MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

VIDYAVARDHINI’S
BHAUSAHEB VARTAK POLYTECHNIC

MICRO PROJECT
Academic year:2021-2022

TITLE OF PROJECT
Hardness Testing
Program/ Code: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (0093) Semester: THIRD

Course/Code: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MATERIALS(22343)

Name Candidate: GROUP-11

Roll .no: (941-944) Enrolment .No:

Name of Faculty:.Vincent Periera

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that : GROUP-11

Roll No: (941-944) of THIRD Semester of Diploma in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

of Institute, BHAUSAHEB VARTAK POLYTECHNIC (Code : 0093) has completed the
Micro-Project satisfactorily in Course: MEM(22343) for the academic year 2021-
2022 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: VASAI Enrollment No: ……………………………………..

Date: 28/12/2021 Exam. Seat No: …………………………………….

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of Institution

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 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
ANNEXURE –I
MICRO PROJECT PROPOSAL
Academic Year : 2021-2022 Program: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING(0093)
Course& Code: MME(22343) Semester: THIRD
Title of the Project : Screw thread

Name of Faculty: VINCENT PERIERA

Course Outcomes addressed:

a)Identify properties of materials.

b. Select relevant ferrous materials for mechanical components.

c. Select relevant cast iron for the engineering application.

d. Use non-ferrous metals for mechanical components.

e. Suggest relevant advanced materials for mechanical components.

f. Select relevant heat treatment process.

ACTION PLAN

Sr. Details Of Activity Planned Planned Name of

No. Start Finish Responsible
Date Date Team
Member
1 Planning and finalization of topic 15-10-2021 20-10-2021 Vedant Avinash
Vaity
2 Submission of report 16-10-2021 17-12-2021

NAMES OF TEAM MEMBERS:

Sr. No Roll Name of the Student Marks out of 6 Marks out of 4 for Total out
No. for individual performance of 10
performance in (D5 Col. 9)
group activity
(D5 Col. 8)
1. 941 Vinit Vasudev Mayekar
2. 942 Vedant Avinash Vaity
3. 943 Avinash Raghunath Jadhav
4. 944 Tushar Ajay Rathod

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NAME & SIGNATURE OF FACULTY

4
 MICRO PROJECT EVALUATION SHEET
Annexure IV

Institute Code: (0093) Academic Year: 2021-2022

Program: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Course & Code: MEM(22343)
Name Of Candidate: GROUP-11 Roll No: (941-944) Seat No.

Semester: THIRD Name Of Faculty:Vincent Pereira

Sr. Characteristic To Be Poor Average Good Excellent Sub Total

No. Assessed (Marks (Marks (Marks (Marks
1 - 3) 4– 5) 9 – 10) 9 -10)
(A) Process And Product Assessment (Convert Above Total Marks Out Of 6 Marks)
1. Relevance To The
Course
2. Literature Review/
Information Collection
3. Completion Of Target
As Per Project Proposal
4. Analysis Of Data And
Representation
5. Quality Of The
Prototype / Model
6. Report Presentation
(B) Individual Presentation/ Viva (Convert Above Total Marks Out Of 4 60
Marks) 06
7. Presentation
8. Viva
20
MARKS OUT OF 04

Process and Product

Individual Presentation / Viva Total Marks
Assessment
( 4 Marks ) (10 Marks)
(6 Marks)

Signature of Staff

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 MICRO PROJECT REPORT
Annexure II

Title of Micro Project : HARDNESS TESTER

Rationale :
With the advances made in the field of material science millions of materials are now
available to cater various need of mankind. These needs and service conditions dictate the
properties to be developed in the materials therefore the subject mechanical engineering
materials has attracted lot of attention. Materials like ferrous and non ferrous metals,
polymer, ceramics and composites are widely used in verity of engineering applications. This
course deals with these materials along with advance materials, their metallurgical
considerations, heat treatment processes, structure property relationship and applications.
This course will enable diploma engineering students to identify variety of material and their
selection for various applications.

Resources /References Used

1. www.google.com
2. www.wikipedia.org
3. https://what-when-how.com

Skills Developed / Learning Outcomes of Micro- Project

1. Working as leader member.

2. Follow ethical practices.
3. Practice good house keeping.

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 WEEKLY ACTIVITY SHEET
Institute Code: (0093) Academic Year:2021-2022
Program: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Course & Code : MEM(22343)
Name Of Candidate: GROUP-11 Roll No: (941-944)
Semester: THIRD Name Of Faculty: Vincent Periera

Sr. No WEEK ACTIVITY PERFORMED SIGN OF GUIDE DATE

1. st Discussion and finalization of topic 27/11/21

1
2. nd Literature review 29/11/21
2
3. rd Collection of Data 2/12/21
3
4. th Collection of Data 5/12/21
4
5. th Discussion and outline of Content 7/12/21
5
6. th Formulation of Content 9/12/21
6
7. th Editing and Proof reading of Content 11/12/21
7
8. th Compilation of report 15/12/21
8
9. th Report Presentation 18/12/21
9
10. th Final submission of Micro-Project 28/12/21
10

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 INDEX

SR.N PAGE
CONTENT
O NO.

1
Hardness Testing 8

2
Rockwell hardness testing 11

3
Brinell hardness testing 12

4
References 14

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 1:-HARDNESS TESTING
Hardness is a characteristic of a material, not a fundamental physical
property. It is defined as the resistance to indentation, and it is
determined by measuring the permanent depth of the indentation.

More simply put, when using a fixed force (load)* and a given indenter,
the smaller the indentation, the harder the material. Indentation hardness
value is obtained by measuring the depth or the area of the indentation
using one of over 12 different test methods.

Hardness testing is used for two general characterizations

1.Material Characteristics
• Test to check material
• Test hardenability
• Test to confirm process 
• Can be used to predict Tensile strength

2. Functionality
• Test to confirm ability to function as designed.
• Wear Resistance
• Toughness
• Resistance to impact

Hardness Testing Considerations

The following sample characteristics should be consider prior to
selecting the hardness testing method to use:

• Material
• Sample Size
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• Thickness
• Scale
• Shape of sample, round, cylindrical, flat, irregular
• Gage R & R

Material
The type of material and expected hardness will determine test method.
Materials such as hardened bearing steels have small grain size and can
be measured using the Rockwell scale due to the use of diamond
indenters and high PSI loading. Materials such as cast irons and powder
metals will need a much larger indenter such as used with Brinell scales.
Very small parts or small sections may need to be measured on a
microhardness tester using the Vickers or Knoop Scale.

When selecting a hardness  scale, a general guide is to select the scale

that specifies the largest load and the largest indenter possible without
exceeding defined operation conditions and accounting for conditions
that may influence the test result.  

Sample Size 
The smaller the part, the lighter the load required to produce the required
indentation. On small parts, it is particularly important to be sure to meet
minimum thickness requirements and properly space indentations away
from inside and outside edges. Larger parts need to be fixtured properly
to ensure secure placement during the test process without the chance
for movement or slippage. Parts that either overhang the anvil or are not
easily supported on the anvil should be clamped into place or properly
supported. 

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Cylindrical Samples
A correction to a test result is needed when testing on cylinder shapes
with small diameters due to a difference between axial and radial
material flow. Roundness correction factors are added to your testing
result based on the diameter of convex cylinder surfaces. Additionally, it
is important to maintain a minimum spacing equal to 2~1/2 times the
indentation's diameter from an edge or another indentation. 

Sample Thickness 
Your sample should have a minimal thickness that is at least 10x (ten
times) the indentation depth that is expected to be attained. There are
minimum, allowable thickness recommendations for regular and
superficial Rockwell methods 

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 2.Rockwell Hardness Test Method
The Rockwell hardness test method, as defined in ASTM E-18, is the
most commonly used hardness test method.

The Rockwell test is generally easier to perform, and more accurate

than other types of hardness testing methods. The Rockwell test
method is used on all metals, except in condition where the test metal
structure or surface conditions would introduce too much variations;
where the indentations would be too large for the application; or
where the sample size or sample shape prohibits its use.

The Rockwell method measures the permanent depth of indentation

produced by a force/load on an indenter. First, a preliminary test force
(commonly referred to as preload or minor load) is applied to a
sample using a diamond or ball indenter. This preload breaks through
the surface to reduce the effects of surface finish. After holding the
preliminary test force for a specified dwell time, the baseline depth of
indentation is measured.

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 3.Brinel Hardness Tester
The Brinell hardness test method as used to determine Brinell hardness,
is defined in ASTM E10. Most commonly it is used to test materials that
have a structure that is too coarse or that have a surface that is too rough
to be tested using another test method, e.g., castings and forgings.
Brinell testing often use a very high test load (3000 kgf) and a 10mm
diameter indenter so that the resulting indentation averages out most
surface and sub-surface inconsistencies.

The Brinell method applies a predetermined test load (F) to a carbide

ball of fixed diameter (D) which is held for a predetermined time period
and then removed. The resulting impression is measured with a specially
designed Brinell microscope or optical system across at least two
diameters – usually at right angles to each other and these results are
averaged (d). Although the calculation below can be used to generate the
Brinell number, most often a chart is then used to convert the averaged
diameter measurement to a Brinell hardness number.
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14
Typically the greatest source of error in Brinell testing is the
measurement of the indentation. Due to disparities in operators making
the measurements, the results will vary even under perfect conditions.
Less than perfect conditions can cause the variation to increase greatly.
Frequently the test surface is prepared with a grinder to remove surface
conditions.

The jagged edge makes interpretation of the indentation difficult.

Furthermore, when operators know the specifications limits for rejects,
they may often be influenced to see the measurements in a way that
increases the percentage of “good” tests and less re-testing.

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 4.References:-
1.www.google.com
2.www.wikipedia.org
3.https://what-when-how.com

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