Vaccine Surveillance Report - Week 37 v2
Vaccine Surveillance Report - Week 37 v2
Week 37
1
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Contents
Summary...................................................................................................................................... 3
Vaccine effectiveness ............................................................................................................... 3
Population impact ..................................................................................................................... 3
Vaccine effectiveness .................................................................................................................. 5
Effectiveness against symptomatic disease ............................................................................. 5
Effectiveness against hospitalisation ........................................................................................ 6
Effectiveness against mortality ................................................................................................. 6
Effectiveness against infection ................................................................................................. 6
Effectiveness against transmission .......................................................................................... 7
Population impact ........................................................................................................................ 8
Vaccine coverage ..................................................................................................................... 8
Vaccination status .................................................................................................................. 11
Vaccine impact on proportion of population with antibodies to COVID-19.............................. 19
Direct impact on hospitalisations ............................................................................................ 24
Direct and indirect impact on infection and mortality .............................................................. 27
References................................................................................................................................. 31
2
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Summary
Four coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines have now been approved for use in the UK.
Rigorous clinical trials have been undertaken to understand the immune response,
safety profile and efficacy of these vaccines as part of the regulatory process. Ongoing
monitoring of the vaccines as they are rolled out in the population is important to
continually ensure that clinical and public health guidance on the vaccination programme
is built upon the best available evidence.
Public Health England (PHE) works closely with the Medicines and Healthcare
Regulatory Agency (MHRA), NHS England, and other government, devolved
administration and academic partners to monitor the COVID-19 vaccination programme.
Details of the vaccine surveillance strategy are set on the Public Health England page
COVID-19: vaccine surveillance strategy (1). As with all vaccines, the safety of COVID-
19 vaccines is continuously being monitored by the MHRA. They conclude that overall,
the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines outweigh any potential risks (2).
Vaccine effectiveness
Several studies of vaccine effectiveness have been conducted in the UK which indicate
that two doses of vaccine are between 65 and 95% effective at preventing symptomatic
disease with COVID-19 with the Delta variant, with higher levels of protection against
severe disease including hospitalisation and death. There is some evidence of waning of
protection against infection and symptomatic disease over time, though protection
against severe disease remains high in most groups at least 5 months after the second
dose.
Population impact
The impact of the vaccination programme on the population is assessed by taking into
account vaccine coverage, evidence on vaccine effectiveness and the latest COVID-19
disease surveillance indicators. Vaccine coverage tells us about the proportion of the
population that have received 1 and 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccines. By 12 September
2021, the overall vaccine uptake in England for dose 1 was 64.8% and 58.9% for dose
2. In line with the programme rollout, coverage is highest in the oldest age groups.
Based on antibody testing of blood donors, 97.7% of the adult population now have
antibodies to COVID-19 from either infection or vaccination compared to 18.9% that
have antibodies from infection alone. Over 95% of adults aged 17 or older have
antibodies from either infection or vaccination.
3
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
The latest estimates indicate that the vaccination programme has directly averted over
230,800 hospitalisations. Analysis on the direct and indirect impact of the vaccination
programme on infections and mortality, suggests the vaccination programme has
prevented between 24.4 and 24.9 million infections and between 108,600 and 116,200
deaths.
4
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Vaccine effectiveness
Large clinical trials have been undertaken for each of the COVID-19 vaccines approved
in the UK which found that they are highly efficacious at preventing symptomatic disease
in the populations that were studied. The clinical trials have been designed to be able to
assess the efficacy of the vaccine against laboratory confirmed symptomatic disease
with a relatively short follow up period so that effective vaccines can be introduced as
rapidly as possible. Nevertheless, understanding the effectiveness against different
outcomes (such as severe disease and onwards transmission), effectiveness in different
subgroups of the population and understanding the duration of protection are equally
important in decision making around which vaccines should be implemented as the
programme evolves, who they should be offered to and whether booster doses are
required.
Data (based primarily on the Alpha variant) suggest that in most clinical risk groups,
immune response to vaccination is maintained and high levels of VE are seen with both
the Pfizer and AstraZeneca vaccines. Reduced antibody response and vaccine
effectiveness were seen after 1 dose of vaccine among the immunosuppressed group,
however, after a second dose the reduction in vaccine effectiveness is smaller (5).
Analyses by dosing interval suggest that immune response to vaccination and vaccine
effectiveness against symptomatic disease improves with a longer (greater than 6 week
interval) compared to a shorter interval of 3 to 4 weeks (6, 3)
5
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
6
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Vaccine effectiveness*
Outcome Pfizer-BioNTech AstraZeneca Moderna
Cominarty Vaxzevria Spikevax
Infection 75-85% 60-70%
Symptomatic
80-90% 65-75% 90-99%
disease
Hospitalisation 95-99% 90-99% 95-99%
Mortality 90-99% 90-95%
7
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Population impact
Vaccines typically have both direct effects on those who are vaccinated and indirect
effects on the wider population due to a reduced probability that people will come
into contact with an infected individual. The overall impact of the vaccination programme
may therefore extend beyond that estimated through vaccine effectiveness analysis.
PHE and other government and academic partners monitor the impact of the of the
vaccination programme on levels of COVID-19 antibodies in the population and different
disease indicators, including hospitalisations and mortality. This is done through
population-based testing and through modelling which combines vaccine coverage rates
in different populations, estimates of vaccine effectiveness and disease surveillance
indicators.
Vaccine coverage
The data in this week’s report covers the period from 8 December 2020 to 12 September
2021 (week 36) (Figure 1). It shows the provisional number and percentage of people in
England who have had received 1 dose or 2 doses of a COVID-19 vaccination by age
group and week since the start of the programme.
Up to 31 August 2021 81,532 women of child-bearing age in England (under 50) who
reported that they were pregnant or could be pregnant at the time, received at least 1
dose of COVID-19 vaccination and of these, 65,579 have received their second dose.
This is in response to the self-reported pre-screening question “Are you or could you be
pregnant?”. The true number of pregnant women who have had a COVID-19 vaccination
is likely to be greater than this.
Please note that pregnant women are not a separate priority group as defined by JCVI
who have advised that “women who are pregnant should be offered vaccination at the
same time as non-pregnant women, based on their age and clinical risk group” therefore
comparing vaccine uptake in pregnant women to other vaccination programmes is not
currently appropriate. The MHRA closely monitors the safety of COVID-19 vaccine
exposures in pregnancy, including Yellow Card reports for COVID-19 vaccines used in
pregnancy, for the latest information please see the webpage Coronavirus vaccine –
weekly summary of Yellow Card reporting.
8
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
% vaccine uptake
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
50 51 52 53 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Week number
9
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
b) Dose 2
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
% vaccine uptake
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
50 51 52 53 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Week number
10
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Vaccination status
Vaccination status of COVID-19 cases, deaths and hospitalisations by week of
specimen date over the past 4 weeks up to week 36 (up to 12 September 2021) are
shown in Table 2 to 4 and Figure 2.
Methods
COVID-19 cases and deaths identified through routine collection from the Second
Generation Surveillance System (SGSS) and from PHE EpiCell's deaths data as
described here, were linked to the National Immunisation Management System (NIMS)
to derive vaccination status, using an individual’s NHS number as the unique identifier.
Attendance to emergency care at NHS trusts was derived from the Emergency Care
DataSet (ECDS) managed by NHS Digital. The same data source was used to identify
COVID-19 cases where the attendance to emergency care resulted in admission to an
NHS trust.
ECDS is updated weekly, and cases are linked to these data twice weekly. Data from
ECDS are subject to reporting delays as, although NHS trusts may update data daily,
the mandatory deadline for submission is by the 21st of every month. This means that
for weeks immediately following the 21st of a month, numbers may be artificially low and
are likely to be higher in later versions of the report.
Data from ECDS also only report on cases who have been presented to emergency care
and had a related overnight patient admission and do not show those who are currently
in hospital with COVID-19. As such, it is not appropriate for use for surveillance of those
currently hospitalised with COVID-19. In addition, these data will not show cases who
were directly admitted as inpatients without presenting to emergency care.
Deaths include those who died (a) within 28 days of the earliest specimen date or (b)
within 60 days of the first specimen date or more than 60 days after the first specimen
date with COVID-19 mentioned on the death certificate.
The rate of COVID-19 cases, hospitalisation, and deaths in fully vaccinated and
unvaccinated groups was calculated using vaccine coverage data for each age group
extracted from the National Immunisation Management Service.
11
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Results
The rate of a positive COVID-19 test varies by age and vaccination status. The rate of a
positive COVID-19 test is substantially lower in vaccinated individuals compared to
unvaccinated individuals up to the age of 39, and in those aged greater than 80. In
individuals aged 40 to 79, the rate of a positive COVID-19 test is higher in vaccinated
individuals compared to unvaccinated. This is likely to be due to a variety of reasons,
including differences in the population of vaccinated and unvaccinated people as well as
differences in testing patterns.
The rate of hospitalisation within 28 days of a positive COVID-19 test also increases with
age, and is substantially greater in unvaccinated individuals compared to vaccinated
individuals.
The rate of death within 28 days or within 60 days of a positive COVID-19 test increases
with age, and again is substantially greater in unvaccinated individuals compared to fully
vaccinated individuals.
In the context of very high vaccine coverage in the population, even with a highly
effective vaccine, it is expected that a large proportion of cases, hospitalisations and
deaths would occur in vaccinated individuals, simply because a larger proportion of the
population are vaccinated than unvaccinated and no vaccine is 100% effective. This is
especially true because vaccination has been prioritised in individuals who are more
susceptible or more at risk of severe disease. Individuals in risk groups may also be
more at risk of hospitalisation or death due to non-COVID-19 causes, and thus may be
hospitalised or die with COVID-19 rather than because of COVID-19.
12
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Table 2. COVID-19 cases by vaccination status between week 33 and week 36 2021
Received Received
Second Rates among
one dose one dose, Rates among
Cases reported by dose ≥14 persons
Not (1-20 days ≥21 days persons not
specimen date between Total Unlinked* days before vaccinated
vaccinated before before vaccinated
week 33 and week 36 2021 specimen with 2 doses
specimen specimen (per 100,000)
date (per 100,000)
date) date
Under 18 190,863 16,825 161,418 9,812 1,999 809 458.2 1,362.3
18-29 145,087 15,923 44,455 3,280 50,338 31,091 633.3 1,284.9
30-39 105,839 11,081 31,577 1,225 17,273 44,683 795.9 1,069.8
40-49 98,990 8,593 14,570 426 5,215 70,186 1,157.3 852.6
50-59 84,468 6,559 7,215 145 2,080 68,469 972.1 699.2
60-69 46,557 3,462 2,592 51 766 39,686 699.5 477.7
70-79 26,937 2,012 918 8 260 23,739 512.3 371.1
80+ 12,563 1,142 540 9 256 10,616 412.3 424.5
13
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Table 3. COVID-19 cases presenting to emergency care (within 28 days of a positive specimen) resulting in an
overnight inpatient admission by vaccination status between week 33 and week 36 2021
Cases presenting to
emergency care (within Received Received Second
Rates among
28 days of a positive one dose one dose, dose ≥14 Rates among
persons
test) resulting in Not (1-20 days ≥21 days days persons not
Total Unlinked* vaccinated
overnight inpatient vaccinated before before before vaccinated
with 2 doses
admission, by specimen specimen specimen specimen (per 100,000)
(per 100,000)
date between week 33 date) date date
and week 36 2021
Under 18 539 29 494 13 3 0 0.0 4.2
18-29 635 19 414 17 86 99 2.0 12.0
30-39 848 17 608 14 66 143 2.5 20.6
40-49 903 26 551 10 50 266 4.4 32.2
50-59 1,147 12 533 6 41 555 7.9 51.7
60-69 1,239 14 403 7 50 765 13.5 74.3
70-79 1,517 2 239 3 25 1,248 26.9 96.6
80+ 1,528 2 183 1 42 1,300 50.5 143.9
14
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Table 4. COVID-19 deaths (a) within 28 days and (b) within 60 days of positive specimen or with COVID-19 reported
on death certificate, by vaccination status between week 33 and week 36 2021
(a)
Received Received
Second Rates among
Death within 28 days of one dose one dose, Rates among
dose ≥14 persons
positive COVID-19 test by Not (1-20 days ≥21 days persons not
Total Unlinked* days before vaccinated
date of death between vaccinated before before vaccinated
specimen with 2 doses
week 33 and week 36 2021 specimen specimen (per 100,000)
date (per 100,000)
date) date
15
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
(b)
Received Received
Second Rates among
Death within 60 days of one dose one dose, Rates among
dose ≥14 persons
positive COVID-19 test** Not (1-20 days ≥21 days persons not
Total Unlinked* days before vaccinated
by date of death between vaccinated before before vaccinated
specimen with 2 doses
week 33 and week 36 2021 specimen specimen (per 100,000)
date (per 100,000)
date) date
16
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Figure 2. Rates (per 100,000) by vaccination status from week 33 to week 36 2021
1,400.0
1,200.0
Rate per 100,000
1,000.0
800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0
0.0
Under 18 18-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80+
Age group
(b) Cases presenting to emergency care (within 28 days of a positive test) resulting in
overnight inpatient admission
160.0
140.0
120.0
Rate per 100,000
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
Under 18 18-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80+
Age group
17
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
160.0
140.0
120.0
Rate per 100,000
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
Under 18 18-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80+
Age group
180.0
160.0
140.0
120.0
Rate per 100,000
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
Under 18 18-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80+
Age group
18
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
In this report, we present the results using a 4-weekly average, of testing samples up to
3 September 2021, which takes account of the age and geographical distribution of the
English population. Overall, the proportion of the population with antibodies using the
Roche N and Roche S assays respectively were 18.9% and 97.7% for the period 12
August to 3 September (weeks 32 to 35) (Figure 3). This compares with 18.1% Roche N
seropositivity and 97.6% Roche S seropositivity for the period of 12 July to 6 August
(weeks 28 to 31).
The continuing increase in seropositivity using the Roche S assay reflects the growing
proportion of adults who have developed antibodies following vaccination.
Figure 4a and 4b show the proportion of the population with antibodies by age group.
Recent increases in N seropositivity has been observed in some age groups. Roche N
seropositivity in individuals aged 17 to 29 years increased slightly from 27.3% in weeks
28 to 31 to 28.7% in weeks 32 to 35. Small increases were observed in the 30 to 39 year
olds from 19.6% in weeks 28 to 31 to 21.5% in weeks 32 to 35 and in 40 to 49 years
olds from 19.6% in weeks 28 to 31 to 20.4% in weeks 32 to 35. Similarly, small
increases were also observed in 50 to 59 year olds from 17.1% in weeks 28 to 31 to
17.9% in weeks 32 to 35 and in individuals aged 60 to 69 from 11.7% in weeks 28 to 31
to 12.2% in weeks 32 to 35. Roche N seropositivity decreased in 70 to 84 year olds from
8.2% in weeks 28 to 31 to 7.2% in weeks 32 to 35.
19
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
The pattern of increases in Roche S seropositivity which are observed follow the roll out
of the vaccination programme with the oldest age groups offered vaccine first. (Figure
4b). Roche S seropositivity increased first in donors aged 70 to 84 and has plateaued
since week 13, reaching 99.0% in weeks 32 to 35. Seropositivity has also plateaued
since week 16 for those aged 60 to 69 reaching 99.1% in weeks 32 to 35. Plateauing in
Roche S seropositivity has been observed since week 19 in those aged 50 to 59
reaching 99.0% in weeks 32 to 35 2021. A plateauing in seropositivity has been
observed in the 40 to 49-year olds since week 23 reaching 97.8% in weeks 32 to 35.
Plateauing has been observed in the 30 to 39 year olds from week 28 reaching 96.6% in
weeks 32 to 35. A plateauing in seropositivity has recently been observed in the 17 to 29
year olds reaching 95.8% in weeks 32 to 35 2021.
The impact of the vaccination programme is clearly evident from the increases in the
proportion of the adult population with antibodies based on Roche S testing. This is was
evident initially amongst individuals aged 50 years and above who were prioritised for
vaccination as part of the phase 1 programme and since week 15 in younger adults and
below as part of phase 2 of the vaccination programme.
20
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Figure 3. Overall population weighted 4-weekly rolling SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence (% seropositive) in blood
donors from the Roche S and Roche N assays.
21
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Figure 4. Population weighted 4-weekly rolling SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence (% seropositive) in blood donors
from the Roche S and Roche N assays by a) age groups 17 to 29, 30 to 39 and 40 to 49, b) age group 50 to 59, 60 to 69
and 70 to 84.
a)
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
% seropositive
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
week (4-week period mid point)
17-29 N 30-39 N 40-49 N
17-29 S 30-39 S 40-49 S
22
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
b)
23
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
For the week 35 report the vaccine effectiveness estimates used in the model were
updated to use more recent vaccine effective estimates. The vaccine effectiveness
estimates used in previous reports were slightly lower than the current estimates,
therefore an increase in the number of hospitalisations averted was seen in the week 35
report compared to previous reports.
PHE estimates to 5 September 2021 based on the direct effect of vaccination and
vaccine coverage rates, are that around 178,900 hospitalisations have been prevented
in those aged 65 years and over in England (approximately 46,500 admissions in those
aged 65 to 74, 73,800 in those aged 75 to 84, and 58,600 in those aged 85 and over) as
a result of the vaccination programme (Figure 5).
From week 36, we are adding the analysis on hospitalisations averted in 45 to 64 years.
PHE estimates to 5 September 2021 based on direct effects of vaccination and
coverage rates show that around 51,900 hospitalisations have been prevented in this
age group. This age group is inclusive of healthy individuals and at risk groups, the
latter prioritised earlier in the campaign.
In total, around 230,800 hospitalisations have been prevented in those aged 45 years
and over up to 5 September 2021.
There is increasing evidence that vaccines prevent infection and transmission. The
indirect effects of the vaccination programme will not be incorporated in this analysis,
therefore the figure of 230,800 hospitalisations averted is likely to be an underestimate.
24
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Figure 5. Plot of daily observed and expected COVID-19 hospitalisations in (a) adults aged 65 and over (b) adults aged
45 to 64
(a)
4000 100%
2500
60%
2000 50%
40%
1500
30%
1000
20%
500
10%
0 0%
Date
Observed Expected
D1 Coverage 85+ (25 days earlier) D2 Coverage 85+ (11 days earlier)
D1 Coverage 75-84 (25 days earlier) D2 Coverage 75-84 (11 days earlier)
D1 Coverage 65-74 (25 days earlier) D2 Coverage 65-74 (11 days earlier)
25
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
(b)
1400 100%
60%
800
50%
600
40%
400 30%
20%
200
10%
0 0%
Date
Observed Expected
D1 Coverage 45-64y (25 days earlier) D2 Coverage 45-64y (11 days earlier)
26
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Vaccination rates in the model are based on the actual number of doses administered,
and the vaccine is assumed to reduce susceptibility to COVID-19 as well as mortality
once infected. Estimates for vaccine efficacy are based on the best available published
results (21). The model is fitted to both ONS prevalence and daily COVID-19 mortality
data in England, resulting in posterior samples for a range of epidemiological
parameters. To infer the impact of vaccination, the posterior samples are used to
simulate the number of infections and deaths that would have occurred without
vaccination (Figure 6). The total impact is then calculated by comparing the infection and
mortality estimates with vaccination versus the simulated outcomes without vaccination
(Figure 7; Table 5).
Consequently, over time the state of the actual pandemic and the no-vaccination
pandemic will become increasingly less comparable. For example, recent results from
the no-vaccination scenario show that the pandemic in the absence of vaccination and
additional interventions would have peaked due to natural immunity. Therefore,
reinfections will become more important, but data on the risk and severity of reinfections
is still lacking. Similarly, the arrival and spread of new strains will be different in the 2
scenarios, making it harder to predict what would have happened in the no-vaccination
27
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
scenario. This means that the comparison shown here becomes less meaningful as time
goes on.
In conclusion, this means that the no-vaccination scenario captures what would have
happened in the absence of additional interventions to mitigate the pandemic, public
behaviour had stayed the same, and the timing of the introduction of new viral strains
(that is, the delta variant) had not changed. Results should be interpreted accordingly.
The work presented in this section is joint work completed by PHE and Cambridge
University’s MRC Biostatistics Unit.
Estimates suggest that 112,300 deaths and 24,702,000 infections have been prevented
as a result of the COVID-19 vaccination programme, up to 27 August. Please note this
analysis has not been updated since last week’s report.
28
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Figure 6. Inferred and predicted incidence, mortality and prevalence with and without vaccination in England. This is presented
on a log scale
29
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
Figure 7. Averted number of infections (left) and deaths (right) due to vaccination (cumulatively)
30
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
References
1. Public Health England. ‘COVID-19: vaccine surveillance strategy 2021’
2. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. ‘Coronavirus vaccine – weekly
summary of Yellow Card reporting 2021’
3. Andrews N, Tessier E, Stowe J, Gower C, Kirsebom F, Simmons R and others. ‘Vaccine
effectiveness and duration of protection of Comirnaty, Vaxzervia and Spikevax against
mild and severe COVID-19 in the UK’. Khub. 2021.
4. Pouwels K, Pritchard E, Matthews P, Stoesser N, Eyre D and others. ‘Impact of Delta on
viral burden and vaccine effectiveness against new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the UK’.
MedRxiv. 2021
5. Whitaker H, Tsang R, Byford R, Andrews N, Sherlock J, Sebastian Pillai P and others.
‘Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness and immune
response among individuals in clinical risk groups’
6. Amirthalingham G, Lopez Bernal J, Andrews N, Whitaker H, Gower C, Stowe J and others.
‘Higher serological responses and increased vaccine effectiveness demonstrate the value
of extended vaccine schedules in combatting COVID-19 in England.’ medRxiv. 2021
7. Lopez Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C, Robertson C, Stowe J, Tessier E and others.
‘Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on COVID-19-
related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test
negative case-control study.’ British Medical Journal 2021: volume 373, n1,088
8. Vasileiou E, Simpson CR, Robertson C, Shi T, Kerr S, Agrawal U and others.
‘Effectiveness of first dose of COVID-19 vaccines against hospital admissions in Scotland:
national prospective cohort study of 5.4 million people.’ 2021
9. Hyams C, Marlow R, Maseko Z, King J, Ward L, Fox K and others. ‘Effectiveness of
BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID-19 vaccination at preventing hospitalisations in
people aged at least 80 years: a test-negative, case-control study.’ Lancet Infectious
Diseases 2021
10. Ismail SA, Vilaplana TG, Elgohari S, Stowe J, Tessier E, Andrews N and others.
‘Effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA and ChAdOx1 adenovirus vector COVID-19 vaccines
on risk of hospitalisation among older adults in England: an observational study using
surveillance data.’ PHE Preprints. 2021
11. Lopez Bernal J, Andrews N, Gower C, Stowe J, Tessier E, Simmons R and others.
‘Effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and ChAdOx1 adenovirus vector vaccine on
mortality following COVID-19.’ PHE Preprints 2021
12. Pritchard E, Matthews PC, Stoesser N, Eyre DW, Gethings O, Vihta K-D and others.
‘Impact of vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 cases in the community: a population-based study
using the UK’s COVID-19 Infection Survey.’ medRxiv 2021: 2021.04.22.21255913
13. Hall VJ, Foulkes S, Saei A, Andrews N, Oguti B, Charlett A and others. ‘COVID-19 vaccine
coverage in health-care workers in England and effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA
vaccine against infection (SIREN): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study.’ Lancet 2021
14. Shrotri M, Krutikov M, Palmer T, Giddings R, Azmi B, Subbarao S and others. ‘Vaccine
effectiveness of the first dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 against SARS-CoV-2
31
COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report – week 37
32
Website: www.gov.uk/phe
Twitter: @PHE_uk
Facebook: www.facebook.com/PublicHealthEngland
33