December 2021 Jobs Report

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-22-0015
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, January 7, 2022
Technical information:
Household data: (202) 691-6378 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • [email protected] • www.bls.gov/ces
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • [email protected]
THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — DECEMBER 2021
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 199,000 in December, and the unemployment rate
declined to 3.9 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment continued to
trend up in leisure and hospitality, in professional and business services, in manufacturing, in
construction, and in transportation and warehousing.
Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted,
December 2019 – December 2021 December 2019 – December 2021
Percent Thousands
16.0 160,000
14.0 155,000
12.0 150,000
10.0 145,000
8.0 140,000
6.0 135,000
4.0 130,000
2.0 125,000
Dec-19 Mar-20 Jun-20 Sep-20 Dec-20 Mar-21 Jun-21 Sep-21 Dec-21 Dec-19 Mar-20 Jun-20 Sep-20 Dec-20 Mar-21 Jun-21 Sep-21 Dec-21
Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data
Seasonally adjusted household survey data have been revised using updated seasonal adjustment factors,
a procedure done at the end of each calendar year. Seasonally adjusted estimates back to January 2017
were subject to revision. The unemployment rates for January 2021 through November 2021 (as
originally published and as revised) appear in table A on page 6, along with additional information about
the revisions.
This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor
force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey
measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the
concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.
Household Survey Data
The unemployment rate declined by 0.3 percentage point to 3.9 percent in December, and the number
of unemployed persons decreased by 483,000 to 6.3 million. Over the year, these measures are down
by 2.8 percentage points and 4.5 million, respectively. In February 2020, prior to the coronavirus
(COVID-19) pandemic, the unemployment rate was 3.5 percent, and unemployed persons numbered 5.7
million. (See table A-1. See the box note on page 5 for more information about how the household
survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic.)
Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.6 percent), adult women
(3.6 percent), and Whites (3.2 percent) declined in December. The jobless rates for teenagers (10.9
percent), Blacks (7.1 percent), Asians (3.8 percent), and Hispanics (4.9 percent) showed little or no
change over the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)
Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers, at 1.7 million in December, declined by
202,000 over the month and is down by 1.8 million over the year. The number of persons on temporary
layoff was little changed at 812,000 in December but is down by 2.3 million over the year. The number
of permanent job losers in December is 408,000 higher than in February 2020, while the number on
temporary layoff has essentially returned to its February 2020 level. (See table A-11.)
The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) declined by 185,000 to 2.0
million in December. This measure is down from 4.0 million a year earlier but is 887,000 higher than in
February 2020. The long-term unemployed accounted for 31.7 percent of the total unemployed in
December. (See table A-12.)
The labor force participation rate was unchanged at 61.9 percent in December but remains 1.5
percentage points lower than in February 2020. The employment-population ratio increased by 0.2
percentage point to 59.5 percent in December but is 1.7 percentage points below its February 2020 level.
Over the year, these measures have increased by 0.4 percentage point and 2.1 percentage points,
respectively. (See table A-1.)
The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 3.9 million in December,
decreased by 337,000 over the month. The over-the-year decline of 2.2 million brings this measure to
461,000 below its February 2020 level. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time
employment, were working part time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find
full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)
The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was little changed at 5.7
million in December. This measure decreased by 1.6 million over the year but is 717,000 higher than in
February 2020. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively
looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table
A-1.)
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Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to
the labor force was essentially unchanged at 1.6 million in December. These individuals wanted and
were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for
work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the
marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, was also essentially unchanged
over the month, at 463,000. (See Summary table A.)
Household Survey Supplemental Data
In December, the share of employed persons who teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic
was 11.1 percent, little different from November. These data refer to employed persons who teleworked
or worked at home for pay at some point in the 4 weeks preceding the survey specifically because of the
pandemic.
In December, 3.1 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their employer
closed or lost business due to the pandemic—that is, they did not work at all or worked fewer hours at
some point in the 4 weeks preceding the survey due to the pandemic. This measure was down from the
level of 3.6 million in November. Among those who reported in December that they were unable to
work because of pandemic-related closures or lost business, 15.9 percent received at least some pay
from their employer for the hours not worked, little changed from the prior month.
Among those not in the labor force in December, 1.1 million persons were prevented from looking for
work due to the pandemic, little changed from November. (To be counted as unemployed, by
definition, individuals must be either actively looking for work or on temporary layoff.)
These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in May 2020 to
help gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Tables
with estimates from the supplemental questions for all months are available online at
www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm .
Establishment Survey Data
Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 199,000 in December. Job growth averaged 537,000 per
month in 2021. Nonfarm employment has increased by 18.8 million since April 2020 but is down by 3.6
million, or 2.3 percent, from its pre-pandemic level in February 2020. In December, employment
continued to trend up in leisure and hospitality, in professional and business services, in manufacturing,
in construction, and in transportation and warehousing. (See table B-1. See the box note on page 5 for
more information about how the establishment survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus
pandemic.)
Employment in leisure and hospitality continued to trend up in December (+53,000). Leisure and
hospitality has added 2.6 million jobs in 2021, but employment in the industry is down by 1.2 million, or
7.2 percent, since February 2020. Employment in food services and drinking places rose by 43,000 in
December but is down by 653,000 since February 2020.
Employment in professional and business services continued its upward trend in December (+43,000).
Over the month, job gains occurred in computer systems design and related services (+10,000), in
architectural and engineering services (+9,000), and in scientific research and development services
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(+6,000). Employment in professional and business services overall is slightly below (-35,000) its level
in February 2020.
Manufacturing added 26,000 jobs in December, primarily in durable goods industries. A job gain in
machinery (+8,000) reflected the return of workers from a strike. Manufacturing employment is down
by 219,000 since February 2020.
Construction employment rose by 22,000 in December, following monthly gains averaging 38,000 over
the prior 3 months. In December, job gains occurred in nonresidential specialty trade contractors
(+13,000) and in heavy and civil engineering construction (+10,000). Construction employment is
88,000 below its February 2020 level.
Employment in transportation and warehousing increased by 19,000 in December. Job gains occurred
in support activities for transportation (+7,000), in air transportation (+6,000), and in warehousing and
storage (+5,000). Employment in couriers and messengers was essentially unchanged. Since February
2020, employment in transportation and warehousing is up by 218,000, reflecting job growth in couriers
and messengers (+202,000) and in warehousing and storage (+181,000).
Employment in wholesale trade increased by 14,000 in December but is 129,000 lower than in
February 2020.
Mining employment rose by 7,000 in December. Employment in the industry is down by 81,000 from a
peak in January 2019.
In December, employment showed little or no change in other major industries, including retail trade,
information, financial activities, health care, other services, and government.
In December, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 19
cents to $31.31. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.7 percent. In
December, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose
by 18 cents to $26.61. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)
The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 34.7 hours in
December. In manufacturing, the average workweek edged down by 0.1 hour to 40.3 hours, and
overtime edged down by 0.1 hour to 3.2 hours. The average workweek for production and
nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 0.1 hour to 34.2 hours. (See tables
B-2 and B-7.)
The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for October was revised up by 102,000, from +546,000
to +648,000, and the change for November was revised up by 39,000, from +210,000 to +249,000. With
these revisions, employment in October and November combined is 141,000 higher than previously
reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government
agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)
_____________
The Employment Situation for January is scheduled to be released on Friday, February 4, 2022, at
8:30 a.m. (ET).
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Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on December 2021 Household
and Establishment Survey Data
Data collection for both surveys was affected by the pandemic. In the establishment survey, more data
continued to be collected by web than in months prior to the pandemic. In the household survey, for the
safety of both interviewers and respondents, in-person interviews were conducted only when telephone
interviews could not be done.
As in previous months, some workers affected by the pandemic who should have been classified in the
household survey as unemployed on temporary layoff were instead misclassified as employed but not at
work. Since March 2020, BLS has published an upper-bound estimate of what the unemployment rate
might have been had misclassified workers been included among the unemployed. The degree of
misclassification was highest in the early months of the pandemic and has been considerably lower in
recent months. In April 2020, this exercise suggested the unemployment rate would have been 4.8
percentage points higher than reported. Repeating this exercise, the unemployment rates for October
2021 through December 2021 would have been 0.1 percentage point higher than reported. For details on
how to perform this calculation, see www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-and-response-
on-the-employment-situation-news-release.htm#ques12 .
For each month from March 2020 to December 2021, BLS has published a summary of the impact of
the pandemic on The Employment Situation news release and data. The impact summary for December
is available at www.bls.gov/covid19/employment-situation-covid19-faq-december-2021.htm .
Beginning with publication of January 2022 data in February 2022, this month-specific impact summary
will be discontinued. However, information related to the impact of the pandemic will continue to be
available at www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-and-response-on-the-employment-
situation-news-release.htm .
Upcoming Changes to Household Survey Data
Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2022 on February 4, 2022, new
population controls will be used in the household survey estimation process. These new controls will
reflect a "blended base," which is 2010 Census-based and controlled to elements from the 2020 Census
and other sources. In accordance with usual practice, historical data will not be revised to incorporate the
new controls; consequently, household survey data for January 2022 will not be directly comparable
with data for December 2021 or earlier periods. A table showing the effects of the new controls on the
major labor force series will be included in the January 2022 news release.
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Upcoming Revisions to Establishment Survey Data
Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2022 on February 4, 2022, the
establishment survey will revise nonfarm payroll employment, hours, and earnings data to reflect the
annual benchmark process and updated seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data
beginning with April 2020 and seasonally adjusted data beginning with January 2017 are subject to
revision. Consistent with standard practice, additional historical data may be revised as a result of the
benchmark process.
Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data
At the end of each calendar year, BLS routinely updates the seasonal adjustment factors for the national
labor force series derived from the household survey. As a result of this process, seasonally adjusted
data for January 2017 through November 2021 were subject to revision. (Not seasonally adjusted data
were not subject to revision.)
Table A shows the unemployment rates for January 2021 through November 2021, as first published and
as revised. The rate changed by one-tenth of a percentage point in 3 of the 11 months and was
unchanged in the remaining 8 months. Revised seasonally adjusted data for other major labor force
series beginning in December 2020 appear in table B.
More information on this year’s revisions to seasonally adjusted household series is available at
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps-seas-adjustment-methodology.pdf . Detailed information on the seasonal
adjustment methodology is found at www.bls.gov/cps/seasonal-adjustment-methodology.htm .
Historical data for the household series contained in the A tables of this news release can be accessed at
www.bls.gov/cps/cpsatabs.htm . Revised historical seasonally adjusted data are available at
www.bls.gov/cps/data.htm and https://download.bls.gov/pub/time.series/ln/ .
Table A. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in 2021 and change due to revision,
January – November 2021
As first
Month As revised Change
published
January......................................... 6.3 6.4 0.1
February....................................... 6.2 6.2 0.0
March........................................... 6.0 6.0 0.0
April............................................. 6.1 6.0 -0.1
May.............................................. 5.8 5.8 0.0
June.............................................. 5.9 5.9 0.0
July............................................... 5.4 5.4 0.0
August.......................................... 5.2 5.2 0.0
September.................................... 4.8 4.7 -0.1
October........................................ 4.6 4.6 0.0
November.................................... 4.2 4.2 0.0
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HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table B. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]
2020 2021
Employment status, sex, and age
Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population1. . . . . . 261,230 260,851 260,918 261,003 261,103 261,210 261,338 261,469 261,611 261,766 261,908 262,029 262,136
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,671 160,184 160,359 160,631 160,978 160,801 161,114 161,375 161,505 161,471 161,610 162,126 162,294
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5 61.4 61.5 61.5 61.7 61.6 61.6 61.7 61.7 61.7 61.7 61.9 61.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,883 150,004 150,367 150,940 151,259 151,550 151,612 152,704 153,167 153,806 154,234 155,324 155,975
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 57.4 57.5 57.6 57.8 57.9 58.0 58.0 58.4 58.5 58.8 58.9 59.3 59.5
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,789 10,180 9,992 9,691 9,719 9,251 9,502 8,671 8,339 7,666 7,375 6,802 6,319
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 6.4 6.2 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.9 5.4 5.2 4.7 4.6 4.2 3.9
Men, 20 years and over
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,949 77,185 77,203 77,262 77,423 77,489 77,665 78,135 78,480 78,952 79,164 79,736 79,892
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,287 5,006 4,911 4,786 4,961 4,808 4,834 4,410 4,192 3,899 3,539 3,272 3,010
Women, 20 years and over
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,933 67,776 68,005 68,486 68,436 68,633 68,747 69,306 69,390 69,555 69,790 70,257 70,795
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,561 4,311 4,250 4,149 4,050 3,866 4,008 3,628 3,472 3,089 3,139 2,876 2,660
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000 5,043 5,158 5,192 5,399 5,428 5,200 5,264 5,297 5,298 5,281 5,331 5,287
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940 863 831 756 708 578 660 633 675 678 697 654 649
1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.
NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors.
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HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted
Change from:
Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Category Nov. 2021-
2020 2021 2021 2021
Dec. 2021
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261,230 261,908 262,029 262,136 107
Civilian labor force.......................................................... . 160,671 161,610 162,126 162,294 168
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5 61.7 61.9 61.9 0.0
Employed.................................................................. . 149,883 154,234 155,324 155,975 651
Employment-population ratio......................................... . 57.4 58.9 59.3 59.5 0.2
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,789 7,375 6,802 6,319 -483
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 4.6 4.2 3.9 -0.3
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,559 100,298 99,902 99,842 -60
Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 4.6 4.2 3.9 -0.3
Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 4.3 3.9 3.6 -0.3
Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 4.3 3.9 3.6 -0.3
Teenagers (16 to 19 years). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 11.7 10.9 10.9 0.0
White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 3.9 3.7 3.2 -0.5
Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 7.8 6.5 7.1 0.6
Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 4.2 3.9 3.8 -0.1
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................ . 9.4 5.7 5.2 4.9 -0.3
Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 4.0 3.6 3.3 -0.3
Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 7.3 5.5 5.2 -0.3
High school graduates, no college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 5.4 5.2 4.6 -0.6
Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 4.3 3.7 3.6 -0.1
Bachelor’s degree and higher............................................. . 3.8 2.4 2.2 2.1 -0.1
Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,348 3,700 3,369 3,095 -274
Job leavers..................................................................... . 756 845 837 724 -113
Reentrants...................................................................... . 2,249 2,206 2,154 2,038 -116
New entrants................................................................... . 508 537 452 513 61
Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,906 2,051 1,985 1,977 -8
5 to 14 weeks.................................................................. . 2,344 1,876 1,703 1,571 -132
15 to 26 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,563 1,001 870 780 -90
27 weeks and over............................................................ . 3,979 2,339 2,193 2,008 -185
Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,126 4,398 4,266 3,929 -337
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,915 3,108 2,903 2,594 -309
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,017 961 1,059 1,082 23
Part time for noneconomic reasons......................................... . 18,290 20,539 20,440 20,315 -125
Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,157 1,685 1,610 1,639 29
Discouraged workers....................................................... . 657 455 451 463 12
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will
not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced
annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Category 2020 2021 2021p 2021p
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -306 648 249 199
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -274 714 270 211
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 100 72 54
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 2 6
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 44 35 22
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 52 35 26
Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 36 17 20
Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 21.3 -5.9 4.2
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 16 18 6
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -356 614 198 157
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 14.3 11.2 13.7
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.1 50.6 -13.3 -2.1
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -43.2 56.8 42.2 18.7
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1.0 0.1 -0.1 -0.2
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 12 1 0
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 28 17 8
Professional and business services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 130 72 43
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1 49.6 0.5 -1.6
Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -29 71 14 10
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.9 51.8 8.0 6.1
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -498 211 41 53
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -16 40 13 13
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -32 -66 -21 -12
(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 503 425 365
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 547 469 398
WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES
AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2
Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.7 49.8 49.8 49.8
Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.3 48.5 48.5 48.4
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.5 81.6 81.6 81.5
HOURS AND EARNINGS
ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.7 34.7 34.7 34.7
Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $29.91 $31.01 $31.12 $31.31
Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,037.88 $1,076.05 $1,079.86 $1,086.46
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.4 110.2 110.5 110.7
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.6 0.3 0.3 0.2
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150.8 163.5 164.4 165.7
Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.8
DIFFUSION INDEX
(Over 1-month span)5
Total private (257 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.7 71.6 69.6 59.5
Manufacturing (75 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.0 65.3 69.3 57.3
1
Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the
service-providing industries.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate
hours.
4
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average
aggregate weekly payrolls.
5
Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal
balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.
p Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates
1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?
The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of
employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series
has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household
survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about
100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically
significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a
more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers
whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private
household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also
provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences
between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.
2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?
It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the
establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,
it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does
not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which
identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the
foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The
Employment Situation news release.
3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?
The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating
additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.
The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding
2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated
seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.
On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors
estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax
records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more
information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.
4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?
Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments
with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the
reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and
industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?
Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net
employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an
econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based
on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census
of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this
purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and
availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.
6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?
No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons
who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the
unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There
is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.
7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?
Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job,
including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged
workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include
discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each
month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these
alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.
8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?
In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the
month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than
on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including
pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates
typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some
employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed,
while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll
employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates,
employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees
who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll
employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit
www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm.
In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th
of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as
employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the
number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure
of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page,
please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note
This news release presents statistics from two major unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent
surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the
survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; labor force as a percent of the population, and
establishment survey). The household survey provides the employment-population ratio is the employed as a
information on the labor force, employment, and percent of the population. Additional information
unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked about the household survey can be found at
HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.
eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for
the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Establishment survey. The sample establishments are
The establishment survey provides information on drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories,
employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local
payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are
ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each those who worked or received pay for any part of the
month from the payroll records of a sample of reference pay period, including persons on paid leave.
nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and
CES program surveys about 144,000 businesses and earnings data are produced for the private sector for all
government agencies, representing approximately 697,000 employees and for production and nonsupervisory
individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are
data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on defined as production and related employees in
nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately manufacturing and mining and logging, construction
one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in
For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a private service-providing industries.
particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the Industries are classified on the basis of an
reference period is generally the calendar week that contains establishment's principal activity in accordance with the
the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 2017 version of the North American Industry Classification
reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which System. Additional information about the establishment
may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.
Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Differences in employment estimates. The numerous
conceptual and methodological differences between the
Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect household and establishment surveys result in important
the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the
responses to a series of questions on work and job search surveys. Among these are:
activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in • The household survey includes agricultural
the labor force. workers, self-employed workers whose businesses
People are classified as employed if they did any work are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and
at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked private household workers among the employed.
in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or These groups are excluded from the establishment
worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or survey.
farm. People are also counted as employed if they were
temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad • The household survey includes people on unpaid
weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal leave among the employed. The establishment
reasons. survey does not.
People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of
the following criteria: they had no employment during the • The household survey is limited to workers 16 years
reference week; they were available for work at that time; of age and older. The establishment survey is not
and they made specific active efforts to find employment limited by age.
sometime during the 4-week period ending with the
reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting • The household survey has no duplication of
recall need not be looking for work to be counted as individuals, because individuals are counted only
unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the once, even if they hold more than one job. In the
household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for establishment survey, employees working at more
or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. than one job and thus appearing on more than one
The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as
employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The
Seasonal adjustment Reliability of the estimates
Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor Statistics based on the household and establishment
force and the levels of employment and unemployment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.
undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may When a sample, rather than the entire population, is
result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may
the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such differ from the true population values they represent. The
seasonal variation can be very large. component of this difference that occurs because samples
Because these seasonal events follow a more or less differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its
regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,
variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more
developments, such as declines in employment or increases than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value
in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to For example, the confidence interval for the monthly
obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment
May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000. Suppose the
activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on
20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with the monthly change would range from -60,000 to +160,000
the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying (50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the
employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that
employment changes at the end and beginning of the school there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-the-
year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make month change lies within this interval. Since this range
underlying employment patterns more discernable. The includes values of less than zero, we could not say with
seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased
which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment
activity. rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
Many seasonally adjusted series are independently confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case,
adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm
However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an
as total payroll employment, employment in most major unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent
sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment
by aggregating independently adjusted component series. as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000,
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is
adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this about +/- 0.2 percentage point.
differs from the unemployment estimate that would be In general, estimates involving many individuals or
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the
duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a
Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and small number of observations. The precision of estimates
duration are derived from the sum of the independently also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such
seasonally adjusted component series, and will not as for quarterly and annual averages.
necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally The household and establishment surveys are also
adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many
about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa. population, inability to obtain information for all respondents
For both the household and establishment surveys, a in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to
concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made
which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current processing of the data.
month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for
used to adjust only the current month's data. In the the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns;
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the
used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received,
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated that the estimate is considered final.
seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year Another major source of nonsampling error in the
revisions to historical data are made once a year. establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for The sample-based estimates from the establishment
this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to
estimation procedure with two components is used to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
account for business births. The first component excludes administrative records of the unemployment insurance
employment losses from business deaths from sample-based program. The difference between the March sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains employment estimates and the March universe counts is
from business births. This is incorporated into the sample- known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy
based estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate
units going out of business, but imputing to them the same changes in the classification of industries. Over the past
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from
employment. -0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.
The second component is an ARIMA time series model
designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment Other information
not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time
series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived Information in this release will be made available to
from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
deaths over the past 5 years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1
Employment status, sex, and age Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261,230 262,029 262,136 261,230 261,611 261,766 261,908 262,029 262,136
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,017 162,099 161,696 160,671 161,505 161,471 161,610 162,126 162,294
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.3 61.9 61.7 61.5 61.7 61.7 61.7 61.9 61.9
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,613 155,797 155,732 149,883 153,167 153,806 154,234 155,324 155,975
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.3 59.5 59.4 57.4 58.5 58.8 58.9 59.3 59.5
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,404 6,302 5,964 10,789 8,339 7,666 7,375 6,802 6,319
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 3.9 3.7 6.7 5.2 4.7 4.6 4.2 3.9
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,213 99,930 100,440 100,559 100,106 100,294 100,298 99,902 99,842
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,088 5,491 5,524 7,277 5,701 5,918 5,935 5,819 5,713
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,955 82,474 82,024 79,443 81,102 81,533 81,835 82,432 82,508
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,689 3,318 3,314 5,743 4,554 4,268 3,900 3,585 3,349
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,572 79,904 79,525 76,949 78,480 78,952 79,164 79,736 79,892
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,305 3,025 3,022 5,287 4,192 3,899 3,539 3,272 3,010
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,658 73,323 73,708 70,439 72,065 72,273 72,399 72,892 73,467
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,715 2,984 2,649 5,046 3,784 3,398 3,475 3,217 2,970
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,248 70,786 71,140 67,933 69,390 69,555 69,790 70,257 70,795
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,309 2,677 2,406 4,561 3,472 3,089 3,139 2,876 2,660
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,793 5,107 5,068 5,000 5,297 5,298 5,281 5,331 5,287
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 600 535 940 675 678 697 654 649
1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age
Employment status, race, sex, and age Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
WHITE
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,479 120,431 120,536 116,707 118,557 119,009 119,376 120,084 120,749
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,348 4,234 3,891 7,517 5,650 5,194 4,903 4,593 4,032
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,561 62,962 62,745 60,871 61,944 62,257 62,374 62,835 63,047
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,847 1,979 2,039 3,758 2,870 2,699 2,320 2,138 1,953
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,116 53,435 53,765 51,858 52,432 52,574 52,800 53,030 53,493
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,932 1,875 1,524 3,092 2,332 2,000 2,101 2,039 1,684
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,802 4,035 4,025 3,978 4,181 4,178 4,202 4,219 4,209
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 380 329 667 448 495 482 415 395
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,066 19,232 19,045 18,076 18,879 19,017 18,962 19,143 19,057
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,853 1,246 1,319 2,011 1,803 1,608 1,603 1,335 1,449
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,245 8,823 8,697 8,270 8,616 8,644 8,699 8,787 8,723
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921 626 623 967 855 745 780 679 655
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,264 9,874 9,814 9,244 9,653 9,702 9,673 9,802 9,794
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 478 577 864 819 748 710 500 651
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712 677 653 743 738 787 703 711 683
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 535 535 563 609 671 590 554 540
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 142 118 180 129 115 113 157 143
See footnotes at end of table.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued
Employment status, race, sex, and age Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
ASIAN
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,664 10,365 10,344 9,647 10,135 10,207 10,310 10,362 10,326
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 402 383 624 476 445 457 419 413
1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are
introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age
Employment status, sex, and age Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,639 45,232 45,303 44,639 45,004 45,083 45,159 45,232 45,303
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,129 30,079 29,800 29,167 29,481 29,566 29,663 29,979 29,883
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.3 66.5 65.8 65.3 65.5 65.6 65.7 66.3 66.0
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,442 28,648 28,443 26,436 27,666 27,758 27,962 28,432 28,427
Employment-population ratio.............. . 59.2 63.3 62.8 59.2 61.5 61.6 61.9 62.9 62.7
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,688 1,431 1,357 2,731 1,815 1,808 1,701 1,547 1,456
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 4.8 4.6 9.4 6.2 6.1 5.7 5.2 4.9
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,510 15,153 15,503 15,472 15,523 15,518 15,496 15,253 15,420
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,423 15,766 15,518 14,485 15,327 15,408 15,410 15,681 15,580
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,431 645 649 1,413 904 918 803 741 687
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,874 11,666 11,763 10,802 11,255 11,272 11,374 11,531 11,682
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,055 629 577 1,084 722 661 680 639 606
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,145 1,216 1,162 1,148 1,084 1,078 1,178 1,220 1,165
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 157 131 233 190 229 218 167 163
1
The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted
columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment
Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,246 8,915 8,786 9,172 9,185 9,128 9,025 8,791 8,712
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.5 45.8 45.2 45.2 45.9 45.3 46.4 45.1 44.8
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,288 8,462 8,271 8,272 8,469 8,428 8,368 8,304 8,255
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.8 43.5 42.5 40.7 42.3 41.8 43.1 42.6 42.5
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958 452 515 900 716 700 657 487 457
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 5.1 5.9 9.8 7.8 7.7 7.3 5.5 5.2
High school graduates, no college1
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,006 33,831 34,154 32,053 33,337 32,991 33,395 33,615 34,188
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,745 1,731 1,624 2,766 2,072 2,004 1,888 1,829 1,640
Some college or associate degree
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,538 34,374 34,335 33,421 34,000 34,196 33,863 34,105 34,204
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,175 1,231 1,190 2,324 1,757 1,598 1,531 1,312 1,274
Bachelor’s degree and higher2
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,985 60,181 60,147 57,709 59,074 59,258 59,477 59,937 59,860
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,190 1,303 1,153 2,306 1,662 1,514 1,473 1,380 1,274
1
Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
2
Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the
independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,
and sex, not seasonally adjusted
Total Men Women
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
2020 2021 2020 2021 2020 2021
VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,283 17,921 16,375 16,000 1,908 1,921
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,693 8,366 7,578 7,198 1,115 1,168
Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.5 46.7 46.3 45.0 58.5 60.8
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,231 8,100 7,158 6,978 1,074 1,121
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.0 45.2 43.7 43.6 56.3 58.4
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 267 420 220 42 47
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 3.2 5.5 3.1 3.7 4.0
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,590 9,555 8,797 8,802 793 753
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,536 4,596 3,728 3,745 808 851
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,476 3,591 2,939 3,013 537 578
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,298 3,437 2,788 2,882 510 555
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 153 151 130 27 23
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,060 1,006 789 733 271 273
Gulf War-era I veterans
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,163 2,236 1,841 1,901 322 335
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 34 89 27 11 7
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816 889 679 775 137 114
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,171 1,010 1,141 957 30 53
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,117 977 1,087 928 30 48
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 33 54 28 0 5
Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 3.3 4.8 3.0 – –
Veterans of other service periods
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,653 1,450 1,442 1,266 211 183
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 46 125 34 4 12
NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234,071 235,089 105,479 106,253 128,593 128,837
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,403 151,162 76,127 77,150 73,276 74,011
Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139,689 145,667 70,985 74,154 68,704 71,513
Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,714 5,495 5,142 2,996 4,572 2,499
Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,668 83,928 29,351 29,102 55,317 54,825
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the
U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August
1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service
periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the
selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not
shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2021 data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally
adjusted
Persons with a disability Persons with no disability
Employment status, sex, and age Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
2020 2021 2020 2021
TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population..................................................... . 29,887 32,420 231,342 229,716
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,979 7,244 154,038 154,452
Participation rate.................................................................... . 20.0 22.3 66.6 67.2
Employed............................................................................ . 5,320 6,671 144,293 149,061
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 20.6 62.4 64.9
Unemployed......................................................................... . 659 573 9,745 5,391
Unemployment rate.............................................................. . 11.0 7.9 6.3 3.5
Not in labor force...................................................................... . 23,908 25,177 77,305 75,264
Men, 16 to 64 years
Employed............................................................................ . 2,304 2,777 71,108 73,340
Unemployed......................................................................... . 299 273 5,067 2,865
Women, 16 to 64 years
Employed............................................................................ . 2,079 2,696 64,145 66,151
Unemployed......................................................................... . 269 233 4,143 2,302
Both sexes, 65 years and over
Employed............................................................................ . 937 1,198 9,041 9,571
Unemployed......................................................................... . 92 66 535 223
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty
seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or
emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as
visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with
the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted
Total Men Women
Employment status and nativity Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
2020 2021 2020 2021 2020 2021
Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. . 42,947 44,172 20,728 21,413 22,219 22,758
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,529 28,760 15,818 16,469 11,711 12,291
Participation rate................................................. . 64.1 65.1 76.3 76.9 52.7 54.0
Employed......................................................... . 25,512 27,691 14,808 15,925 10,704 11,766
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.4 62.7 71.4 74.4 48.2 51.7
Unemployed...................................................... . 2,017 1,069 1,010 544 1,007 525
Unemployment rate........................................... . 7.3 3.7 6.4 3.3 8.6 4.3
Not in labor force................................................... . 15,418 15,412 4,910 4,944 10,508 10,467
Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population.................................. . 218,283 217,964 105,640 105,418 112,643 112,545
Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132,487 132,935 68,826 68,870 63,661 64,066
Participation rate................................................. . 60.7 61.0 65.2 65.3 56.5 56.9
Employed......................................................... . 124,101 128,041 64,147 66,100 59,954 61,941
Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.9 58.7 60.7 62.7 53.2 55.0
Unemployed...................................................... . 8,387 4,894 4,679 2,770 3,708 2,124
Unemployment rate........................................... . 6.3 3.7 6.8 4.0 5.8 3.3
Not in labor force................................................... . 85,795 85,029 36,814 36,549 48,981 48,480
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States
or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born
in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status
[In thousands]
Category Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,390 2,194 2,253 2,448 2,307 2,247 2,296 2,212 2,308
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,578 1,429 1,473 1,575 1,575 1,508 1,501 1,434 1,477
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . 782 727 746 821 712 733 769 744 785
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 38 33 – – – – – –
Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,223 153,603 153,479 147,199 151,146 151,686 152,070 152,933 153,409
Wage and salary workers1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138,617 144,279 144,275 138,856 141,225 141,756 142,194 143,816 144,474
Government.................................... . 20,762 20,936 21,239 20,636 20,762 20,514 20,511 20,750 21,097
Private industries.............................. . 117,856 123,343 123,036 118,018 120,347 121,909 122,175 123,416 123,172
Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 654 585 – – – – – –
Other industries............................. . 117,220 122,689 122,450 117,327 119,652 121,226 121,460 122,796 122,484
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . 8,540 9,277 9,161 8,651 9,496 9,424 9,465 9,256 9,282
Unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 47 43 – – – – – –
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2
All industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,245 4,163 4,049 6,126 4,481 4,450 4,398 4,266 3,929
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,003 2,819 2,679 4,915 3,187 3,142 3,108 2,903 2,594
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972 1,085 1,040 1,017 1,017 988 961 1,059 1,082
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,678 21,322 20,694 18,290 20,330 20,335 20,539 20,440 20,315
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,133 4,121 3,994 6,036 4,395 4,360 4,273 4,244 3,898
Slack work or business conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,919 2,789 2,649 4,845 3,131 3,094 3,032 2,869 2,578
Could only find part-time work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967 1,085 1,040 1,010 1,006 976 962 1,056 1,079
Part time for noneconomic reasons4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,283 20,948 20,308 17,916 19,986 19,952 20,200 20,075 19,951
1
Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
2
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for
the entire week.
3
Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business
conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.
4
Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or
training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to
34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators
Characteristic Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,613 155,797 155,732 149,883 153,167 153,806 154,234 155,324 155,975
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,793 5,107 5,068 5,000 5,297 5,298 5,281 5,331 5,287
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,693 2,026 1,966 1,790 2,006 2,021 1,992 2,087 2,075
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,100 3,081 3,102 3,211 3,248 3,261 3,289 3,243 3,214
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144,820 150,690 150,664 144,883 147,870 148,508 148,953 149,993 150,688
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,002 13,842 13,758 13,110 13,265 13,529 13,718 13,824 13,870
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,817 136,848 136,907 131,547 134,693 135,072 135,282 136,065 136,605
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,427 100,032 100,016 96,175 98,298 98,460 98,795 99,396 99,740
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,993 35,622 35,464 33,891 34,753 34,713 35,029 35,347 35,352
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,052 33,354 33,521 31,995 32,919 32,945 33,042 33,174 33,454
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,382 31,056 31,031 30,290 30,626 30,802 30,723 30,875 30,934
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,391 36,815 36,891 35,371 36,395 36,612 36,487 36,669 36,865
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,955 82,474 82,024 79,443 81,102 81,533 81,835 82,432 82,508
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,384 2,571 2,499 2,494 2,622 2,581 2,672 2,696 2,616
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 958 892 883 940 974 984 1,017 970
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,571 1,613 1,608 1,617 1,653 1,590 1,691 1,686 1,655
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,572 79,904 79,525 76,949 78,480 78,952 79,164 79,736 79,892
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,527 7,074 6,952 6,639 6,793 6,882 6,972 7,100 7,070
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,044 72,830 72,573 70,182 71,699 72,081 72,181 72,535 72,702
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,177 53,157 52,948 51,228 52,342 52,462 52,717 52,894 52,992
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,177 18,945 18,816 18,158 18,539 18,540 18,715 18,797 18,793
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,154 17,899 17,849 17,204 17,693 17,802 17,784 17,845 17,899
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,846 16,313 16,283 15,866 16,110 16,120 16,218 16,252 16,300
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,867 19,673 19,625 18,954 19,357 19,619 19,464 19,641 19,710
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,658 73,323 73,708 70,439 72,065 72,273 72,399 72,892 73,467
16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,410 2,537 2,568 2,506 2,675 2,717 2,609 2,635 2,671
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 1,068 1,074 906 1,066 1,046 1,008 1,070 1,105
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,529 1,469 1,494 1,594 1,595 1,671 1,598 1,557 1,558
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,248 70,786 71,140 67,933 69,390 69,555 69,790 70,257 70,795
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,475 6,768 6,806 6,471 6,472 6,646 6,746 6,724 6,799
25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,773 64,018 64,334 61,364 62,993 62,991 63,101 63,530 63,904
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,250 46,875 47,068 44,947 45,956 45,998 46,078 46,502 46,748
25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,816 16,677 16,648 15,733 16,215 16,174 16,314 16,550 16,559
35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,898 15,455 15,672 14,790 15,225 15,143 15,258 15,329 15,555
45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,535 14,743 14,748 14,424 14,516 14,681 14,505 14,623 14,635
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,523 17,142 17,266 16,418 17,038 16,993 17,023 17,029 17,156
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,499 44,274 44,351 43,597 43,681 43,671 43,794 44,209 44,437
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,109 35,700 35,909 34,774 35,068 35,029 34,988 35,328 35,557
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,490 9,738 9,726 – – – – – –
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,415 129,322 129,824 124,794 127,340 128,076 128,409 129,388 130,191
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,197 26,475 25,908 24,976 25,739 25,772 25,903 25,956 25,681
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,496 7,180 7,461 6,438 7,035 7,038 6,984 7,065 7,395
Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 4.6 4.8 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.7
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,859 6,363 6,213 – – – – – –
Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,322 10,004 9,908 9,473 10,207 10,157 10,234 10,000 10,067
1
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex
married couples only.
2
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,
referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.
3
Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
4
Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.
Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed persons Unemployment rates
Characteristic (in thousands)
Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,789 6,802 6,319 6.7 5.2 4.7 4.6 4.2 3.9
16 to 19 years.................................... . 940 654 649 15.8 11.3 11.3 11.7 10.9 10.9
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 241 251 13.8 11.4 10.8 10.1 10.4 10.8
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659 425 416 17.0 11.2 11.7 12.6 11.6 11.5
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,848 6,148 5,670 6.4 4.9 4.5 4.3 3.9 3.6
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,666 1,100 1,058 11.3 9.2 7.8 7.2 7.4 7.1
25 years and over............................. . 8,234 5,062 4,660 5.9 4.5 4.1 4.0 3.6 3.3
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,006 3,872 3,583 5.9 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.7 3.5
25 to 34 years............................ . 2,437 1,573 1,580 6.7 5.5 5.2 4.8 4.3 4.3
35 to 44 years............................ . 1,859 1,321 1,124 5.5 4.4 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.3
45 to 54 years............................ . 1,709 977 879 5.3 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.1 2.8
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,280 1,224 1,133 6.1 3.9 3.5 3.6 3.2 3.0
Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,743 3,585 3,349 6.7 5.3 5.0 4.5 4.2 3.9
16 to 19 years.................................... . 456 314 339 15.5 12.1 12.5 11.9 10.4 11.5
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 127 117 14.5 10.8 11.5 9.8 11.1 10.7
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 198 238 15.7 12.9 13.2 13.2 10.5 12.6
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,287 3,272 3,010 6.4 5.1 4.7 4.3 3.9 3.6
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926 620 586 12.2 9.4 9.1 8.2 8.0 7.7
25 years and over............................. . 4,395 2,677 2,455 5.9 4.6 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.3
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,211 2,077 1,903 5.9 4.9 4.5 4.0 3.8 3.5
25 to 34 years............................ . 1,317 870 879 6.8 5.8 5.6 5.0 4.4 4.5
35 to 44 years............................ . 1,051 716 607 5.8 4.5 4.1 3.7 3.9 3.3
45 to 54 years............................ . 842 492 417 5.0 4.2 3.7 3.2 2.9 2.5
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,184 599 552 5.9 4.0 3.6 3.5 3.0 2.7
Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,046 3,217 2,970 6.7 5.0 4.5 4.6 4.2 3.9
16 to 19 years.................................... . 485 340 311 16.2 10.4 10.2 11.4 11.4 10.4
16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 115 134 13.2 11.9 10.1 10.4 9.7 10.8
18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 227 178 18.3 9.3 10.2 12.0 12.7 10.2
20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,561 2,876 2,660 6.3 4.8 4.3 4.3 3.9 3.6
20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740 480 472 10.3 8.9 6.4 6.3 6.7 6.5
25 years and over............................. . 3,839 2,386 2,205 5.9 4.3 4.0 4.1 3.6 3.3
25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,795 1,795 1,680 5.9 4.5 4.2 4.3 3.7 3.5
25 to 34 years............................ . 1,120 703 700 6.6 5.2 4.8 4.5 4.1 4.1
35 to 44 years............................ . 808 606 517 5.2 4.2 3.7 4.0 3.8 3.2
45 to 54 years............................ . 867 485 462 5.7 3.9 4.0 4.3 3.2 3.1
55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,082 620 565 6.2 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.2
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,884 1,030 870 4.1 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.3 1.9
Married women, spouse present1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,704 1,012 896 4.7 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.5
Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734 493 577 7.2 7.9 6.8 5.9 4.8 5.6
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,951 5,713 5,228 6.7 5.2 4.8 4.6 4.2 3.9
Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,862 1,098 1,123 6.9 5.2 4.2 4.7 4.1 4.2
1
Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to
persons in opposite-sex married couples only.
2
Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,
but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an
opposite-sex spouse.
3
Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time
jobs.
4
Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from
part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment
of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment
Reason Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,264 3,079 3,044 7,348 4,441 4,002 3,700 3,369 3,095
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,124 673 834 3,091 1,206 1,083 1,041 875 812
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,141 2,406 2,210 4,257 3,234 2,919 2,659 2,493 2,283
Permanent job losers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,342 1,839 1,622 3,467 2,509 2,243 2,102 1,905 1,703
Persons who completed temporary jobs. . . . 798 567 588 790 725 676 557 589 580
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 828 676 756 830 792 845 837 724
Reentrants........................................... . 2,044 2,010 1,849 2,249 2,446 2,275 2,206 2,154 2,038
New entrants........................................ . 389 385 395 508 514 491 537 452 513
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.8 48.9 51.0 67.7 54.0 52.9 50.8 49.4 48.6
On temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.0 10.7 14.0 28.5 14.7 14.3 14.3 12.8 12.8
Not on temporary layoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.8 38.2 37.1 39.2 39.3 38.6 36.5 36.6 35.8
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 13.1 11.3 7.0 10.1 10.5 11.6 12.3 11.4
Reentrants........................................... . 19.7 31.9 31.0 20.7 29.7 30.1 30.3 31.6 32.0
New entrants........................................ . 3.7 6.1 6.6 4.7 6.2 6.5 7.4 6.6 8.1
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
temporary jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 1.9 1.9 4.6 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9
Job leavers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4
Reentrants........................................... . 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3
New entrants........................................ . 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment
Duration Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,813 1,791 1,884 2,906 2,110 2,227 2,051 1,985 1,977
5 to 14 weeks....................................... . 2,211 1,575 1,453 2,344 1,927 1,727 1,876 1,703 1,571
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,380 2,936 2,626 5,542 4,353 3,711 3,340 3,063 2,788
15 to 26 weeks................................... . 1,502 805 722 1,563 1,248 1,047 1,001 870 780
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,878 2,131 1,905 3,979 3,105 2,664 2,339 2,193 2,008
Average (mean) duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.8 29.6 27.6 23.7 29.4 28.3 26.9 29.1 28.6
Median duration, in weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 12.8 10.8 17.9 14.2 13.7 13.0 13.4 12.9
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.0 28.4 31.6 26.9 25.1 29.1 28.2 29.4 31.2
5 to 14 weeks....................................... . 21.3 25.0 24.4 21.7 23.0 22.5 25.8 25.2 24.8
15 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.7 46.6 44.0 51.4 51.9 48.4 46.0 45.4 44.0
15 to 26 weeks................................... . 14.4 12.8 12.1 14.5 14.9 13.7 13.8 12.9 12.3
27 weeks and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.3 33.8 31.9 36.9 37.0 34.8 32.2 32.5 31.7
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted
Unemployment
Employed Unemployed
rates
Occupation
Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
2020 2021 2020 2021 2020 2021
Total, 16 years and over1............................................ . 149,613 155,732 10,404 5,964 6.5 3.7
Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 64,007 66,366 2,235 1,146 3.4 1.7
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations.................................................... . 27,141 28,264 1,016 526 3.6 1.8
Professional and related occupations......................... . 36,866 38,103 1,219 621 3.2 1.6
Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,490 24,821 2,824 1,462 11.2 5.6
Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,712 30,949 1,859 1,137 5.7 3.5
Sales and related occupations................................. . 14,809 14,527 825 535 5.3 3.6
Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,904 16,422 1,035 602 6.1 3.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations....................................................... . 13,191 13,774 1,449 851 9.9 5.8
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,019 961 178 118 14.8 10.9
Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,580 8,158 1,000 567 11.7 6.5
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 4,593 4,655 272 167 5.6 3.5
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations....................................................... . 19,212 19,821 1,630 954 7.8 4.6
Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,039 8,066 547 290 6.4 3.5
Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,174 11,755 1,084 664 8.8 5.3
1
Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect
the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification
system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly
comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Number of
unemployed Unemployment
persons rates
Industry and class of worker (in thousands)
Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
2020 2021 2020 2021
Total, 16 years and over1............................................................... . 10,404 5,964 6.5 3.7

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,460 4,739 6.7 3.7
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................................... . 89 34 13.1 5.8
Construction......................................................................... . 930 497 9.6 5.0
Manufacturing....................................................................... . 640 435 4.3 2.8
Durable goods.................................................................... . 337 282 3.5 2.8
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 154 5.5 2.8
Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,125 843 5.5 4.2
Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627 264 8.4 3.3
Information........................................................................... . 158 115 6.4 4.9
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 241 3.1 2.4
Professional and business services.............................................. . 1,071 707 6.1 3.8
Education and health services.................................................... . 1,013 505 4.1 2.1
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,042 861 16.7 6.7
Other services....................................................................... . 453 237 7.4 3.7
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 155 11.0 9.8
Government workers.................................................................. . 692 325 3.2 1.5
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers. . . . . . . . . . . . 674 349 6.7 3.4
1
Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the
introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from
the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization
[Percent]
Measure Dec. Nov. Dec. Dec. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2020 2021 2021 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . 3.4 1.8 1.6 3.4 2.7 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.7
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed
temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian
labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 1.9 1.9 4.6 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.9
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the
civilian labor force (official unemployment
rate). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 3.9 3.7 6.7 5.2 4.7 4.6 4.2 3.9
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged
workers, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus discouraged workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 4.2 4.0 7.1 5.4 5.0 4.8 4.5 4.2
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged
workers, plus all other persons marginally
attached to the labor force, as a percent of
the civilian labor force plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . . . 7.8 4.8 4.7 8.0 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.1 4.9
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons
marginally attached to the labor force, plus
total employed part time for economic
reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor
force plus all persons marginally attached to
the labor force.................................... . 11.6 7.4 7.2 11.7 8.8 8.5 8.2 7.7 7.3
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and
are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have
given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are
available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of
January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted
Total Men Women
Category Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec.
2020 2021 2020 2021 2020 2021
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,213 100,440 41,723 41,493 59,490 58,947
Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,088 5,524 3,388 2,759 3,699 2,765
Marginally attached to the labor force1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,197 1,671 1,151 924 1,046 747
Discouraged workers2........................................ . 661 468 418 279 243 189
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. . . 1,536 1,203 733 645 803 558
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders4............................................ . 6,496 7,461 3,092 3,741 3,404 3,720
Percent of total employed......................................... . 4.3 4.8 3.9 4.6 4.8 5.0
Primary job full time, secondary job part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,721 4,062 1,926 2,235 1,795 1,827
Primary and secondary jobs both part time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,590 1,825 563 622 1,027 1,203
Primary and secondary jobs both full time...................... . 287 406 156 255 130 150
Hours vary on primary or secondary job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832 1,094 414 588 418 507
1
Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference
week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
2
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks
schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
3
Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and
transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.
4
Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Change
Industry Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. from:
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2020 2021 2021p 2021p Nov.2021 -
Dec.2021p
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143,602 149,245 150,098 150,170 142,503 148,503 148,752 148,951 199
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,802 127,039 127,796 127,963 121,047 126,562 126,832 127,043 211
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,165 20,836 20,820 20,730 20,228 20,670 20,742 20,796 54
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 652 652 655 597 648 650 656 6
Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.6 43.4 43.2 42.5 45.9 42.7 42.6 42.3 -0.3
Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555.4 608.9 608.5 612.2 550.6 605.4 607.5 614.1 6.6
Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.9 143.3 144.4 147.9 139.5 141.6 142.7 145.0 2.3
Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.0 184.9 184.2 181.9 178.7 183.3 183.5 184.2 0.7
Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.5 42.5 42.2 42.5 42.2 42.5 42.4 42.8 0.4
Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 42.8 42.9 43.1 41.5 43.0 43.1 43.3 0.2
Nonmetallic mineral mining and
quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.2 99.6 99.1 96.3 95.0 97.8 98.0 98.1 0.1
Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235.5 280.7 279.9 282.4 232.4 280.5 281.3 284.9 3.6
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,312 7,666 7,604 7,465 7,400 7,503 7,538 7,560 22
Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,652.3 1,725.9 1,722.0 1,708.1 1,658.2 1,704.4 1,713.1 1,717.5 4.4
Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847.4 895.7 892.6 885.5 847.7 883.2 885.7 886.4 0.7
Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804.9 830.2 829.4 822.6 810.5 821.2 827.4 831.1 3.7
Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,008.6 1,115.0 1,087.1 1,029.2 1,051.0 1,057.7 1,065.1 1,075.5 10.4
Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,651.4 4,824.6 4,794.4 4,727.3 4,690.7 4,740.6 4,759.3 4,767.4 8.1
Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,127.2 2,212.4 2,200.9 2,165.8 2,140.3 2,174.5 2,181.1 2,176.3 -4.8
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,524.2 2,612.2 2,593.5 2,561.5 2,550.4 2,566.1 2,578.2 2,591.1 12.9
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,251 12,518 12,564 12,610 12,231 12,519 12,554 12,580 26
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,609 7,778 7,803 7,834 7,598 7,789 7,806 7,826 20
Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403.0 413.3 414.9 417.0 402.5 412.4 414.2 415.5 1.3
Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397.9 401.4 403.4 400.2 400.3 398.4 401.0 403.1 2.1
Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348.9 355.1 358.3 361.7 348.4 358.2 359.9 361.8 1.9
Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,388.1 1,424.6 1,432.3 1,435.0 1,385.8 1,429.6 1,437.2 1,436.6 -0.6
Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,055.9 1,080.1 1,076.0 1,087.1 1,055.9 1,086.6 1,079.6 1,087.3 7.7
Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,074.2 1,092.6 1,092.4 1,094.0 1,072.2 1,093.6 1,092.8 1,091.9 -0.9
Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 162.5 167.2 167.7 167.4 162.6 167.2 167.6 167.0 -0.6
Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.3 84.8 84.6 83.7 85.0 85.2 84.6 84.2 -0.4
Semiconductors and electronic
components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368.3 374.6 375.2 374.8 368.2 375.4 375.2 374.4 -0.8
Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422.9 431.2 430.0 432.8 422.0 431.3 430.9 431.6 0.7
Miscellaneous computer and electronic
products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.2 34.8 34.9 35.3 34.4 34.5 34.5 34.7 0.2
Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 375.1 382.1 384.8 385.3 373.5 382.5 385.1 386.1 1.0
Transportation equipment1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,601.4 1,633.6 1,634.5 1,642.1 1,596.5 1,632.0 1,632.0 1,635.9 3.9
Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913.3 936.3 934.0 942.7 910.8 935.8 929.9 934.1 4.2
Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356.9 362.8 364.5 367.7 356.2 363.7 364.2 365.8 1.6
Miscellaneous durable goods
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608.0 632.0 641.4 643.7 607.0 631.5 639.9 641.9 2.0
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,642 4,740 4,761 4,776 4,633 4,730 4,748 4,754 6
Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,643.1 1,660.9 1,668.5 1,674.8 1,634.1 1,650.7 1,657.9 1,657.7 -0.2
Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.1 99.2 99.9 100.3 96.1 99.1 99.8 100.5 0.7
Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.7 108.7 109.0 110.0 105.2 108.6 108.6 109.5 0.9
Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.7 93.5 94.6 95.5 92.8 93.1 94.2 94.8 0.6
Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356.7 353.9 358.3 358.5 356.0 355.4 358.2 356.7 -1.5
Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 374.9 380.4 383.1 385.3 373.1 381.0 381.3 382.3 1.0
Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.0 103.7 102.7 101.5 106.9 101.6 101.8 101.7 -0.1
Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844.9 858.7 860.1 868.3 842.7 863.4 863.8 866.1 2.3
Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725.4 736.6 742.8 747.0 724.7 740.4 742.8 744.8 2.0
Miscellaneous nondurable goods
manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297.9 343.9 342.2 334.8 301.0 336.5 339.5 339.6 0.1
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,637 106,203 106,976 107,233 100,819 105,892 106,090 106,247 157
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,799 27,765 28,377 28,651 26,984 27,725 27,765 27,795 30
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,632.3 5,745.1 5,767.0 5,786.8 5,617.2 5,741.1 5,752.3 5,766.0 13.7
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,080.5 3,155.6 3,162.5 3,176.4 3,073.8 3,155.3 3,162.1 3,170.9 8.8
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,069.7 2,110.5 2,122.9 2,126.4 2,062.9 2,107.1 2,110.7 2,113.9 3.2

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
— Continued
[In thousands]
Change
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2020 2021 2021p 2021p Nov.2021 -
Dec.2021p
Wholesale trade - Continued
Electronic markets and agents and
brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482.1 479.0 481.6 484.0 480.5 478.7 479.5 481.2 1.7
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,628.2 15,504.3 15,860.0 15,963.7 15,159.8 15,467.2 15,453.9 15,451.8 -2.1
Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,947.8 1,986.6 1,986.2 1,978.7 1,953.3 1,987.0 1,986.8 1,984.2 -2.6
Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,239.4 1,250.5 1,253.3 1,249.9 1,239.6 1,252.5 1,252.9 1,250.8 -2.1
Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.7 166.6 161.4 158.7 155.4 166.9 165.8 165.9 0.1
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 559.7 569.5 571.5 570.1 558.3 567.5 568.0 567.5 -0.5
Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 455.3 448.2 460.1 461.5 435.2 446.9 447.3 445.3 -2.0
Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 453.9 438.2 451.5 453.7 431.2 429.3 428.9 427.5 -1.4
Building material and garden supply
stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,395.0 1,343.1 1,336.3 1,333.1 1,426.6 1,364.9 1,367.7 1,365.7 -2.0
Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,177.0 3,104.4 3,144.0 3,146.9 3,145.1 3,108.2 3,119.6 3,117.8 -1.8
Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 987.5 1,033.0 1,056.4 1,067.0 960.8 1,027.8 1,032.2 1,036.8 4.6
Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938.6 960.5 960.6 959.3 939.3 957.9 958.8 960.3 1.5
Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 1,075.7 1,060.0 1,116.1 1,154.8 979.0 1,064.0 1,047.6 1,039.6 -8.0
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music
stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499.5 495.0 523.3 519.5 460.4 494.0 488.6 476.1 -12.5
General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,278.6 3,153.0 3,323.4 3,384.9 3,048.1 3,118.6 3,103.3 3,119.1 15.8
Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,110.1 1,015.2 1,111.8 1,147.0 976.8 1,007.9 1,002.4 1,003.1 0.7
General merchandise stores, including
warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 2,168.5 2,137.8 2,211.6 2,237.9 2,071.3 2,110.7 2,100.9 2,115.9 15.0
Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782.2 834.4 833.7 840.9 770.0 830.6 830.4 836.2 5.8
Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637.1 647.9 668.4 663.4 610.8 638.0 642.7 643.2 0.5
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,998.4 5,979.8 6,213.0 6,363.2 5,668.1 5,980.4 6,022.6 6,041.3 18.7
Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.8 465.2 468.4 474.0 398.3 467.3 471.0 476.8 5.8
Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.4 142.3 142.5 142.5 144.5 142.1 142.4 142.3 -0.1
Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.2 59.0 57.6 58.4 59.2 58.8 59.3 60.0 0.7
Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,477.6 1,530.9 1,533.2 1,523.2 1,478.9 1,515.3 1,523.0 1,523.3 0.3
Transit and ground passenger
transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379.2 418.9 420.0 422.1 363.0 404.4 404.4 404.3 -0.1
Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.6 49.8 50.0 50.5 49.4 49.7 50.0 50.5 0.5
Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 20.6 35.9 32.2 30.3 24.6 35.0 37.1 36.4 -0.7
Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 700.4 741.9 752.2 762.5 694.7 741.6 747.5 754.9 7.4
Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,305.0 1,014.0 1,205.8 1,344.8 1,034.3 1,067.2 1,084.4 1,084.3 -0.1
Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,465.6 1,521.9 1,551.1 1,554.9 1,421.2 1,499.0 1,503.5 1,508.5 5.0
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540.2 535.8 536.7 536.8 538.5 536.5 536.4 536.2 -0.2
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,668 2,790 2,802 2,812 2,659 2,794 2,795 2,795 0
Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 761.7 772.5 777.8 786.5 761.6 775.0 777.3 781.3 4.0
Motion picture and sound recording
industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.4 347.8 350.3 344.2 258.7 348.4 346.9 340.7 -6.2
Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247.4 238.5 238.1 238.1 246.3 237.6 237.6 237.7 0.1
Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683.3 671.0 669.1 674.3 679.5 672.3 667.9 666.1 -1.8
Data processing, hosting and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354.9 381.5 381.2 382.7 355.8 380.4 380.3 381.9 1.6
Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358.0 379.0 385.5 386.2 357.2 380.6 385.1 387.0 1.9
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,788 8,907 8,920 8,942 8,774 8,894 8,911 8,919 8
Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,554.8 6,564.9 6,581.9 6,597.0 6,539.4 6,562.3 6,572.7 6,576.3 3.6
Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 20.3 20.1 20.1 20.1 20.3 20.1 20.2 20.3 0.1
Credit intermediation and related
activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,673.4 2,660.3 2,662.6 2,666.2 2,670.4 2,664.8 2,663.6 2,662.7 -0.9
Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . . 1,749.6 1,716.1 1,717.5 1,720.3 1,749.9 1,722.3 1,720.4 1,718.5 -1.9
Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,362.9 1,324.4 1,324.0 1,325.8 1,364.1 1,329.9 1,327.5 1,325.7 -1.8
Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 607.4 620.9 620.5 620.8 605.7 620.4 620.7 622.0 1.3
Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 316.4 323.3 324.6 325.1 314.8 322.1 322.5 322.2 -0.3
Securities, commodity contracts,
investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 975.6 1,010.4 1,018.2 1,021.7 973.0 1,008.4 1,017.1 1,018.4 1.3
Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,885.5 2,874.1 2,881.0 2,889.0 2,875.7 2,869.0 2,871.8 2,874.9 3.1
Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,233.6 2,342.3 2,337.9 2,344.6 2,234.7 2,331.6 2,337.8 2,343.1 5.3
Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,726.5 1,792.2 1,791.3 1,795.1 1,720.4 1,780.8 1,785.5 1,789.1 3.6
Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484.5 527.9 524.3 527.0 491.9 528.6 530.2 531.8 1.6

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
— Continued
[In thousands]
Change
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2020 2021 2021p 2021p Nov.2021 -
Dec.2021p
Real estate and rental and leasing -
Continued
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 22.6 22.2 22.3 22.5 22.4 22.2 22.1 22.2 0.1
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,638 21,598 21,714 21,650 20,550 21,319 21,391 21,434 43
Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,554.8 10,034.6 10,111.6 10,150.0 9,526.0 10,033.4 10,084.2 10,120.9 36.7
Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,128.0 1,157.0 1,161.0 1,163.2 1,121.9 1,153.6 1,156.6 1,156.3 -0.3
Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 1,001.2 1,023.8 1,050.0 1,075.1 996.5 1,074.9 1,079.7 1,083.1 3.4
Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,524.4 1,606.0 1,606.2 1,610.5 1,525.7 1,596.0 1,601.1 1,609.7 8.6
Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.4 145.4 147.8 150.2 133.6 144.3 146.7 149.0 2.3
Computer systems design and related
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,204.6 2,313.0 2,333.7 2,323.3 2,211.7 2,301.4 2,314.3 2,324.5 10.2
Management and technical consulting
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,568.7 1,694.5 1,705.7 1,715.6 1,554.2 1,671.5 1,685.3 1,692.8 7.5
Scientific research and development
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784.8 836.3 839.7 848.6 784.1 840.0 842.1 848.5 6.4
Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 443.3 454.8 458.1 460.4 440.6 454.2 456.2 457.2 1.0
Other professional and technical services. . . 764.4 803.8 809.4 803.1 757.7 797.7 802.2 799.8 -2.4
Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,354.6 2,343.1 2,350.0 2,357.2 2,351.7 2,345.1 2,350.2 2,351.4 1.2
Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,728.3 9,220.7 9,252.1 9,142.5 8,671.8 8,940.4 8,956.8 8,961.2 4.4
Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,279.9 8,756.8 8,790.2 8,681.0 8,222.4 8,480.5 8,497.0 8,500.6 3.6
Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 527.8 570.7 572.6 571.7 528.4 567.8 569.6 570.5 0.9
Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.3 153.5 151.7 150.6 152.8 152.1 151.3 150.3 -1.0
Employment services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,389.3 3,645.1 3,684.7 3,684.2 3,256.5 3,443.8 3,443.9 3,449.2 5.3
Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,762.4 2,964.2 2,998.3 2,987.5 2,620.6 2,788.8 2,789.3 2,787.7 -1.6
Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825.4 788.3 806.2 796.2 804.1 780.3 783.6 777.2 -6.4
Travel arrangement and reservation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.5 165.1 162.7 161.7 147.0 166.2 164.2 162.9 -1.3
Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 899.8 899.3 906.1 908.5 895.9 898.1 898.6 897.2 -1.4
Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,038.3 2,210.9 2,182.5 2,090.9 2,133.6 2,152.9 2,163.5 2,171.3 7.8
Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300.5 323.9 323.7 317.2 304.1 319.3 322.3 322.0 -0.3
Waste management and remediation
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448.4 463.9 461.9 461.5 449.4 459.9 459.8 460.6 0.8
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,400 23,922 24,017 23,954 23,249 23,780 23,794 23,804 10
Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,404.1 3,769.5 3,816.2 3,749.8 3,321.0 3,632.7 3,638.8 3,642.2 3.4
Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,996.1 20,152.5 20,200.5 20,203.7 19,928.3 20,147.5 20,155.5 20,161.6 6.1
Health care3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,036.3 16,049.4 16,078.9 16,085.9 15,979.3 16,042.1 16,045.7 16,042.6 -3.1
Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,733.8 7,939.1 7,960.8 7,968.8 7,700.2 7,924.7 7,933.9 7,942.0 8.1
Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,680.1 2,735.8 2,738.3 2,750.1 2,662.9 2,730.2 2,728.3 2,732.3 4.0
Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987.9 1,030.9 1,038.7 1,034.2 983.5 1,028.7 1,032.8 1,033.2 0.4
Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 951.3 1,014.0 1,021.7 1,021.4 948.4 1,012.9 1,018.2 1,017.7 -0.5
Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,002.9 1,012.8 1,017.8 1,018.8 998.4 1,012.3 1,015.3 1,015.9 0.6
Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 288.9 300.3 300.3 302.3 288.0 299.9 300.6 301.5 0.9
Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,514.0 1,529.8 1,526.9 1,523.8 1,508.7 1,525.2 1,522.6 1,523.8 1.2
Other ambulatory health care
services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308.7 315.5 317.1 318.2 310.3 315.3 316.1 317.6 1.5
Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,183.9 5,148.5 5,158.0 5,152.5 5,174.8 5,145.1 5,147.0 5,141.9 -5.1
Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,118.6 2,961.8 2,960.1 2,964.6 3,104.3 2,972.3 2,964.8 2,958.7 -6.1
Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,439.5 1,353.5 1,348.9 1,347.9 1,433.4 1,359.1 1,350.9 1,345.7 -5.2
Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 612.2 590.9 593.1 595.6 611.0 592.0 592.8 594.5 1.7
Community care facilities for the
elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912.5 867.8 867.8 872.3 906.0 871.5 870.9 868.7 -2.2
Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 154.4 149.6 150.3 148.8 153.9 149.8 150.1 149.7 -0.4
Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,959.8 4,103.1 4,121.6 4,117.8 3,949.0 4,105.4 4,109.8 4,119.0 9.2
Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,616.3 2,690.5 2,696.3 2,694.8 2,614.4 2,692.8 2,697.1 2,709.9 12.8
Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 186.5 184.6 188.1 188.5 184.0 185.5 187.0 186.4 -0.6
Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 276.6 285.9 285.3 286.8 277.1 286.5 287.0 287.6 0.6
Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880.4 942.1 951.9 947.7 873.5 940.6 938.8 935.1 -3.7
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,896 15,448 15,362 15,429 13,134 15,599 15,640 15,693 53
Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,605.6 2,164.0 2,105.4 2,095.4 1,715.9 2,225.8 2,236.0 2,236.7 0.7
Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 311.1 484.7 483.3 478.6 321.9 480.8 490.6 497.6 7.0
Museums, historical sites, and similar
institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.2 147.2 145.3 146.5 133.0 148.7 149.1 149.4 0.3

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
— Continued
[In thousands]
Change
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2020 2021 2021p 2021p Nov.2021 -
Dec.2021p
Arts, entertainment, and recreation -
Continued
Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,166.3 1,532.1 1,476.8 1,470.3 1,261.0 1,596.3 1,596.3 1,589.7 -6.6
Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,289.9 13,284.4 13,256.5 13,333.7 11,418.1 13,372.9 13,403.9 13,456.5 52.6
Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,376.4 1,777.1 1,728.7 1,747.9 1,421.2 1,793.6 1,791.0 1,801.0 10.0
Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 9,913.5 11,507.3 11,527.8 11,585.8 9,996.9 11,579.3 11,612.9 11,655.5 42.6
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,448 5,773 5,784 5,795 5,469 5,781 5,794 5,807 13
Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,304.8 1,392.1 1,402.1 1,396.4 1,312.2 1,386.7 1,396.1 1,400.9 4.8
Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,298.5 1,446.4 1,443.1 1,458.3 1,298.3 1,452.8 1,450.3 1,453.9 3.6
Membership associations and organizations. . . 2,845.0 2,934.7 2,939.0 2,939.8 2,858.5 2,941.6 2,947.2 2,952.0 4.8
Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,800 22,206 22,302 22,207 21,456 21,941 21,920 21,908 -12
Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,905 2,875 2,892 2,898 2,892 2,878 2,882 2,880 -2
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,279.8 2,277.6 2,274.2 2,273.2 2,285.3 2,273.7 2,273.6 2,272.4 -1.2
U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624.7 597.6 617.9 625.2 606.7 604.0 608.6 608.0 -0.6
State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,039 5,186 5,193 5,135 4,930 5,042 5,032 5,032 0
State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,361.1 2,551.7 2,569.3 2,516.5 2,243.7 2,403.5 2,400.1 2,405.1 5.0
State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,677.6 2,633.9 2,623.7 2,618.5 2,686.4 2,638.5 2,632.3 2,627.2 -5.1
Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,856 14,145 14,217 14,174 13,634 14,021 14,006 13,996 -10
Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,634.1 7,853.5 7,931.0 7,923.9 7,326.4 7,666.9 7,655.1 7,653.3 -1.8
Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,222.1 6,291.3 6,286.2 6,250.5 6,307.3 6,354.0 6,350.5 6,342.7 -7.8
1
Includes other industries, not shown separately.
2
Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.
3
Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Industry 2020 2021 2021p 2021p
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................ . 34.7 34.7 34.7 34.7
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.9 39.9 40.0 40.1
Mining and logging............................................................... . 45.0 44.9 45.1 44.9
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.2 38.8 39.0 39.3
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.0 40.3 40.4 40.3
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.4
Nondurable goods............................................................. . 39.7 40.1 40.1 40.0
Private service-providing........................................................... . 33.6 33.7 33.7 33.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 34.5 34.6 34.7
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.6 39.4 39.2 39.2
Retail trade..................................................................... . 30.4 30.9 31.2 31.4
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.9 38.6 38.1 38.0
Utilities.......................................................................... . 42.8 42.2 41.8 43.0
Information........................................................................ . 37.1 37.0 37.0 37.1
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.7 37.6 37.5 37.5
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.7 36.7 36.7 36.6
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.5 33.3 33.3 33.3
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2 26.3 26.3 26.3
Other services.................................................................... . 32.4 32.2 32.2 32.2
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... . 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.2
Nondurable goods.................................................................. . 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
Industry Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec.
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2020 2021 2021p 2021p
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $29.91 $31.01 $31.12 $31.31 $1,037.88 $1,076.05 $1,079.86 $1,086.46
Goods-producing...................................... . 30.30 31.48 31.55 31.65 1,208.97 1,256.05 1,262.00 1,269.17
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.67 35.56 35.66 35.82 1,560.15 1,596.64 1,608.27 1,608.32
Construction......................................... . 32.09 33.43 33.45 33.57 1,257.93 1,297.08 1,304.55 1,319.30
Manufacturing....................................... . 29.00 30.12 30.21 30.28 1,160.00 1,213.84 1,220.48 1,220.28
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.49 31.63 31.75 31.82 1,228.75 1,277.85 1,285.88 1,285.53
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.54 27.61 27.64 27.70 1,053.64 1,107.16 1,108.36 1,108.00
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.82 30.90 31.02 31.23 1,001.95 1,041.33 1,045.37 1,052.45
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ . 25.67 26.73 26.79 26.97 875.35 922.19 926.93 935.86
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.87 34.15 34.11 34.44 1,268.78 1,345.51 1,337.11 1,350.05
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.33 22.28 22.37 22.48 648.43 688.45 697.94 705.87
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.72 26.86 27.08 27.16 1,000.51 1,036.80 1,031.75 1,032.08
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.13 45.27 45.36 46.17 1,888.76 1,910.39 1,896.05 1,985.31
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.28 44.74 44.66 45.36 1,642.79 1,655.38 1,652.42 1,682.86
Financial activities.................................. . 39.06 40.52 40.71 40.98 1,472.56 1,523.55 1,526.63 1,536.75
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.59 37.40 37.56 37.81 1,306.15 1,372.58 1,378.45 1,383.85
Education and health services.................... . 29.45 30.46 30.58 30.83 986.58 1,014.32 1,018.31 1,026.64
Leisure and hospitality............................. . 17.15 19.23 19.41 19.57 432.18 505.75 510.48 514.69
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.85 27.63 27.71 27.78 869.94 889.69 892.26 894.52
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by
industry sector, seasonally adjusted
[2007=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours1 Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2
Percent Percent
change change
Industry Dec. Oct. Nov. from: from:
Dec. Nov. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Nov.
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2021 - 2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2021 -
Dec. Dec.
2021p 2021p
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.4 110.2 110.5 110.7 0.2 150.8 163.5 164.4 165.7 0.8
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.0 94.0 94.5 95.0 0.5 125.9 133.7 134.8 135.9 0.8
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.4 91.4 92.1 92.6 0.5 117.5 130.5 131.9 133.1 0.9
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.4 101.3 102.4 1.1 139.4 145.8 147.3 149.4 1.4
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.0 90.8 91.2 91.2 0.0 118.7 127.1 128.2 128.4 0.2
Durable goods.......................... . 86.2 88.6 89.0 89.0 0.0 116.7 124.5 125.5 125.8 0.2
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.8 94.7 95.0 94.9 -0.1 123.6 132.6 133.3 133.4 0.1
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.1 114.9 115.1 115.3 0.2 158.1 172.6 173.6 175.0 0.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . 100.4 104.4 104.8 105.2 0.4 139.0 150.5 151.4 153.1 1.1
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.6 99.8 99.5 99.7 0.2 131.5 142.5 141.9 143.6 1.2
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.6 97.0 97.9 98.5 0.6 131.9 142.9 144.7 146.4 1.2
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . 126.7 132.6 131.8 131.9 0.1 165.8 181.2 181.6 182.3 0.4
Utilities................................... . 99.7 98.0 97.0 99.8 2.9 145.4 146.5 145.4 152.2 4.7
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.1 94.4 94.4 94.7 0.3 142.0 150.4 150.2 152.9 1.8
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108.4 109.6 109.5 109.6 0.1 165.1 173.2 173.9 175.2 0.7
Professional and business services. . . . . 118.3 122.7 123.1 123.0 -0.1 170.4 185.8 187.2 188.3 0.6
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 127.2 129.3 129.4 129.4 0.0 180.2 189.5 190.3 192.0 0.9
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.4 117.1 117.4 117.8 0.3 130.7 181.6 183.8 185.9 1.1
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.2 107.3 107.6 107.8 0.2 150.3 162.5 163.4 164.1 0.4
1
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2020 2021 2021p 2021p
Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,852 74,022 74,149 74,196 49.7 49.8 49.8 49.8
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,520 61,323 61,464 61,509 48.3 48.5 48.5 48.4
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,581 4,709 4,725 4,740 22.6 22.8 22.8 22.8
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 82 84 86 14.1 12.7 12.9 13.1
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983 1,038 1,038 1,040 13.3 13.8 13.8 13.8
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,514 3,589 3,603 3,614 28.7 28.7 28.7 28.7
Durable goods................................. . 1,861 1,904 1,913 1,917 24.5 24.4 24.5 24.5
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,653 1,685 1,690 1,697 35.7 35.6 35.6 35.7
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,939 56,614 56,739 56,769 53.5 53.5 53.5 53.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,617 10,960 10,995 10,993 39.3 39.5 39.6 39.6
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,678.0 1,726.3 1,734.3 1,737.8 29.9 30.1 30.1 30.1
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,352.9 7,537.0 7,547.2 7,544.4 48.5 48.7 48.8 48.8
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,452.8 1,561.8 1,578.8 1,576.0 25.6 26.1 26.2 26.1
Utilities.......................................... . 133.6 134.6 134.7 134.3 24.8 25.1 25.1 25.0
Information........................................ . 1,062 1,097 1,105 1,104 39.9 39.3 39.5 39.5
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,961 4,983 4,988 4,988 56.5 56.0 56.0 55.9
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,451 9,916 9,946 9,955 46.0 46.5 46.5 46.4
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,978 18,309 18,332 18,351 77.3 77.0 77.0 77.1
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,972 8,265 8,287 8,283 53.1 53.0 53.0 52.8
Other services.................................... . 2,898 3,084 3,086 3,095 53.0 53.3 53.3 53.3
Government............................................ . 12,332 12,699 12,685 12,687 57.5 57.9 57.9 57.9
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry
sector, seasonally adjusted1
[In thousands]
Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Industry 2021p
2020 2021 2021p
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,617 103,266 103,474 103,567

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,360 14,733 14,789 14,837
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 485 488 493
Construction......................................................................... . 5,463 5,535 5,556 5,570
Manufacturing....................................................................... . 8,471 8,713 8,745 8,774
Durable goods.................................................................... . 5,149 5,342 5,352 5,374
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,322 3,371 3,393 3,400
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,257 88,533 88,685 88,730
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... . 22,855 23,385 23,468 23,489
Wholesale trade.................................................................. . 4,453.4 4,568.1 4,584.1 4,598.7
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,936.1 13,199.5 13,204.9 13,207.0
Transportation and warehousing............................................... . 5,039.3 5,190.0 5,251.2 5,255.1
Utilities............................................................................. . 425.8 427.0 427.4 427.7
Information........................................................................... . 2,092 2,220 2,219 2,218
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,667 6,713 6,715 6,717
Professional and business services.............................................. . 16,534 17,180 17,222 17,225
Education and health services.................................................... . 20,370 20,763 20,764 20,753
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,287 13,562 13,581 13,590
Other services....................................................................... . 4,452 4,710 4,716 4,738
1
Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory
employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm
payrolls.
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Industry 2020 2021 2021p 2021p
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................ . 34.2 34.1 34.1 34.2
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.9 40.8 41.0 41.1
Mining and logging............................................................... . 45.9 46.9 46.9 46.6
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.8 39.4 39.8 40.1
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 41.3 41.4 41.4
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.5 41.2 41.4 41.3
Nondurable goods............................................................. . 41.1 41.4 41.4 41.6
Private service-providing........................................................... . 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 34.3 34.3 34.3
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.5 39.2 39.1 39.0
Retail trade..................................................................... . 30.6 30.8 30.9 31.0
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.5 38.4 38.1 37.8
Utilities.......................................................................... . 42.4 42.0 41.7 42.5
Information........................................................................ . 36.5 36.4 36.6 36.6
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.5
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.3 36.3 36.3 36.3
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.9 32.6 32.5 32.5
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.8 25.0 25.1 25.1
Other services.................................................................... . 31.4 31.2 31.3 31.3
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing.......................................................................... . 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.0
Nondurable goods.................................................................. . 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.2
1
payrolls.
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private
nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2020 2021 2021p 2021p
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $25.15 $26.31 $26.43 $26.61 $860.13 $897.17 $901.26 $910.06
Goods-producing...................................... . 25.77 26.91 27.01 27.13 1,053.99 1,097.93 1,107.41 1,115.04
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.16 31.52 31.80 31.92 1,384.34 1,478.29 1,491.42 1,487.47
Construction......................................... . 29.64 30.99 31.08 31.20 1,179.67 1,221.01 1,236.98 1,251.12
Manufacturing....................................... . 23.12 24.14 24.22 24.33 954.86 996.98 1,002.71 1,007.26
Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.12 25.19 25.30 25.42 1,000.98 1,037.83 1,047.42 1,049.85
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.55 22.48 22.52 22.62 885.71 930.67 932.33 940.99
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.03 26.19 26.31 26.50 825.99 864.27 868.23 874.50
Trade, transportation, and utilities................ . 21.74 22.90 23.02 23.23 741.33 785.47 789.59 796.79
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.12 28.20 28.18 28.63 1,044.12 1,105.44 1,101.84 1,116.57
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.96 18.97 19.02 19.20 549.58 584.28 587.72 595.20
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.10 24.59 25.01 25.04 889.35 944.26 952.88 946.51
Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.00 40.31 40.44 40.95 1,653.60 1,693.02 1,686.35 1,740.38
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.19 36.86 36.91 37.01 1,320.94 1,341.70 1,350.91 1,354.57
Financial activities.................................. . 29.68 30.73 30.89 30.91 1,110.03 1,149.30 1,155.29 1,159.13
Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.66 31.35 31.54 31.82 1,076.66 1,138.01 1,144.90 1,155.07
Education and health services.................... . 26.28 27.62 27.77 28.01 864.61 900.41 902.53 910.33
Leisure and hospitality............................. . 14.66 16.83 16.84 16.97 348.91 420.75 422.68 425.95
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.93 23.58 23.68 23.69 720.00 735.70 741.18 741.50
1
payrolls.
p Preliminary
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on
private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1
[2002=100]
Index of aggregate weekly hours2 Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3
Percent Percent
change change
Industry Dec. Oct. Nov. from: from:
Dec. Nov. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Nov.
2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2021 - 2020 2021 2021p 2021p 2021 -
Dec. Dec.
2021p 2021p
Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.4 117.3 117.6 118.0 0.3 188.9 206.3 207.7 209.9 1.1
Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.8 91.9 92.7 93.2 0.5 141.6 151.4 153.2 154.8 1.0
Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.9 120.9 121.6 122.1 0.4 182.3 221.6 224.9 226.6 0.8
Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108.9 109.2 110.7 111.8 1.0 174.2 182.7 185.8 188.4 1.4
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.3 82.6 83.1 83.4 0.4 121.4 130.4 131.6 132.7 0.8
Durable goods.......................... . 80.3 82.7 83.2 83.4 0.2 120.9 130.0 131.5 132.3 0.6
Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.4 82.2 82.8 83.3 0.6 122.5 130.6 131.7 133.2 1.1
Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118.5 124.5 124.7 124.8 0.1 203.4 223.6 225.0 226.8 0.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . 109.0 112.2 112.6 112.7 0.1 169.3 183.6 185.2 187.0 1.0
Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.8 106.3 106.4 106.4 0.0 162.9 176.9 176.9 179.9 1.7
Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.2 102.9 103.3 103.6 0.3 154.2 167.2 168.3 170.5 1.3
Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . 146.8 150.8 151.4 150.3 -0.7 215.9 236.1 241.0 239.6 -0.6
Utilities................................... . 92.3 91.7 91.1 93.0 2.1 150.3 154.3 153.9 158.9 3.2
Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.2 92.2 92.7 92.7 0.0 156.1 168.3 169.4 169.8 0.2
Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.4 118.2 118.2 118.6 0.3 214.3 223.4 224.6 225.4 0.4
Professional and business services. . . . . 134.2 139.4 139.8 139.8 0.0 236.7 260.0 262.2 264.5 0.9
Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 142.9 144.3 143.9 143.8 -0.1 247.9 263.1 263.7 265.9 0.8
Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.4 124.2 124.9 124.9 0.0 163.8 237.4 238.8 240.8 0.8
Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.0 103.1 103.5 104.0 0.5 163.8 177.1 178.6 179.5 0.5
1
payrolls.
2
The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002
annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.
3
The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the
corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly
earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.
p Preliminary

December 2021 Jobs Report

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December 2021 Jobs Report

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Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-22-0015

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, January 7, 2022

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • [email protected]

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — DECEMBER 2021

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data

Household Survey Data

Household Survey Supplemental Data

Establishment Survey Data

Upcoming Changes to Household Survey Data

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data

Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec.

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

See footnotes at end of table.

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Less than a high school diploma

VETERANS, 18 years and over

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Foreign born, 16 years and over

AGE AND SEX

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over1............................................................... . 10,404 5,964 6.5 3.7

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

See footnotes at end of table.

See footnotes at end of table.

See footnotes at end of table.

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,617 103,266 103,474 103,567

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

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