SURFACE CHEMISTRY Ori

g in
The Branch of Chemistry which Deals with the Nature of surface"
and Changes occuring on the surfaces is called "surface
Chemistry a ADSORPTION: "The Phenomenon A higher
concentration of molecukh Species (gas or Liquids) in the surface
of a solid than in the bulk
ý called Adsorption." ant z APSORBENT AND
ADSORBATE : The Material m the surface of which Adsorption
takes place ý called Adsorbent, and the
substance that get adsorbed is called Adsorbate. Tani
egit. Adsorption of gas by Charcoal
Adsorbate

Charcoal
(Adsorbent
gas (Adsorbate
gas (Adsorse
Adsorbe
nti 2. Adsorption of water (Adsorbate) by
Silica gel (Adsorbent), en Pitference between
Absorption and Adsorbtion A gon
ABSORPTION
ADSORPTION F 59: 10 It is a Bulk Phenomenon. It is a Surface
Phenomenon. I te the particles of gas or liquid e Higher cone of
particles of gas ar get Uniformly Distributed to Liquid on the surface
than the
throught the body of solides of Bulk of the Solid 2
Absorption occurs at Uniform 2 Adsorption y Raped in the
beginning
datë 23 P a sand its rate Mowly Deco oeg water vapours
are absorbed 3 egin water vapours on silica gel..
cadas o

Types of Adsorption. Based on the Nature of Forces

between I the Adsorbent and Adsorbete. These are two types, n a
0 Physical Adsorbition when the particles of the Adsorbate are pie
held to the surface of the Adsorbent by the physical forces | such
as Vander waals forces, the Adsorption is called Physical
Adsorption of Physiosorption 12 Chemical Adsorption,
when the molecule of the Adsorbate font
are held to the surface of the Adsorbent by the chemical forces the
Adsorption called chemical Adsorption of Chemisorption! eg: 1.
Adsorption of Oz on Tangusten!
J'2. Adsorption of H2 on Nickel,
3. Adsorption of chror on Divided Nickel

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I Difference between Physical and chemical
Adsorption.
Physical Adsorption
Chemical Adsorption 0
it involves Physical forces. It involves transfer of e-between | te
weak Vander Waals forces gas and solid te strong Chemical
Forces.
Hest of Adsorption y between 2 Heat of Adsorption is 8o -
240 KI. par les Reversible
3 It ý not Reversible 2002 @
multilayer are passible in 4 only Monolayer of formed, va
Physical
Adsorption
Sorbtion t
o
ANO 6
It ý not specific in Nature It y highly specific in Nature 2) 6 it takes
place at low temp and © It takes place at relatively high Decrease
with increase in temp temp too fast alors ENTHALPY OF
ADSORPTION The Amount of hest evolved when one mole of
Adsorbate y adsorbed on the surface of an Adsorbent ý: Called
Enthalpy of Adborbtion" Factors on cohich Adsorption Depends: 1
Nature of the Adsorbate : - Easily Liquetiable gases (pe with high b
critical Temp) are readily Adsorbed, as so2, Chy eterat gitt 1 1
Surface Area of Adsorbent: Greater the surface area of adsorbent
 greater in the Adsorption
A
to [13] Temperature Adsorption Decreases with Inorease the
temps
L] Effect of pressure Adsorption of a gas y followed by Decreases
of pressure. Therefore According to Le Chatlien's Binuple The
magnitude of Adsorption decrease with Decrease in Pressure
anch viceversa
Adsorption
Mechanism of Adsorption. Taking the example of the surface of
Platinum Hydrogen molecules are first attracted towards the
surface by weak an der Waals forces and hence
Adsorbed on it. due to the presence of imbalmeed attractive
forces on the surface of the solid The Adsorbed molecules then
Dissogste into atoms which are then chemi sorbed and hence
held strongly we

M
PE-PE
A 1. It pt...
Physical droniz-pt - Chemicals
on Adsorbtion? obt2 pt - Adsorption
pe
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Freundlich Adsorption Isotherin
..., At
Constant temp, the extent of Adsorption of gas (m) in a solid
increases with pressure. A graph betiveen on and the Bessure of a
gas at constant temp i called Adsorption. Isotherm, lug At Low
Presscine. The extent of Adsorption (m) is directlyn A
Proportional to the pressure CA LA
Lap or m -1p-0 wherein 9 :
e mass of Adsorbate 22ETOVÁ
me mass of
Adsorbent luigat High Pressure
t
o coo k - Constantichetby! 147
de a constant or apo i tera p iz; Bessuregr
bsite s or olikip
itatiodid!
623 le this in the intermedate range of pressure a will be depends, e.
Pressure which lies
between trupin the Power of
oto let sto gut
 leptir a brota por bra This Relation y called Frendlich
Adsorption otherm, slabe 9. Taking Logarithms of Both sides of
eg we get det
dag & h = logik + t dog
p a sitif we Plot a graph between dag & and logp, a straight line will
be obtained. The slope of the l'he y equal to y and Intersecept!
4 equal to log in Applications Adsorbtion
al op
T
w
ist 1. Inges Mask: Activated Charcoal is usually used for
Breathing!
in coal mines to Adsorb Poisonous gases. 12. Boduction
of High Vacaum Activated Cherrcoal use for evacuate the lo Versel
einen 13. Control of Humidity, Silica, and Aluminium gels are used
as a I adsorbents for removing motsture and controlling Humidity, 14.
Removal of Colouring Matter from Solution Animal charcoal y use
to remove colours of the solution 15. Heterogerious
catalysis. There are many gaseous reçetions A
Industrial Importance inrotring solid catalysts, es in
Ammonia I formation to use as catalyst Nil in Hydrogenation of ofl.
roshsha 16. Separation of mert gasi a mixture of Noble gases combe
separated I by adsorption in coconut charcoal at Different temp.
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17. Froth Floatation Bocess: sulphide ore y concentrated by a I
separating it from silice and other earthy Meatter by this method
Using Pine oil and Frothing agents a s so 18. Adsorption
Indicator, silver halides have the Boperty of | Adsorbing some dyes
elke easin, fluorescein. 9. Chromatographie Analysis; Based on the
phenom enon of Adsoptions
COLLOIDAL STATE OF MATTER b. According to
Thomas Graham (1861) The solute which could pass
through the Parchment Membrane called crystalloids (eg salt sugar:
vrea etc) while, which Donot pass easily through it lag starch,
gim,
glue, gelatin) Called colloids. But this classification is not
satisfactory because a particular substance would be Crystalloid
in one solvent and a colloid in
the other foreg: in agucory soth Nad y crystalloid while in benzene
it behave as colloid. After Further studies of Beherioul of Solutes
have shown that the Nature of the substance whether
Colloid or crystalloid Depends upon the particle
size, Now size of particles between 16-9 to loomade
t artnim sto looo,
nim Thelm
o
less than tnm -> Crystalloyd. a-colloid
 Ý Not a substance but it is a state of a substance
which depends upon the molecular size for Tybes of solution.
Based on the Partical size in the solution. Solutim ase three types :
4
Sterke vises
1) True solution: It y a Homogenous solution. The particle size I T
less than him (109m eg sugar in water
in (2) Colloidal Solution. It is a Heterogenous Mixture. The fa
between inml169m) to 1000 nm/166m). eg
milk (3) Suspension: It y a Heterogenous mixture. The particle Sizes 1 The
more than 1000 nm Particles are visible to naked eye
a or under microscope eg Dust Particle in
water Phases of Colloidal Solh: Colloidal solution
in
cons. Phases. ist [a]
Dispersed Phase. It is the component present in small!
hepostin Proportion just like solute in Solution. eg colloidal
Solution R Silver in watet b] Dispersion Medium: The
medlem in which Displexsed Phese ptrare dispessed. This is
just like Solvent in the solution
- P2 - 6 s s3 bi bep o Phó (2)
pooinooit dispersion Medium (water)
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ILYOPHILIC COLOIDS. The colloidal Solution in which the
particles of
the Dispersed Phase have a great affinity for the Dispersion
medium
a

are called Lyophilic Colloids. These solution are easily formed

and Reversible in Nature eg zums, geletin, Sterrch, Protein etc.
LYOPHOBIC COLLOIDS: The colloidal Solution in which there is no
Affinity between particles of the Dispersed Phase and the
Dispersion medium. Such Solutions are formed with Distiultly.
These are in eversible in Nature eg, sols of gold, silver, Fe(OH)3,
Asoz ete r d
Classification of colloids Based on type of particles of Dispersed
Phose! (1) Macromolecular colloids. The particles of Dispersed
Phase have...
the size of Colloidal Range. These colloids are quite stable tidale
ej. Starch, cellulose, protein, Manmade- (Nylon, polythene,
synthetic Rubber) (2) Multimolecular colloids. A large number of
atoms or molecules
• Coiameter <inm) of a substance on Dissolution Aggregate
together I to form species having size in the colloidal Range. Such species
are Called; Multimolecular collords, eg. Sulphur Sol, Platinum sol,
Goldsol . (3) Associated Colloids. These are the certain Substance
which pretive as Normal Electrolyte at low concentration but behave
as
 Collolds at higher concentration due to formation of
aggregated it Particles. These are also called Mis celles, eges
Preparation of colloidal Solutions; Lyophilic colloidal solution are
readily formed by simple miting the Dispersed Phase and Dispersion
meatum under ordinary conditions ep. Sekitim,gum esten Lyophobic
Colloidal Solution com not Prepers by Direct mixing. It can be Done
by mainly too Methods ul condensation Methods [2]. Dosperceim.
Methods
3Peptizatimenta, [17
Condensation Methods: These methods involve the Joining togethal I
☆ a large flotteut Humber of small molecules to form partides of
colloidal size. This y done
by rou [] By Chemical Reçetión;
oxidation: A Colloidal Sol of sulphur is obtained by
Bubblling Has gas through bromien water H2S + Bir QHbras i
Reduction: colloidal sol of Metals are obtained by reduction of
their
compounds, daudz + 3 Sncz-> BSndly to sol (iii) Hydrolysis:
felong and Alloy), sols are obtained by Bolling sölu tons
of their corresponding chlondes eg. Feel
+360 libi By Change of Physical state
Rent 3HY mercury Sol ure obtained by passing their Vapours
through cold water containing a suitable stabilizer such as
Ammonium salt.
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fie Batam
(2] Dispersion Methods ar Disintegration Methods:
These methods involve the breaking of the Bigger partides to
Colloidal size. This can be done by following way.. Isar Mechanical
Dispersion. In this methed the substance i first. | Ground to Caarre
particles. ait y then mixed with the Dispersion
medium to get suspenslon. The suspension ý then grinded in a la
Colloidal mille [b] Electrical Dispersion [ Bredia Axess Methed] to
tho i to
This methed ŷ Employed for obtaining colloidal solution of metallike.
A4, Ag, Pt etc. The metal whose solly to be Bepare of y made as
electrodes immersed in Dispersion medium (water) containing
suitable Stabilizer (KOH). An electric Arc y Produced between Rods
of metal, 11.
Immersed in water,
my metal Electrodes, y
van suspension has to lifear Blectric Are
 obschoge bod [colloidal, mby] metalbise 1329886 pentru
[ Bredig's Masthed] repligation
Peptization of a Bocess of conversion a fresh Precipitate into colloidal
solution by Shaking it with a Dispersion medium thal the presence of
small amount of suitable electroly to the electrolyte Used. For this
purpose y called Peptising Agents o f shifallas leg. A cheddish brown
colloidal Solh y obtained by adding Small Ouentity
of Real Soth to the freshly prepared Ppt of Felong
Fec/3. 0 0
Looks +
Ppt of rely), o
Colloidal soth of Feon3 mub. |
Purification of Colloidal Solutim
u
al data
© Dialysis: The Process of removing a Dissolved substance
(Crystallotes)
From a colloidal Solution by mean's A Diffusion through
a suitable membrane y called Dialysis. Its Principle. ý based upon il
the fact that colloidal Partides cannot pass through a Parchment or
cellophane membrane while the electrolyte casi pass through it. [2].
Electrodialysis the Bocess of Dialysts i Onite slow. It can be made
Faster by applying an electric field it the dissolved substance is only
electrolyte. The Processay called Electrodialysts. The on Resent in solh"
 migrate out to the oppositelly changed electrodes and
on

(
ultrafiltration. This y Done by Parsing colloidal solution through &
fitters of Unglazed Porcelain called Ultrafilters, it a show!

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Properties A Colloidal
Solutions (17 Physical
properties?
ater. The colloidal Solutions are
Heterogenous (ar Heterogenous character in Nature consisting of two
phase that A i Dispersion medium and (2) Dispersed phase.. 1 [b]
Stability Colloidal sols are suite stable. Ici Filtrability Collohdal Sol con
pass through ordimoy Filter Papers
However they can not pass through Andmal and begetable
membranes and ultrasilter Papers, at Colligstire properties. The value of
colligative properties are of 1 Small order as compare to the value
shown by true solution
at same concentration. 30 [2]
Mechanical property[ Brownian
Movements
A continuous Zig-Zag movement of the colloidal Particles in a
colloidal Solution is called Bosoconism movement. It Does not
depends upon the Nature of collola ut Depends up on the size and
viscosity of 1 of Sol? (Smaller the size and Lesser the riscosity,
Faster if the movement).

bila tiba
Movement [3] optical Property Tyndall Effect]: The Phenomenon of
seattering)
A Light by colloidal Partices as a result of which the path of
the Beam becomes visible i called Týndall Effect. The illuminated
Path & Beam ý called Tyndall conect icelor
!
Tyndall effect observed only when the following two Conditions are
Satisfied is the diameter of the Dispersed particles À not much
smaller as compared
to the wave length of the light used (U Thereya, Large
Difference in the refractive indices of the dispersed I Phase and
Dispersion Medium sine 147 Electrical Property [Electrophoresis]:
The Movement the colloidal
Partical Under the influence of an electric field y called
electrophorens, orcataphoresis. If the Particles more and
Accumulate neer the fire electrode the charge on the particles is
Positive on the other hand if the Sol Particles accumulate near the
tive Electrode, the change on the particles of Negative.. .)

L yndall Effects on til Before ). After Electropop eg.

Negative sol] .. Tres Positive Solg l asa I'metal Particks (es ce, Ag,
A4 Sof) Metal Hydroxide (Fe 6223 Alloh, Gonal 4. metal Sulphides Les.
As $3, eds) 2. Hydrated Merloxide. [Al203 svrhe, Roojast) 3 Starch,
gum, gelation, Charcoal Gols, / 3. Haemoglabta - | 4. Acidic Dyes
Ceesin, Congo Red) 4. Basic Dyes. [methykar Blue]
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Coagulation of Colloidal Solution: The Process of settling A
Colloidal Particles by addition of the excess of an electrolyte if
Called Coagulation, or Flocculation in Mechanism: The stability of
the Colloidal sol y due to the presence of Charge on colloidal
partides if somehow the charge y removed the particles will come nearer
to each other to form ggrego (coagulate) and settle down under the force
of gravity t o
DASS Sol Alvesol) Å Coagulated by addition of Bad Solution
 the five
charge of As2S3 Particles of Neutralised
by Bq 2+ Tom. Preet3 vouc
& Felona solh (Ainesol) is Coagulsted by ci Fon of addition of Bach
Soth
po
nte Do 2014
Balles
t
ibson

Pefones solh a ttu Flocculating ton: The Ion

Responsible for Neutralization of Chargeon the colloidal Borland
Ý called coagulating in or Floccabiting fom. Flocculating Value:
The minimum No of millimoles of electrolyte required to cargulite /
Litre of Colloidal Solh ý called Floccultion value coaguliting/power
of an Electrolyte & Flocculating,
a Flocculating/coagulasty Values V PS
0 Comt
1*Hardy-schulze Law, Greater & the Valency of the Corgubiting or
a
Flocculation for greater of its coagulating Power En g ar For
Coagulation of the sotha Alstmg27 Nat stranter t o
Fos Coagulation of tive Sol - pois 50% a t l a shan
Protective Action Lyophilic Colévidson
 It has been observed that Lyophobie Sol Like Metal sol
(Agiau) are chistable and are easily Predibitated by addition R
electrolyters. The addition of certain Lyophilic Colloids like gims,
soaps, gelatine, to Lyophobic colloids Prevent the Coagulation of
Lyophobic collsior by the addition of electrolytes! T Rocess i k
hown as Botection of colloids. Anə the Lyophilic
Colloids called Protective colloids.... g. It alittle gelatine i
added to a gold Sol, it y No longer Coagulsted by the Addition
of Nay Solution. Here gebeitin y Protective colloyd end gold
Protected Colloid,
Gold Number: The Number of milligrams of a Protective
collod which I must be added to 10 ml-given Gold sol so that it ů
Just Berested from
coagulation by addition of ime of 10% Nach Solutions Knocon as
the
Gold No of Protective colloid 1 smaller the gold
Number of Lyophidic Sol, higher will be its
Hotecting Power Solom o n Isml
Le 2 Haemoglobina 0103-0.070lt SA1361 [ 32 . Potato Starehe
20-2500 mg) SA

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 Emulsity Agent
:
Other Methods of coagulation: (1) By Mutual precipitation
when two oppositely charged sols such
as relong and As Sz are mixed in equimolecular
Proportions ther mitually neutralise thief charge and both get
coagulsted, (2) By persistent Dialysis. The stability of colloidal
Sol is due to the
Presence of small amount of electrolyte. If the electrolyte y a
completely removed by repeated shalysis. The particles will get
Coagulated
the colloidal Particles move
towards oppositely 1621 Electrobhoresis: The colloidal Particles more
towards other
Charged electrode, get Neutralised and
coagulated, EMULSION:- Emulsim are the Colloidal Solution of
two
 immiscible Liquids. in which Both Dispessed Phase and
Dispersies Medrip Lose. Ч ә6,
Emulsion of generally stable and it is stabilized by adding
suitable Substance called emulsifiey or Emulsifying Agent O
p
hiopita Examples Emulsion
Emulsity Asert
? . D/W
Type - Gums, Proteins, Soaps
.. w/o type in Heary Metal Selts of Fatty Acids ,
Long Chain Alcoholy Tybesef Emulsione Emulsions are two Types.
1 oil in water [ow]: in colich oll is the Dispersed Phase and water
Dispersion Medium. eg. milk, Fat (P), Water (DM),
Vanishing Gream. [2] water in oil [w/o]: in which water f the
Dispersed Phese and only
Dispersion Medium, eg. Butter, Cold Cream, Cod Liver
ollo a tak GEL-When Dispessed Phase y Liquid and Dispersion
medium i solid
yarthe Colloidal System thus formed i known as Gel L es Cheese,
Boot Polish , Jellies, gum;? : 1 Geils are two types of 10. Elastic Gel -
Have the property of Elasticity, es, gelatin, starch, Agar Agar lii).
Non Elastic Gel: These are rigid.ej. Sklici Gelin
MICELLES : Certain Substance which behave as Normal Strong
Electrolyte at Loco concentration but behave as colloids at higher
cone dueto to
 Aggregate of Particles called micelles as Associated
Colloids, eg sopps. Critical Miscellisation concentration (CMC):
The Formation of micelles takes place only above a Particular
Concentration called critical micelle concentration (ene) Kraft
Temperature (Ts). The formation of micelles takes place only
above a particular temperature called Kraft Temp (TE) sihat
Explain the Following terms: 117 Alcosol:- It is a colloidal Dispersion
herring alcohol as the Disbessies Möbiu.
Jacobol. ery. Collodim Cacolloidalso of cellulosenitoste
in ethyl alcohol) [2] Aerosol:- It is a colloidal Dispersion of Liquid in
a gas eg. Fog! 137 Hydrosol:- It Ý a colloidal Sol of solid in water as
the Dispersion Medium
eg. starch sol, Gold
sol.

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1

Application of colloids: [A] in Everyday Life: (1) Medicines:

1. Argyroly a silvers of used as eyetation,
n o
g le si mukof Magnesia aliyedas. Antaedi ib o
to 112) Food Articles: ef. milk, Butler, Ice creams, Fruit Juices,
Halwa.
3. colloidal Antimony - curing
Kalazar in (3) Fog Mist and cloud clouds are aerosols consisting A
Small Droplets l of water suspended in thair (4) Formation of Delta :-
River water contains cherged colloidal Partides at
clay, sand and many other materials, Seewater contains Noof
electrolytes whes I River water meets the sea water the electrolyte Present
in sea water?
Coagulate the colloidal solh of clay. Thus the level of the river
bedrises! I As a result Delta y formed in Due course of time. (5) Blue colour of
sky: This į Due to the scattering of light by colloidal I Dust particles
besent in air (Tyndall Effect) Blue colour of the white ! I sunlight has
minimum ware length, it shows more intense scattering I hence sky
looks BluR a
soa
p Sol (6) Cleansing action of soap
y a colloidal Solh, nt mine
17 Blood. Its a colloidal Solh of albuminoida no 11B7 Industrial
Applications (1) sewage Disposal: sewage Disposal contains Dust
Particles Suspended I in water Sewage water passed through the pletes
kept at high potentiall I in a big tank colloidal Particles are coagulsted
and suspended matter I get Remored bi Puridisk Drinking water.
Drinking water can be purified by
Precipitation of suspended impurities by adding centain
efectoplytes eliké alumete (3) Smoke becipitation: Smoke ya Colloidal
System in which carbon
suspended in air, the charge on Carbon
partides To Partides are
 y
Neutralised by Bringing them in contact with the oppositely charged
1. metal plate. This precipitation of Smoke partides i cassied out by
?
he Presbitator
s hopäd
s
on Ir Photograbiy: Colloidal Solhof Ag Br in Geletine i applied on
glass Plates
or celluloid films to form Sensitive Plates in Photography
SCOA E Tamming in Leather Industry. The process of Hardening
of Leather
knoconas tanning.
Di d es o (6) Rubber
Industry Latex is a colloidal Soth of five charged Rubber sina I
Particles, from Latex Rubber com be obtained by coagulation ANA
TEA Colloidal Industrial Boducts. No of industrial Boducts we usern
our Daily life. eg. inks, Paints, Rubber, cement, synthetic Plastic
etc.
P

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 MOCS

CATALYST : The Substance which alter the rate of a chemical Resetion !

To without being used up itself is called a catalyst. The
Phenomenost of increasing the rate of reaction by the use of Catalyst
i Called Catalysis Promoters and Poisons: "Promoters are
substances that enhance the activity of a catalyst? while poisons
Decrease the activity of a catalyst. es. N2 + 3 12 Feb 2NH3 here
Molybdenum acts as a roll Promoter for foon which is used as a
catalyst
Catalysis com be divided into two Groups [A]
Homogenous Catalysis when the resetants and the Ratalyst are
in the same Phase the process y said to be Homogenous
catalysis. efili 050207 0269) Nolby 2 $0368
2. CH3COOCH34) +HOU) Helly CH3 Cook(ag) + CH3OH
Con
3. G2 H220 lat H2O(1) Hadoul CH12O6 (ag) + C6H12 (9) [B]
Heterogenous catalysis. When the reactants and the catalyst
are in Different Phases i known as Hetrogenous
catalysis, ejo d $0.92 - PED> 290367)
© Nogte 344260) Fesy 2 NAdB) ♡ Vegetable oilice) +1264)
Nice > Vegetable Ghee (sy n ta Adsorption Theory of
Heterogeneous Catalysty
The mechanism Involves fire steps. ( Diffusion A Reactants to
the surface of catalyst.. [2] Adsorption of reactents to the surface of
Catalist for chemical reretion takes place in the surface of heated Catalyst
at I through formation of Intermediate, a [4] Desorption of product
molecules from the Supface of Catalyst. [5] Diffusion of the Boduct
away from the surface of Certalyst a 1-8-88 +A+B Adsorption of
4-do-bal
eting Reacting Molecules o
e
Regetin
g
letalyst
Subace
harting Free Valenies
molecules
A-B < Product
Molecules
e
I catalyst
Desorption of 9-9-9
& Boduct molecules o o o b men
Produc
t
Intermedia
te Important features of solid Catalysts: (A) Activity of a Catalyst:
The ability of a Catalyst to Increase the
 state of a reaction is called catálytic Activity: 126]
Selectivity of a catalyst: The ability of a catalyst to Dierecte
a reaction to give a particular Product is called Selectivity te the
action of Catalyst in Highly specific Agiven catalyst actas catalyst
only in a particular reaction and not in all reactions, AT
)

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Zealites.or, Shape Selective. Catadystys
The Catalytic reaction that Depends upon the Pore structure of the 1
Catalyst and the size of the herctent and Product molecules et sa
called Shape-selective catalysis... Zeolites are good shape -
selective catalyst because of their
Honey Comb-like structure. They are microporous Aluminosilicates with
three Dimentional Network of Silicatesoran es, ZSM-5 used in
Petrochemical Industry it comerts Alcohols Directly into
gasoline by dehydration ENZYME CATALYsis: "Enzymes are
Biological Catalyst Broduced by
Liring cells which catalyze the Biochemical Reretions in
living organi Enzymes are botein Molecules of High molecular
mass and form Colloidal Solutimeaith watete So Inversion of
Come Sugar, G2 42 2011 +420 Invertasey CH1 206+ GHIROL
page
cane sugat
o Grlucose
"Fructose I Connessionaf Glucose into Ethyl Alcohol Choog Zymase
52624801 72002! 1 Decomposition fures NH CO MM, + H20 Urease
> 21H3+; coz ni 5. 16 C12H220, +420 Maltase 2 C6H12O6
1 912 22011 7 120
e est cogebar
maltose"
G licose 1271
116) In stomachi Proteins, Pepsin > Peptides

10 In Intestine: Proteins Trybsins Amino Acid dolphin 1 Conversion

of milk into Cairoli Milk Lacto Bacillis cuid
Mechanism of Enzyme catalysis [Lock And key Mechanism a ant
The enzyme Catalysed Reactions may be considésed to boceed in two Steps
(i) Binding of Enzyme to substrate to form an activated Complex waral
Ets-> ES stil Decomposition of the activated
Complex to form Boduct, durant
Azonesite ES
ir vecuma
version of come sugas? ne
VEL

Enzyme] substrate Enzyme substrate its Enzyme

Products
 Ets (E-s femp
Et p hotos 1
Characteristics of Enzyme Catalysis & 11. Most Highly Efficient one
million molecules of resctant per minute.
te small ouantity of enzyme insufficient for a
large change. 1 (2) Highly specific Nesture" ane certalyst comnat Catalyse
more than one) -
hesction..! They are highly Active under
optimumtemp 35 to 40°c. and optimum. (4) their Activity is increased
in the presence of certain substances known
as co-enzyme [it is a small Non kotein part along with enzyme]
and a
Activator Emetal Zomis such as Neat, Most, 4427, cozt
edey! (5). Their efficiency & Decreased in presence of electrolytes
Kopion as Inhibitors
or Poisons.

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