Bec Micro Project

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION
NAVJEEVAN EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

POLYTECHNIC
MICRO PROJECT
Academic year: 2020-21
TITLE OF MICRO PROJECT

BUILD AND TEST CLAMPER
CIRCUITS ON GENERAL PURPOSE PCB
Program: COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Program code: CO2I
Course: BASIC ELECTRONICS .
Course code: 22225.
MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that 1.

nd
(1113)
(1114)
(1115)
(1116)
of 2 Semester of Diploma in COMPUTER Engineering. of

Institute, Navjeevan Education Society’s Polytechnic(Code: 0144)
has completed the Micro Project satisfactorily in Subject :
BASIC ELECTRONICS (22225) for the academic year 2020-
21 as prescribed in the curriculum.
Place: Bhandup.
Date:-……………………….. Exam Seat no:- 1.
2.
3.
Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

GROUP DETAILS
SR Name of Group Roll Enrollment Seat
NO Members no no no
1. Vaibhav kothare 1113 2001440093
2. Shruti Jangam 1114 2001440094
3. Ketan Ambolkar 1115 2001440095
4. Soham Swant 1116 2001440096


BUILD AND TEST CLAMPER CIRCUITS
ON GENERAL PURPOSE PCB
NAVJEEVAN POLYTECHNIC
BHANDUP (WEST)
A clamper is an electronic circuit that fixes either the
positive or the negative peak excursions of a signal to a
defined value by shifting its DC value. The clamper
does not restrict the peak-to-peak excursion of the
signal, it moves the whole signal up or down so as to
place the peaks at the reference level. A diode
clamp (a simple, common type) consists of a diode,
which conducts electric current in only one direction
and prevents the signal exceeding the reference value;
and a capacitor, which provides a DC offset from the
stored charge. The capacitor forms a time
constant with the resistor load, which determines the
range of frequencies over which the clamper will be
effective.
Positive unbiased voltage clamping vertically translates the

input waveform so that all parts of it are approximately greater
than 0 V. Note that the negative swing of the output will not dip
below about −0.6 V, assuming a silicon pn diode.
General function
A clamping circuit (also known as a clamper) will bind the
upper or lower extreme of a waveform to a fixed DC
voltage level. These circuits are also known as DC voltage
restorers. Clampers can be constructed in both positive and
negative polarities. When unbiased, clamping circuits will
fix the voltage lower limit (or upper limit, in the case of
negative clampers) to 0 volts. These circuits clamp a peak
of a waveform to a specific DC level compared with a
capacitively-coupled signal, which swings about its average
DC level.
The clamping network is one that will "clamp" a signal to a
different dc level. The network must have a capacitor, a
diode, and a resistive element, but it can also employ an
independent dc supply to introduce an additional shift. The
magnitude of R and C must be chosen such that the time
constant RC is large enough to ensure that the voltage
across the capacitor does not discharge significantly during
the interval the diode is nonconducting.
Types
Clamp circuits are categorised by their operation; negative
or positive, and biased or unbiased. A positive clamp circuit
(negative peak clamper) outputs a purely positive waveform
from an input signal; it offsets the input signal so that all of
the waveform is greater than 0 V. A negative clamp is the
opposite of this—this clamp outputs a purely negative
waveform from an input signal. A bias voltage between the
diode and ground offsets the output voltage by that amount.
For example, an input signal of peak value 5 V (VINpeak =
5 V) is applied to a positive clamp with a bias of 3 V
(VBIAS = 3 V), the peak output voltage will be:
VOUTpeak = 2 × VINpeak + VBIAS
VOUTpeak = 2 × 5 V + 3 V
VOUTpeak = 13 V
Note that the peak to peak excursion remains at 2 V
 Positive unbiased
A positive unbiased clamp.
In the negative cycle of the input AC signal, the
diode is forward biased and conducts, charging the
capacitor to the peak negative value of VIN. During
the positive cycle, the diode is reverse biased and
thus does not conduct. The output voltage is
therefore equal to the voltage stored in the capacitor
plus the input voltage] so VOUT = VIN + VINpeak. This
is also called a Villard circuit.
 Negative unbiase
A negative unbiased clamp

A negative unbiased clamp is the opposite of the
equivalent positive clamp. In the positive cycle of
the input AC signal, the diode is forward biased and
conducts, charging the capacitor to the peak positive
value of VIN. During the negative cycle, the diode is
reverse biased and thus does not conduct. The output
voltage is therefore equal to the voltage stored in the
capacitor plus the input voltage again, so VOUT =
VIN − VINpeak.
 Positive biased
A positive biased clamp

A positive biased voltage clamp is identical to an
equivalent unbiased clamp but with the output
voltage offset by the bias amount VBIAS. Thus,
VOUT = VIN + (VINpeak + VBIAS).
 Negative biased
A negative biased clamp

A negative biased voltage clamp is likewise identical
to an equivalent unbiased clamp but with the output
voltage offset in the negative direction by the bias
amount VBIAS. Thus, VOUT = VIN − (VINpeak + VBIAS).
 Op-amp circuit
Precision op-amp clamp circuit

The figure shows an op-amp clamp circuit with a
non-zero reference clamping voltage. The advantage
here is that the clamping level is at precisely the
reference voltage. There is no need to take into
account the forward volt drop of the diode (which is
necessary in the preceding simple circuits as this
adds to the reference voltage). The effect of the
diode volt drop on the circuit output will be divided
down by the gain of the amplifier, resulting in an
insignificant error. The circuit also has a great
improvement in linearity at small input signals in
comparison to the simple diode circuit and is largely
unaffected by changes in the load.
 Clamping for input protection
Clamping can be used to adapt an input signal to a
device that cannot make use of or may be damaged
by the signal range of the original input.
 Principles of operation
During the first negative phase of the AC input voltage, the
capacitor in a positive clamper circuit charges rapidly.
As Vin becomes positive, the capacitor serves as a voltage
doubler; since it has stored the equivalent of Vin during the
negative cycle, it provides nearly that voltage during the
positive cycle. This essentially doubles the voltage seen by
the load. As Vin becomes negative, the capacitor acts as a
battery of the same voltage of Vin. The voltage source and
the capacitor counteract each other, resulting in a net
voltage of zero as seen by the load.
 Loading
For passive type clampers with a capacitor, followed by a
diode in parallel with the load, the load can significantly
affect performance. The magnitude of R and C are chosen
so that the time constant, , is large enough to ensure that
the voltage across the capacitor does not discharge
significantly during the diode's non-conducting interval. A
load resistance that is too low (heavy load) will partially
discharge the capacitor and cause the waveform peaks to
drift off the intended clamp voltage. This effect is greatest
at low frequencies. At a higher frequency, there is less time
between cycles for the capacitor to discharge.
The capacitor cannot be made arbitrarily large to overcome
load discharge. During the conducting interval, the
capacitor must be recharged. The time taken to do this is
governed by a different time constant, this time set by the
capacitance and the internal impedance of the driving
circuit. Since the peak voltage is reached in one quarter
cycle and then starts to fall again, the capacitor must be
recharged in a quarter cycle. This requirement calls for a
low value of capacitance.
The two conflicting requirements for capacitance value may
be irreconcilable in applications with a high driving
impedance and low load impedance. In such cases, an
active circuit must be used such as the op-amp circuit
described above.
Micro Project Evaluation Sheet
Name of Student: Vaibhav Santosh Kothare

Enrollment No : 2001440093
Name of Programme : Computer Engineering. Semester:2

Course Title: Basic Electronics Code : 22225
Title of Micro Project : BUILD AND TEST CLAMPER CIRCUITS ON GENERAL

PURPOSE PCB
Course Outcomes Achieved:

A clamper is an electronic circuit that fixes either the positive or
the negative peak excursions of a signal to a defined value by
shifting its DC value. The clamper does not restrict the peak-to-
peak excursion of the signal, it moves the whole signal up or down
so as to place the peaks at the reference level
Sr. Charateristic to be Poor( Average( Good( Excellent( Sub

n assessed Mar ks Ma rks 4 Mar ks Ma rks 9-
o 1-3) - 5) 6-8 ) 10) Tot
(A)Process and Product Assessment(Convert above total marks out of 6 marks.) al
1. Relevance to the Course
2. Literature
Review/information col
lection
3. Completion of the target
as per project proposal

4. Analysis of data
and representation
5. Quality
of Prototype/Model
6. Report Preparation.
(B) Individual Presentation/Viva (Convert above marks Total Marks out of 4)
7. Presentation
8. Viva
(A) (B) Total Marks 10

Process and Product Individual
Assessment (6 marks) Presentation/Viva(4 marks)
Comments/Suggestions about team work.leadership/inter-personal

communication
……………………………………………………………………………………
Name and designation of the Teacher
……………………………………………. Dated Signature
…………………………………………….
Mame of Student: Shruti Sunil Jangam Enrollment No : 200144094
Name of Programme : Computer Engineering. Semester:2.


PURPOSE PCB


o 1-3) - 5) 6-8 ) 10) Tot
2. Literature
lection
4. Analysis of data
and representation
5. Quality
of Prototype/Model
7. Presentation
8. Viva


communication
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………….
Mame of Student: Ketan Vijay Ambolkar Enrollment No : 2001440095
Name of Programme : Computer Engineering. Semester:2


PURPOSE PCB


o 1-3) - 5) 6-8 ) 10) Tot

2. Literature
3. lection
Completion of the target

4. Analysis of data
and representation
5. Quality
of Prototype/Model
7. Presentation
8. Viva


communication
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………….
Name of Student: Soham Santosh Sawant Enrollment No : 2001440096
Name of Programme : Computer Engineering.

Semester:2

PURPOSE PCB


o 1-3) - 5) 6-8 ) 10) Tot
2. Literature
lection
4. Analysis of data
and representation
5. Quality
of Prototype/Model
7. Presentation
8. Viva


communication
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………….

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF

NAVJEEVAN EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

Academic year: 2020-21

TITLE OF MICRO PROJECT

This is to certify that 1.

of 2 Semester of Diploma in COMPUTER Engineering. of

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

2. Shruti Jangam 1114 2001440094

3. Ketan Ambolkar 1115 2001440095

4. Soham Swant 1116 2001440096

Positive unbiased voltage clamping vertically translates the

A negative unbiased clamp

A positive biased clamp

A negative biased clamp

Precision op-amp clamp circuit

Name of Student: Vaibhav Santosh Kothare

Name of Programme : Computer Engineering. Semester:2

Title of Micro Project : BUILD AND TEST CLAMPER CIRCUITS ON GENERAL

Course Outcomes Achieved:

Sr. Charateristic to be Poor( Average( Good( Excellent( Sub

1. Relevance to the Course

as per project proposal

(B) Individual Presentation/Viva (Convert above marks Total Marks out of 4)

(A) (B) Total Marks 10

Comments/Suggestions about team work.leadership/inter-personal

Mame of Student: Shruti Sunil Jangam Enrollment No : 200144094

Name of Programme : Computer Engineering. Semester:2.

Title of Micro Project : BUILD AND TEST CLAMPER CIRCUITS ON GENERAL

Course Outcomes Achieved:

Sr. Charateristic to be Poor( Average( Good( Excellent( Sub

1. Relevance to the Course

as per project proposal

(B) Individual Presentation/Viva (Convert above marks Total Marks out of 4)

(A) (B) Total Marks 10

Comments/Suggestions about team work.leadership/inter-personal

Mame of Student: Ketan Vijay Ambolkar Enrollment No : 2001440095

Name of Programme : Computer Engineering. Semester:2

Title of Micro Project : BUILD AND TEST CLAMPER CIRCUITS ON GENERAL

Course Outcomes Achieved:

Sr. Charateristic to be Poor( Average( Good( Excellent( Sub

1. Relevance to the Course

as per project proposal

(B) Individual Presentation/Viva (Convert above marks Total Marks out of 4)

(A) (B) Total Marks 10

Comments/Suggestions about team work.leadership/inter-personal

Name of Student: Soham Santosh Sawant Enrollment No : 2001440096

Name of Programme : Computer Engineering.

Course Title: Basic Electronics Code : 22225

Title of Micro Project : BUILD AND TEST CLAMPER CIRCUITS ON GENERAL

Course Outcomes Achieved:

Sr. Charateristic to be Poor( Average( Good( Excellent( Sub

1. Relevance to the Course

as per project proposal

(B) Individual Presentation/Viva (Convert above marks Total Marks out of 4)

(A) (B) Total Marks 10

Comments/Suggestions about team work.leadership/inter-personal

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