NETWORK AND

INTERNET
 INTRODUCTION
This is the area of Advanced Science and technology. We all
live in the Global World. Communication and contact with
people have become very easy. Interaction, sharing,
information passing on everything has become very easy. It is
easy to access and make the information like text, audio,
video, online shopping, selling things etc.,
cont
Also it is easy to access to worldwide people at a very low
price. Access to internet is same for all no matter where they are.
One can connect to any computer in the world, and go to many
excited places without leaving your chairs. Everyone can work
and make use of the technology to speed up our work and
update ourselves about the latest happenings in and around us
within no time.
COMPUTER NETWORK

A computer network means where a number of computers

are linked together. It allows them to share resources with
others.
cont
cont

A network consists of two or more computers which

are linked with each other in order to share
resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange
files, or allow electronic communications.
cont
The computers on a network may be linked through cables,
telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams.
Networking involves installing network cards in each computer.
Each computer is then connected through cabling or wirelessly to
a central device. Operating systems contain components that are
dedicated to the task of enabling computers to communicate
over a network.
cont
This software makes use of special rules of communication called
protocols. There are many different types of protocols used for a
variety of purposes. The most commonly used protocol for
establishing and maintaining communication across a network is
called TCP/IP or Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
Networked computers can share hardware, software and data.
Client-server and peer-to-
peer networks
Networks on which all computers have equal status
are called peer-to-peer networks. On most
networks, certain computers have special
dedicated tasks. Since these machines provide
services to other computers, they are called
servers.
cont

The computers that make use of the services of

servers are called clients or workstations. A
network such as this is called a client-server
network. Sending files to a server from a client
computer is called uploading, whereas receiving
a file from a server to a client computer is called
downloading.
cont

In the case of computer networks depending upon

the geographical area covered by a network,
they are classified as:
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Personal Area Network (PAN)
LAN
 cont
LAN (Local Area Network) is a computer network that occupies relatively
a very small area. Usually a LAN is limited to a single room, building or a
small Campus with group of buildings. Many of the middle to large-
sized School and College Campuses including businesses
establishments today use LANs. This has become easy accessibility for
the employees to interact and share information. A WLAN is a Local
Area Network that is connected wirelessly.
 WAN
A WAN or Wide Area Network is a group of widely dispersed computers
that are connected together. These could be across the same town
or across a country or even across the world. Apart from distance, the
other feature that distinguishes a WAN from a LAN is that the WAN
would make use of a range of communication technologies such as
telephone, microwave and satellite links. Most WANs are made from
several LANs connected together.
NETWORK DEVICES

Network Hub:
Network Hub is a networking device which is used
to connect multiple network hosts. A network hub
is also used to do data transfer.
However, because of its working mechanism, a
hub is not so secure and safe.
 cont

Network Switch:
Like a hub, a switch also works at the layer of LAN (Local Area
Network) but you can say that a switch is more intelligent
than a hub. While hub just does the work of data
forwarding, a switch does ‘filter and forwarding’ which is
a more intelligent way of dealing with the data packets.
cont
Modem:
A modem stands for (Modulator+Demodulator). That
means it modulates and demodulates the signal between
the digital data of a computer and the analog signal of a
telephone line.
cont
Network Router:
 A router is a network device which is responsible for routing
traffic from one to another network. These two networks
could be a private company network to a public network.
 You can think of a router as a traffic police who directs
different network traffic to different directions.
cont

Bridge:
If a router connects two different types of networks,
then a bridge connects two subnetworks as a
part of the same network. You can think of two
different labs or two different floors connected by
a bridge.
cont

Repeater:
A repeater is an electronic device that amplifies
the signal it receives. In other terms, you can think
of repeater as a device which receives a signal
and retransmits it at a higher level or higher power
so that the signal can cover longer distances.
 cont
A wireless access point
A wireless access point (WAP or AP) is a device that allows wireless
communication devices to connect to a wireless network using Wi-
Fi, Bluetooth or related standards. The WAP usually connects to a
wired network, and can relay data between the wireless devices
(such as computers or printers) and wired devices on the network.
 cont
A firewall
A firewall is a part of a computer system or network that is
designed to block unauthorized access while permitting outward
communication. It is also a device or set of devices configured to
permit, deny, encrypt, decrypt, or proxy all computer traffic
between different security domains based upon a set of rules and
other criteria.
What is the Internet?
The Internet is a global web of
computers connected to each other
by wires, (mostly phone lines). If you
look at a map of big cities, smaller
towns, and scattered houses, each is
connected together with roads,
railways, etc.. This is similar to the
Internet, except with the Internet, wires
connect computers. The Internet is a
superhighway.
cont

There are different definitions for internet but the

meaning is the same as shown below
 Definition 1: The series of interconnected network
allowing communication of data surrounded by
millions of computers worldwide.
cont
 Definition 2: A global communication network that allows
computers worldwide to connect and exchange
information.
 Definition 3: A worldwide system of computer network, a
network of networks in which users at any one computer
can get information from any other computer.
 cont
 The word "Internet" exactly means "network of networks". The
Internet consists of thousands of smaller regional networks
spread throughout the world.
 The Internet has no central organization which controls its use.
Because the Internet knows no borders, many governments
have tried to control the flow of information across the Internet.
Intranet
Intranet: An intranet is a collection of all computers within an
organization that can access each other in some way. Users
may browse computers with in an intranet using a browser but
will usually not be able to access the wider Internet. In the
same way, outsiders will not be able to access the intranet of
an organization. An intranet can be thought of as a private
Internet.
Some ways to use the
Internet
 E-mail
 Research
 Shopping
 News
 Games
 Ed-line
Benefits of Internet
 It develops communication, collaboration and language
skills.
 The Search engines that are available online are, fast and
powerful.
 We can become researchers because of easier access to
data.
 People are motivated to share their work online with the
world.
cont
 Unlike paper the web can present dynamic data sources
which change over time.
• The characters in an e-Mail don't get transposed or
mixed up when they are sent over long distances.
• We can access libraries around the world.
Internet Terms

 WWW
 Browser
 Search Engine
 URL
 Domain
 html
WWW
 The World Wide Web
cont

 World Wide Web: The World Wide Web or WWW is

a part of the Internet. The WWW consists of all the
sites that can be accessed using a web browser
such as Mozilla, Internet Explorer, Opera or
Google Chrome.
Browser
 Software program that allows a person to view
WWW documents. Examples of browsers are
Netscape, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mosaic,
Mac web, and Net cruiser.
Search Engine
 A web site that will help you search the Internet
for key words, subjects, etc.
URL
 UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR- The unique
address of any web page. It tells your computer
where the information is stored so it can be viewed.
Domain
 A way to indicate what type of site
you may be viewing. In the U.S.
some common domains are .com-
commercial, .org- non-profit and
research organizations, .gov-
government agency, .edu-education.
More are constantly being added so
theses should only be used as
guidelines to help you know what
type of site you are on.
html
 The Language used
to create Web Pages
 Accessing Internet
and Locating Internet
Resources
 Internet access connects individual
computer terminals, computers, mobile devices,
and computer networks to the Internet, enabling users to
access Internet services, such as email and the World Wide
Web. Internet service providers (ISPs) offer Internet access
through various technologies that offer a wide range of data
signaling rates (speeds).
Locating Internet Resources

Navigating:
Navigation is a process of navigating a network of
internet resources in the World Wide Web.
Navigation menus allow visitors to move from one
page or section to the next.
cont

 Search Strategies:
Many times searching the World Wide Web can be both
beneficial and frustrating.
You may find vast amounts of information, or you may not find
the kinds of information you're looking for.
Knowing a few search strategies and hints can make the search
more profitable.
cont
Steps to be followed during the Internet search
 Use nouns in your queries – who/what, when, where, how
and why; avoid conjunctions, verbs, adverbs and
adjectives.
 Use keywords at the right "level" of specificity: precise, but
not overly restrictive.
cont

 Use phrases where natural; they are your most

powerful weapon
 Constrain your search by using two or three
related, but narrowing, concepts in your query
 Keep overall query length limited to six to eight
keywords maximum.
 cont
 Selecting:
While selecting the information we need to first decide what we
want and accordingly with the help of the search engines we
can go to specific website and select the information we
want.After selecting the resource, we need to evaluate
whether it is reliable, valid, and trustworthy resource to refer
and quote.
cont

Evaluating
Unlike similar information found in newspapers or
television broadcasts, information available on
the Internet is not regulated for quality or
accuracy; therefore, it is particularly important for
the individual Internet user to evaluate the
resource or information.
cont
Keep in mind that anyone can publish anything they wish
on the Web. It is often difficult to determine authorship of
Web sources, and even if the author is listed, he or she
may not always represent him or herself honestly, or he or
she may represent opinions as fact. The responsibility is on
the user to evaluate resources effectively.
 cont
Saving and Bookmarking :
Following are the simple ways of saving the internet resources:
 Print Internet Resources: You can print resources from the
Internet to make hard copies for the classroom. You can print
out web pages, graphics, data, or email letters. Information from
the web may be copyrighted. It is important to observe
copyright laws.
 cont
 Save Internet Resources on a Disk, Hard Drive, or Zip Drive: You can
save individual web pages simply by using the "save as" feature on
your net browser. You have a choice of saving "text" or "HTML."
Selecting "text" allows you to later open the document in a word
processor.
 When you save web pages, the graphics are not automatically
saved with the page. You must save each of the images
separately.
 cont

 Bookmarking: Bookmarks are the webpage locations or URLS

that are retrievable. Bookmarks are a feature of all internet web
browsers. The book, marking function allows you to save an
internet address that you have visited. They are saved by name
rather by address. This makes it easier for you to recognize and
access it later.
cont

The web links that you save are known as favorites in internet
explorer. The bookmark option is usually found in the top
browser menu. However, along with the bookmarking
methods that are a built in feature of your favorite web
browser, there are, also many external applications that help
you save, catalogue and access your web bookmark.
Safe Practices
The tips and tools given here will help you to navigate the
web safely and securely.
 Secure your passwords - Learn more about how to create
strong passwords and keep your information safe.
 Signing in and signing out - Signing into your Account is
simple and useful – but know when it is important to sign
out as well.
 cont
 Report abuse and illegal activities - Help yourself and others stay
safe online by reporting people or companies who send spam, try
to sell counterfeit goods, distribute malware, or are otherwise
abusing our systems.
 Use secure networks - Be extra careful whenever you go online
using a network you don't know, and learn about setting up your
home router and Wi-Fi network securely.
cont

 Manage multiple accounts - Many devices now support

multiple online accounts. Learn more about how to control
which account you use, and when.
 Know your security and privacy tools - Find out more about
the tools you can use to help stay safe with your search
engine.
 cont
 The choice of the browser: Most of the interaction with the Web is
through the browser. So choice of the Web browser should be
our utmost priority. For Example: Mozilla Firefox is the fast, stable
and secured web browser. It also has a built in updater, allowing
you to update your browser without any complicated
procedures. Internet Explorer is less safe than its counterparts-
Firefox or Opera.
cont

Links: This is one of the most common methods of

trying to take users to potentially dangerous
websites