GENERAL PHYSICS 1

WAVES WEEK 3 (SECOND QUARTER)

I. CONTENT STANDARD
IV. MOTIVATION
In this module, you will learn about the key concepts in motion along a straight Sa isang pangungusap;
line and motions in two and three dimensions.
1. Ibigay ang inyong opinion tungkol sa VIBRATION(OSCILLATION).
II. LEARNING OUTCOMES 2. Ano ang ELASTIC SOLID?
3. Ano ang PERIOD?
At the end of this module the learners are expected to: 4. Magbigay ng mga halimbawa ng VIBRATION o OSCILLATION na nakikita at
nangyayari sa loob ng inyong bahay.
1. relate the amplitude, frequency, angular frequency, period, displacement,
velocity, and acceleration of oscillating systems;
2. recognize the necessary conditions for an object to undergo simple harmonic V. INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY
motion; and,
3. calculate the period and frequency of spring mass, simple pendulum, and CONCEPT IN A BOX
physical pendulum.

HOW TO LEARN FROM THIS MODULE

Here are simple guide for you to how to use and learn this module.
1. Read and follow instructions carefully.
2. Take the pre-test(the number of items varies depending on the topic)
3. Check your answers against the correct answers provided at the last page
of the module.
4. Be honest in taking the test so that you will know how much knowledge
you learned about the topic.
5. Perform all the activities, as this will help you a better understanding of the
topic.
6. Take the self-test at the end of each lesson to determine how much you
learned about the lesson.
7. Take the post-test to assess how much you learned in this module.

III. INTRODUCTION

The learners are able to... Solve, using experimental and theoretical approaches,
multiconcept, rich-context problems involving measurement, vectors, motions in 1D, 2D,
and 3D, Newton’s Laws, work, energy, center of mass, momentum, impulse, and collisions.

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Lesson 8.1
PERIODIC MOTION
Main Idea; A restoring force causes periodic motion.
What causes periodic motion?

Periodic motion refers to motion that are repeated at regular intervals of time.
Examples of periodic motion are movement of the hands of a clock, the pendulum in a
grandfather’s clock, a rocking chair, hearthbeat, the rotation of the blades of electric fan,
and the movement of Earth about its axis and about the sun
Ang isang bagay na sumasailalim sa periodic motion ay palaging nasa stable o
matatag na equilibrium position.
Ang equilibrium position, or tinatawag din na resting position, is the position
assumed by the body when it is NOT vibrating.

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The equilibrium position is represented by by position O of the girl in the Simple Harmonic Motion
swing in figure8-1.When the girl is displaced from its equilibrium position to
position A , a restoring force (gravity) acts on it to pull it back toward position O. Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a type of periodic motion where the
restoring force is proportional to the displacement of the body from its
A restoring force is a force that tends to restore a body from its equilibrium position. This restoring force acts in a direction opposite that of the
displacement to its equilibrium position O, the body has gained a kinetic energy, displacement. In equation,
overshoots this position, moves, and stops somewhere on the other side (position
B). Fs = -kx Eq. (8.3)

The body is again pulled back towards equilibrium. Vibrations about this Where Fs is the restoring force or spring force, x is the displacement from
equilibrium position results only from the action of the restoring force. equilibrium position, and k is the proportionality constant. The negative sign
The amplitude (A) of vibration is the maximum position O to position A simply means that the restoring force and displacement are oppositely directed.
or from position O to position B.
The direct proportionality between the restoring force and displacement
The period (T) of a body in periodic motion is the time required to make distinguishes simple harmonic motion from other types of vibratory motion.
a complete to-and-fro motion. One complete to-and-pro motion is called a cycle. Systems exhibiting simple harmonic motion are called simple harmonic oscillators
Refering to to figure 8-1, the motion of the swing from position A to position B
and back to position A is one cycle.
Simple Harmonic Oscillator
Period is usually expressed in seconds.
The simpliest form of simple harmonic oscillator is a body of mass m
Frequency (f) is the number of cycles per unit time. Its SI unit is hertz, oscillating on one end of an elastic spring also known as the mass-spring system.
abbreviated as Hz. One hertz is equal to one cycle per second. Frequency is the Figure 8-2 on the next page, shows that at:
reciprocal of period.
(a). equilibrium position, the spring offers NO restoring force.
F = 1/T Eq (8.1)
(b). if the spring is stretched, the displacement is positive and the restoring force
is negative.
Sometimes angular frequency (ω) is used instead of frequency. Angular (c). if the spring is compressed, the displacement is negative but the restoring
frequency is commonly expressed in radian per second. force is positive.
The relationship between angular frequency and frequency is given by
Note that the mass if the spring is negligible to the amount of stretching or
ω = 2πf or ω = 2π/T Eq (8.2) compressing force.

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An external force can cause objects, like springs, to stretch or compress by a The force constant k is the measure of the stiffness of the spring. A small value of
certain dispalcement x (figure 8.3). This force is numerically equal to the restoring force but k indicates that the spring is can be easily stretched or compressed. In other words, spring
opposite in direction. Thus, with lesser spring constants will have a greater displacements than those with large spring
constants for the same amount of force applied.
F = kx Eq.(8.4)

The proportionality constant k is called the force constant of the spring. It is the
force needed to produce a unit of elongation or compression of the spring and has a unit
of N/m.

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a = F/m = -kx/m Eq. (8.8)

Energy, Velocity, and Acceleration of a Simple Harmonic Oscillator
Note that the acceleration is maximum if the displacement x is maximum,
The total mechanical energy of a mass-spring system is the sum of its which is equal to the amplitude
potential and kinetic energies. In symbols,

EM = U + K = ½ kx2 + ½ mv2 Eq.

(8.5) Sample Problem 8.2

Where v is the velocity at a distance x from its equilibrium position. As

long as there is NO friction, the total mechanical energy of the system remains A simple harmonic oscillator consisting of 2.5 kg body is attatched to the
constant. spring with a force constant of 275 N/m. its maximum speed is o.65 m/s. Find its
(a) amplitude and (b) maximum acceleration
When an object is at its maximum displacement (amplitude), its velocity,
and hence the kinetic energy is zero. In this case, displacement x is replaced by
amplitude A. The total energy will then be, Solution:

E = ½ kA2 a. Note that the velocity of the oscillator will be maximum if x=0.
Manipulating Eq. (8.7) to solve for A and substituting values.
Note that the total amount of mechanical energy is conserved. Thus,
A = v√ m/k
½ kA2 = ½ kx2 + ½ mv2 Eq. (8.6) = 0.65 m/s √ 275 N/m2/ 2.5 kg
= 0.062 m.
Using Eq. (8.6). we can express speed as the function of position,

b. Note that the acceleration is maximum if the displacement is maximum

v = √ k/m (A2 – x2) Eq. (equal to the amplitude). Using Eq. (8.8),
(8.7)
A = -kx/m
Note that the speed is maximum when x = 0 or at the equilibrium A = absolute value of –k/m(A) = 275 n/m /2.5 kg x 0.062 m
position A = 6.8 m/s2

The acceleration of a simple harmonic oscillator as a function of position

may be obtained using Newton’s second law of motion.

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PENDULUM
Sample problem 8.3
A pendulum is any object which can swing freely from a pivot point under the
When a 2.5 kg object is suspended from a spring, the spring is stretches by 0.05 influence of gravity. It may be simple or physical.
meter.
(a). What is its force constant?
(b). If the suspended mass is set into vibration, what will be its frequency?

Solution:

a. Manipulating Eq. (8.4) solve for k and substituting values,

k = F/x = mg/x = 2.5 kg (9.8 m/s2) ÷ 0.05 = 490 N/m

b. Using Eq. (8.12),

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A simple pendulum consist of a concentrated mass called the bob 3. The period is independent of the mass of the bob.
suspended by a light thread and attatched to a fixed support as shown in the 4. The period is independent of the angular amplitude if angular
figure 8-6. displacement is small, say less than or equal to 10o.

When the bob is is pulled to one side and released, the motion is, strictly
speaking, NOT simple harmonic because the bob executes a to-and-pro motion
in a circular path.
Furthermore, the restoring force F is equal to the component of the
weight that is tangent to the arc s, that is,

F = mg sinθ
Sample Problem 8.5
For motion to be simple harmonic, the restoring force must be
proportional to s or to θ since s = θL. A simple pendulum of length 50.0 cm takes 5 s to make 10 complete
back-and-fourth motion.
However, if the angular displacement θ is small , say less than 10o, the arc
s is almost horizontal and may be assumed to be equal to x and sinθ is almost a). Find its period.
equal to θ in radians b). What will be its period when its length is increased to 200.0 cm?

Solution:
Assuming θ is small, F = mgθ = -mg(x/L) = -kx, where k = mg/L.
a). T = time/number of cycles = 5s/10 = 0.05 s
Substituting k = mg/L in Eq.(8.11) will give the equation for the period
of pendulum. b). Based on the laws governing the period of a simple pendulum, T1 /
T2 =√ L1 / √L2 , using this equation and substituting values,

T = 2π√L/g Eq. (8.19) 0.5s/T2 = √50 cm / 200 cm

Based on the equation, the period of pendulum is governed by the following T2 = 1.0 s
laws,
1. The period of pendulum is directly proportional to square root of its
length.
2. The period is inversely proportional to the square root of the acceleration
due to gravity.
VI. PRACTICE AND EXERCISES
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PERIODIC MOTION

CN:__________ Name:______________________________________________________________________ Grade / Section:____________________________ Score:____________

A. An oscillating body takes 0.9 s to complete 5 cycles. What is the:

(a) period,

(b) frequency, and

(c) angular frequency of the body?

B. A force of 4.0 N elongates a spring by 7.0 cm.

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a). What is the force constant of the spring?

b). How much force is needed to elongate the spring an additional 7.0 cm?

C. A simple pendulum of length 60.0 cm takes 6 s to make 11 complete back-and-

fourth motion.

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a). Find its period.

b). What will be its period when its length is increased to 300.0 cm?

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