA was derived for drilling vertical and low inclination wells. It provided the
following features.
 Weight
― Provision for required WOB
 Stiffness
― To provide stability
― To run in compression
― To facilitate directional control

Onix Oil Company
6.1.1 Drill Pipe

Drill pipe connects the BHA to the top drive or Kelly and to provide the length to drill wells.
Drill pipe is selected according to tensile capacity, torsional capacity, and resistance to H 2S.
[ CITATION Gra03 \l 1055 ]
Grades commonly found:
 S 135 (135,000 psi tensile yield)

 G 105 (105,000 psi tensile yield)
 E 75 (75,000 psi tensile yield)
6.1.2 Heavy Weight Drill Pipe (HWDP)

HWDP is a kind of drill pipe which has thicker walls and longer collars than conventional drill
pipe. It is used as transition between drill collar and drill pipe. It is about twice as stiff and
heavy as conventional drill pipe, so It is stronger and has higher tensile strength than ordinary
drill pipe. It supplies additional support. It is also used in deviated wells to provide weight on
bit.[ CITATION Pro18 \l 1055 ]
 stiffness transition between DP and DC and/or to provide WOB

 resists fatigue because it is more flexible than DC’s
 resists differential sticking because it has a smaller wall contact area compared to DC’s
 lighter and easier to handle than DC’s
6.1.3 Drill Collar

Drill collar is the thick-walled pipe which is used to guide and push the bit. Drill collar is much
stiffer, thicker, heavier than drill pipe. Drill Collars have larger outer diameter and smaller
inner diameter than drill pipe. There are three main functions of drill collars as;
 Provide the required weight on bit while drilling

 Maintain drill string in tension which reduces bending and fatigue failures.
 Provide stiffness for directional control
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6.1.4 Stabilizers
Stabilizer is used in order to avoid unintentional sidetracking, vibrations, and ensure the
quality of the hole being drilled.
The role a Stabilizer plays:
 Removes ledges
 Smoothens the wall
 Limits lateral motion of tools
 Acts as a fulcrum
6.1.5 Jars
Drilling jars is used in the jarring operations with the purpose to un-stuck the drilling assembly.
There are two types of jar as mechanical or hydraulic subs that are used to provide shock
forces (jarring action) to free stuck pipe.
6.1.6 Bit Sub

Bit sub is used to ensure a smooth transition between the drill bit and the next equipment of
the BHA.
6.1.7 Downhole Motors

Downhole motors are used to provide an alternate means of rotating the bit.
6.1.8 MWD/LWD - Measurement While Drilling or Logging While Drilling

 MWD provides
― Survey Measurements
• Depth, Inclination, Azimuth and Tool face
― Real Time transmission of downhole data to surface
― Drilling mechanic data
― Shocks, Stick Slip, Downhole rpm, etc.
 LWD provides
― Formation Evaluation Measurements
• Gamma Ray & Resistivity, Density & Neutron, Sonic,
Seismic, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and more
― No telemetry capability; therefore, its data is sent via MWD
Onix Oil Company
6.1.9 Reamers
Reamers are used to substitute for stabilizers during issues of high torque or ledges in the
borehole. It has moving parts. Life of parts are usually less than bit and it has small contact
area compared to stabilizer.
6.1.10 Design Criteria for Drill String

To design drill string, tension, collapse pressure, shock loading, and torsion design factors
must be determined.
According to Onix oil company& drilling services’ policies, design factors are defined as
following;
Figure 38 Company Design Factor
6.2 Procedure for Drill String Design
 Drill Collar Calculations
 Buckling Considerations
 Neutral Point Determination
 Heavy Weight Drill Pipe Calculations
 Drill Pipe Calculations
 Collapse, Tension, Torsion Considerations
 Determination of Jar, Stabilizer, and Sub’s properties
Drill Collar Calculations

Onix Oil Company
When drill string is designed, we have two assumptions for the B-field as;
 no H2S; rig has suitable capability to drill this well

 drill pipe tensile limit governs design (slip loading is not an issue)
To design drill string, our first consideration is drill collar number. For this aim, we
have been calculated drill collar lengths by using buoyancy factor.
Step 1: Determine basic data
• hole size, depth, MW and presence of H2S (none expected) were provided from the
well location engineer
Step 2: Determine the maximum limit of drill collar size;
Outer diameters of casing couplings have been found from table provided according to API
standards that shows relationship between casing size-OD, thread type etc.
Max drill collar size calculation for the section 2 (drilled with 17 ½ in. bit and has 14 3/8
ODcasing coupling):
ODDC= 2*ODcasing coupling – Dbit
ODDC= 2*14,375 – 17,5 = 11,25 in
Step 3: Determine recommended Bit Weight (WOB)
WOB=25000 Ib
Step 4: Increase desired WOB by 15% as company policy
Desired WOB = 25000*1,15 =28750 Ib
Step 5: Determine air weight that yields buoyed weight
Mud Weight (ppg)

• Buoyancy Factor = BF =1−
65,44
9,7
= 1− = 0,8519
65,44
Desired WOB
• BHA air weight required =
BF
Onix Oil Company
28750
= = 33747,7598 Ib
0,8519
Mud
Casing WOB Desired BHA Air
Length(ft) Weight Bit Size BF
OD (in) (Ibs) WOB Weight
(ppm)
0-150 9,4 26 20 19000 0,85648855 21850 25511,14082
150-830 9,4 17,5 13,375 25000 0,85648855 28750 33567,29055
830-3600 9,4 12,25 9,625 45000 0,85648855 51750 60421,12299
3600-6280 12,1 8,5 7 40000 0,815267176 46000 56423,22097
Table 44 BHA air weight calculations
Step 6: Determine number of DC’s required
Length of drill collar has been calculated as following equation;
1,15∗WOB(lb)
LDC =
Wdc(lb/ft )∗Bouyancy Factor (BF)
The weight of drill collar is defined from the API table according to drill collar ID and OD.
DC OD DC ID weight (ppf)
9,5 3 216
8 2,813 150
8 2,813 150
6,5 2,813 91
Table 45 Weight of Drill Collar
Drill collar length calculations for section 2:
Drill collar weight which is OD=8 in & ID = 2,813 is 150 ppf from the table in API catalog.
[ CITATION API03 \l 1055 ]
1,15∗25000( Ib)
LDC= = 224,985 ft
150(lb /ft )∗0,8519( BF)
Onix Oil Company
Drill collar, heavy weight drill pipe and conventional drill pipe length have been recognized as
31 ft which is common by Onix oil company- drilling services.
Ldc( ft ) 224,985
Number of DC’s = = = 7,25
31(ft ) 30
Therefore, for the second section, we need approximately 8 drill collar whose total length is
248 ft and total weight is 37200 Ib.
Section#2
Total
Length of DC # of DC DC # Total Length
Weight
223,781937 7,218772162 8 248 37200
Table 46 Number of DC calculations
6.3 Buckling Considerations
There are two major categories leading to the sudden failure of a mechanical component:
material failure and structural instability, which is often called buckling. Buckling refers to the
loss of stability of a component and is usually independent of material strength. This loss of
stability usually occurs within the elastic range of the material.
Buckling calculations give us the answers of questions: how many stabilizers should be used
and at which depth they are used according to critical weight of DC. Stabilizers are used to
avoid buckling.
Buckling is calculated according to following equations;
 Unit weight of DC in mud, P;
P=Wdc * BF
E∗I
 Scaling Factor, m=
√
3
 Moment of inertia; I=π/64∗(ODdc^4-IDdc^4),

Onix Oil Company
 E=modulus of elasticity of steel=4320*10^6 lb/ft 2
 Critical DC weight 1, Wcr1=1,94*P*m
 Critical DC weight 2, Wcr2=3,75*P*m
Buckling calculations for section 2:
P = Wdc * BF,
P = 150* 0,8519 = 127,7862
I = π/64∗(ODdc^4-IDdc^4),
I = π/64∗(8^4-2,813^4) = 0,009548
E=modulus of elasticity of steel=4320*10^6 lb/ft 2
Ib
m=
√
3 E(
f t2
P
)∗I
=
√
3 4320000000∗0,009548
127,7862
= 68,5969
Wcr1=1,94*P*m,
Wcr1=1,94* 127,7862 * 68,5969 = 17005, 5472
Wcr2=3,75*P*m,
Wcr2=3,75* 127,7862 * 68,5969 = 32871,5475
According to critical DC weight, we need to one stabilizer since second critical weight
is higher than total weight.
I P m Wcr-1 Wcr-2 WOB (Ibs) # of stabilizer

0,01908968 185,00152 27416,5489 52995,9064
76,38986538 19000 0
7 7 4 5
0,00954804 128,47328 17066,4445 32989,2613
68,47444231 25000 1
8 2 5 7
0,00954804 128,47328 17066,4445 32989,2613
68,47444231 45000 2
8 2 5 7
Onix Oil Company
0,00407757 8912,32978 17227,4415

74,189313 61,92245542 40000 2
6 5 9
Table 47 Buckling Considerations and number of stabilizers calculations
6.4 Neutral Point Considerations
The neutral point means that there are no tension and compression forces at that point.
Compression forces will present below the neutral point, which build toward the bottom of the
wellbore and tensile forces will present above the neutral point, which build to a maximum
applied at the hanger or as hook load.[ CITATION Bak95 \l 1055 ]
Figure 39 Neutral Point on Drill Collar
Neutral Point is calculated according to following equation;
WOB∗BF
Np=
W dc
Neutral point calculation for section 2:
WOB∗BF 25000∗0,8519
Np= = = 74,9363
W dc 150
Neutral point is used to determine the drill collar position since neutral point should be on drill
collar. According to our calculations all neutral point have been located on drill collars.
Onix Oil Company
WOB (Ibs) BF weight (ppf) Np Ldc (ft)

19000 0,85648855 216 75,33927057 124
25000 0,85648855 150 142,7480916 248
45000 0,85648855 150 256,9465649 434
40000 0,815267176 91 358,3591981 620
Table 48 Neutral Point calculations
6.5 HWDP Calculations
According to common drill pipe grade, E-75 grade drill pipe has been decided to use. The ID
of DP is 4, 276 in and OD is 5 in and weight is 19,5 ppf.
margin of
Grade Tensile capacity Design limit
overpull
E-75 497222 100000 397222
X-95 629814 100000 529814
G-105 696111 100000 596111
S-135 894999 100000 794999
Table 49 Common Drill Pipe Grades
Step 7: Check Stiffness Ratio of 8” DC to 5” DP
Stiffness Ratio (SR): the ratio of the stiffness of a drill string component immediately below a
change in diameter to the stiffness of the drill string component immediately above.
 Field experience indicates that the SR between drill string components should not
exceed 5.5 to minimize fatigue failures.
 For large diameter holes and/or severe drilling conditions, reducing the SR to 3.5 has
helped to further reduce failures.
Stiffness ratio calculation for the section 2:
(84 −2,8134 )∗5

SR= 4 ) = 8,6720
(5 −4,2764 )∗8
8,6720 >5,5 so we need to use HWDP. The number of HWDP can change according to
availability. However, for this section we need at least 2 HWDP since 8,6720 / 5,5 = 1,6.
Onix Oil Company
D D
D weigh weigh section
C section HWD HWD stiffness P DP weight section
C t t modulu stiffness ratio
O modulus P od P id ratio o id (ppf) modulus
ID (ppf) (ppf) s
D d
9, 83,35694 10,6841 7,80191 4,27 5,7091301
3 216 5 3 49,7 5 19,5 14,60063767
5 1 6 8 6 5
2, 10,6841 4,63394 4,27 5,7091301
8 150 49,5098 5 3 49,7 5 19,5 8,6720391
8 6 4 6 5
2, 10,6841 4,63394 4,27 5,7091301
8 150 49,5098 5 3 49,7 5 19,5 8,6720391
8 6 4 6 5
6, 2, 26,02287 10,6841 4,27 5,7091301
91 5 3 49,7 2,43565 5 19,5 4,558116097
5 8 8 6 6 5
Table 50 Stiffness ratio calculations
6.6 Determination of Jar, Stabilizer and Sub’ s properties
To design a faultless drill string, we need some equipment which support the drill string
design. Following tables are shown these equipment’s.
# of
Section total Length Crossover Bit Sub Stabilizer
# of DC HWD # of DP
# length of Jar (ft) (ft) (ft)
P
#2 8 12 7 837 31,99 3,61 2,99 7,64
#3 14 12 90 3596 32,84 2,95 2,99 7,51
#4 20 12 171 6293 32,12 2,49 4,99 8,10
Table 51 Determination of jar, stabilizers, bit subs and crossovers
6.7 Drill Pipe Calculations
Length of drill pipes have calculated by subtracting all other equipment’s length (drill collar,
heavy weight drill pipe, stabilizers, jars, bit subs) from target depth.
Drill pipe number calculation for section 2:
Length of DP = Total Depth-Ldc-Lhwdp-Ljar-Lstabilizer-Lbit-sub -L other equipments
Length of DP = 830-620 =210 ft
Ldp 210
Number of DP = == = 6,774
31(ft ) 31(ft )
Total Length (ft) Total Weight with BF(Ib) Design limit( Ib) Remain Weight Remain Lenght(ft)
620 47696,47695 397222 349525,5231 210
Table 52 Required drill pipe length
Length of DP # of DP DP # total length total weight

17924,3858 578,205993 7 217 4231,5
Onix Oil Company
6,77419355
Table 53 Number of drill pipe calculation for section
6.8 Collapse Pressure Calculations
Collapse happens when differential between external and internal pressure exceeds a
collapse rating pressure of material. This situation can reveal because of several cases, such
as pressure testing in annulus, trapped pressure in the annulus or well fully evacuated with
gas, etc.[ CITATION Col16 \l 1055 ] Tensional strength is calculated according to following
equations;
Depth∗MudWeight
Pc =
19,251
Collapse Resistance Pc of DP
Safety Factor = =
Collapse Pressure Pc
Collapse Pressure calculations for section 2:
Depth∗MudWeight
Pc =
19,251
(372+217)∗9,7
Pc = =296,7793
19,251
Collapse Resistance Pc of DP
Safety Factor = =
Collapse Pressure Pc
9962
SF = = 33,5670
Pc 296,7793
33,5670 > 1,125 6 as company’s collapse pressure design factor which is satisfied for
collapse pressure.
Safety factors in all sections are satisfied according to company design factor as shown in the
table:
Onix Oil Company
Collapse Pressure (psi) mud weight (ppm) Pc SF

9962 9,4
9962 9,4 287,6006441 34,63830907
9962 9,4 1543,961353 6,452234043
9962 12,1 3565,700483 2,793840943
Table 54 Collapse Pressure
6.9 Tensional Yield Strength Considerations:
The tensional strength is very important to deal with axial stress in drill pipe. Maintaining the
drill pipe under tension prevents it from buckling. Moreover, tensional strength helps prevent
lateral movement of the pipe because of the centrifugal forces which occur while the pipe is
being rotated. Tensional strength is calculated according to following equations;
Ften = [(Ldp x Wdp) + (Lhwdp x Whwdp)+ (Ldc x Wdc )+Wjar]xBF

Fdesign = Fyield x 0.9
SF = Fdesign / Ften
Tensional Strength calculations for section 2:
Ften = [(Ldp x Wdp) + (Lhwdp x Whwdp)+ (Ldc x Wdc )+Wjar]xBF
Ften=70470,0863*0,85=60034,0583 lb
Fyield = Ym * cross sectional area
Fyield = 75000 * 5,2746 = 395594,6876
Fdesign = Fyield x 0.9
Fdesign = 395594,6876* 0,9 = 356035,2189 lb
SF =Fdesign / Ften
SF = 356035,2189/ 60034,0583 = 5,9305
SF = 5,9305 > 1,6 as company’s tensional design factor which is satisfied for tension.
Margin of overpull is additional tension to be applied when the stuck drill string is pulled
without breaking the tensile limit of the drill string. This is the difference between maximum
allowable tensile load of drill string and hook load. There are several factors as overall drilling
Onix Oil Company
conditions, hole drag, likelihood of getting stuck, dynamic loading. Shock loading provide
additional tensile strength. Shock loading is calculated according to following equations;
MOP = Fdesign – Ften

Shock loading, Fs=3200*Wdp
Fdesign
Safety Factor for Shock Loading, SF=
Ftension+ Fs
Shock loading calculations for section 2:

MOP = Fdesign – Ften
MOP = 356035,2189 – 60034,0583 = 296001,1606 Ib
Fs=3200*Wdp
Fs= 3200* 19,5 = 62400
Fdesign
SF=
Ftension+ Fs
356035,2189
SF= = 2,9079
60034,0583+62400
2,9079 > 1, 2 6 as company’s shock loading design factor which is satisfied for shock
loading.
Safety factors in all sections are satisfied according to company design factor as shown in the
table:
Shock SF(Shock
Ften (lb) Fyield (lb) Fdesign (lb) MOP (lb) SF Loading loading Ym
(lb) included)
27622,4672

2
60356,8220 395594,687 295678,39 2,90032939
356035,219 5,89883971 62400 75000
5 6 7 1
125041,727 395594,687 230993,49 1,89944482
356035,219 2,84733126 62400 75000
1 6 2 7
150909,941 395594,687 205125,27 1,66909810
356035,219 2,35925622 62400 75000
5 6 7 4
Table 55 Tension & shock Loading
Onix Oil Company
6.10 Torsional Strength Considerations
If torsional stress limit is exceeded, failures occur in form of stretched pin or belled box.
Torsional failures also usually occur in the tool joint. According to company policies, safety
factors must be bigger than design factor to avoid torsional failures. [ CITATION Str16 \l 1055 ]
Moment of Inertia, J= (π/32)*(ODdp4-Iddp4)
Torsional Strength of DP
Safety Factor, SF=
Qt
Torsion calculations for section 2:
J = (π/32)*(54-4,2764) = 28,5238
A = π/4(52-4,2762 ) = 5,2745 in2
Qt = 40689,8688
41200
SF= = 1,01
40689,8688
1,01> 1,0 which is company design factor. Safety factors in all sections are satisfied
according to company design factor.
Torsional
Cross sectional
DPod DPid yield J Qt SF
area of drill pipe
strength
28,538316
5 4,276 5,274595835 41200
8
28,538316
5 4,276 5,274595835 41200 40684,69771 1,012665752
8
28,538316
5 4,276 5,274595835 41200 39056,07955 1,054893386
8
Onix Oil Company
28,538316
5 4,276 5,274595835 41200 38053,5871 1,08268374
8
Table 56 Torsional Strength
6.11 Cost Analysis for Drill String
For the final step cost analysis for drill string design has been carry out;
Unit Cost Unit Cost Unit Cost of

DRILL STRING # of DC # of HWDP # of DP
of DC ($) of DP ($) HWDP ($)
Section 1 4 - -
Section 2 8 12 7 2500(+20
3800(+12) 3000
Section 3 14 12 90 )
Section 4 20 12 171
Table 57 Cost Analysis for drill string
Overall cost for drillstring = 970300

According to all calculations, the drill string design for each section as following:
Second section;
Onix Oil Company
Table 58 Second Section of Drill String
Third section;
Onix Oil Company
Table 59 Third Section of Drill String
Fourth section;
Table 60 Fourth Section of Drill String

Onix Oil Company
7 HYDRAULIC DESIGN
Hydraulic system plays an important role in successful drilling operations since its proper
design can accelerate the drilling rate and it decreases the cost. As its improper design
causes kicks, it is important for safety issues. The hydraulic system is the mud system in the
wellbore when it is in either a static or a dynamic state.
7.1 Purposes of Hydraulic System
As it is stated hydraulic has many effects on the well. The underlying causes why attention
should be paid to hydraulic design are as follows:
 Control subsurface pressures

 Supply a buoyant effect to the drill string and casing
 Remove cuttings from bit and well
 Increase penetration rate
 Maintain control of the well during kicks
 Control pressure during swabbing and surging
 Minimize hole erosion caused by mud’s washig action during movement
 Evaluate pressure increases in the wellbore when circulating the mud
7.2 Flow Regimes
The flow regimes can be defined as fluid behavior when drilling fluids are flowing in a well.
The most common regimes are laminar, turbulent and transitional.
Laminar Flow: Generally happens when low flow velocities exists. The fastest flow occurs in
the center part of the pipe, and the cylinder touching the pipe can be considered as not
moving.
Turbulent Flow: Turbulent flow exists in high flow velocities. For this reason, friction between
the fluid and the channel walls is highest for this type of flow. Unlike laminar flow, mud
parameters (viscosity and yield point) are not significant in calculating frictional pressure
losses for mud in turbulent flow.
Onix Oil Company
Transitional Flow: This flow type is a mixture of laminar and turbulent flow. In the center of the
pipe turbulent flow occurs ,however, near the edges of the pipe laminar flow occurs.
To determine flow regimes the two methods can be used that are Reynolds number
compаrison аnd criticаl velocity аnd аctuаl velocity compаrison. As ONIX Company velocity
compаrison method will be used in our design.
For velocity comparison,
If Vactual < Vcritical ; Flow regime is laminar
If Vcritical < Vactual ; Flow regime is turbulent
7.3 Flow Models
While describing the fluid behavior in dynamic conditions, a mathematical model is used. The
three models most commonly used in the drilling industry are:
 Newtonian Fluids Model

 Bingham Plastic Model
 Power Law Model
Bingham Plastic Model will be used since it is more accurate than Newtonian Fluids Model
and it is easier than Power Law Model.[ CITATION Gun \l 1033 ]
Bingham Plastic Model: The Bingham model was developed to describe more effectively
drilling muds presently in use. According to Bingham theory, it is stated that to initiate
movement some amount of stress would be required to overcome the mud's gel structure. It
can be mathematically described as follows:
τ = μp γ +τy
where:
τ : shear stress
μp: fluid viscosity
γ : shear rate
Onix Oil Company
τy: yield stress
Figure 40: Bingham Plastic Model
7.4 Flow Regime Determination and Friction Pressure Loss Calculations
To determine flow regimes velocity calculations should be made. When doing calculations
necessary values used as shown in the table below.
Depth Mud Type Mud Plastic Yield Point

Interval (ft) Weight(ppg) Viscosity (cp) (lb/100 ft2)
0 – 830 Spud Mud 9.4 8 15
830-3600 KCl/Polymer 9.4 8 15
3600-6280 KCl/Polymer 12.1 15 12
Table 61: Used mud rheology for hydraulic calculations
Depth Interval Q(gal/min)

0-150
150-830 800
830-3600 500
3600-6280 300
Table 62: Flow rate values
Onix Oil Company
7.5 Velocity Calculations
In Drill String
Аctuаl Velocity:
Criticаl Velocity:
Actual Velocity in Drill String (ft/sec)

Depth (ft) Bit Size Q(gal/min) In DC In DP In HWDP In Jar
150-830 17.5 650 33.56 14.52 29.50 29.50
830-3600 12.25 450 23.23 10.05 20.42 23.70
3600-6280 8.5 300 15.49 6.70 13.62 16.20
Table 63: Actual velocity values in drill string
Critical Velocity in Drill String (ft/sec)

Depth (ft) Bit Size In DC In DP In HWDP In Jar
150-830 17.5 4.77 4.66 4.75 4.75
830-3600 12.25 4.77 4.66 4.75 4.78
3600-6280 8.5 4.00 3.82 3.97 4.01
Table 64: Critical velocity values in drill string
In Annulus:
Actual Velocity:
Critical Velocity:
Onix Oil Company
Actual Velocity in Annulus (ft/sec)

Depth (ft) Bit Size Q(gal/min) In DC In DP In HWDP In Jar
150-830 17.5 650 1.10 0.94 0.94 1.10
830-3600 12.25 450 2.14 1.47 1.47 2.14
3600-6280 8.5 300 4.08 2.59 2.59 4.08
Table 65: Actual velocity values in annulus
Critical Velocity in Annulus (ft/sec)

Depth (ft) Bit Size In DC In DP In HWDP In Jar
150-830 17.5 6.81 5.58 5.58 6.81
830-3600 12.25 9.09 6.42 6.42 9.09
3600-6280 8.5 9.03 6.46 6.46 9.03
Table 66: Critical velocity values in annulus
7.6 Friction Pressure Loss Calculations
In drill string all Vactual values are higher than all Vcritical values, Turbulent flow is seen.
In annulus mostly Vcritical values are higher than Vactual values, Laminar flow is seen.
Friction Pressure for Laminar Flow:
Friction Pressure for Turbulent Flow:
Pressure Losses in Drill String (psi) (Turbulent Flow)

In DP In DC In Jar In HWDP
19.12 159.74 15.18 176.50
129.19 146.89 6.71 92.74
170.73 145.95 9.10 64.51
Table 67: Pressure losses in drill string
Onix Oil Company
Pressure Losses in Annulus (psi) (Laminar Flow)

Hole-Drill Hole- Drill Hole- Hole- Heavy Drill
pipe Collar Jar pipe
1.31 1.98 0.26 2.25
29.49 8.07 0.35 3.93
107.71 28.10 1.57 7.56
Table 68: Pressure losses in annulus
7.7 Surface Pressure Loss
To calculate surface pressure loss equation used as follows:
Ps = E x ρ0.8 x Q 1.8 x PV 0.2 psi
E is а constant which is changing with surface equipment’s. Generally used E value is 4.2 x
10-5
Depth Surface Pressure

Interval(ft) Loss(psi)
150-830 44.22
830-3600 22.81
3600-6280 15.26
Table 69:Surface pressure loss values
7.8 Bit Pressure Drop
For bit pressure drop calculations maximum pump pressure assumed as 4900 psi. Using
equations given below it is calculated for soft and hard formations.
 Max Jet Impact Force: In soft formations
2 Pp
 Pb =
(2+m)
 Max Bit Hydraulic Horsepower: In hard formations
Pp
 Pb = m= 1,75 for most cases
1+ m
Onix Oil Company
Formation Type Pb(Bit pressure drop)

Soft Formation 2613.33
Hard Formation 1781.82
Hard Formation 1781.82
Table 70: Bit pressure drop values
7.9 Bit Nozzle Selection
For selection of bit nozzle firstly, total flow area is calculated from formula given as follows:
ρ
Total Flow Аreа (in2): TFA =0,0096∗Q∗
√ Pbit
4∗TFA
Nozzle Diameter (in): dn=32
√ 3π
Pb
Nozzle Velocity: Vn=33,36∗
√ ρ
TFA(in2) Nozzle size 1/32 Selected Nozzle

in Nozzle Size Velocity(ft/min)
0.37 12.75 13 556.24
0.31 11.68 12 459.30
0.24 10.16 11 404.82
Table 71: Nozzle size and velocity values
7.10 Total Pressure Loss and Equivalent HHP Calculation
From given equation total pressure loss is calculated.
Pp=Pds+ Pa+ Ps+ Pb
Pp = Pump pressure, psi
Pds = Drill string friction pressure, psi
Pа = Аnnulus friction pressure, psi

Onix Oil Company
Ps = Surfаce Pressure loss , psi
Pb = Bit pressure drop, psi
To calculate hydraulic horsepower equation showed below is used.
Ptotal∗Q
HHP=
1714
Depth (ft) Pds Pa (psi) Ps Pb (psi) Ptotal(psi) Equivalent

(psi) (psi) HHP
150-830 370.54 5.80 44.22 2613.33 3033.89 1150.54
830-3600 375.52 41.84 22.81 1781.82 2221.99 583.37
3600-6280 390.29 144.94 15.26 1781.82 2332.30 408.22
Table 72: Total pressure losses and equivalent HHP
7.11 Mud Pump Selection
According to calculations made, criteria that should be satisfied while selecting pump are as
follows:
 Minimum pressure : 3034 psi

 Minimum HHP: 1151 psi
 Minimum flow rate: 650 gal/min
By considering pressure, hydraulic horsepower and flow rate SDF-Triplex Mud Pump from
Sunnda Corporation is selected.
Onix Oil Company
Figure 41:Selected mud pump SDF-1600
From Hebei Gn Solids Control Co.,Ltd brochure published in 2017 shale shaker,
desilter and desander are chosen. Since it is popular in oil gas drilling, big trench-less HDD
projects, or other industry separation demand GNZS594 series single deck shale shaker is
used.
For desander and desilter GNZJ594F-2S12N is used since its application area is oil
and gas drilling rig.
Onix Oil Company
Figure 42:Shale shaker,desilter and desander

Onix Oil Company
8 BOP & WELLHEAD DESIGN

8.1 BOP Design
All activities that are done in order to control the kick is called well control. There are mainly
two different well control mechanisms. The first one is the primary well control, which consists
of the control of the drilling fluid. If primary well control fails due to the insufficient hydrostatic
pressure, the secondary well control is applied. The secondary well control is the stage of
sealing the well with the proper equipment. This special equipment is called Blowout
Preventers (BOP).
Blowout Preventers can be described as a specialized valve that is used to seal, control or
monitor the well in order to prevent a blowout. Mainly, there are two types of BOPs, annular
and ram. They are used together during drilling.
Annular Blowout Preventer: The function of Annular BOP system is to seal the annulus
against any formation fluid. An annular BOP can close around the drill string, casing or kelly.
It has a rubber seal mechanism, consists of also head, body, piston and uses a wedge
principle . During shut in, it is initiated by the application of hydrostatic pressure to the piston
pushing it to slide in upward direction. Then, piston causes the rubber seal to extend into the
well bore.
Ram Type Preventers: Ram type preventers seal the annulus by making connection
between two elements facing one another. Compared to the annular type preventers, they are
more reliable in high pressure services, and more quickly serviceable. Mainly, there are 3
different types of ram preventers.
Pipe Rams: Pipe rams can seal the well when there is drill string in the hole. There are
variable-bore types which can be used for different diameter pipes.
Blind Rams: Blind rams can seal the hole when there is no drill string in the well.
Shear Rams: Shear rams have a cutting mechanism; hence, they can seal the well by
shearing the drill string, then acting as a blind ram.
Drilling Spool: Drilling Spool is a flanged joint that is set between the BOP and casing-head ,
which used as a spacer or crossover. Kill and choke lines can be installed on the outlets of
the drilling spool. According to the API standards, following should be satisfied:
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 It must have pressure consistency with the BOP.
 The outlets should not be smaller than 2 inches in diameter.
 Vertical bore diameter of the spool must be at least equal to the inner diameter of the
casing string.
In order to make a BOP design, maximum pressure that can be encountered at the surface
must be calculated. For that calculation, the worst pressure condition of the well must be
considered. The worst pressure condition is when there is no drilling fluid in the hole. Hence,
the formula used for the calculation of the pressure is following:
Pmax =0,052∗MW∗D
Pmax = Maximum pressure, psia

MW= mud weight, ppg
D= depth, ft
According to the equation, the pressures for each respective mud weight is calculated.
MW Safety
Interval (ft) (ppg) Pbh (psia) Factor Pmax(psia)
0-150 9,4 72,54 1,25 91,65
150-830 9,4 384,124 1,25 507,13
830-3600 9,4 1666,08 1,25 2199,60
3600-6280 12,1 3918,72 1,25 4939,2
Table 73 Maximum Surface Pressures
The installed BOP stack must be able to withstand at least 4940 psia at worst conditions.
However, since our oil is dead oil and gas is not usually encountered in our part of region in
Turkey, we decided to use a 5000-psi system.
According to the Devereux[ CITATION Ste98 \l 1033 ], 5000 psi BOP design should consist of one
annular preventer, one double or two single ram preventers. One must have blind/shear rams
and at least one fixed pipe ram. Also, one full opening drilling spool with two outlets,
consisting kill and choke lines. Since the BOP stack and the well head will be set after
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lowering the surface casing; all of the equipment must be sized accordingly, which is 13 5/8.
Considering all of these criteria, a schematic of the BOP stack can be seen below.
Figure 43 Schematic of our BOP Design
8.2 Wellhead Design
The wellhead is the crossover equipment that is used between the BOP stack ( for a
completed well: Christmas tree) and the casing string. Also, it allows the access to annulus if
required. The main components of the wellhead are: casing/tubing head, casing spool,
casing/tubing hangers and the choke manifold.
Casing Head: Casing head is the first equipment that is installed on the casing string. It
serves as a basis for the BOP stack with flange connection, all other equipment are installed
above the casing head. The casing head must satisfy following requirements according to the
API6A[ CITATION API12 \l 1033 ]:
 Working pressure rating must be equal or above the maximum anticipated surface
pressure.
 It must have bending strength equal or above the attached the casing string.
 It must have mechanical strength and pressure rating comparable API flanges or to the
casing.
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 It must have enough compressive strength to support the hanged weight.
Casing Spool: Casing spool is a equipment used in flanged wellhead assembly to hold and
secure the top of the casing string. According to the specific conditions, wide range of casing
spools are available.
Choke Manifold: A set of valves and pipes that includes adjustable chokes in order to
control the pressure during drilling, or to relief a kick if encountered. In well testing, chokes
are used conduct tests, cleanup and feedback.
The wellhead should be designed according to the maximum pressure that can be
encountered, operating temperature interval and the material used for the equipment. For the
considered well:
 5,000 psi working pressure
 P Class Temperature (-29°C-82 °C)
 CC General Service Material
equipment’s will be used.

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Figure 44 Wellhead
9 RIG SELECTION
The rig is the foundation of the drilling, it provides all the necessary equipment and systems
for the job. The main functions of the rig can be listed as: drilling the well, lowering the
casings, cement operation, well testing, logging etc. For the selection of the rig, there are
many factors to consider:
 Technical design requirements
 Logistics handling
 Qualifications of the rig’s manpower
 Rig-site requirements
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On the technical design aspect, following will be considered:

 Total Depth
 Hook Load
 Drawworks Power
 Mast Height
 Power Requirement
Also, the cost and availability of the rig in Turkey will be considered. The total depth is known
as 6280 ft. Other criteria’s must be calculated, starting with the hook load.
9.1 Drawworks Power Requirement
To calculate the maximum hook load, both the casing weight and the drill string weight must
be considered. The casing weight is calculated from the following formula:
lb MW
W max
casing =Length , ft∗Weight of Casing , ∗BF∗SF BF=1−
ft 65,5
BF= Buoyancy Factor

SF= Safety Factor
After considering each casing section with its respective properties, and choosing safety
factor as 1.25, following table is obtained:
Weight(lb/ft
Depth Interval Casing Type OD (in) ) Length (ft) BF Total Weight
0-150 Conductor 20 94 150 0,856 15096
0-830 Surface 13,375 54,5 830 0,856 48429
0-3600 Intermediate 9,625 36 3600 0,856 138751
3550-6180 7 26 2630 0,815 69685
Production Liner
6180-6280 7 26 100 0,815 2650
Table 74 Maximum Casing Load
As it can be seen from the table, the maximum load applied by casing is the intermediate
casing part.
W casing
max =138751 lb
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Moving on to the drill string weights, the equation below is used:
W drill string
max = (Cumulative Weight of the Section∗BF+ MOP )∗SF
BF= Buoyancy Factor

SF= Safety Factor
MOP= Margin of Overpull
Cumulative weight of the section includes the weight of the drill pipes, heavy weight drill
pipes, drill bit, and the drill collars. These weights are calculated in the drill string design part.
Margin of overpull is defined as the extra power required to pull up the drill string when it is
stuck in the hole. The margin of overpull is assumed as 100000 lb as before and safety factor
as 1.25.
Cum.Weight Total
Depth Interval Section (lb) BF Weight
0-150 26 IN 32250,831 0,856 159508
150-830 17,5 IN 70470,086 0,856 200403
830-3600 12,25 IN 145993,460 0,856 281213
3600-6280 8,5 IN 185104,891 0,815 313576
Table 75 Maximum Drill String Load
Clearly, the heaviest drill string is the last section, weighing 313576 lb. Since:
W drill string
max >W casing
max The maximum load is applied by the drill string.
W max =313576 lb
Since the maximum hook load is obtained, the draw works power can be calculated. The
widely used formula for the draw works power is:
L∗V
HP=
33000∗n
L= maximum hook load, lb
V= optimum hook velocity, ft/min
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33000= ft-lb/min/hp
n = average efficiency of the draw works
Assuming the optimum hook load is 75 ft/min and average efficiency of 0.8, required horse
power for the draw works is calculated as:
L∗V
HP=
33000∗n
313576lb∗75 ft / min
HP= =891 hp
33000∗0,8
9.2 Top Drive Power Requirement
Next, horsepower for the top drive will be calculated:

T∗N
HP=
5,250∗n
T= rotary torque
N= rotary rpm
n= average efficiency of the top drive
According to the Devereux’s book, since it is difficult to estimate the rotary torque prior to the
drilling, the required power can be calculated from the following empirical formula:
F∗N
HP=
n
where F stands for the torque factor.

F can be determined according to the well depth:
Depth < 10,000 ft, then F= 1,5
10,000 ft < Depth < 15,000 ft , then F= 1,75
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Depth > 15,000 ft, then F= 2,0

Since our depth is 6250 ft, the respective torque factor will be F= 1,5.
The maximum rpm during drilling is 225 rpm, assuming efficiency as 0,9:
1,5∗225
HP= =250 hp
0,9
9.3 Mud Power & Extra Power Requirement
In the previous chapters, the power required for the mud pump is calculated as 1501 hp.
Considering the mechanical efficiency as 0.9:
HP=1501∗0,9=1668 hp
Lastly, for the living conditions, enlightment, kitchen etc. , the power requirement is estimated
as 250 hp.
Total power is calculated as:
Total HP=Drawworks HP+Top Drive HP+ Mud Pump HP+ Extra HP
Total HP=1069 hp+ 250hp +1668 hp+250 hpTotal HP=3059 hp
9.4 Grid Analysis & Rig Selection
Considering all of the factors listed above, the grid analysis will be performed between four
different prospective rigs:
 F-200
 F-320
 N-80B
 SDR-1000DC
The properties for each rig can be seen below:
Requirement SDR-
Criteria F-200 F-320 N-80B
s 1000DC
Depth 6280 13000 20000 12000 13000
Hook Load 313576 440000 705000 750000 500000
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Drawworks
890,1 1350 2000 1000 1000
Power
Topdrive/Kelly TESCO 250 TESCO 350 TESCO 250
250 Kelly
Power (hp) EMI 400 EXI 600 EMI 400
As high as
Mast Height (ft) 137 142 142 141
possible
Availability Turkey or near + + + -
As low as
Cost ($) 1,2m 1,8m 2m 1,5m
poss.
Power No
3059 2600 4500 4500
Supply(hp) generator
Table 76 Comparison of Rig Requirements and Rigs
According to the table above, the grid analysis can be constructed. The rig with the highest
points will be the final choice.
Grid Analysis
Criteria Coefficient F-200 F-320 N-80B SDR-1000DC
Depth 3 2 3 1 2
Hook Load 5 1 3 3 2
Drawworks
3 1 3 2 1
Power
Topdrive Power 2 2 3 2 1
Mast Height 1 2 3 3 3
Availability 5 3 3 3 3
Cost 4 3 1 1 2
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Total Power(hp) 3 1 3 3 1
Sum 26 50 70 59 50
Table 77 Grid Analysis for Rig Selection
After the grid analysis, it is clearly seen that the best rig among the candidates for our project
is F- 320. The equipment with the rig and its properties can be seen below:
Mast MA-320
Type A Frame Cantilever
Drawworks TF-38
TESCO 350 EXI
Topdrive 600
Generator 2 ea Cat C-18
Diesel Engine 3 ea CAT 3512
Rotary Table Upetrom MRL-275
Pump Drive CAT 3516
2 PN 1258
Mud Pumps 12 T 1600
NF 1600
Table 78 Equipment of the Rig
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Figure 45 F-320 Rig
10 WELLSITE DESIGN
The main concern during the wellsite design is to provide the legal spacing required by the
governing regulatory bodies, hence lowering any rick of accidents in the site. The design must
be one in such a way that during emergency, evacuation of the site must be practical. Also,
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the footprint of the drilling must be considered. After, choosing all the equipment and the rig,
the planned view of the rig site can be seen on the following figure. A rectangular area of
1200 ft x 350 ft, 420000 ft2 (~39000 m2) will be enough.
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11 DRILL TIME ESTIMATION

An estimation of drilling time is very important since drilling time affects dominantly project
cost. To determine the required time to drill the good penetration rate, trip time, trouble
time, casing running time, completion type, formation evaluation and borehole survey time
must be taken into consideration. Major time expenditures always are required for drill and
trip operations. Trouble time includes time spent on hole problems such as stuck pipe, well
control operations, formation fracture, etc.
Wireline
Bit Size Casing (day) Total Time Time with
Length(ft) RPM ROP (ft/hr) Bit (hr) Time(day)
(in) (day) &Running (day) safety factor
time
0-150 - - 2,5 2,5 3 3,9
150-830 150 17,5 25,9 26,254826 2 0,5 3,593951094 7 9,1
830-3600 60 12,25 15,1 183,58961 2,5 1 11,14956698 19 24,7
3600-6280 50 8,5 8,2 326,82927 3,5 4 21,11788618 41 53,3

Table 79 Drill Time Consideration
11.1.1 Drilling rate

Drilling rate depends on several parameters like formation types, bit types, mud properties,
weight on bit, rotary speeds and revolution of bit. When bit penetrates easily through soft
formation, the penetration rate decreases in hard formation, which means drilling time
increases.
11.1.2 Trip Time

It can be defined as the time required to change a bit and resume drilling operations and is a
major component of the drill time estimation. Depends on well depth, amount of mud trip
margin, hole problems, rig capacity, and crew efficiency. As a rule of thumb, trip time is
estimated as 1 hr/100 ft of a well depth. Long trip is required when setting the casings and
changing the bit. The purpose of the short trip is to remove any buildup of filter cake that
increases the swabbing tendencies of the drill string and depends on: company policy, bit life
and mud type.
11.1.3 Hole problems

Hole sloughing, lost circulation, slow drilling rates are standard hole problems.
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11.1.4 Running casing

Depends on casing size, depth of well, hole conditions, efficiency of crew and the use of
special equipment.
11.1.5 Move-in and move-out with the rig

Move-in and rig-up occur before spudding the well. Rig-down and move-out occur after well
completion. Time is estimated with a rule of thumb, based on IADC rig codes for land rigs.
11.1.6 Weather
Depends on the geology and geography of the field.
11.1.7 Well completion

Depends on the well completion complexity.
11.1.8 Wireline & Non-productive Time

To check the well data and to leave the data for the future work, data should be taken from
the well.
We add %13 non-productive time (NPT) which is the unpleasant elements of drilling
operations such as drilling is not occurring and money wasted, time wasted, failures, budget
overruns, unreliability, breakdowns, inefficiencies, plans gone away.
Nonproductive time = 16 days
Time with
Time
Depth (ft) safety
(day)
factor (day)
0 0 0,0
150 0,5 0,7
150 1 1,3
830 4,5 5,9
830 7 9,1
3600 16,5 21,5
3600 20 26,0
6280 34,5 44,9
6280 42 54,6
6280 43,5 56,6
Table 80 Drill time consideration with safety factor
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
1000
2000
Depth (ft)
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Time (day)
According to our assumptions, our drill time estimation graph is:

Figure 47 Drill Time Estimation
According to worst scenario, we will complete the well at 57 days after we ordered rig, if
nothing goes wrong as best case scenario, we will complete drilling in 44 days.
Onix Oil Company
12 COST ANALYSIS
Costs may not be equal sum of the required money in every time. Costs can divide into three
categories based on their elements : rig costs, tangible/intangible costs and required services.
To analyze the cost for drilling services is crucial because of the location conditions, well
planning and drill time. To make an excellent estimation of cost is not possible, since money
has time value. Oil prices is affected by politics, reserves and discovered resources/new
technologies in the World. A cost benefit analysis (also known as a benefit cost analysis) is a
process by which organizations can analyze decisions, systems or projects, or determine a
value for intangibles.
Some definitions should be known for understanding the purpose and minimizing the total
cost .
 Direct Cost : Direct cost can be identified a cost for an object.
 Indirect Cost : Indirect costs are usually fixed in nature and may come from overhead
of a department or cost center.
 Tangible Cost : The amount assigned to an area of business operations, such as
payment for supplies. It means countable and touchable.
 Tubulars Cost
 Wellhead Equipment Cost
 Artificial Lift and Some Completions Equipment’s Cost
 Intangible Cost : The dictionary mean is unable to be touched; not having physical
presence. An intangible good is a good that does not have a physical nature, as
opposed to a physical good (an object). It is not countable and touchable.
o Security
o Telecommunications
o PPE
o Waste Management
o Support Services
o Cementing
o Drilling Mud and Additives
o Fuel
o Rental Expenses
o Drilling Daywork
o Camping and Catering
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o Site Preperation
o Tubular Inspection and Transportation
Cost analysis is one of four types of economic evaluation (the other three being cost-benefit
analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and cost-utility analysis). A cost analysis is an important
first step before you engage in other types of economic evaluation to determine the suitability
or feasibility of a potential project.
Costs analysis has mainly four steps ,
1. Brainstorming : Brainstorming is a method for generating ideas to solve a design
problem. It usually involves a group, under the direction of a facilitator. The strength of
brainstorming is the potential participants have in drawing associations between their
ideas in a free-thinking environment, thereby broadening the solution space.
2. Defining the cost : Types of costs should be well defined and direct, indirect, tangible
and intangible costs should be well analyzed. Defining the all possibilities : All possible
incidents should be considered. Expected and unexpected developments must be
included to all calculations.
3. Defining the benefits : Money has time value. Present conditions and the future
conditions may not be equal to each other. All plans should be designed by
considering the all possibilities.
4. Comparing the Cost & Benefits : This step includes comparing the costs and benefits,
after this step, company should be decided course of actions.
At this stage it's important to consider the payback time, to find out how long it will take for
you to reach the breakeven point – the point in time at which the benefits have just repaid the
costs.
Payback time is the time in which the initial outlay of an investment is expected to be
recovered through the cash inflows generated by the investment. It is one of the simplest
investment appraisal techniques.
Cost of Project∨Investment
Payback Time∨Payback Period=
Annual Cash Inflows
A business’s break-even point is the stage at which revenues equal costs.

Fixed costs: Fixed costs are not affected by the number of items sold, such as rent paid for
storefronts or production facilities, computers, and software. Fixed costs also include fees
paid for services like graphic design, advertising, and public relations.
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Contribution margin: The contribution margin is calculated by subtracting an item’s variable

costs from the selling price.
¿ Costs
Break−even Point=
Contribution Margin
Contribution Margin=Price of Product −Variable Cost
Figure 48 Determination of Break Even Point
CASING Grade Weigh Threads Depth OD Unit Total Cost Gross

t (lb/ft) and Interva (in) Cost ($) Total ($)
Coupling l (ft) ($/ft)
s
Conductor H-40 94 STC 0-150 20 51,65 7747,5
ft
Surface K-55 54,5 STC 0-830 13,37 26,03 21604,9
ft 5 131217,
Intermediat K-55 36 LTC 0-3600 9,625 17,93 64548 9
e ft
Production K-55 26 LTC 3550- 7 13,45 37317,5
Liner 1 6180 ft
Production L-80 26 LTC 6180- 7 19,44
Liner 2 6280 ft
Table 81 Casing Cost
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CEMENT Hole OD ID Lengh Capacit Numbe Unit Total Gros

Diamete (in) (in) t (ft) y (bbl) r of Cost Cost s
r (in) Sacks of ($) Total
Cemen ($)
t
Conductor 26 20 19,12 150 53,292 220 4 880
Casing 4
Surface 17,5 13,37 12,61 830 128,312 610 15 9150
Casing 5 5 4114
Intermediate 12,25 9,625 8,921 3600 278,321 1733 15 2599 0
Casing 5
Production 8,5 7 6,276 2730 104,459 341 15 5115
Casing
Table 82 Cement Cost
DRILL # # of # Unit Unit Unit Bits+Bits Total Cost Gross

STRING of HWD of Cost Cost Cost Sub+Sta ($) Total ($)
DC P DP of DC of DP of bilizers+
($) ($) HWD Jars+Xo
P ($) vers ($)
Section 1 4 - - 15200
Section 2 8 12 7 83900
Section 3 14 12 90 3800 2500 3000 41200 314200 994000
Section 4 20 12 171 539500
Table 83 Drill String Cost
MUD MW Type # of Sacks Unit Cost Other Additives Total Gross

(ppg Bentonite Bentonit (KOH, Cost Total ($)
) e PHPA,Soda,KCl ($)
($/sack) ) ($)
0-830 ft 9,4 Spud 92 15 200 1580
830-3600 ft 9,4 KCl/Polyme 34 200 710 21100
r
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3600-6280 12,1 KCl/Polyme 1154 1500 1881

ft r 0
Table 84 Mud Cost
DRILLING RIG Daily Rental Cost ($) Gross Total ($)

F320 30000 1680000
BOP Assembly, Wellhead Equipments and MOB/DEMOB expenses are included.
Table 85 Rig and Equipment Cost
HEALTH&SAFETY&ENVIRONMENT Gross Total

($)
Medical Precautions, Occupational Health and Safety
Security
Support Services
Personal Transportation and Acommodation
Waste Management
Telecommunications 150000
PPE
Hazard Plan (H2S, Fire etc.)
Risk Assessment (Oil spill contingency etc.)
Well Control
Complaince Audit
Table 86 HSE Cost
WAGES # of person Wage ($/day) Total Cost ($) Gross Total ($)
Worker 8 178,571 80000
Driller 2 214,286 24000
Engineer 6 267,857 90000 212000
Advisor 1 NOT DAILY 8000
WAGE
Cook 2 89,286 10000
Table 87 Wage Cost
Shift includes 4 workers, 1 driller, 1 engineer and 1 cook. Also, other 2 engineers work on the office
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Every working schedule equals 4 Weeks ON/4 Weeks OFF
BEST CASE - ZERO SAFETY FACTOR SAFETY FACTOR = 10%

TOTAL COST ($) 3229457,9 TOTAL COST ($) 3552403,69
DAILY COST ($) 57668,891 DAILY COST ($) 63435,780
Table 88 Total Cost
These tables are regulated by using Microsoft Excel.

We considered contingency and safety factor. All calculations are based on this schedule.
13 HSE AND TECHNICAL RISKS

Company HSE point of view matches policies and all regulations.
The Health and Safety Executive, often referred to as the HSE, is an independent regulator
that aims to prevent work-related death, injury and ill-health.
The HSE’s aim is to prevent workplace death, injury or ill health, through using a variety of
methods to influence change and help people manage risks at work. These include:
 Providing advice, information and guidance
 Raising awareness in workplaces by influencing and engaging;
 Operating permission and licensing activities in major hazard industries;
 Carrying out targeted inspections and investigations;
 Taking enforcement action to prevent harm and hold those who break the
law to account.
13.1 Control of Major Accident Hazards - COMAH
COMAH stands for The Control of Major Accident Hazards, helping businesses to take all the
necessary measures to prevent major accidents with hazardous substances. It also limits the
ramifications of any large-scale accidents which do manifest, through enforcing regulations on
hazardous substances to protect people and the environment.
COMAH is enforced in Great Britain by COMAH Competent Authority (CA) which is formed
from five public bodies all working together in partnership.
These bodies are:
 The Environment Agency
 The Scottish Environment Protection Agency
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 The Health & Safety Executive

 The Office for Nuclear Regulation
 Natural Resources Wales
COMAH details all the procedures that are needed to be adhered to, for safety across all
levels, no matter what hazardous substance the company may have to work with or produce.
Below are a few of the dangerous substances that are covered by the COMAH:
 Iodine
 Formaldehyde
 Nicotine
 Phosphoric acid
 Petroleum oil
 Sodium chlorate
 Tar oil
 Zinc
13.2 Material Safety Data Sheet – MSDS
A material safety data sheet is a technical document which provides detailed and
comprehensive information on a controlled product related to:
 health effects of exposure to the product
 hazard evaluation related to the product’s handling, storage or use
 measure to protect workers at risk of exposure
 emergency procedures
The data sheet may be written or printed, and must the availability, design and content. Also,
all employees must be educated for these data sheet in the workplace. It is an essential
starting point for the development of a complete health and safety program. It contains hazard
evaluations on the use, storage, handling and emergency procedures related to that material.
The MSDS contains much more information about the material than the label and it is
prepared by the supplier. It is intended to tell what the hazards of the product are, how to use
the product safely, what to expect if the recommendations are not followed, what to do if
accidents occur, how to recognize symptoms of overexposure, and what to do if such
incidents occur.
Onix Oil Company
13.3 HSE Project Plan
PROGRAM RESPONSIBLE PERSON/S

MEDICAL PLAN
EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
OFFICE SAFETY
ACCOMMODATION SAFETY
ROAD TRANSPORT SAFETY
ACCIDENT AND INCIDENT REPORTING
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN
WELL CONTROL
AIRCRAFT POLICY & PROCEDURES
LIFTING EQUIPMENT
PERMIT TO WORK
FIRE PLAN – SHUBARKADUK & RIG SITE
TRAINING
INDUCTION TRAINING
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
COMPLIANCE AUDITS
RISK ASSESSMENT
HSE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
COMMUNICATIONS
PPE
THIRD PARTY RIG UP
RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
ACCOMMODATION CAMP
H2S
OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY
COMPETENCY ASSURANCE
RIG SITE
Table 89 HSE Project Plan Form
Onix Oil Company
13.4 Health and Safety Policy
As ONIX Company, we consider our employees’ health and all our working sites and
employees accredited. Also, we serve a great opportunity for all family. Before mentioned
educations and standards are applied in our workplace.
It is the policy of this company to ensure a safe, healthful workplace for all its employees.
Injury and illness losses from incidents are costly and preventable. ONIX company will
employ an effective accident and illness prevention program that involves all its employees in
the effort to eliminate workplace hazards.
Our safety committee includes employer and employee representatives who are responsible
for recommending safety and health improvements in the workplace. The committee is also
responsible for identifying hazards and unsafe work practices, removing obstacles to incident
prevention and helping the company evaluate the accident and illness prevention program.
13.5 Environment Policy
Minimizing the effects of our operations on the environment are of primary importance for
ONIX Company.
The following environmental issues should be considered as part of a comprehensive
assessment and management program that addresses project-specific risks and potential
impacts:
 Air emissions
 Wastewater / effluent discharges
 Solid and liquid waste management
 Noise generation
 Terrestrial impacts and project footprint
 Spills
During the transport of petroleum, safety and environmental issues are well studied, assessed
and continuously implemented to avoid any type of problem which could affect the people
involved and the environment which can be very sensitive.
Onix Oil Company
13.6 Risk Assesment

By law, employers and those who control workplaces to any extent, must identify hazards in the
workplaces under their control and assess the risk presented by the hazards.
Employers must write down the risks and what to do about them. This is known as Risk Assessment.
The aim of Risk Assessment is to reduce the risk of injury and illness associated with work.
There are three steps to carrying out a Risk Assessment:
 Identify the hazards.

 Assess the risks.
 Put control measures in place.
A hazard is anything with the potential to cause harm in terms of human injury or ill health, such as
work materials, equipment, work methods or practices, poor work design or exposure to harmful
agents such as chemicals, noise or vibration.
A risk is the likelihood that somebody will be harmed by the hazard and how serious the harm might
be. When considering risk, you should also consider the number of people at risk from the hazard.
Control measures (or controls) are the precautions taken to ensure that a hazard will not injure
anyone. When putting a control measure in place ensure that is does not create an additional hazard.
13.7 Licences And Certificates

Our company considers all working licences and certificates for all drilling and production operations.
All employees have certificate for working in our workplace and workshops. This prerequisites are
following below.
13.7.1 IWCF – International Well Control Forum

Our key aim is to develop and administer well control training, assessment and certification
programmes for the exploration and production sector of the oil and gas industry.
We work closely with national regulatory bodies and key industry leaders, such as the International
Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP). Following on from IOGPs recommendations in Report
476, new syllabi have been introduced for our Drilling Well Control and Well Intervention Pressure
Control programmes. These programmes are split across five levels to provide employees with the
necessary skill set for their role in the oil and gas industry. By providing certified training through
accredited centres IWCF want to prevent well control incidents from occurring.
Onix Oil Company
13.7.2 Occupational Safety And Health – OSH

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is concerned with the health, safety, and welfare of employees
in the workplace. Apart from fostering a healthy and safe work environment, the term also includes the
protection of co-workers and family members. In some cases, OSH may include customers,
employers, and other people who the workplace environment may affect.
13.7.3 Licences
Licenses are given under the titles for Turkey below:
a) Refinery License,
b) Processing License,
c) Mineral Oil License,
d) Storage License,
e) Transmission License,
f) Free User License,
g) Bunker Delivery License,
h) Distributor License,
i) Transportation License,
j) Dealership License.
Onix Oil Company
14 APPENDIX
14.1 Results of
the Ecrin
14.1.1 B1
14.1.1.1 DST 1 Results
Onix Oil Company

Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
14.1.2 B2
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
DST 2 Results
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
14.1.3 B3
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
14.1.4 B8
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
Onix Oil Company
REFERENCES
[1] «Minimum Miscibility Pressure,» [Çevrimiçi]. Available:

https://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/m/minimum_miscibility_pressure.aspx. [Erişildi:
2019].
[2] K. M., A. T. ve F. M., «A New Simple CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressure Correlation,» Oil and
Gas Research.
[3] «Drilling Fluid Types,» [Çevrimiçi]. Available: https://petrowiki.org/Drilling_fluid_types..
[4] N. Adams, Drilling Engineering: A Complete Well Planning Approach, Tulsa: PennWell Publishing
Company, 1985.
[5] «Selecting a Drill Bit,» [Çevrimiçi]. Available: https://petrowiki.org/Selecting_a_drill_bit.
[6] «Introduction to Drilling Bits,» 2015. [Çevrimiçi]. Available:

http://www.drillingcourse.com/2015/12/introduction-to-drilling-bits.html.
[7] «Drill Bits,» 2017. [Çevrimiçi]. Available: http://www.roschen.net/product/277996629.
[8] «IADC Codes - Tricone Rock Bits,» 2015. [Çevrimiçi]. Available:

https://www.bitbrokers.com/iadc.php.
[9] December 2003. [Çevrimiçi]. Available:

http://www.oilproduction.net/files/casing_drilling/GrantPrideco_Drill_Pipe_Data_Tables.pdf.
[10] «Procedures For Drill String Design Engineerinh Essay,» November 2018. [Çevrimiçi].
[11] Baker Hughes, Drilling Engineering Workbook, Houston, 1995.
[12] «Collapse Pressure Property for Oilfield tubular,» 11 June 2016. [Çevrimiçi]. Available:
http://www.drillingformulas.com/collapse-pressure-property-for-oilfield-tubular/.
[13] «Strength of Casing and Tubing,» 23 June 2016. [Çevrimiçi]. Available:

https://petrowiki.org/Strength_of_casing_and_tubing.
[14] «Guney Yildizi Petrol SOndaj ve Workover Kuleleri,» Guney Yildizi, [Çevrimiçi]. Available:
http://www.guneyyildizi.com.tr/sondaj-ve-workover-kuleleri/.
[15] S. Devereux, Practical Well Planning and Drilling Manual, Tulsa: PennWell Publishing Company,
1998.
[16] «API Specification 6A, 21st Edition,» 29 April 2012. [Çevrimiçi]. Available:
https://www.api.org/~/media/files/certification/monogram-apiqr/program-updates/6a-20th-edition-
purch-guidelines-r1-20120429.pdf.
Onix Oil Company
[17] Richardson, Applied Drilling Engineering, Texas: SPE, 1991.
[18] «CPS-361,» 2018. [Çevrimiçi]. Available: https://www.slb.com/-/media/files/ce/product-

sheet/cps361-ps.ashx.
[19] «Recommended Practice for Drill Stem Design and Operationg Limits,» API Recommended
Practice 7G, 2003.
[20] T. Hestetun ve T. Mitchell, «Drilling Jar Placement: How to get it right!,» [Çevrimiçi]. Available:
https://blog.odfjellwellservices.com/drilling-jar-placement-how-to-get-it-right.
[21] «Shale Shaker and Mud Cleaner,» 2017. [Çevrimiçi]. Available:

https://www.gnsolidscontrol.com/images/gn_shale_shaker&mud_cleaner_brochure_2017.pdf.
[22] «Triplex Mud Pumps,» [Çevrimiçi]. Available: http://www.sunnda.com/drilling-products/triplex-

mud-pumps/..
[23] «HSE: Information about Health and Safety at Work,» [Çevrimiçi]. Available:
https://www.hse.gov.uk.
[24] «Health and Safety Courses and Consultancy at Kent,» [Çevrimiçi]. Available:
https://www.samsltd.co.uk.
[25] «HSA: Health and Safety Authority,» [Çevrimiçi].
[26] «Environmental Policy,» [Çevrimiçi]. Available: https://www.chariotoilandgas.com/responsibility-

overview/environmental-policy/.
[27] «World Safety Organization,» [Çevrimiçi]. Available: https://worldsafety.org/.

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Onix Oil Company

Middle East Technical University

MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

CO2 Injection for EOR in B-Field

Submitted to: Prof. Dr. Serhat AKIN

Submitted by: ONIX OIL COMPANY – DRILLING SERVICES

2.2 Casing Design..........................................................................................................................32

5.1.2 Steel Tooth Bits................................................................................................................64

6.11 Cost Analysis for Drill String...................................................................................................90

11.1.8 Wireline & Non-productive Time..................................................................................115

FIGURE 1 CONTOUR MAP OF FIELD B 12

FIGURE 39 NEUTRAL POINT ON DRILL COLLAR 83

TABLE 1 POROSITY VALUES OF WELLS 14

TABLE 42 COST ANALYSIS OF BIT 74

1 WELL LOCATION SELECTION

Figure 1 Contour Map of Field B

1.1 Log Analysis

1.1.1 Gamma Ray Log

1.1.2 Sonic Log

In our case, we use Neutron-Density Log to obtain more accurate porosity.

1.1.3 Neutron-Density Log

1.1.3.2 Density Log

1.1.4 Resistivity Log

 MSFL (Micro Spherical Focused Log) for medium zone

 LLD (Deep Lateral Log) for deeper zone

 LLS (Shallow Lateral Log) for shallow zone

Rw= Water Resistivity (ohm-m) ф=Porosity (fraction)

Rt=True Resistivity of Formation (ohm-m) F=Formation Resistivity Factor

1.2 Permeability Calculation

Average permeability of layered parallel beds are calculated by using:

Table 3 Permeabilities for Wells 1.3 Porosity Cutoff

1.4 Reservoir Characteristic Maps

1.4.1 3-D Map of Reservoir

Figure 2 3-D Map of Reservoir

Figure 3 3-D Map of Reservoir from above

1.4.2 Porosity Map

Figure 4 Porosity Distribution

1.4.3 Permeability Map

Figure 5 Permeability Distribution

1.4.4 Thickness Map

Figure 6 Thickness Distribution

1.4.5 Water Saturation

Figure 7 Water Saturation Distribution

1.5 Drainage Radius Calculation

Table 4 Drainage Radiuses for Wells

1.5.1 Bubble Map

Figure 8 Bubble Map

1.6 Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP)

MMPCO2 : Minimum Miscibility Pressure of CO2 solvent (psia)

T : Reservoir temperature (⁰F)

Pb : Bubble Point Pressure (psia)

Rsi : Initial solution gas oil ratio (scf/stb)

API: Oil Gravity (⁰API)

1.7 Original Oil In Place (OOIP)

Figure 9 Parts of the Reservoir Section

The formula of OOIP is;

OOIP=V bulk ∗ф∗( 1−S w )

Conto Area(m Interval( ΔVbulk

Conto Area Ratio Of Interval ΔVbulk

Total BULK Volume

OOIP 22,4 MMrB

1.8 Possible Patterns

Figure 10 Peripheral Injection

(12,1-8,9)0,0526280 =1445 psi