SCIENCE

The highest peaks in the world, such as Mount Everest ( 8, 848 meters above sea level ), can be
found in the Himalayas. For many years,
geologists tried to explain the presence of the
remains of tiny sea organisms at the top of
this mountain range. They found out that the
type of rock that caps Mount Everest, for
instance, is limestone. This is a type of rock
that forms at the bottom of warm shallow
seas and is composed primarily of fossilized
marine creatures, everything from plankton to
clams and fish.

Studies revealed that the Himalayas started forming about 40 million years ago, when the Indian plate
collided head-on with the Eurasian plate, shoving and folding rocks (formed below sea level) into lofty
peaks. Because the Indian plate is still moving northward, the Himalayas are still rising at a rate of
about one centimeter per year. Now, it is easier to explain why marine fossils are located at the top of
these tall mountains. It is the process of plate tectonics that continues to lift seafloor rocks to certain
heights.

Information Sheet 1
Plate Boundaries.
The interaction of plates at plate boundaries is responsible for many geologic features of the Earth. At
some boundaries, plates move together or converge, and others move away from each other or
diverge. Some plates move horizontally past one another.
Divergent Boundaries
A divergent boundary is a feature that exists when two tectonic plates move away from each other.
When Earth’s brittle surface is pulled apart, what happens to the space left between them? The result
of two diverging plates is a valley-like rift. This rift is a dropped zone where the plates are pulling apart.
Valleys and volcanoes form as the crust widens and thins. Streams and rivers can flow into the low
valleys, and long, narrow lakes are created.

Most of the divergent boundaries are found on the seafloor where they form ocean ridges. It is in its
central rift where seafloor spreading begins. The process of seafloor spreading along a divergent
boundary may cause an ocean basin to grow wider,which takes over millions of years. Some divergent
boundaries can form on continents other than the seafloor. A long and narrow depression, called a rift
valley. Is formed when the continental crust begins to stretch and separate. This rifting may eventually
lead to the formation of a new ocean basin.
Convergent Boundaries
A convergent boundary or destructive plate boundary is a place where two tectonic plates move
toward each other. As a result of pressure, friction and plate material melting in the mantle,
earthquakes and volcanoes are commonly experienced and found respectively near convergent
boundaries. There are three types of convergent boundaries, classified according to the type of crust
involved. (1.) oceanic crust converging with oceanic crust; (2.) oceanic crust converging with
continental crust; and (3.) continental crust converging with continental crust.

Oceanic-oceanic convergence
In an oceanic-oceanic boundary, one of the two plates is descending beneath the other. This process
is called subduction. When an oceanic plate, one that has become denser due to cooling, descends
below another plate, a subduction zone is formed. The descending plate reaches the mantle and then
melts, thereby recycling the oceanic crust formed at the ridge.

Oceanic-continental convergence
Subduction also occurs when an oceanic plate converges with a continental plate as you can see in
figure 1.1.8. This convergence produces a trench and a volcanic arc. However, a series of volcanic
eruptions along the edge of the continental plate can be observed. The result of this subduction is a
mountain range, with many volcanoes.

Continental-continental convergence
When two continental plates collide, a convergent boundary is formed. The ocean basin between
converging oceanic and the plates is entirely subducted. Because continental rocks are too bouyant to
be forced into the mantle, they cannot be subducted. As a result, the colliding edges of the continents
are crumpled and uplifted forming a mountain range. Note that the Himalayas have been formed this
way.

Transform Boundaries
A transfrom boundary is formed when two plates slide past each other, horizontally, as shown in figure
1.1.10
You can compare a transform boundary to diveregnt and convergent boundaries. In a divergent
boundary, a new crust is formed at ridges, In convergent boundaries, old crust is destroyed by
subduction. In a transform boundary, the crust is deformed or fractured. It is characterized by long
faults that extend to hundreds of kilometers. Most transform boundaries offset sections of ocean
ridges, and they rarely occur on the continent.

“Plates cover the entire Earth, and their boundaries play a key role in geologic events. The
movement of these plates on top of a thick, fluid “mantle” is known as plate tectonics. The
movement of the plates is the source of volcanoes and earthquakes.”

The theory of plate tectonics states that Earth’s crust and its rigid upper mantle are broken into
enormous slabs called plates. There are more than a dozen major plates and several smaller ones
How fast are these plates moving? These plates are all moving in different directions and at
different speeds from two cm to 10 cm per year, about the speed at which your fingernails grow.
Adjacent plates can crash together, pull apart, or sideswipe each other. The place where two plates
meet is called a plate boundary. Boundaries have different names, depending on how the two
plates are moving relative to each other.

1. What is plate tectonics? A section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the
asthenosphere, carrying pieces of continental and oceanic crust.
2. What are tectonic plates made of? Earth’s crust and upper mantle (Lithosphere)
3. What are the three types of boundaries?
Divergent Boundaries
Convergent Boundaries
Transform Boundaries
Three types of boundaries

Divergent boundaries

A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other.
RIFTING causes SEAFLOOR SPREADING

How is the rock pulled at Divergent Boundaries?

Rock gets THIN in the middle as it is pulled apart. This STRESS is called TENSION
What happens when the rock SNAPS from the Stress of Tension?
A Normal Fault (fault is a break in Earth’s crust) Rock drops down as it breaks
What happens next at Divergent Boundaries?
A geologic feature or event… May form RIFT VALLEYS on continents
SEA-FLOOR SPREADING in the ocean

Helpful Hints…
Divergent is like “dissecting” or “dividing”
If you pull warm bubble gum or silly putty, it will thin in the middle until it is stressed so much that it
breaks.
Happens on land & under H2O

Features of Divergent Boundaries

Mid-ocean ridges
rift valleys
fissure volcanoes

Convergent Boundaries

How is the rock pushed at convergent boundaries?

A plate boundary where two plates move towards each other.
Boundaries between two plates that are colliding
This stress is called COMPRESSION
- Places where plates crash (or crunch) together or subduct (one sinks under).

There are 3 types of Convergent Boundaries…

Type 1
Ocean plate colliding with a less dense continental plate

Subduction Zone: The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back
into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary.

What else happens at Convergent Boundaries?

VOLCANOES occur at subduction zones.
Example; Andes Mountains, South America
Type 2
Ocean plate colliding with another ocean plate

The less dense plate slides under the more dense plate creating a subduction zone called a TRENCH
Example; Aleutian Islands, Alaska

Type 3
A continental plate colliding with another continental plate
Have Collision Zones:
A place where folded and thrust faulted mountains form.
May form Mountain Ranges.
Example; These are Folded Mountains, like the Himalayas or the Rockies.

What happens when the rock is squeezed from the Stress of Compression?
A REVERSE FAULT
Rock is forced upward as it is squeezed.

Helpful Hints…
Convergent = “Connecting” boundaries
May work like a trash compactor smashing rock.
Rock goes crunches up to make folded mountains.
Rock goes down “under” @ subduction zone.

Transform boundaries

A plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite direction.

How is the rock broken at Transform Boundaries?

Rock is pushed in two opposite directions (or sideways, but no rock is lost)
This stress is called SHEARING

What happens next at Transform Boundaries?

May cause Earthquakes when the rock snaps from the pressure.
Example; A famous fault @ a Transform Boundary is the San Andreas Fault in California.

What happens when the rock is sheared (or “cut”) from the Stress of Shearing?
A STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
Rocks on each side of the fault slip past each other as they break.

Helpful Hints…
Shearing means cutting (“Shears” are like scissors)
Transform boundaries run like trains going past each other in different directions & they shake the
ground!
DEFINITION
Plate Boundaries.
The interaction of plates at plate boundaries is responsible for many geologic features of the Earth. At
some boundaries, plates move together or converge, and others move away from each other or
diverge. Some plates move horizontally past one another.

What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics?

The theory that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents in
the mantle. Plates move slowly in different directions. Cause different geologic events (like earthquake,
volcano, etc.)
What makes the plates move?
Convection Currents in the mantle move the plates as the core heats the slowly-flowing asthenosphere
(the elastic/plastic-like part of the mantle).

Tectonic plates
A section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the asthenosphere, carrying pieces of continental
and oceanic crust.

Converge
a place where two tectonic plates move
toward each other. As a result of pressure, friction and plate material melting in the mantle.

Diverge
a feature that exists when two tectonic plates move away from each other.

Ocean trench
Rift
Fault line
Mountain range
Mantle
Continental crust
Oceanic crust
Subduction

WORDS ASSOCIATED WORDS SENTENCE

BOUYANCY LIGHTNESS, AIRINESS, WEIGHTLESSNESS. THE BOAT IS SUPPORTED BY THE WATERS
BOUYANCY.
CONVECTION CONDUCTION, DEPORTATION, THE HUMAN BODY USUALLY EMITS HEAT
DISPLACEMENT, MOVE. BY WAY OF CONVECTION AND
RADIATION.
GRAVITY PRESSURE, WEIGHT,FORCE, HEAVINESS. GRAVITY IS WHAT KEPP EVERYTHING
FROM FLOATING.
LITHOSPHERE GEOSPHERE,ATMOSPHERE, THE LITHOSPHERE IS THE SOLID OUTER
LITHOSPERIC,SUBDUCT. PART OF THE EARTH.
ASTHENOSPHERE LITHOSPHERE, CRUSTAL,BASALTS, IT WAS FOUND THAT THE
SUBDUCTING,MAGMATISM. ASTHENOSPHERE HAD INVADED THE
OVERLYING LITHOSPHERE.
PLIABLE ADAPTABLE, ELASTIC,KNEADABLE,FLUID. THE PLIABLE WIRE MADE IT POSSIBLE TO
BEND IT INTO THE IDEAL CONTOUR FOR
SLIPPING THROUGH THE DOOR FRAME TO
UNLOCK THE DOOR.
THERMAL ENERGY ENERGY, FREE ENERGY, HEAT OG THE HEAT GIVES OFF SUBTLE INFRARED
FPRMATION/ RAYS WHICH PRODUCE THERMAL
SOLUTION/TRANSFORMATION. ENERGY TO HEA THE FLOOR.
Why Do Plates Move?

Plate tectonics is no longer a mystery because of the numerous studies that have been conducted by geologists.
The rate of movements and their direction have been measured by sophisticated methodologies. However,
there was one question left unanswered since Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift. What
causes plates to move? This area of research is yet to be fully understood. There are many theories, but the
leading hypothesis is that the large scale motion in the mantle drives the movement of tectonic plates.

Mantle Convection

Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of heated matter. It is the most efficient type of
heat transport mechanism, commonly observed in many natural settings. When we boil water in a pot, for
instance, convection occurs. Heated from below, the water closer to the flame or heat source heats up and rises
because it expands and has a lower density.

Heat Convection
Hot water is likewise less dense
than cold water and rises,
causing convection currents
which transport energy.
Convection can also lead to
circulation in a liquid, as in
the heating of a pot of water
over a flame. Heated water

expands and becomes more buoyant

In the same manner, many geologists believe that heat transport between the planet core and the solid surface
is the same as the principles of hot water convection. A convection current is thought to be the driving
mechanism for plate movements. Even though the mantle is solid, a part of it called the asthenosphere flows
like a soft and pliable plastic. A convection current therefore, is set in motion by Earth’s hot interior and cool
exterior.

The movement of the plates can likewise bring about hot, rocky materials from inside Earth to
travel through cracks in these plates. This movement can create volcanoes.

Convection currents is related to plate

tectonics because it explains the reason
why plate tectonics move.
For instance, some geologists believe that the main factor for the motion of plate tectonics is convection
currents that occurs in the mantle. This is because the mantle is made of semi-molten rock called magma. In
addition, just as convection currents occurs in a boiling pan this same process occurs in the mantle.
Moreover, since the mantle is some kind of solid-liquid (it's very dense) this allows for plate tectonics to float
on it like oil floats on water.
In addition, convection currents occurs because the very hot material at the deepest part of the mantle rises, then
cools, sinking again and heating, rising and repeating the cycle over and over again.
Thus, all the motion caused by these actions causes plate tectonics to move.

"ridge push" The lithosphere thickens with distance (and time) away from the midocean ridge. This is
because it cools as it moves away from the ridge and the boundary between the solid lithosphere and slightly
molten asthenosphere becomes deeper - the boundary between the lithosphere and asthenosphere is essentially
a temperature boundary. The result of this thickening with distance from the ridge is that the
lithosphere/asthenosphere boundary slopes away from the ridge. The weight of the lithosphere on this
sloping
surface produces a downslope
force. And since the asthenosphere
is weak, the weight of the
lithosphere near the ridge sliding
down the "slippery slope" of the
asthenosphere "pushes" the older
part of the plate in front of it. Note
that as the lithosphere slides down
away from the ridge, tensional
forces and normal fault
earthquakes occur at the ridge axis
where two plates are sliding
(pulling) apart. Figure 1.2.3 Ridge push and slab pull

"slab pull" As lithospheric plates move away from midocean ridges they cool and become denser. They
eventually become more dense than the underlying hot mantle. After subducted, cool, dense lithosphere sinks
into the mantle under its own weight. This helps to pull the rest of the plate down with it.

resisting forces The main effect of the underlying mantle is to produce a shearing or frictional force
resisting the motion of lithospheric plates. And for newly subducting slabs, the resisting force of the mantle as
the slab tries to force its way through is stronger than the shearing on the top and bottom of the descending
slab. Friction between the converging plates and also the force required to bend a plate resist the movement of
the plate at subduction zones.

It seems likely that gravity drives the plates and the motions of the plates help to stir the mantle, rather than the
convection of the mantle driving the plates.

However, mantle flow may be important locally with respect to the motion of continents with deep keels
(thickened lithosphere, especially in old orogenic belts), but not for oceanic lithosphere.
FILIPINO
Ang salitang mitolohiya ay nangangahulugang agham o pag-aaral ng mga mito/myth at alamat. Tumutukoy sa kalipunan
ng mga mito mula sa isang pangkat ng tao sa isang lugar na naglalahad ng kasaysayan ng mga diyos-diyosan noong
unang panahon na sinasamba, dinarakila at pinapintakasi ng mga sinaunang tao. Ang mitolohiya ay salitang mito/myth
ay galing sa salitang latin na mythos at mula sa Greeks na muthos na ang kahulugan ay kuwento. Ang muthos ay
halaw pa sa mu, na ang ibig sabihin ay paglikha ng tunog sa bibig. Sa klasikal na mitolohiya ang mito/myth ay
representasyon ng marubrob na pangarap at takot ng mga sinaunang tao. Nakatutulong ito upang maunawaan ng mga
katangian ng iba pang mga nilalang. Ipinaliliwanag din dito ang nakatatakot na puwersa ng kalikasan sa daigdig.
Karaniwang may kaugnayan ito sa teolohiya at ritwal. Sa Pilipinas naman, ang mito ay kinabibilangan ng mga
kuwentong-bayang naglalahad ng tungkol sa mga anito, diyos at diyosa, mga kakaibang nilalang at mga pagkakagunaw
ng daigdig noon. Maaaring matagpuan ang mga mitong ito sa mga kuwentong-bayan at epiko ng mga pangkat-etniko sa
kasalukuyan.
Ito ang mga gamit ng mitolohiya
1. Ipaliwanag ang pagkakalikha ng daigdig
2. Ipaliwanag ang puwersa ng kalikasan.
3. Maikuwento ang mga sinaunang gawaing panrelihiyon
4. Magturo ng mabuting aral
5. Maipaliwanag ang kasaysayan
6. Maipahayag ang marubrob na pangarap, matinding takot at pag-asa ng
sangkatauhan.

ALAM MO BA?

Ang Isarael ay isang bansa sa kanlurang Asya na kabilang sa tinatawag na Rehiyon ng Meditteranean dahil ito ay
matatagpuan sa bahagingn timog-silangan ng Dagat Mediterranean. Ang Israel ay isa sa mga bansa sa Gitnang
Silangan na kinikilalang Holy Land o Banal na Lupain hindi lamang ng mga Kristiyano kundi maging ng mga Hudyo,
Muslim, at mga Baha’i. Sa maraming bahagi ng Israel, partikular sa lungsod ng Herusalem, namuhay at nangaral si
Hesus. Ang marami sa mga parabulang ginamit niya sa panganagaral ay sa lugar na ito ang tagpuan. Sa maraming
pagkakataon, ginamit ni Hesus sa kanyang mga parabula ang pagpapakasal
ng binata at dalagang Hudyo noong unang siglo upang bigyang-diin ang kanyang relasyon at pagmamahal sa ating
mga mananampalataya. Sa parabulang mababasa mo sa araling ito ay maraming tradisyon ng kasalang Hudyo ang
iyong malalaman.
Sa mga hudyo nang unang siglo, sinusundo ng binate ang dalagang pakakasalan bago ang kasal at pagkatapos ay
babalik sila sa buhay ng binata ang dalagang pakakasalan bago ang kasal at pagkatapos ay babalik sila sa bahay ng
binata para ipagdiwang ang maringal na kasalang umabot nang kung ilang araw. Sa pagpasok ng mga ikakasal ay
tanging ang mga taong nag-aabang at may dalang sulo ang pinapapasok upang maiwasang makapasok ang mga hindi
imbitado o mga gatecrasher. Dito binigyang-diin ni Hesus ang kahalagahan ng kahandaan ang
mga mananampalataya sa kanyang pagbabalik. Kailangang manatiling may langis ang ating mga “ilawan” sapagkat
hindi natin alam ang araw o oras man ng kanayang muling pagparito.

Ang Parabula ng Sampung Dalaga

Ang akdang ito ay isang parabula na kung saan makikilala mo ang sampung dalaga
naatasang magbantay sa pagdating ng binatang ikakasal. Ang lima sa kanila’y matalino
dahil dahil nagbaon o naghanda ng sobrang langis. Ang lima nama’y hangal dahil nagdala
ng ilawan subalit hindi naman sila nagbaon ng karagdagang langis. Sa huli’y tanging ang
mga may baong langis ang nakapasok at nakasama ng lalaking ikakasal. Sa anong aspekto
ng buhay kaya maihahambing ang parabula ito?
Basahin ang kabuuang nilalaman ng parabulang ito, buksan ang inyong aklat at
hanapin ang pahina 33-36.

ANG KAHON NI PANDORA

Noong unang panahon ang mga sinaunang diyos ay nag desisyon gumawa ng isang obra maestra. Sila ay gumawa ng
isang perpektong babae not pinangalanan ni lang pandora.
Lahat ng mga naghahari doon ay nagbigay kay pandora ng regalo ng hangaan ng iba kagandahan , katalinuhan,
kaalaman at kakayahan sa lahat ng bagay.
Sa wakas dinala na siya kay jupiter ang diyos ng lahat ng mga hari upang ibigay ang kanyang natatanging tagalog kay
pandora na hindi mahigitan ang anumang regalo ng iba, bago pa siya ipadala sa mundo.
See jupiter na hindi papatalo sa mga regalong na ibigay na sa kanya ng ibang mga hari. Kaya't binigyan niya ito ng isang
magandang hapon na may disenyo. Binili niya kay pandora na huwag itong bubuksan kahit anong mangyari.
Movie hindi nakatiis si pandora na malaman kung ano talaga ang nilalaman ng kahong iyon.
Isang araw binuksan lang iyon nagulat siya sa kanyang natuklasan, naglabasan lahat ng masasamang elemento na
magbibigay ng masamang epekto sa mga tao kagaya ng pagka tanda, pagkakasakit, pagseselos, pag kasakim, at poot.
Bago paano isara ni pandora ng kahon nakalabas na ang mga ito at kumalat na sa buong mundo. Sa kabutihang palad
naiwan sa loob ang "pag-asa" na siyang magpapa tibay ng loob sa mga taong dumadaan sa mga pagsubok sa kanilang
buhay.

MGA BERBAL, DI BERBAL, AT PASULAT NA PAKIKIPAGTALASTASAN

Ang pakikipagtalastasan ay isinasagawa natin araw-araw. Sa pamamagitan nito’y
nakapagpapaabot tayo sa iba ng mga impormasyon, kaisipan, pananaw, opinion, reaksiyon,
damdamin, at iba pa. Ang pakikipagtalastasan ay maaaring berbal o pasalita, di berbal, at pasulat.

Berbal/pasalita- karaniwang isinasagawa nang harapan, sa telepono, sa pamamagitan ng
makabagong application.

Di-Berbal- komunikasyon ay mga bagay na isinasagawa natin na nagpapaabot ng mensahe
kahit hindi natin binibigkas tulad ng pagkumpas ng kamay, patango, pagngiti, pagtitig sa
kausap, pagkunot ng noo, at iba pa.

Pasulat – Komunikasyon na kinabibilangan ng mga liham, e-mail, SMS o short messaging
system na lalong kilala bilang text message, gayundin ang mga mensaheng ipinadadala
natin sa pamamagitan ng mga social networking site.

Tatlong pang-ugnay sa wikang Filipino ay ang pang-angkop, pang-ukol, at pangatnig. Sa

pagsasalaysay ay madalas nagagamit ang mga pang-ugnay na pang-ukol at pangatnig kaya halika’t
higit pa nating kilalanin ang mga ito.
Pang-ukol- kataga, salita o sariling nag-uugnay ng isang pangpngalan sa iba pang salita sa
pangungusap,
Halimbawa:

Pangatnig-
mga kataga, salita, o pariralang nag-uugnay ng dalawang salita, parirala,
sugnay, o payak na pangungusap.
Halimbawa:
PANDIWA
Ang pandiwa ay bahagi ng pananalitang nagsasaad ng kilos o galawt nag bibibgay-buhay sa lipon ng mga salita.ito’y
binubuo ng salitang-ugat at ng isa o higit pang panlapi. Ang mga panlaping ginagamit sa pandiwa ay tinatawag na
panlaping ginagamit sa pandiwa ay tinatawag na panlaping makadiwa.
Uri ng pandiwa
Ang pandiwa ay maaaring mauri sa dalawa; ang palipat at ang katawanin.

Palipat - may tuwirang layong tumatanggap sa kilos. Ang layon ay karaniwang kasunod ng pandiwa at
pinangungunahan ng mga katagang ng, mga, sa , sa mga, kay, o kina.

HALIMBAWA; si hephaestos ay limulok ng babae.

Pandiwa tuwirang layon

Katawanin- ang pandiwa kapag hindi na ito nangangailangan ng tuwirang layong tatangga ng kilos at nakakatayo na
itong mag-isa.

pandiwa
HALIMBAWA; nabuhay si pandora.
Pandiwang naglalahad lamang ng kilos, gawain o pangyayari.

Aspekto ng pandiwa

Ang pandiwa ay may tatlong aspektong nagpapakita kung kailan naganap, nagagana, o magaganap ang kilos na
ipinahahayag nito.

1. Aspektong naganap o perpektibo - tapos na o nangyari na ang kilos.

HALIMBAWA; ipinadala ni zeus si pandora kay epimetheus.
@ aspektong katatapos - aspektong naganap sapagkat kilos ay katatapos pa lang gawin o mangyari.
HALIMBAWA; kasasabi lang ni epimetheus na huwag bubuksan ni pandora ang kahon subalit binuksan parin niya ito.

2. Aspektong nagaganap o imperpektibo - ang kilos ay kasalukuyang nangyayari o kaya’y patuloy na nangyayari.
HALIMBAWA; araw- araw na nagpapadala si epimetheus sa kanyang asawa.

3. Aspektong magaganap o kentemplatibo - ito’y nagsasaad na ang kilos ay hindi pa isinasagawa o gagawin palang
HALIMBAWA; darating ang pag-asa basta’t maghihintay ka lamang
TLE

PHYSICAL STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF EGG

Egg if we may say, is a regular food for us. We often if not most of the time, see it and
experience eating it every time. Breakfast, snacks and even lunch or dinner for some people. But have
you ever see what’s inside of it? Have you ever try thinking about how it is being made of? Well, we
just regularly see it as a three part structure: the shell, yolk, and the white one. But now in
consideration, we will look closer into it and find exactly what makes up an egg and appreciate other
things about it.

Structure

Shell. The egg’s outer covering, the shell, accounts for about 9 to 12 % of its total weight depending on egg size. The
shell is the egg’s first line of defense against
bacterial contamination. The shell is produced by the shell gland (uterus) of the oviduct, and has an outer coating, the
bloom or cuticle. The cuticle somewhat
seals the pores and is useful in reducing moisture losses and in preventing bacterial penetration of the egg shell.

Air cell. This is the empty space between the white and shell at the large end of the egg which is barely existent in
newly laid egg. When an egg is first laid, it is warm.
As it cools, the contents contract and the inner shell membrane separate from the outer shell membrane to form the air
cell

Albumen/Egg white. Albumen, also called egg white, accounts for most of an egg’s liquid weight, about 67%. This is
produced by the oviduct and consists of four alternating layers of thick and thin consistencies. From the yolk outward,
they are designated as the inner thick or chalaziferous white, the inner thin white, the outer thick white and the outer
thin white. The outer thin white is a narrow fluid layer next to the shell membrane. The outer thick white is a gel that
forms the center of the albumen. The inner thin white is a fluid layer located next to the yolk. The inner thick white
(chalasiferous layer) is a dense, matted, fibrous capsule terminates on each end in the chalazae, which are twisted in
opposite directions and serve to keep the yolk centered.

Chalaza. This is the ropey strands of egg white at both sides of the egg, which anchor the yolk in place in the center of
the thick white. They are sometimes mistaken for egg imperfections or beginning embryos, which of course they are
not. The twist in the chalaza is meant to keep the germinal disc always on top whichever way the egg may turn. The
more prominent the chalazae the fresher is the egg.

Germinal Disc. This is the entrance of the latebra, the channel leading to the center of the yolk. The germinal disc is
barely noticeable as a slight depression on the surface of the yolk. When the egg is fertilized, sperm enter by way of the
germinal disc, travel to the center and a chick embryo starts to form. Since table eggs are not fertilized, this is not as
easy to recognize as when the egg is fertilized.

Membranes. There are two kinds of membranes, one just under the shell and the other covering the yolk. These are
the shell membrane and the vitelline membrane. Just inside the shell are two shell membranes, inner and outer. The air
cell formed due to the contraction of egg as it cools, is found between the two layers of this shell membrane. The outer
membrane sticks to the shell while the inner membrane sticks to the albumen. During storage, the egg losses water by
evaporation, causing the
air cell to enlarge. The vitelline membrane is the covering that protects the yolk from breaking. The vitelline membrane
is weakest at the germinal disc and tends to
become more fragile as the egg ages. Every cook has experienced that the yolk of eggs that are no longer fresh easily
break.
Yolk. The yolk or the yellow to yellow- orange portion makes up about 33% of the liquid weight of the egg. The egg yolk
is formed in the ovary. On the surface of the yolk, there is a small white spot about 2 mm in diameter. This is the
germinal disc and it is present even if the egg is infertile. In infertile eggs, the germinal disc contains the genetic
material from the hen only but when fertilized, it contains the
zygote that will eventually develop into a chick. The yolk material serves as a food source for embryonic development. It
contains all the fat in the egg and a little less than half of the protein. The main protein in the egg yolk is vitelline, a
lipoprotein. It also contains phosvitin which is high in phosphorus and has antioxidant properties, and livetin which is
high in sulfur.

Composition of an Egg

Nutritive Value of Egg

Egg is indeed one of nature’s complete food. It contains high quality protein with all the essential amino acids, all of the
vitamins except vitamin C, and many minerals. Egg products are particularly good for fortifying food low in protein
quality. Except for mother’s milk, eggs provide the best protein naturally available. Egg protein is often used as a
reference standard for biological values of their proteins.

1. Egg contains high quality or complete protein with essential amino acids.
2. Source of Energy – large supplies 75 calories
3. Vitamins , Vitamin A Vitamin D, Vitamin B- Complex Vitamin E
4. Minerals , Phosphorus , Zinc , Folate – important for the prevention of birth defects and heart disease for the elderly
5. Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
6. Lutein – reduces cataracts

Egg quality
Egg quality has two general components: shell quality (exterior quality) and interior egg quality. Interior egg quality has
direct bearing on the functional properties of eggs while shell quality has direct influence on microbiological quality.

Egg Grading. Grading is a form of quality control used to classify eggs for exterior and interior quality. In the
Philippines, the grade designations are A, B, C, and D.

Egg Size. Several factors influence the size of the egg: breed, age of hen, weight, feed and environmental factors.
Native chickens have much smaller eggs than commercial breeds. Some commercial breeds have bigger eggs than
others. Of the same breed, new layers tend to have smaller eggs compared to older hens. Pullets that are significantly
underweight at sexual maturity will also produce small eggs. Better fed hens lay larger eggs than underfed ones. The
environmental factors that lead to smaller eggs are heat, stress and overcrowding. The egg sizes are Jumbo, Extra
Large, Large, Medium, Small and Peewee. Medium, Large, and Extra Large are the sizes commonly available.
Characteristics of fresh Eggs
1. The shell is white, thick, and rough
2. The air cell is regular.
3. The egg white is clear, firm and thick.
4. It sinks when placed in water.
5. The yolk is round, firm, well-centered and free from defects.

The journey from the hen to home

1. Laying 7. Sorting
2. Collecting 8. Packing
3. Washing 9. Cooling
4. Treating 10. Shipping
5. Candling 11. Selling
6. Grading 12. Storing

Egg is considered a breakfast food. For sure, that is because of when we usually serve it, and that is in the morning,
isn’t it? And you could possibly say that egg is a complete food already for it has most of the important vitamins and
protein that our body need. And have you tried cooking it? Or maybe use egg as one of your useable ingredients? What
is your favorite dish for eggs, if you have any? Have you prepared it yourself, or mother does? How was the
experience? Isn’t it amazing preparing something that is very easy to prepare? Would you like to have a delectable
breakfast made easily and quickly? Well, below are some tips to enjoy your egg dishes.

 Market Forms of Egg

There are three market forms of eggs namely: fresh, dried (whole, egg whites/egg yolks), and frozen (whole, egg
whites/egg yolks).
 1. Fresh Eggs or shell eggs may be purchased individually, by dozen or in trays of 30 pieces.
2. Frozen Eggs – are made of high quality fresh eggs.
They come in the form of whole eggs with extra yolks
and whites. Frozen eggs are pasteurized

3.  Dried Eggs – are seldom used. Their whites are used for preparing meringue. Dried eggs are used primarily as
ingredients in food industry. They are not commonly sold directly to consumers.

Eggs are also sold in several processed forms bulk or fluid,

egg whites and egg yolks. Pasteurized eggs are used in preparation such as salad, dressings or desserts, where
traditional recipe may have indicated that the eggs should be
raw.
These products are also available in liquid or frozen form. Frozen egg products on the other hand are used as
ingredients by food processors. Products obtaining egg yolk usually have salt, sugar or corn syrup added to prevent
gelation or increased viscosity during freezing. They are packed in 30-IB containers and in 4-5 and 10 IB pouches or
waxed or plastic cartons. Dried powdered eggs are also sold and maybe useful for some baked goods or in certain
circumstances. For food services use, they are generally sold in 60z pouches and 3- IB and 25-IB poly packs.

Egg substitutes may be entirely egg-free or may be produced from egg whites with dairy or vegetable
products substituted by yolks. These substitutes are important for people with reduced-cholesterol diet requirements.

Uses of Egg in Culinary

Egg is cooked in many ways. It can be the main protein dish; it can be a main or accessory ingredient in dishes
from appetizers to desserts. It can be cooked by dry heat, moist heat, with or without oil, as simply or as elaborately as
one’s inclination for the moment. Indeed it can be eaten anywhere.

Why we need to eat eggs?

Eggs may be considered as functional food. Functional foods are food with health benefits beyond their
traditional nutritional values. Eggs as functional foods contain lutein and zeaxanthin that help reduce risk of cataracts
and macular degeneration. Egg may also belong to a designer food. Designer foods are foods that have been modified
through biotechnology to enhance their quality or nutritional value. It contains omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
and vitamin E.

CULINARY USE METHOD EXAMPLES OF USES

1. Coating Coating batter use whole eggs Fried or deep fried foods, such
and breadcrumbs to provide a as meats, chicken, and
coating or protection for the vegetables.
food item prior to cooking.
2. Enriching Whole eggs add flavor and Cakes, puddings, Pasta
nutritional value.
3. Garnishing Sliced, sieved or chopped Consomme Royale
hardboiled egg can be used as Consomme Celestine
garnish.
Effects of heat on Eggs
1. Coagulation of proteins: white at 60-65 0C, yolk at 65-700C. Beyond this temperature, over coagulation occurs and
water is squeezed out causing shrinkage resulting in a tough product.
2. Formation of greenish discoloration at the interface of the yolk and white when egg is overcooked

 Due to reaction between the iron in the yolk and the hydrogen sulfide liberated from the sulfur
containing ferrous sulfide.

 Reaction is favoured by:

- High cooking temperature.

- Prolong cooking

Uses of Egg
1. Cooked and served “as is”
 In the shell – Soft cooked (5 minutes simmering) or Hard cooked (15 minutes simmering)
 Poached – cooked in simmering water: addition of salt and vinegar hastens coagulation.
 Fried – keep low to moderate temperature.
 Scrambled – addition of sugar delays coagulation; addition of liquids and acids decreases
coagulation point.
2. Eggs as emulsifier
 Lecithin and lysolecithin are responsible for the remarkable ability of an egg yolk to act as
emulsifying agent; both are phopoproteins containing polar and non-polar ends such that the polar
ends hold water while the non-polar ends holds the fat, thus, prevent oil droplets in suspension
from coalescing.
3. As Binding
 Eggs are useful as binding , thickening, and gelling agents because it contains protein that is easily
denatured by heat.
 Using whole egg requires lower coagulation temperatures resulting in a stiffer gel.
 Addition of sugar, raises coagulation temperature producing softer, weaker gel
 Softer gel is produced with the addition of scalded milk and acid
 In cooking custards, Bain Marie, double boiler or steamer is used to avoid boiling which can
produce a porous custard
 Soft custards are produced by constant stirring.
4. As foam
 When egg is beaten albumen is denatured, air is incorporated as white is stretched into thin films
 With continued beating, the air cells are subdivided and volume is increased
 Protein network dries up and stabilizes the gas or air foams
 If only egg whites are used, the color turns white and soft peaks are formed. The egg
proteins collect at the air/liquid interface of the air bubble and undergo surface
denaturation.
 If whole eggs or only egg yolks are used, the color becomes pale yellow with continued
beating; volume is increased (but not as much as when only whites are used); no surface
denaturation occurs.
  With further beating of egg whites, liquid drains out, air bubbles coalesce and foam
breaks.
 The same changes occur when the foam is allowed to stand too long.
 Maximum stability is reached at soft stage while maximum volume attained is at stiff
stage

ESP

Ang Mga Katangian ng Pagpapakatao

“Madaling maging tao, mahirap magpakatao.”
Ano ang pagkaunawa mo sa kasabihan? Bakit kaya madali ang “maging tao”
ngunit “mahirap magpakatao”?
May dalawang bahagi ang kasabihang ito. Ang una, “madaling maging tao,”ay sumasagot sa pagka-
ano ng tao at ang ikalawa naman ay nakatuon sa pagka-sino ng tao. Napag-aralan mo sa Baitang 7 na ang
tao ay may isip at kilos-loob, maykonsensiya, may kalayaan at dignidad. Naunawaan mo rin na iba ang tao sa
hayopdahil sa kaniyang kakayahang mag-isip (pagkarasyonal) at kakayahang itakda angkaniyang mga kilos
para lamang sa katotohanan at kabutihan (pagkamalaya). Bukod-tangi ang tao dahil sa kaniyang isip at kilos-
loob, at may kamalayan siya sa kaniyang pagtungo sa sariling kaganapan.
Ang ikalawang bahagi, “mahirap magpakatao,” ay tumutukoy sa persona
(person) ng tao. Binubuo ito ng mga katangiang nagpapabukod-tangi sa kaniya sakapuwa niya tao.
Halimbawa, ang kambal na Oyin at Yesa ay parehong mahilig umawit,at pareho ang uri ng musikang gusto
nila, pero ibang mag-isip at tumugon si Oyin kungmaharap sila sa parehong sitwasyon. Sa kaniyang pag-iisip,
pagpapasiya, at pagkilos,nagiging bukod-tangi ang bawat tao. Hindi ipinagkaloob sa kaniyang pagkasilang
anglahat ng mga katangiang nagpapabukod-tangi sa kaniya, dahil unti-unti niyang nililikhasa kaniyang sarili
ang mga ito habang siya ay nagkakaedad.
Ang tao bilang indibidwal ay tumutukoy sa pagiging hiwalay niya sa ibangtao. Nang isinilang siya sa
mundo, nagsimula na siyang mag-okupa ng espasyo nahiwalay sa ibang sanggol. Dahil sa kaniyang
kamalayan at kalayaan, nasa kaniyangmga kamay ang pagbuo niya ng kaniyang pagka-sino. Ang kaniyang
pagka-indibidwalay isang proyektong kaniyang bubuuin habang buhay bilang nilalang na hindi
tapos(unfinished). Sa kabilang dako, ang aso, kahit ipinanganak na hiwalay sa ibang aso,ay ganap ng aso
mula sa kaniyang pagsilang.
Ang tao bilang persona ay isang proseso ng pagpupunyagi tungo sa pagigingganap na siya. Bilang
persona, may halaga ang tao sa kaniyang sarili mismo. Itoay dahil bukod-tangi siya, hindi siya mauulit
(unrepeatable) at hindi siya mauuwi saanuman (irreducible). Ibig sabihin, hindi siya mababawasan at
maibababa sa kanyangpagkatao dahil “buo” siya bilang tao (Dy, 2012, ph. 295). Kaya napakahalaga
angpagtuklas at pagpapaunlad niya ng kaniyang mga talento, hilig, at kakayahan upangmabuo niya ang
kaniyang pagiging sino. Ang persona ang tumutukoy sa paglikha ngpagka-sino ng tao.
Ang tao bilang personalidad ay ang pagkamit ngtao ng kaniyang kabuuan, ang resulta ng
pagpupunyagi sapagbuo ng kaniyang pagka-sino. Ang taong itinuturing napersonalidad ay may mga matibay
na pagpapahalaga atpaniniwala, totoo sa kaniyang sarili, at tapat sa kaniyang
misyon. Kaya anuman ang mga nagtutunggaliangimpluwensiya ng kapaligiran o teknolohiya, hindi
siyanagpapadala o naiimpluwensiyahan ng pananaw ngnakararami dahil sa kaniyang matibay na
paninindigan.Mataas ang antas ng kaniyang pagka-persona. Angpagkamit ng kaniyang pagka-personalidad
ay nangangailangan ng pagbuo (integration)ng kaniyang pag-iisip, pagkagusto (willingness), pananalita, at
pagkilos tungo sa isangpagpapahalagang magbibigkis sa lahat ng mga ito. Mabubuo lamang ang
kaniyangsarili kung itatalaga niya ang kaniyang pagka-sino sa paglilingkod sa kaniyang kapuwa,lalo na ang
mga nangangailangan. Ngunit hindi lahat ng tao ay personalidad dahilhindi nila nakamit ang mataas na antas
ng kanilang pagka-persona.

1. May kamalayan sa sarili. May kakayahan angtao na magnilay o gawing obheto ng kaniyang isipang
kaniyang sarili. Dahil dito, alam niya na alamniya o hindi niya alam. Nagiging mundo ang kaniyangkapaligiran
dahil sa kaniyang kakayahan na pag-isipan ang kaniyang sarili. Halimbawa, itinuturing ngisang guro bilang
kaniyang mundo ang anumang tao o bagay na may kaugnayan sa kaniyang pagtuturo, tuladng mag-aaral,
banghay-aralin, pisara, at silid-aralan.Samantala, walang mundo ang hayop dahil lagi niyangdala ang
kaniyang kapaligiran sa kaniyang organismo.

2. May kakayahang kumuha ng buod o esensiya ng mga umiiral. Ito angkakayahang kumuha ng buod o
esensiya ng mga partikular na umiiral. May kakayahansiyang bumuo ng konklusiyon mula sa isang
pangyayari. Halimbawa, noong nakita niBuddha ang apat na lalaki - isang matanda, may ketong, bangkay, at
pulubi, nakabuosiya ng buod ng buhay: Ang buhay ay isang pagdurusa. Sa kabilang dako, hindi alamng
gagamba na ang lamok na hindi dumikit sa kaniyang sapot ay pareho sa lamok namakakain niya na tumama
sa kaniyang sapot (Scheler, 1974, ph.43).
Nakikita ng tao ang esensiya ng mga umiiral (essence of existence) kunghumahanga at namamangha
na siya sa kagandahan ng mga bagay sa kaniyangpaligid, nauunawaan na niya ang layunin ng pag-iral ng
mga ito, at ang kaugnayan ngmga ito sa kaniyang pag-unlad. Ang paghanga o pagkamanghang ito ay
magbubungang kaniyang pagkamalikhain, pag-unawa, at pagiging mapanagutan sa mga bagay-bagay sa
kaniyang buhay. Nalilinang ang kaniyang kakayahan na makita angesensiya ng isang upuan at ang pagka-
upuan nito, ang narra at ang pagkapuno nito,ang kaniyang guro sa EsP at ang pagka-guro nito.

3. Umiiral na nagmamahal (ens amans). Ang pagtugon ni Buddha ay kilos ngpagmamahal. Ang umiiral na
nagmamahal ang pinakamahalagang katangian ngtao bilang persona. Ang ens amans ay salitang Latin na
ang kahulugan ay umiiralna nagmamahal. Ang tao ay may kakayahang magmahal dahil ang puso niya
aynakalaang magmahal. Lahat ng mabuting kilos ay kilos ng pagmamahal. Kumikilosang tao para sa
kabutihan dahil siya ay umiiral na nagmamahal.
`
Ang pagmamahal ay galaw ng damdaminpatungo sa mga tao at iba pang bagay na may halaga.Ito
ang pinakapangunahing kilos dahil nakabatay ditoang lahat ng pagkilos ng tao at ang tunguhin ng lahat
ngmabuting kilos ay pagmamahal. Halimbawa, napansin mong tumutulo ang gripo sa palikuran ng
inyongpaaralan. Nangamba ka na baka lumaki ang bayarinng paaralan sa tubig, kaya ipinaalam mo ito sa
inyongguro upang maipaayos ang gripo. Ang pagmamalasakit mo ay patunay ng iyongpagmamahal, na
ipinakita mo sa isang mabuting kilos - ang pagsasabi ng sirang griposa inyong guro.

May kilala ka bang personalidad na nagtagumpay dahil isinabuhay niya angmga katangian ng
pagpapakatao? Narito ang apat na halimbawa ng personalidad:sina Cris Valdez, Roger Salvador, Joey
Velasco, at Mother Teresa.Sa kaniyang murang edad, nagpamalas ng pagiging personalidad si Cris“Kesz”
Valdez. Tumanggap siya ng International Children’s Peace Prize noong 2012isang pagkilala sa mga
kabataang nagpakita ng bukod-tanging paggawa at ideyaupang makatulong sa paglutas ng mga suliraning
kinakaharap ng mga kabataan sabuong mundo.
Nahubog ang pagka-persona ni Kesz sa kaniyangnatuklasang misyon sa buhay - ang pagkalinga
samga batang lansangan. Binuo niya ang “ChampioningCommunity Children” pagkatapos siyang sagipin
bilangbatang lansangan ni Harnin Manalaysay. Tinawag nilang“Gifts of Hope” ang ipinamimigay nila na mga
tsinelas,laruan, sipilyo, kendi, at iba pa. Tinuruan nila ang mgakabataang ito na maging malinis sa katawan,
kumain ngmasustansiyang pagkain at ipaglaban ang kanilang mga karapatan. Ipinaunawa rinnila ang
kahalagahan ng pagtutulungan at pagtuturo sa isa’t isa upang lumawak anganilang kaalaman at kasanayan.
Gamit ang kakayahang kunin ang buod o esensiya ng kahirapang kaniyang kinamulatan, nakita ni
Kesz angkaniyang misyong maging produktibo at makibahagi sa lipunan - sa pamamagitan ngpagkalinga sa
mga batang lansangan.

Isa rin sa mga nagpunyagi upang maging personalidad si Roger Salvador, isang magsasakana taga
Jones, Isabela. Nagpasiya siyang sakahinang lupaing minana niya sa kaniyang mga magulangpagkatapos
mamasukan sa isang bangko. Dahilkulang ang kasanayan sa pagtatanim at pag-aalagang baboy at manok,
nagsaliksik at kumunsulta siya samga teknikong pang-agrikultura.Dahil sa kaniyang dedikasyon sa trabaho at
pagiging bukas sa mga bagongkaalaman, napili siyang Farmer-Leader Extensionist ng Local Government
Unit ngJones, Isabela.
Tinuruan din niya ang kapwa magsasaka ng iba’t ibang istratehiyaat makabagong teknolohiya sa
agrikultura. Dahil dito, umani siya ng maraming pagkilala at parangal. Hinirang siyang “Most Outstanding
Corn Farmer” ng Rehiyon 2, Finalist sa National Level ng Gawad Saka Search, at “Most Outstanding
Isabelino.”Itinalaga siya sa iba’t ibang katungkulan upang pamunuan at matulungang umunladang kapwa
magsasaka. Kinilala siya bilang Farmer-Scientist ng mani sa CagayanValley Agriculture Resources Research
and Development (CVARRD). Isa siya sa mgaPilipinong tumanggap ng Asha Variety ng mani noong 2006
mula sa pangulo ng India.Dahil sa pagtaguyod niya nang mapanagutan sa kaniyangpamilya
nagingmatagumpay ang kaniyang mga anak. Bilang mamamayan, naitaas niya ang antas ng kabuhayan ng
kaniyang kapuwa magsasaka. Dahil sa kaniyang pagtitiyaga,pagsisikap, at pananampalataya sa Diyos,
nalampasan niya ang kahirapan, tumugonsiya sa tawag ng pagmamahal, at nakamit ang tagumpay sa buhay.

Sa larangan ng sining, naging tapat sa kaniyang natuklasang misyon angpersonalidad na si Joey

Velasco. Umani ng paghanga ang kaniyang mga painting saPilipinas at sa buong mundo dahil sa espiritwal
na paraan ng pagpapahayag ng mgaito ng kawalan ng katarungan sa lipunan. Nakaaantig ang mga larawan
sa kaniyangcanvass - tila humihingi ng tugon at aksiyon para sa panlipunang pagbabago. Ang“Hapag ng
Pag-asa,” ang kaniyang bersiyon ng Huling Hapunan, ay naglalarawan kay Hesus na kasama ang mga
batang lansangan, sa halip na mga Apostoles.
Ano ang nag-udyok kay Joey upang ituon ang kaniyang canvass sa mgabatang lansangan?
Nagkaroon siya ng malaking bukol sa bato (kidney) noong siya aytatlumpo’t walong gulang. Bagamat
tagumpay ang kaniyang operasyon, nakaramdamsiya ng labis na kalungkutan at matinding takot sa muntik
niyang pagkamatay.Pagkatapos siyang magkulong sa kaniyang silidnang matagal upang manalangin at
magnilay,nagkaroon ng linaw ang layunin ng kaniyang buhay at naging positibo ang pananaw niya sa
kamatayan. Dito siya nagsimulang magpintag mga kamangha-manghang larawan. Naunawaan niya na siya
at ang kaniyangtalento ay instrumento upang maiparating ng Diyos ang kaniyang mga mensahe.
Tinanggap ni Joey ang misyong imulat ang mga tao sa kanilang kamalian at pagkukulang na sanhi ng
kahirapan at inhustisya sa bansa sa pamamgitan ng kaniyangmga obra maestra. Ipinamalas niya ang
pagmamahal at pagkalinga sa mga batanglansangan lalo na sa mga may sakit sa pag-iisip. Binigyan niya ng
bahay sa GawadKalinga Village at disenteng pamumuhay ang mga batang lansangan na ginamit
niyangmodelo sa kaniyang pinintang Hapag ng Pag-asa. Umani ng maraming parangal at gantimpala ang
kaniyang mga likha at ang kaniyang paglilingkod. Pumanaw si Velascodahil sa kumplikasyon sa bato sa edad
na 43 noong Hulyo 2010 habang patuloy pa rinang pagtulong sa mga bata.

Isa ring personalidad si Mother Teresa ng Calcutta, isang madre na nagpakita ng napakalalim na
antas ngpagmamalasakit sa mga mahihirap. Sobra siyang naapektuhansa nakita niyang kahirapan ng mga
tao lalo na sa mga pulubina namamatay dahil sa matinding gutom at pagkakasakit sa lansangan. Sa
kaniyang pagninilay, narinig niya ang tawag ng paglingkod sa labas ng kumbento – ang tulungan ang mga
batang napabayaan, mga taong hindi minahal, at mga maysakit na hindi inalagaan. Ginamit niya ang
kaniyang kaalaman sa panggagamot at kakayahan sa pagtuturo upang tugunan ang pangangailangang
pisikal at espiritwal ng mga mahihirap.

Ipinadama niya sa kanila ang tunay na pagmamahal at pagpapahalaga na nararapat sa tao. Nagtatag
siya ngmaraming kongregasyon ng mga misyonerong nakibahagi sa kaniyang adhikaing marating ng kalinga
ang mga pinakamahirap na tao sa iba’t ibang sulok ng mundo.
Nakabuo siya ng 610 foundation sa 123 bansa sa buong mundo. Kinilala si Mother Teresa sa kaniyang mga
gawain kung kaya’t ginawaran siya ng iba’t ibang parangal, ang pinakamalaki ay Nobel Peace Prize noong
1979. Hanggang sa huling hininga ng kaniyang buhay ay hindi bumitiw sa kaniyang tungkulin. Namatay siya
noong September 5, 1997 at hindi nagtagal ang kaniyang puntod ay naging lugar ng pagdarasal at
paglalakbay ng mga taong may iba’t ibang pananampalataya, mga mayayaman, at mga mahihirap.
Tumanggap si Mother Teresa ng canonization noong December 20, 2002 at hindi magtatagal magiging
ganap na siyang santa.

Tayahin ang Iyong Pag-unawa

Panuto:
Sagutin ang sumusunod sa kuwaderno.
1. Paano naipakita ni Kesz Valdez ang kamalayan sa sarili? Ipaliwanag.
2. Maituturing bang personalidad si Kap Roger? Pangatwiranan.
3. Naipahayag ba ni Joey Velasco ang kakayahang kumuha ng buod o esensiya ng
mga umiiral? Pangatwiranan.
4. Patunayan: Ang buhay ni Mother Teresa ay ginugol sa pagmamahal.
5. Ipaliwanag ang mga yugto ng pagpapakatao gamit ang halimbawa ng isang tao
na itinuturing mong isang personalidad. Banggitin ang mga hamong kinaharap
niya sa buhay at paano niya nalampasan ang mga ito.
6. Paano naipakita ng tao sa Bilang 5 ang sumusunod?
a. Kamalayan sa sarili
b. Kakayahang kumuha ng buod o esensiya ng mga umiiral
c. Umiiral na nagmamahal

Ang Mataas na Gamit at Tunguhin ng Isip (Intellect) at Kilos-Loob (Will)

Ang tao ay nilikha ayon sa wangis ng Diyos kaya’t siya ay tinawag na kaniyang obra maestra.
Naalaala mo ba ang linyang ito sa Baitang 7 ng Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao? Ano ba ang pagkaunawa mo
sa kahulugan nito?
Ang pagkakalikha ayon sa wangis ng Diyos ay nangangahulugan na ang tao ay may mga katangiang
tulad ng katangiang taglay Niya. Binigyan Niya ang tao ng kakayahang mag-isip, pumili, at gumusto. Ang tao
ay nilalang na may likas na kaalaman tungkol sa mabuti at masama. Ang kaniyang konsensiya ay indikasyon
ng naturang orihinal na katayuang ito. Ang kakayahang gumawa ng malayang pagpili ay isa pang
sumasalamin sa paglalang sa tao na kawangis ng Diyos. Ang mga katangian at kakayahang ito ang
nagpapaiba sa tao sa iba pang nilikha ng Diyos. Mahalagang maging malinaw sa iyo ang pagkakaiba mo
bilang tao sa hayop at maging matatag ang pagkaunawa rito upang mabigyang direksiyon ang iyong kilos at
malinang kung sino ka bilang tao.
Isang mahalagang konsepto na iyong nalaman tungkol sa pagkakaiba ng tao ng hayop sa Modyul 1 ay
ang kaalamang ikaw, bilang tao ay nilikhang hindi tapos – di tulad sa hayop. Ibig sabihin, ang hayop ay
 walang pinaghahandaang kinabukasan sapagkat sa kapanganakan pa lamang, tukoy na kung ano siya sa
kaniyang paglaki.
Bakit sinasabing hindi nilikhang tapos ang tao? Sapagkat walang sinuman ang nakaaalam kung ano
ang kahihinatnan niya mula sa kaniyang kapanganakan, o magiging sino siya sa kaniyang paglaki. Siya ay
may pinaghahandaang kinabukasan na siya mismo ang lililok para sa kaniyang sarili. Kaya nga patuloy ang
pagkilos ng bawat tao patungo sa paghahanap ng mga piraso na makatutulong upang siya ay maging
TAPOS.

ENGLISH
News Report: News reporting involves discovering all relevant facts, selecting and presenting the important facts and
weaving a comprehensive story. Reporting involves hard work, which in turn involves stamina and patience.

News: is information about current events. This may be provided through many different media: word of mouth,
printing, postal systems, broadcasting, electronic communication, or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to
events. Common topics for news reports include war, government, politics, education, health, the environment, economy,
business, fashion, and entertainment, as well as athletic events, quirky or unusual events. Government proclamations,
concerning royal ceremonies, laws, taxes, public health, and criminals, have been dubbed news since ancient times

Speech: -the expression of or the ability to express thoughts and feelings by articulate sounds. Example: He was
born deaf and without the power of speech

A demonstration speech explains how to do something. If you have ever sat through a lecture where a teacher
explained how to create a bibliography, then you have heard a demonstration speech. Like most informative speeches, a
how-to speech will likely use visual examples that show the audience how to move from step to step through a particular
activity.

An explanatory speech might give a description of the state of a given topic. As an example, consider the types
of speeches that are given at industry conferences. The goal of these speeches is for the speaker to inform the audience
on a particular part of an industry. Commonly, these will also utilize visualizations that give the audience a visual
representation of the particular data or statistics contained in the speech. This is one way to condense highly complex
information into an easily retainable package for the audience.
.

A descriptive speech creates a vivid picture in a person's mind regarding an object, person, animal, or place. An
archaeologist who has discovered a new temple in South America or a paleontologist who believes they have found a new
dinosaur may use a descriptive speech to inform an interested audience about their recent discoveries
.
 A myth is an ancient story created to
explain natural events. Gods, goddesses, and
heroes are among the characters in myths. In
Oral Tradition addition to explaining events in nature, some
myths also present a lesson on how to live, or
serve as a warning to follow the rules of the
society.
“The story of Daedalus and Icarus”
The Text isa myth. It discusses adventures and mistakesof
heroes or characters
How does Icarus get himself into
Look For a difficult situation? As you read this myth,
look for what Icarus did to escape from the
Crete.

DAEDALUS AND ICARUS

Nick Pontikis

Daedalus-his name means “skilled worker”-was a famous

architect, inventor, and master craftsman known for having

created many objects that figure prominently in various myths. He had a beloved son named Icarus.

Among the many inventions and creations crafted by Daedalus were the wooden cow he constructed for Queen

Pasiphae, the Labyrinth of the Minotaur at Knossos on the island of Crete, artificial wings

for himself and his son Icarus, and he was even said to have invented images.The infamous Labyrinth was so

cunningly crafted that Daedalus himself could barely find his way out after constructing it. With countless winding

passages and turns that opened into one another, the Labyrinth appeared to haven neither beginning nor end.

Daedalus built the maze ton imprison the Minotaur, half man - half bull beast. His homeland was Athens but his
 parentage is uncertain. Alcippe, Merope, and Iphinoe are all mentioned at different times as being his mother. His

father’s identity was never precisely established, but many claim that it was Metion, son of Erectheus.For a short

time, his apprentice was his sister’s son Perdix. But Daedalus was so proud of his achievements that he could not

bear the idea of a rival. His sister had placed her son Perdix under his charge to be taught the mechanical arts. Perdix

was an apt scholar and showed striking evidence of ingenuity. Walking on the seashore, he picked up the spine of a

fish. According to Ovid, imitating it, he took a piece of iron and notched it on the edge, and thus invented the saw.

Perdix also put two pieces of iron together, connecting them at one end with a rivet, and sharpening the other ends,

and made a pair of compasses. Daedalus was so envious of his nephew’s accomplishments that he seized an

opportunity to toss him from the hill of the Acropolis. As he was plunging to his death, however, the goddess

Athena turned Perdix into a partridge to save him. Other sources claim instead that his apprentice was his nephew

Talos. They say that it was Talos, at the age of twelve, who displayed a skill that nearly rivaled his mentor’s.

Daedalus, fearing that the boy would surpass him in talent, murdered the boy by tossing him from the Acropolis of

Athens. He was then tried at the Areiopagus, which was the ancien
 Greek court, and banished from his home city of Athens. He fled to the island of Crete, where he
began to work at the court of King Minos and Queen Pasiphae, in themagnificent palace of Knossos.

It is said that Daedalus was the first to conceive masts and sails for ships for the navy of Minos, helping Crete
become a naval power. The statues he carved were so exquisite,they looked as if they were alive. It is said that they would
have escaped were it not for the chain that bound them to the palace wall.Daedelus also constructed a wooden cow for the
queen to hide in to satisfy her amorous longings for a white bull sent by Poseidon.When the dreadful Minotaur was born,
Daedalus built the Labyrinth to contain the monstrous half-man, half bull. For years, Minos demanded a tribute of youths
from Athens to feed the creature as punishment for the accidental killing of his son while he was visiting Athens.
Eventually, the Athenian hero Theseus came to Creteto attempt to slay the Minotaur. Princess Ariadne, daughter of King
Minos and Queen Pasiphae, fell in love with Theseus and asked Daedalus to help him. Daedalus gave her a flaxen thread for
Theseus to tie to the door of the Labyrinth as he entered, and by which he could find his way out after killing the monster.
Theseus succeeded, and escaped Crete with Ariadne. Minos, enraged at the loss of his daughter, not to mention the killing of
his pet Minotaur, shut Daedalus and his son Icarus into the Labyrinth, knowing that Theseus could not have accomplished
the deed without inside help. Daedalus managed to get out of the Labyrinth - after all, he had built it and knew his way
around. Daedalus decided that he and his son Icarus had to leave Crete and get away from Minos, before he brought them
harm. However, Minos controlled the sea around Crete. The King kept strict watch on all vessels, permitting none to sail
without being carefully searched by his soldiers. Since Minos controlled the land and sea routes, and there was no route of
escape there; Daedalus realized that the only way out was by air. But only the gods could fly! To escape, Daedalus built
wings for himself and Icarus, fashioned with feathers held together with wax. Daedalus tried the wings on himself first and
was satisfied that his plan would work. Before taking off from the island, Daedalus warned his son to follow closely behind
him. He
sternly cautioned Icarus not to fly too close to the sun, as it would melt his wings, and not too close tothe sea, as it would
dampen them and make it hard to fly. They successfully flew from Crete, but Icarus grew exhilarated by the thrill of
flying and began getting careless. The father and son passed the islands of Samos, Delos and Lekythos, and the further
away from Crete they flew, the cockier became Icarus. Forgetting his father’s stern advice, Icarus flew too close to the
sun god Helios,who was pulling the sun behind his chariot high in the sky. The wax holding together his wings softened
and melted from the heat and, try as he might, Icarus could not prevent the feathers from falling off his body. Furiously
he flapped his arms, but soon no feathers at all were left and he fell to his death, drowning in the sea, as his helpless
father watched his son perish with anguish.His father cried, bitterly lamenting his own arts, and called the land near the
place where Icarus fell into the ocean Icaria in memory of his child. The Icarian Sea, where he fell, was forever named
after him and it is said that the great hero Heracles (Hercules), who was passing by, gave him
proper burial. Daedalus grieved for his dead son and then continued to Sicily, where he came to stay at the court
of Cocalus in a place called Camicus. On the island’s south coast, Daedalus built a temple for Apollo, and hung
up his wings, as an offering to the Olympian god. But vengeful King Minos wasn’t quite done — he then went in
pursuit of Daedalus, hoping to locate and trick the great inventor into revealing himself. At each city he visited,
Minos offered a reward to whoever could thread a spiral seashell, a seemingly impossible task. Eventually,
Minos came to Camicus in Sicily and presented the contest at Cocalus’ court.Cocalus knew of Daedalus’ talents,
and gave the shell to him. The clever Daedalus tied thestring to an ant, placed the ant at one end of the shell, and
allowed the ant to walk through the spiral chambers until it came out the other end.When Minos saw that
someone had solved the puzzle, he demanded that Cocalus surrender Daedalus, for he insisted that only he would
have been inventive enough to solve the task. King Cocalus promised to do so, but he persuaded Minos to first
take a bath and stay for some entertainment. Minos agreed, and was consequently murdered by Cocalus’
daughters, who had been totally impressed by the toys and gifts which Daedalus had bestowed upon them.
Daedalus eventually left Camicus, much to the dismay of King Cocalus and his daughters, and ended up in
Sardinia with a group led by Iolaus, who was a nephew of Heracles.

Textual aids are educational instruments, could be written texts, or printed texts and other ways of emphasizing
the essential phrases, thoughts, graphs, and /or images.
Textual aids are tools or materials that provide support and facilitate understanding of texts. These aids are, most
of the time, graphical outlines or images that gives a general idea of a certain topic
Non –linear text-Unlike linear text wherein we need to read from beginning to the end, a nonlinear text refers to a text that
does not need to be read from beginning till the end. Examples are bar,
line or pie graph, flow charts, etc. This tests your ability to describe and compare data, identify significance
and trends in factual information, or to describe a process.
A graphic organizeris a visual and graphic display that depicts the relationship between facts, terms, and or ideas within a
learning task. Graphic organizers are also sometimes referred to as knowledge maps, concept maps, story maps, cognitive
organizers, advance organizers, or concept diagrams.
Examples of Graphic Organizers that show relationships:
Cause & Effect: This type of Graphic Organizer is used to help students identify the problem and come up
with possible solutions. It illustrates the problem solving process.
Fishbone: Analyzing the ways in which different aspects of a problem or issue are related. Can be used to
organize the main topics to subtopics, or to analyze the causes of something. Graphic Organizers that organize information
into Categories:
Concept Maps: Used to brainstorm concepts and identify how they relate to each other with the use of
labeled cells/bubbles.
Know-Wonder-Learn (KWL): Students can use KWL to identify their background knowledge on a topic
or issue (in the beginning of class), what they would like to learn (throughout the class) and what they have
learned (at the end of the class).
Mind Mapping: Students can use mind mapping to organize information in categories and make problemsolving
decisions.
Graphic Organizers that compare and contrast:
Compare & Contrast: Students can use it to compare and contrast the attributes of two or more ideas/concepts
Venn Diagram: To identify the differences and similarities between two or three ideas/concepts. It consists
two or three overlapping circles.
 T-Charts: To list the prow and the cons of an idea/concept. Graphic Organizers that show sequence,
order or the development:
Flow Chart: Visual display of the sequence of a list of ideas. Various symbols can be used to illustrate
things such as direction of the flow or central points.
Ladder: Shows the order of a list of ideas or events.

Chain: It depicts a chain of events, timeline. Story Map: Maps out the elements of a story.
Cycle: Used to indicate how concepts relate to each other when there is no beginning or end (for
example,
lifecycle of caterpillar, butterfly, etc.)

AP

1. RASISMO - Paniniwala sa pagkakaiba-iba ng lahi, at ang katangian at pisikal na anyo ay

nababatay sa lahi ng isang tao.

2. TERORISMO - Ito ay sinadyang kaguluhan o pananakot na ginagamitan ng karahasan ng

isang pangkat o ng isang estado upang matamo ang isang adhikaing politikal o kriminal.
3. MALNUTRISYON - Isang kondisyon ng katawan na kulang sa bitamina o maling pagpili ng
pagkain.

4. GLOBALISASYON - Tumutukoy sa pagtutulungan ng mga bansa sa buong mundo upang

malayang makaikot ang mga produkto at serbisyo sa bawat bansa.
5. CLIMATE CHANGE - Pagbabago ng klima o panahon dahil sa pagtaas ng mga greenhouse
gases na ‘ nagpapainit sa mundo.

Ang salitang “kontemporaryo” ay tumutukoy sa mga pangyayari sa kasalukuyan na

maaaring nakaaapekto sa buhay ng mga tao sa lipunan. Ito ay mga paksang napapanahon
na nagiging sanhi ng pagkakabagabag ng mga tao. Maaari rin itong mga pangyayaring
naganap sa nakalipas na nakaaapekto hanggang ngayon sa lipunan
 Ang salitang “isyu” naman ay mga pangyayari, suliranin, o paksa na napag-uusapan at maaaring
dahilan o batayan ng debate. Tandaan mo na maaari itong magdulot ng positibo o negatibong
epekto sa pamumuhay ng mga tao sa lipunan.

Uri ng Kontemporaryong Isyu

Panlipunan - ito ay mga isyu o mahahalagang pangyayari na may malaking epekto sa iba’’t ibang sektor ng
lipunan tulad ng pamilya, simbahan, paaralan, pamahalaan, at ekonomiya.

Pangkalakalan- mga suliraning may kinalaman sa globalisasyon at negosyo, kasama dito ang mga usapin o
isyung pang-ekonomiya. Halimbawa: import/export, online shopping, free trade, samahang pandaigan.

Pangkalusugan - ito ay mga isyu na may kaugnayan sa kalusugan na maaaring nakabubuti o hindi nakabubuti
sa mga tao sa lipunan.

Pangkapaligiran - ay tumutukoy sa mga isyung may kinalaman sa kapaligiran at mga usapin sa pagpapaunlad
at tamang paggamit sa ating kalikasan.

PAKSA 1: Suliranin sa Solid Waste

Binigyang-kahulugan ng Batas Republika Bilang 9003 na kilala bilang Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000 ang solid waste bilang mga itinapong basura na nanggagaling sa mga kabahayan at
komersyal na establisimyento, mga non-hazardous na basurang institusyunal at industriyal, mga
basura na galing sa lansangan at konstruksiyon, mga basura na nagmumula sa sektor ng
agrikultura, at iba pang basurang hindi nakalalason.

Ayon sa National Solid Waste Management Status Report (2008- 2018), ang municipal solid wastes
(MSW) ay nagmumula sa residensyal, komersyal, institusyunal, at instrustriyal na establisimyento.
Ayon sa ulat, pinakamalaking bahagdan nito ay mula sa
mga kabahayan (56.7%).

Ang mga basurang nagmumula sa mga kabahayan ay ang kitchen waste gaya ng tirang pagkain,
mga pinagbalatan ng gulay at prutas at mga garden waste tulad ng damo at mga dahon.

Binanggit din sa ulat na ang pinakamalaking uri ng tinatapong basura ay ang tinatawag na
biodegradable na may 52.31%.

Halimbawa ng biodegradable na basura ay ang kitchen waste at yard waste.

Samantala, ang tinatawag namang mga recyclable waste ay kumakatawan sa 27.78 % ng MSW
gaya ng papel, plastik, bakal, bote, at bubog.

Nagkakaroon ng suliranin sa solid waste sa bansa dahil sa iba’t ibang dahilan. Marami ang walang
disiplina sa pagtatapon ng basura.

Marami ang nagtatapon ng basura mula sa tahanan kung saan-saan. Tone-toneladang basura ang
itinatapon sa mga ilog, estero, kalsada, at bakanteng lote na lalong nagpapalala sa pagbaha at
paglaganap ng mga insekto na nagdudulot naman ng iba’t ibang sakit.
 Nakadadagdag pa sa suliranin sa basura ang kakulangan ng kaalaman o di kaya’y di pagsunod sa
tinatawag na waste segregation o pagbubukod ng basura lalo na ang pagbubukod ng basura sa
pinagmulan nito.

Kung mahigpit sanang ipinatutupad ito gaya ng patakarang “no segregation, no collection policy”
mas madali sana ang pamamahala sa mga basura. Mababawasan din ang trabaho ng mga waste
collector dahil hindi na nila kailangan pang magsagawa ng waste segregation bago dalhin ang mga
nakolektang basura sa mga dumpsite.

Ang hindi maayos na pagtatapon ng basura ay nakaaapekto sa kapaligiran at kalusugan. Dahil may
iba’t-ibang pinagmumulan ang basura, mapanganib para sa mga taong nakatira malapit sa mga
dumpsite ang mga ito. Maaaring makakuha sila ng iba’tibang uri ng sakit dala ng mga insekto at
pesteng naglipana sa mga basurahang ito.

Ang leachate o katas ng basura ay nakakokontamina sa tubig na maaring pagmulan din ng sakit ng
mga tao. Ang methane gas na galing sa mga dumpsites ay hindi lamang mapanganib sa kalusugan
ng mga tao kundi nagiging sanhi rin ng global warming.

Paglutas sa Suliranin ng Solid Waste

Pamamahala ng Basura sa Pilipinas Ang pamamahala ng basura (waste management) ay
tumutukoy sa wastong pagkuha, paglilipat, pagtatapon o paggamit, at pagsubaybay ng basura ng
mga tao. Isinasagawa ito upang mapangasiwaan ng maayos ang mga basura para maiwasan ang
masasamang epekto nito sa kalusugan at kapaligiran. Noong Enero 26, 2001 naging ganap na
batas ang Republic Act 9003 na kilala bilang Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.
Nakasaad sa batas na ito ang mga
alituntunin sa wastong pamamahala ng basura at pagpapatupad ng mga programang nakatuon sa
pakikiisa ng bawat mamamayan upang mabawasan ang basurang itinatapon. Ilan sa mga nilalaman
ng batas na ito ay ang sumusunod:

• Pagtatatag ng National Solid Waste Management Commission at ng National Ecology

Center

• Pagtatatag ng Materials Recovery Facility

• Pagsasaayos ng mga tapunan ng basura Ang National Solid Waste

Management Commission ang nangangasiwa sa pagpapatupad ng mga plano sa pamamahala ng

mga basura o ang tinatawag na Solid Waste Management (SWM) Plan. Ito ay binubuo ng 14 na
ahensya mula sa pamahalaan sa pangunguna ng Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) at 3 naman mula sa pribadong sektor. Bukod sa DENR,
ang sumusunod ay ang mga ahensya ng pamahalaan na bumubuo sa NSWMC:

• Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

• Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)

• Department of Health (DOH)

• Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)

• Department of Agriculture (DA)

• Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)

• Philippine Information Agency (PIA) • Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA)

• Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)

• Liga ng mga Lalawigan

• Liga ng mga Lungsod

• Liga ng mga Munisipyo

• Liga ng mga Barangay Ang pribadong sektor ay kinakatawan naman ng mga

sumusunod:

• Recycling Industry

• Plastic Industry

• Non-Government Organization
Ang Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) ay ang pinaglalagyan ng mga nakolektang nabubulok na
basura upang gawing compost o pataba ng lupa. Dito rin pansamantalang inilalagak ang mga balik-
gamit (recyclables) na bagay tulad ng bote, plastic, papel, lata, at iba pa. Isinasagawa rin dito ang
pagbubukod ng mga basurang nakolekta mula sa pinagmulan.
Upang maayos ang pagapapatupad ng waste segregation at resource recovery, kinakailangang
maisagawa ang mga sumusunod:

• Pagbubukod sa mga basurang nabubulok, balik-gamit, special wastes at latak, o

tirang basura. Dapat magkakahiwalay ang kanilang lalagyan.

• Pagsunod sa iskedyul ng pangongolekta ng basura

• Pagkakaroon ng Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)

•Kung may mga special waste o recyclable dapat alam kung saan ito dadalhin o pwedeng ibenta

Sa seksyon 48 ng batas na ito, nakasaad na ipinagbabawal ang pagtatapon o pagtatambak ng

anumang uri ng basura sa mga pampublikong lugar. Kabilang sa mga pampublikong lugar ay mga
daan, bangketa, bakanteng lote, kanal, estero, at parke,harapan ng establisimiyento, maging sa
baybay-ilog at baybay-dagat. Bukod dito, marami pang ipinagbabawal ang batas na ito, ilan sa mga
ito ay ang sumusunod:

• Pagsusunog ng basura
• Pagpapakolekta o pagpayag sa pagkolekta ng hindi pinaghiwa-hiwalay na basura

• Pagtatambak/pagbabaon ng mga basura sa mga lugar na binabaha

• Walang paalam na pagkuha ng recyclables na may nakatalagang mangongolekta.

Ano ang Climate Change?

Ang climate change ay tumutukoy sa pagbabago ng klima sa buong mundo. Ito ay naramdaman
simula noong kalagitnaan ng ika-20 na siglo. Ayon sa Climate Change at Pagpapalayan (2014),
“ang ay ang abnormal na pagbabago ng klima tulad ng pag-init o paglamig ng temperatura, at tuluy-
tuloy at malakas na pag-ulan sa isang lugar”.

Dahilan ng Climate Change

May dalawang sanhi ng climate change ayon sa mga pag-aaral.
Una, ang natural na pagbabago ng klima ng buong mundo. Ito ay sama-samang epekto ng enerhiya
mula sa araw, sa pag-ikot ng mundo at sa init na nagmumula sa ilalim ng lupa na nagpapataas ng
temperatura o init sa hangin na bumabalot sa mundo. Ang ikalawa ay ang gawain ng tao na
nakapagpapataas sa konsentrasyon ng carbon dioxide at iba pang greenhouse gases sa
atmospera. Ilan sa mga ito ay paggamit ng
mga fossil fuels gaya ng langis at coal, at ang pagputol ng mga puno na sanhi ng pagkakalbo ng
mga kagubatan.

Epekto ng Climate Change

Ang climate change ay maraming masamang epekto hindi lang sa kapaligiran kundi pati na rin sa
mga tao. Ang global warming o pag-init ng temperatura ng mundo na siyang palatandaan ng climate
change ay nagdudulot ng sakuna kagaya ng heatwave, baha, malalakas na bagyo, at tagtuyot na
maaring magdulot ng pagkakasakit at pagpakamatay. Ilan sa mga sakit na maaring lumaganap ay
mga sakit dala ng tubig o pagkain gaya ng cholera at iba pang sakit na may pagtatae, at mga sakit
na dala ng mga insekto (lamok) tulad ng malaria at dengue at sakit na dala ng daga gaya ng
leptospirosis. Dahil sa pagkasira ng mga komunidad dulot ng mga kalamidad na hatid ng climate
change ay lumalaganap din ang malnutrisyon at iba pang suliraning panlipunan. May ilang mga
mamamayan ang napipilitang lumikas dahil nawalan sila ng tirahan dahil sa pagkasira ng mga ito
dulot ng malakas na bagyo. Ang iba ay natabunan ng lupa dahil sa landslide, samantalang ang iba
naman ay kinain ng dagat ang dating lupa na kinatatayuan ng kanilang mga bahay. Nagkakaroon
din ng suliranin sa karagatan dahil sa tinatawag na coral bleaching na pumapatay sa mga coral reef
na siyang tahanan ng mga isda at iba pang lamang dagat. Nagdudulot din ito ng pagbaba sa bilang
ng
nahuhuling mga isda at pagkawala (extinction) ng ilang mga species. Pinangangambahan din na
malulubog sa tubig ang ilang mabababang lugar sa Pilipinas dahil sa patuloy na pagtaas ng sea
level bunga ng pagkatunaw ng mga iceberg sa Antarctic. Ilan sa epekto ng climate change sa
Pilipinas ay ang panganib sa food security dahil pangunahing napipinsala ng malalakas na bagyo
ang sektor ng agrikultura. Lumiliit ang produksiyon ng sektor na ito dahil sa pagkasira ng mga
sakahan, kalsada, bodega, mga kagamitan sa pagtatanim at pag-aani, irigasyon, pagkawasak ng
mga palaisdaan, at pagkamatay ng mga magsasaka at mangingisda. Malaki ang papel ng tao sa
paglala ng climate change. Ang mga suliraning pangkapaligiran na tinalakay ay maituturing na sanhi
ng climate change at nangyayari ang mga ito dahil sa mga ginagawa ng tao. Kung magpapatuloy
ito, tiyak na daranas pa tayo ng 17 mas matinding kalamidad na lalo pang magpapahirap sa atin.
Kaya mahalaga na magkaroon ang bawat isa ng kaalaman tungkol dito at makilahok sa usaping ito.
Ito ay upang maging handa ang bawat isa laban sa panganib.

Mga Programa at Patakaran para sa Climate Change sa Pilipinas

Dapat protektahan at isulong ng pamahalaan ang karapatan ng mga mamamayan sa isang balanse
at malusog na kapaligiran (Artikulo 2 Seksiyon 16 ng 1987 Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas). Ito ang
batayan sa paglikha noong Hulyo 27, 2009 sa Republic Act No. 9729 na kilala bilang Climate
Change Act of 2009. Ito ang sagot ng Pilipinas sa banta ng climate change, alinsunod sa pangako
sa ilalim ng United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC). Nakasaad sa
batas na ito ang pagbalangkas ng pamahalaan ng mga programa at proyekto, mga plano at
estratehiya,
mga patakaran, ang paglikha ng Climate Change Commission at ang pagtatatag ng National
Framework Strategy and Program on Climate Change.

Ang Climate Change Commission ay ang tanging ahensya na may tungkuling

makipagugnayan, bumalangkas, sumubaybay at sumuri ng mga programa at mga pagkilos hinggil
sa pagbabago ng klima.

Pinagtibay rin ang Republic Act No. 8749 na kilala bilang Philippine Clean Air Act noong 1999. Ito
ay naglalayong mapanatiling malinis at libre sa greenhouse gas emissions ang
hangin sa bansa. Ang Philippine Task Force on Climate Change (PTFCC) ay binuo upang pagaanin
ang masamang epekto ng climate change at magsagawa ng isang mabilis na pagsusuri ng mga
epekto nito sa bansa.

Paksa 1: Ang Pamamahala sa Kalamidad (Disaster Management)

Sa unang bahagi ng modyul na ito iyong nabasa ang isang katanungang maaaring naglalaro sa iyong isipan kung ano
ang tamang kasagutan. Kanino nga ba nakasalalay ang paghahanda sa oras ng sakuna o panganib? Ang pamahalaan ba
o ang mamamayan? Upang higit mong maintindihan, iyong unawain kung ano ang ibig sabihin ng pamamahala sa
kalamidad (disaster management). Makatutulong ito sa iyo upang matukoy kung ano ang dapat mong gawin
sa pagharap ng panganib na dulot ng mga suliraning pangkapaligiran. Ang disaster management plan ay
mahalaga sa pagkamit ng isang ligtas na pamayanan.
 Ayon kay Carter (1992), ito ay isang dinamikong proseso na sumasakop sa pamamahala ng
pagpaplano, pag-oorganisa, pagtukoy ng mga kasapi, pamumuno, at pagkontrol.
 Binigyang diin nina Ondiz at Rodito (2009), na ang disaster management ay tumutukoy sa iba’t
ibang gawain na binuo upang mapanatili ang kaayusan sa panahon ng sakuna, kalamidad, at
hazard.
 At ayon naman sa Red Cross Disaster Management Manual, ito ay isang ahensiya na may
administratibong desisyon, at gawain patungkol sa bawat yugto ng isang sakuna. Mapapansin
sa mga kahulugan na ang pamamahala sa kalamidad (disaster management), ay hindi lamang
tumutugon pagkatapos ng kalamidad, bagkus gumagawa din ng mga hakbang upang muling
makabangon at manumbalik sa dating pamumuhay ang mga tao sa isang komunidad.
Mga Termino at Konsepto

TERMINO KAHULUGAN

Hazard - banta na maaaring dulot ng kalikasan o ng tao.na maaaring sanhi ng

pinsala, buhay, ari-arian, at kalikasan. May dalawang uri ng hazard, ito
ay ang
 Anthropogenic Hazard o Human-Induced Hazard- ito ay mga hazard
na bunga ng mga gawain ng tao. Halimbawa nito ay ang mga basura
na itinatapon kung saan saan at maitim na usok na ibinubuga ng mga
pabrika.
 Natural Hazard – ito naman ay mga hazard na dulot ng kalikasan.
Halimbawa nito ay ang lindol, tsunami, landslide, at storm surge

Disaster mga pangyayari na nagdudulot ng pinsala sa tao, kapaligiran, at mga

gawaing pang-ekonomiya. Ito ay maaaring resulta ng hazard,
vulnerability o kahinaan, at kawalan ng kakayahan ng isang
pamayanan na harapin ang mga hazard

Vulnerability kahinaan ng tao, lugar, at imprastruktura na may mataas na posibilidad

na maapektuhan ng mga hazard. Ang mga kalagayang heograpikal at
antas ng kabuhayan ang kadalasang nakaiimpluwensiya sa kahinaang
ito. Halimbawa, mas vulnerable ang mga taong naninirahan sa paanan
ng bundok at ang mga bahay na gawa sa hindi matibay na materyales

Risk mga pinsala sa tao, ari-arian, at buhay dulot ng isang kalamidad o

sakuna. Ang mababang kapasidad ng isang pamayanan na harapin ang
panganib na dulot ng kalamidad ay nagiging dahilan ng mas mataas na
pinsala. May dalawang uri ito, ang human risk at structural risk.

Resilience - kakayahan ng pamayanan na harapin ang mga epekto ng kalamidad.

Ang pagiging resilient ay maaaring makita sa mga mamamayan,
halimbawa ang pagkakaroon ng kasanayan at kaalaman tungkol sa
hazard ay isang paraan upang sila ay maging ligtas sa panahon ng
kalamidad. Maari ring estruktural na kung saan isinasaayos ang mga
tahanan, gusali, o tulay upang maging matibay bago pa dumating ang
isang kalamidad
Ang Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework

Ang Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 ay may dalawang pangunahing layunin:
1. Ang suliranin na dulot ng mga kalamidad at hazard ay dapat paghandaan at hindi lamang haharapin
sa panahon ng pagsapit ng iba’t ibang kalamidad; at
2. Mahalaga ang bahaging ginagampanan ng pamahalaan upang maiwasan at mapababa ang pinsala at
panganib na dulot ng iba’t ibang kalamidad. Ito ang naging batayan sa pagbuo ng Philippine Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Framework (PDRRMF).

Nakatuon ito sa paghahanda sa bansa at komunidad sa panahon ng kalamidad o anumang panganib upang mapababa o
maiwasan ang pinsala sa buhay at ari-arian. Mga Itinataguyod ng PDRRM Framework:

 Ang paglutas sa mga hamong pangkapaligiran ay hindi lamang tungkulin ng pamahalaan.

 Nagmumula sa pagtutulungan at pagkakaisa ng iba’t ibang sektor ng lipunan tulad ng pamahalaan,
mangangalakal, Non-governmental Organizations (NGO’s), pribadong sector, kasama na ang mga
mamamayang naninirahan sa isang komunidad ang pagbuo ng disaster management plan.
 Ang pagbuo ng mga plano at polisiya sa pagharap ng mga hamong pangkapaligiran ng Community
Based- Disaster and Risk Reduction Management Approach ang itinataguyod ng National Disaster Risk
and Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC) sa kasalukuyan.

Ang Community-Based Disaster and Risk Reduction Management Approach

(CBDRM)

Ayon kina Abarquez at Zubair (2004) ang Community-Based Disaster Risk Management ay isang paraan
upang ang mga mamamayan ang siyang tutukoy, sususri, tutugon, susubaybay, at tataya sa mga risk na
maaari nilang maranasan lalo na ang mga pamayanang may banta ng hazard at kalamidad. Isa itong paraan
upang maiwasan ang malaking pinsala sa buhay at ari- arian at maisabuhay ng mga tao sa isang komunidad
ang kahalagahan ng pagiging handa. Binibigyang-diin ang bahaging dapat gampanan ng mamamayan sa
pagpaplano, pagdedesisyon, at pagsasakatuparan ng mga gawain na may kaugnayan sa disaster risk
management. Napakahalaga ang aktibong partisipasyon ng mga mamamayan dahil sila ang posibilidad na
makaranas ng mga epekto ng kalamidad at sakuna.
Ayon naman kina Shah at Kenji (2004), ang Community-Based Disaster and Risk Management Approach
ay isang proseso ng paghahanda na nakatuon sa kapakanan ng tao. Ang mamamayan ay nabibigyan ng
pagkakataon na alamin at suriin ang mga dahilan at epekto ng hazard at kalamidad sa kanilang lugar. Bahagi
nito ang pagsusuri sa mga nagpapalubha sa epekto ng hazard at kalamidad tulad ng estrukturang panlipunan,
pampulitika, at pang-ekonomiya.
Sa mga kahulugan na nabanggit ang tagumpay ng CBDRM Approach ay nakasalalay sa pakikilahok ng lahat
para sa matagumpay na pagsasakatuparan ng mga patakaran. Halimbawa na lang ang mga isyu at hamong
panlipunan, ang kabiguan nito ay maaaring dulot ng mga institusyon na hindi gumagawa ng kanilang mga
tungkulin. Ito ay maaaaring magpalubha sa epekto nito sa isang lugar. Kung kaya’t hinihikayat ang lahat na
makilahok para sa kaligtasan ng mga tao sa isang pamayanan. Pinagtibay ito ng isang ulat ng WHO (1989)
tungkol sa CBDRM Approach. Binigyang-diin dito na mahalaga ang aktibong pakikilahok ng lahat ng sektor
ng isang lugar upang:
(1) mabawasan o mapababa ang epekto ng mga hazard at kalamidad;
(2) magkaroon ng mas maayos na plano na tutugon sa panahon ng kalamidad upang mailigtas
ang mas maraming buhay at ari-arian sa halip na umasa lang sa tulong galing sa pambansang
pamahalaan; at
(3) mabigyan ng karampatang solusyon ang iba’t ibang suliranin na dulot ng kalamidad dahil sa
mas organisadong plano na gawa ng lahat ng sektor ng pamayanan.
Napakahalaga ang partisipasyon ng lahat ng sektor para sa mas matagumpay na disaster management plan.
Ito ay ipinaliwanag ni Sampath (2001) na kung hindi handa ang isang pamayanan, mas malala ang epekto ng
hazard at kalamidad. Ngunit kung mas alerto at pamilyar ang mamamayan sa kung ano ang mga dapat gawin,
mas bababa ang epekto nito.
Sa mga pagpapaliwanag na nabanggit sa mga kahulugan, alam kong naunawaan mo na ang bahaging dapat
mong gampanan bilang kabahagi ng isang lugar. Maging aktibo, makilahok, at gampanan kung ano ang
nararapat. Bago ka magpatuloy gawin mo muna ang susunod na gawain para mapatunayan mo na may
naintindihan ka sa iyong binasa.

Mga Dapat Gawin sa Panahon ng Bagyo

Tandaan mo na walang pagbabago sa Public Storm Signal Warning ng lugar at nababawasan ang palugit
kung may bagong inilalabas na ulat panahon. Sa panahon ng bagyo, narito ang mga bagay na dapat mong
isaalang-alang para sa kaligtasan ng iyong kapamilya at ng buong pamayanan.

Bago ang Bagyo:

1. Makinig sa radyo o manood ng TV para sa regular na anunsyo o babala tungkol sa kalgayan

ng bagyong paparating.
2. Laging maghanda ng mga gamit pang-emergency na nakalagay sa lalagyang hindi nababasa
kasama ang mga ekstrang damit, delata, posposro, baterya, at iba pang mahahalagang gamit.
3. Ayusin ang mga bahagi ng bahay lalo na ang bubong para maging matibay at makayanan
ang malakas na ihip ng hangin.
4. Kailangang lumikas kung nakatira sa mababang lugar at delikado sa baha.

Habang may Bagyo:

1. Huwag lumabas ng bahay kung hindi kinakailangang lumikas.

2. Siguraduhin na nakasara ng maayos ang mga bintana at pintuan.
 3. Itago na ng maayos ang mga kagamitan bago lilikas, isara ang tangke ng gas, at kailangang
nakapatay ang main switch ng kuryente.
4. Kung lilikas, siguraduhing may dalang emergency kit.

Pagkatapos ng Bagyo

1. Manatili sa loob ng bahay kung wala pang opisyal na balita na nakaalis na ang bagyo sa
bansa.
2. Kung lalabas, mag-ingat sa mga naputol na kable ng kuryente na nakakalat sa daan.
3. Makinig sa radyo o manood ng TV upang malaman ang pinakahuling balita tungkol sa bagyo.
4. Siguraduhin na walang buhay na kable o outlet na nakababad sa tubig. Itapon ang mga
naipong tubig sa mga gulong, lata, o paso upang hindi pamahayan ng lamok.

Mga Dapat Gawin sa Banta ng Lindol

Ang lindol ay isang pangyayari na nagdudulot ng malaking pinsala. Ito ay biglaan at mabilis na paggalaw ng
lupa. Sanhi ito ng pagbibiyak at pagbabago ng mga bato sa ilalim ng lupa habang pinapakawalan nito ang
puwersa na naipon sa mahabang panahon.
Ang Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) ang namamahala sa mga kalagayan
ng mga bulkan, lindol at mga tsunami. Ang lindol ay nasusukat ayon sa lakas (intensity) na maaaring
ilarawan bilang halos di-maramdaman, biglaang nararamdaman, mahina, katamtaman ang lakas, malakas,
sobrang malakas, mapaminsala, sobrang mapaminsala, mapangwasak, at mapanggunaw.
Kaya’t pinapayuhan ang lahat na maging handa at alamin ang mga dapat gawin bago, habang, at pagkatapos
ng lindol. Ito ang mga 17 ilan sa mga dapat mong tandaan.
Bago Lumindol:

• Makilahok sa mga earthquake drill.

• Laging may handang emergency kit na naglalaman ng mga kakailanganin tulad ng bottled
water, de-latang pagkain, gamut, at iba pang mahahalagang kagamitan sa panahon ng
paglikas.
• Mahalaga rin na maging pamilyar sa mga exit route ng inyong tahanan, lugar ng trabaho, at
paaralan. Alamin din kung saan nakalagay ang fire extinguisher at first aid kit.

Habang Lumilindol:

• Umiwas sa mga puno, poste, linya ng kuryente, at estruktura kung sakaling nasa open area.
• Magtago sa isang matibay na mesa at manatili doon upang maprotektahan ang sarili sa
maaaring bumagsak na bagay na nasa loob ng gusali.
• Siguraduhin na laging pumunta sa ligtas na lugar.
• At napakahalaga na kalmado at maging alerto upang malaman ang dapat gawin sa mga
panahon na katulad nito.

Pagkatapos Lumindol:

1. Lumabas agad sa gusali, bahay, o paaralan kapag huminto na ang pagyanig. Siguraduhing
ligtas ang mga kasama at alamin kung may injury.
2. Magdala ng emergency kit kung kinakailangang lumikas.
3. Lumikas kung pinalilikas.

Mga Dapat Gawin sa Pagputok ng Bulkan

1. Dapat sundin ang babala ng PHILVOCS, kung pinalilikas, lumikas agad.

2. Sa paglikas, magdala lamang ng mahahalagang kagamitan. Huwag kalimutang magdala ng
tubig, flashlight, at radio.
3. Laging alalahanin ang kaligtasan ng bawat isa kaya laging sundin ang lahat ng paalala at
babala ng kinauukulan.
4. Manatili sa evacuation center hanggang hindi nakasisiguro sa kaligtasan. Maaaring may mga
mahihinang pagsabog pati na rin ang paglindol.

Mga Dapat Gawin sa Banta ng Pagbaha at Flash Flood

1. Maging handa sa posibilidad na pagbaha kung patuloy ang pag-ulan.

 2. Makinig sa radyo o manood sa TV para sa emergency instructions.
3. Kinakailangang mag-imbak ng malinis na tubig baka mawalan ng water supply.
4. Siguraduhing nasa maayos na lalagyan ang mga kagamitan sa bahay, maaari itong ilagay sa
mataas na bahagi upang hindi maabot ng tubig-baha.
5. Dalhin at isilong ang mga alagang hayop sa mataas na bahagi ng lupa.
6. Manatili sa loob ng bahay hanggang matapos ang bagyo.
7. Kung kinakailangang lumikas, tiyaking nakapatay ang kuryente ng bahay, nakasara ang
tangke ng gas, at nakasusi ang pinto.
8. Kung pinalilikas, gawin ito agad bago malubog sa tubig-baha.
9. Bago lumikas, ibaba ang main switch ng kuryente at isara ang buong kabahayan.
10. Huwag lumusong o tumawid sa mga tubig na hindi alam ang lalim nito, iwasan ang mga
lugar na may tubig-baha.
11. Kung may dalang sasakyan at inabot ng baha, huwag piliting tawirin ang baha lalo na kung
malakas ang agos nito at hindi matantiya ang lalim.
12. Pakuluan ang tubig bago inumin.
13. Pagkatapos ng baha, bago pumasok sa bahay, siguraduhing walang putol na kawad ng
kuryente upang maiwasan ang pagkakuryente o pagsisimula ng sunog.
14. Huwag pumunta sa lugar ng sakuna (disaster areas) nang hindi makasagabal sa rescue
and emergency operations.
15. Ipakita sa elektrisyan ang koneksiyon ng kuryente bago buksan ang main switch o paggamit
ng mga de-kuryenteng mga kagamitan.
Laging tandaan na ligtas ang may alam, kaya’t hinihimok ang lahat na maging mapanuri at alerto lalo na sa
pagdating ng mga kalamidad at anumang panganib. Narito ang ilan sa mga ahensiya ng pamahalaan na dapat
mong tandaan lalo na ang mga bahaging ginagampanan ng mga ito tungo sa ligtas na bansa.
Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) -
nagbibigay ng mga update tungkol sa mga paparating na bagyo at sama ng panahon.
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)- namamahala sa mga kalagayan
ng mga bulkan, lindol at mga tsunami.

National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC)- nabuo upang mabawasan at
maagapan ang panganib na dulot ng kalamidad.
Ahensiyang Pang-impormasyon ng Pilipinas o Philippine Information Agency (PIA) -
nagbibigay ng mga update tungkol sa mga rescue efforts at relief lalo na sa mga lugar na
naapektuhan ng kalamidad.
Tanod Baybayin ng Pilipinas (Philippine Coast Guard ) - sakop nito ang pagbibigay ng
babala sa mga biyaheng pandagat kasama na ang rescue and search operations. Sinisiguro
nito ang kaligtasang pandagat.
ICT

Information Sheet 1

Client - Client is the term used to mention a workstation, a normal desktop

computer, or a laptop which an end user uses to perform his normal duties in the office.

Workstation Computer - Workstation is the term used for a high-end type computer which has
much more memory and processing power than a normal desktop computer.

Server - A server is a high configuration special computer, which serves resources to clients.

Hub - A hub (Ethernet hub) is a network connectivity device used to connect clients during the early days of
computer networking. A network hub receives traffic from a device in the port where the device is connected.

Switch - A switch is another type of connectivity device widely used these days

Access Point - Access Points (AP) are used in wireless networks. Access Points (AP)
are used to connect wirelessly connected devices to wired network. 6

Router - A router is another type of network connectivity device. A router is

used to forward and receive traffic between different Layer 3 network segments.

Firewall - A firewall is a network security device which is used to prevent unauthorized traffic.

Network Media - Network media is not a device, but it is used to connect different
devices in a network together.

A network protocol can be viewed as a common network communication standard, which is

used to define a method of exchanging data over a computer network. Network protocols define
rules and conventions for communication between different devices, participating in a computer
network.
Example, if computers (or computer like devices) want to communicate each other, they
must follow certain set of predefined communication rules. A network protocol is that set of rules that
should be followed by different computers or computer-like devices when they participate in network
communication.
Almost all protocols used in the Internet are common standards defined by RFC (Request for
Comments)
In today’s world computer has become an integral part of the business sector for professional
activities not only for professional activities but for personal activities also. As technologies have
evolved networking came into the picture and slowly from initial wired network technology we
moved to this wireless network technology. Now if we will think then we can know that networking
impacts everything.
An example of computer network includes let us think about classroom and in class, two friends
are there with their own laptops, but communication between two processes is established even if
the two laptops are physically separated means they are in computer network.
In general, we can see “Communication” and “Sharing”, that is all networking is about in
simple terms. It enables everything that we do today. In the current scenario, the business would
not work without computer networking and our personal and social life will also feel like it has been
stopped.

Information Sheet 1

General Safety Guidelines

1. Remove your watch or any jewelry and secure loose clothing.
2. Turn off the power and unplug equipment before opening the case and performing service.
3. Cover any sharp edges inside the computer case with tape.
4. Never open a power supply or a monitor.
5. Do not touch areas in printers that are hot or those which use high voltage.
6. Know where the fire extinguisher is located and learn how to use it.
7. Know where the first aid kit is locate.
8. Keep food and drinks out of your workplace.
9. Keep your workplace clean and free of clutter.
10. Lift heavy objects with sturdy leg support to avoid back injury

Fire Safety Guidelines

1. Always have a planned fire escape route before beginning any work.
2. Never fight a f fire that is out of control or not contained.
3. Get out of the building quickly in case of out-of –control fire.
4. Contact emergency services immediately for help.

PUB SPK

Information Sheet 1

The Speech Communication Process:

1. Speaker Speech communication begins with a speaker. Your success as a speaker depends
on you-on your personal credibility, your knowledge of the subject, your preparation of the
speech, your manner of speaking, your sensitivity to the audience and the occasion.

2. Message
The message is whatever a speaker communicates to someone else. Your
goal in public speaking is to have your intended message be the message that is actually
communicated. You must narrow your topic down to something you can discuss.

3. Channel
Means by which a message is communicated. When you pick up the phone to
call a friend, the telephone is the channel. Public speakers may use one or more of several
channels, will affect the message received by the audience

4. Listener The person who receives the communicated message. If you talk to a friend on the
phone, you have one listener. But in public speaking you have many listeners. To be an
effective speaker, we must be audience-centered.

5. Feedback
They send back messages of their own Affected by one’s frame of refence.

6. Interference
Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Have two kinds of
interference in public speaking. External and internal

7. Situation Time and place. Conversation always takes place in a certain situation. Public
speakers must also be alert to the situation Physical setting is also important.
Read your slides or verbatim from notes - true
Always frown all throughout the activity - false
Head looking down - false
Fold your arms while talking - false
Always repeat audience questions - true
Wondering about the stage - false
Contact on one or two members of the audience - false
Small hand and arm gesture - true
Make eye contact - true
Get to know the space that you will be presenting in - visit the space before
Form great public speakers and find out what they do right - watch the experts
Be ready for; no internet and lost power point - prepare for the unexpected
The mirror when you are practicing or record yourself - body language and
things that you should and not do during the activity - do’s and don’t s
have a strong knowledge base for the material that - know your material
Try to share one thing no one knows - content
Anyone who is willing to give you comments - get feedback
don’t fall short of their expectation - dress to impress
Run through your presentation on your own - practice

MATH

SEQUENCE
 A succession of numbers in a specific
order.
 Each number in a sequence is called a
term.
 A sequence with a definite number of
terms is a finite sequence.
 A sequence with no definite number of
terms is an infinite sequence.
 It has a rule, which is a way to find the value of each term.
SERIES
 The sum of the terms of the sequence.
 Can be denoted as Sn, where n refers to the number of terms.
 The simplified sum of a series for a specific value of n is called the value of the series.

Facts:
The difference between them is, a sequence is a particular format of elements in some definite order,
whereas series is the sum of the elements of the sequence.

SUMMATION
 Addition of a sequence of any kind of numbers, called addends or
summands, the result is their sum or total.

Example:
Write in expanded form the summation of 2 n+1 ¿ n=0 ¿ n=4.
4

∑ (2 n+1)
n=0

Answer:
4

∑ (2 n+1 ) =¿
n=0
=( 0+1 ) + ( 2+1 ) + ( 4+1 ) + ( 6+1 ) +(8+1)
=1+3+5+7+ 9
=25
Study the number of distinct non-collinear points and the number of triangles formed in each figure.

The figure above shows the number of non-overlapping triangles that can be formed from 3, 4, and 5 distinct non-
collinear points on a plane. Following this pattern, can you guess the number of non-overlapping triangles that can be
formed when there are 10 distinct non-collinear points on a plane?

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
 A sequence in which the difference between any two consecutive terms is the same.
 A function whose domain is the set of counting numbers.
 A sequence where every term after the first is obtained by adding a constant called the common difference.

Example 1: 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, …

o This sequence has a difference of 3 between
each number.
o The pattern is continued by adding 3 to the
last number each time.

A sequence with a common difference is an arithmetic sequence. The n th term of a sequence is:
a n=¿a +( n −1) d ¿
1

Where a 1 is the first term, n is the number of terms, and d is the common difference.

Example 1.2: Find the 15th term of the arithmetic sequence 3 , 5 ,7 ,9 , …

Solution:
The 15 term can be denoted by a 15 .
th

The common difference = a 2 − a1 5 −3=2

a n=¿a +( n −1) d ¿
1

a 15=3+ ( 15− 1 ) (2)

a 15=3+ ( 14 ) (2)
a 15=3+28
a 15=31

ARITHMETIC MEANS
 Terms of an arithmetic sequence that are between two given terms.
  In arithmetic sequence 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, there are three arithmetic means between 6 and 26. These are 11, 16,
and 21.

Example 1.3: Insert three arithmetic means between 21 and 1.

Solution: The arithmetic sequence is of the form 21 , a2 , a3 ,a 4 ,1
Given: a 1=21 ,a 5=1∧n=5
Find: Common difference (d )
1=21+ ( 5 −1 ) d
1=21+ 4 d
−4 d 20 Use addition property of equality.
=
−4 −4
Use division property of equality.
d=−5
The arithmetic means are:
a 2=21+ ( −5 ) =16
a 3=16+ ( −5 )=11
a 4=11+ ( −5 )=6

ARITHMETIC SERIES
 Addition of a sequence of any kind of numbers, called addends or summands, the result is their sum or total.

Arithmetic Series Formula:

S n
n=¿ (2 a+ ( n − 1) d)¿
2
Where n is the number of terms, a is the first term, and d is the common difference.

Write in expanded form the summation of 2 n+1 ¿ n=0 ¿ n=4.

Example 1.4: Find the sum of the first 14 terms of the arithmetic sequence 5, 9, 13, 17, …
Solution: Substitute the value of a, n and d.
S n
n=¿ (2 a+ ( n − 1 ) d)¿
2
S 14
14=¿ (2 (5 )+ ( 14 − 1) 4 )¿
2
S 14
14=¿ (10 +13)4 ¿
2
S 14
14=¿ (23) 4 ¿
2
S14=¿7 (92)¿
S14=¿644 ¿
Example 1.5: Find the sum of the first 20 terms of the arithmetic sequence -2, -5, -8, -11
S20= 450
RELIGION

RESPONSIBILITY AND FAITH

COMMON REASONS FOR HELPING

Reward and Punishment

Pity

Moral Obligations

Christian Faith

Reward and Punishment

The students who cannot seem to go

beyond their grades fail to appreciate the
deeper meaning of what they do, and
consequently easily lose their enthusiasm
for outreach activities

This way of looking at school activities is

akin to viewing service as an “investment”

Pity

In contrast, there are students who reach out to others

because they sympathize with people in need. They
pity the poor, perhaps in the same way Jesus felt pity
for the crowds

Aside from this, some may think that those

people would be in the state of “kawawa” that the
salvation lies to the students resulting to
“messianic complex.”
Moral Obligation

Seeing the moral obligation as reaching out and

helping others as mature student

The value their activities as concrete way of

putting into practice their personal moral
principles.

Filipino adolescents are particularly sensitive

about being tagged as “plastic” or hypocritical,
and are careful about professing something that
they cannot put into practice. “Walk the Talk,”
they say

Christian Faith

They see their work as their concrete show of gratitude

to Jesus Christ.

Social responsibility for them is a response to Christ,

who calls us to follow Him:

“If anyone wishes to come after me, he must deny

himself and take up his cross daily and follow
me.” (Lk. 9:23)

This is the solid foundation that we need. A strong

desire to help others and see the real commitment to
serve others.

Social Responsibility and Faith

As Christians, we link our social responsibility to

our faith in Christ. The love that we experience
from God through Christ is what deeply justifies
and gives meaning to our love for our neighbor
and our work for holistic liberation (Jn 4:10-11,
20.) What do we mean by this?

Social Responsibility and Faith

As Christians, we link our social responsibility to

our faith in Christ. The love that we experience
from God through Christ is what deeply justifies
and gives meaning to our love for our neighbor
and our work for holistic liberation (Jn 4:10-11,
20.) What do we mean by this?

Reason and Meaning

Norm

Power

Doctrine

“If God is for us, who can be

against us? He who did not spare
his own Son but handed him over
for us all , how will he not also give
us everything else along with him?
(Rom 8:31-32) St. Paul puts it well
in describing how much God loves
us. God wills nothing but our
goodness, our welfare and
authentic joy.

Morals

“Beloved, if God so loved us, we

also must love one another. No one
has ever seen God. Yet, if we love
one another, God remains in us, and
his love is brought to perfection in
us” (Jn 4:11-12). This command of
mutual love shows us how to live in
Christ . As Christian , this is our
call. To do our part in renewing our
society is our concrete way, with
the help of the Holy Spirit, of
loving God and following Jesus.

Summary

Light and shadow coexist in our country. Yet today, may Filipinos feel
that darkness seems to eclipse the light because they experience
more suffering than joy. All aspects of social life are infused with
problems.

God loves us. He wills that all human persons experience the fullness
of life.
Though He allows human suffering to exist, as it is a natural
consequence of human misuse or abuse of freedom, God does not
positively will it. He does not want anything that harms or destroys
the human body and spirit.

Summary

As Christians we are called to trust, especially amidst suffering. God

knows and acts upon all human suffering by continuously creating
and sustaining persons who are free and responsible for their lives
and their community.

Jesus sought the conversion of human hearts whose hardness led to

acts of social and structural injustice.

Jesus offered salvation that is holistic-personal and social, spiritual

and physical.

Jesus Christ’s mission was to reveal God’s love and build God’s
Kingdom on earth. Jesus calls us to know Him in loving God and our
neighbor.

Summary

Social responsibility is an essential dimension of Christian faith.

Christian are called today to help in social transformation. It is an
intrinsic factor in following Jesus in His saving mission on earth
through the grace of the Holy Spirit.

Our personal relationship with Christ gives us solid reasons,

motivation, and inspiration to extend ourselves in the service of those
in need.

We are called to respond to Christ’s call to be responsible for our

society through the grace of the Holy Spirit.

The Mission of the Church

In chapter 1, it was specified

that our love for one another
and for our country is an
essential part of our Christian
faith. It is an intrinsic part of
following Jesus in His salvific
mission on earth.
In this chapter, we will come
to realize more intensely that
Christ calls us to his mission
not only as individuals but
more importantly, as
members of a Christian
community.

Since our social responsibility is an

integral dimension of our Christian
Faith, our concern is no longer whether
to respond or not, but rather how to
respond in the best way possible. Is it
by giving alms to the poor, writing
letters to our senators, or joining
rallies? We need to answer practical
questions like these in order to put our
beliefs into action.

WE ARE NOT ALONE

When Jesus celebrated His

last Supper with His
Apostles, He instructed
them to perform the
celebration again in
memory of Him.

WE ARE NOT ALONE

“This is my body, which

will be given for you;
do this in memory of
me” (Lk 22:9)

WE ARE NOT ALONE

In the biblical tradition, the act

of remembering means more
than calling to mind a past
event. It is, in fact, an act of
asking God to repeat what He
had done in the past.

WE ARE NOT ALONE

This means that effecting this
“remembering” is something
that God does not merely some
psychological commemorating
we do.

WE ARE NOT ALONE

When we celebrate the

Holy Eucharist we have
the Risen Christ with us,
di tayo nag-iisa.

Continuing Christ’s Mission

God wills that we know

Him, worship Him, and
love Him not only as
separate individuals but
as community.

Continuing Christ’s Mission

We realize then that God

calls us to struggle in life
not in isolation but in
communion with His
people.

The Nature and Mission of the Church

Vatican II describes the

Church as the People of
God.

The Nature and Mission of the Church

The Church is a
community of people
cutting across all ages
and nations, united in
one faith in Christ and
His Spirit of love (cf CFC 1355)

The Nature and Mission of the Church

First, the Church is both

Human and Divine.

Second, the Church is the

Sacrament of Christ.

The Church is both Human and Divine.

On the one hand, it is human

obviously because of us-the
people, the community. The
Church exists in time, operates
within human means and
structures, and is subject to
elements of history.

The Church is both Human and Divine.

On the other hand, it is divine

because of its origin, nature and
mission- all of which arise from
the creative design of the Father,
redemptive mission of the Son,
and sanctifying work of the Holy
Spirit.

The Church is both Human and Divine.

As human and divine, the

Church is like Jesus, the
Incarnate Word.

The Church is the Sacrament of Christ

A sacrament is a
material sign that
makes present a
spiritual reality.

The Church is the Sacrament of Christ

The Church, with all its

material signs-Scripture, the
sacraments, the saints,
ministries, etc.-brings Christ
into our midst.

By being human and divine and the Sacrament

of Christ, the Church therefore carries out a
mission that:

Addresses the physical and

spiritual aspects of human life.

Touches both personal and

structural evil in society.

Save the
Babies!

The Church’s Two Ways of Doing its Social

Mission

Acts of Charity

Structural Change

Acts of Charity

Structural
Change

Being Part of the Church

Awareness of the Suffering of

Others

Responding to according to
One’s Means and Capabilities.

Listening to Prophets

MAPEH

Music of the 20th Century:

The musical works of the 20th century introduced new styles and movements of
music with dissonances, percussive sounds, and irregular rhythms. Music of the 20th century
was greatly influenced by the movements in Europe in the context of Impressionism,
Expressionism, Neo-classicism, Avant-Garde and Modern Nationalism. These musical
movements contribute various styles and distinctive compositions and arrangements behind
their innovative and experimental styles.

1. IMPRESSIONISM
Impressionism is a musical style that produces new indirect musical colors that lightly
overlapped in different chords with each other. It works on nature sounds like the splashing of
the waves, flowing river, chirping of the birds, and the
soft music evoked and its beauty, likeness, and
brilliance. Impressionism normally gives the feeling of
finality to a piece, moods and textures, harmonic
vagueness about the structure of certain chords, and
the use of a whole-tone scale. Among the most
famous impressionist composers in the world, both
developed particular styles of composition were
Claude Debussy and Joseph Maurice Ravel.

CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPRESSIONISM

1. Color-Timbre or the quality of a sound.

2. Atmosphere- Impressionist music is focuses on mood and atmosphere.
3. Chord- Composers of Impressionism experimented with writing music by using
unusual scales.

THE IMPRESSIONIST COMPOSERS

Claude Debussy (1862-1918)

He was one of the most influential and leading composers of the 20 th century. He was
the principal exponent of the impressionist movement and the inspiration for other
impressionist composers. He reformed the course of musical development by eradicating
traditional rules and conventions into a new language of possibilities in harmony, rhythm,
form, texture, and color.
He was born on August 22, 1862 in St. Germaine-Laye near Paris. He composed more or
less 227. It included orchestral music, chamber music, piano music, operas, ballets, songs,
and other vocal music.
He is considering as the “Father of the Modern School of Composition”. He made his
impact in the styles of the later 20 th century composers like Igor Stravinsky. As a person he
was tender, loving and compassionate, he died with cancer in Paris last March 25, 1918 at
the height of the First World War. One of his famous works is “Claire de Lune.

Maurice Ravel (1875-1937)

He was known for his styles and compositions. He
was a French post-impressionist composer,
conductor and pianist. Ravel was born on March 7,
1875 in a village near Saint-Jean-de-Luz. France. He
received every inspiration from his Swiss father when
his talents for music become obvious at an early age.
One of his famous works is “Bolero”. Ravel’s output
comprises approximately 60 pieces for piano,
chamber music, song cycles, ballet, and opera.
Unfortunately, he died with Aphasia on December
28,1937.
One of his famous works is “Bolero”.

2. EXPRESSIONISM
Expressionism was originally used in visual and literary arts. It was probably first
applied to music in 1918, especially to Schoenberg. Like the painter Wassily Kandinsky
(1866-1944) he veered away from “traditional forms of beauty” to convey powerful feelings in
his music. It is considered as a reaction to Impressionism.

CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPRESSIONISM
 Dissonant Harmonies
 High level of dissonance.
 Extreme contrasts of dynamics.
 Constantly changing textures.
 ‘Distorted' melodies and harmonies.
 Angular melodies with wide leaps.
 Extremes of pitch.
 No cadence

Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)

Arnold Schoenberg was an Austrian composer born
last September 13, 1874, in a working-class of
Suburb of Vienna, Austria. He taught himself music
theory but took lesson in counterpoint. His works was
influence by Richard Wagner as evident in his symphonic poem Pelleas et Melisande, Op. 5
( 1903), a counterpoint of Debussy’s opera of the same title. He was famous as the exponent
of the twelve-tone system with twelve tones related only to one another also known as the
serial technique. He died last July 13, 195, in Los Angeles, California, USA where he had
settled since 1934. His works include the following:
 Three Pieces for Piano, op. 1
 Pierrot Lunaire,
 Gurreleider

Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)

Igor Stravinsky was a Russian born composer and conductor who became both and
American and a French citizen, he was born last June 17, 1882, in Oraniaenbaum (now
Lomonosov) Russia. His first notable composition is the Firebird Suit. His skillful handling of
material and rhythmic inventiveness went beyond anything written by his Russian
predecessors. He added a new ingredient to his nationalistic musical style. Stravinsky wrote
approximately 127 pieces including concerti, orchestral music, opera, ballets, solo vocal,
choral music. He died in New York City on April 6, 1971. One of Stravinsky’s masterpieces
was “Petrouchka”. Petrouchka is a ballet and orchestral concert work written in 1911. Here is
an excerpt of this magnificent piece.

ARTS

The starry Night (1889) by Vincent van Gogh

The word design indicates both the process of organizing visual elements and the
product of that process. It is a result of our basic need for meaningful order. Some designs
are so well integrated that they have qualities beyond a mere sum of their parts. Such are
said to be beautiful, interesting, absorbing, or surprising.
Art and beauty can be expressed in many ways- in natural beauty of huge old trees or
in the created beauty of a painting of those trees like in the work of Van Gogh “Large Plane
Trees”.
 Depicted in his works are the principles of design that made his work beautiful,
fascinating and expressive. There are six principles of design: unity and variety, balance,
emphasis and subordination, contrast, repetition and rhythm, and scale and proportion.
A. UNITY AND VARIETY
Unity refers to the appearance or condition of oneness of an artwork. All the elements
such as line, color, texture, and others belong together that result in having a coherent and
harmonious whole. As variety provides diversity yet it acts as counterbalance to extreme
unity.

Going Home, Jacob Lawrence Migration Series, Jacob Lawrence

B. BALANCE
Balance is the condition in which acting influences are held in check by opposing forces
or what is in the left side should appear on the right side also in order to achieve equilibrium.
The near or exact matching of left and right sides of a three-dimensional form or a two-
dimensional composition is called symmetrical balance. Two sides which are not the same is
asymmetrical balance.

A symmetrical balance can be seen on the wheels of the chariot in Giacometti’s

bronze, where the slim figure that serves as a vertical attached on an elevation. On
the other hand, Haranobu’s figures on a woodblock print, asymmetrical balance was
achieved with one figure sitting and the other standing. Both heads of the figure
bends to the center.

Balance The evening glow of the Ando

 C. EMPHASIS AND SUBORDINATION
To draw our attention to an area or areas, the artist uses emphasis. To create emphasis,
position, contrast, color intensity, and size can all be used. Neutral areas of lesser interest are
created by artist through subordination to keep us from being distracted from the areas of
emphasis.

Yacht Approaching the Coast. Joseph Mallord William Turner

D. CONTRAST
The juxtaposition of strongly dissimilar elements is called contrast. Dark set against light,
large against small, bright colors against dull are examples of contrasts. Visual experience
becomes monotonous without contrast. Contrast can be seen also in the thick and thin areas
of a single brushstroke.

Luster- Painter Bowl Spain. Tin Glazed

E. REPETITION AND RHYTHM

The repetition of visual elements gives a composition of unity, continuity, flow, and
emphasis. Rhythm in the visual art is created through the regular recurrence of elements with
related variations.
 The Maestà, or Maestà of Duccio, Duccio di Buoninsegna

F. SCALE AND PROPORTION

Scale is the relation of one thing to another. It is one of the first decisions an artist makes
when planning a work of art, Proportion is the size relationship of parts to a whole.

ZAPATISTAS, Jose Clemente Orozco

ELEMENTS OF ARTS

Medium and elements together are the materials the artist uses in creating a work of
art. The distinction between them is easy to see but hard to define. An element can be known
only in some medium, but as an element it is independent of medium. When we study
elements, we consider them with no attention to the means by which we can come into
contact with a work of art. The elements are its qualities or properties.
The seven elements of art are:
1. Line
2. Shape
3. Space
4. Value
5. Color
6. Texture
7. Perspective

A. LINE
 Line is our basic means for recording and symbolizing ideas, observations, and feelings;
it is a primary means of visual communication. Lines always have direction. They are always
active.

The following illustrates the line variations (Preble, 1999).

a. Actual Line
b. Implied line and implied curved line
c. Actual straight lone and implied curved
line
d. Line created by an edge
e. Vertical line (attitude of alert attention);
horizontal line (attitude of rest)
f. Diagonal lines (slow action, fast action)
g. Sharp jagged lines
h. Dance of curving lines

B. SHAPE
Shape refers to the expanse within the outline of a two-dimensional area or within the
outer boundaries of a three-dimensional object. It may be geometric which tends to be precise
or regular (circles, triangles, squares) or organic which are irregular, often curving or rounded
and seem relaxed and more informal. Most common shapes in human-made world are
geometric while most shapes in nature are organic.

Mass is a physical bulk of a solid body material and it has a three-dimensional area.

Recumbent Figure, Henry Moore, 1938 Green Hornton Stone

C. SPACE
Space is the indefinable, general receptacle of all things. It is continuous, infinite, and
ever present. The visual arts are sometimes referred to spatial arts, because most of the art
forms are organized in space.
 Architects are especially concerned with space. With three-dimensional objects such as
in architecture and sculpture, one has to move around to get a full experience of three-
dimensional space. With two-dimensional works, such as drawings, prints, photographs, and
paintings, the actual space is defined by its edges- usually the two-dimensions of height and
width. The illusion of thirddimension in two-dimensional works is spatial depth.

D. VALUE
Value refers to the lightness and darkness of surfaces. It ranges from white to various
grays to black. It can be a property of color or an element independent color.
Chiaroscuro is the use of gradations of light and shade, in which the forms are revealed
by the subtle shifting from light to dark areas. This technique was developed during the
Renaissance Period to create illusion that figures and objects depicted on a flat surface
appear as they do in the natural light conditions.

E. COLOR
Color is a component of light, affects us directly by modifying our thoughts, moods,
actions, and even our health. Color exists only in light, but light itself seems colorless to the
human eye. The so called “color” is the effect on our eyes of light waves of differing
wavelengths or frequencies.

Properties of a Color
 Hue is particular wavelength of spectral color to which we give name.
In 1666, British scientist Sir Isaac Newton discovered that when the light of the sun
passes through a glass prism. It is separated into the bands of colors that make up the visible
spectrum. The sequence of the spectral colors is: red, orange, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
 - Primary Hues are: Red, Yellow, and Blue
- Secondary Hues: Orange, Green, and Violet. This are produced by the mixture
of primary hues.
- Intermediate Hue are red-orange, yellow-green, blue-green, and red-violet. Each
are located between the primary and the secondary hues of which they are
composed.

Color affects our feelings about size and distance as well as temperature. Yellow-
green and red-violet are the poles dividing the color wheel into cool and warm hues. Cool
colors found at the blue-green side of the color wheel, while the warm colors at the red-
orange side, appear to expand and advance.
 Objects that appear to be black absorbs all the colors; while objects that appear white
reflects all the colors of the spectrum. Black and white are not true colors and their
combination, gray is achromatic and they are often referred to as neutrals.

 Value refers to the relative lightness and darkness from white through grays and
black.


Intensity also called saturation, refers to the purity of a hue or color. The pure hue is the
most intense form of a given color; the hue at its highest saturation; and the hue in its
brightest form.

F. TEXTURE
The textile qualities of surfaces or to the visual representation of those qualities are
referred to as texture, in visual arts. Actual textures are those we can feel by touching.
Simulated textures are those created to look like something other than pain on a flat surface.
Painters simulate texture, while sculptors and architects make use of actual texture.

G. PERSPECTIVE
Perspective is point of view. In visual arts, it can refer to any means of representing
three dimensional objects in space on a two-dimensional surface. It is a system designed to
depict the way objects in space appear to the eye. In linear perspective objects appear
smaller at a distance, because parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the
distance, and the last meeting of the lines on the horizon is called vanishing point.

 Time and Motion

 This is non-spatial in which events occur in succession. Our experience of time depends
upon the movements we experienced and vice versa. A sense of motion can be created by
actual change in position.

 Light
The source, color, intensity, and direction of light greatly affect the way things appear; as
light changes, surfaces illuminated by it also appear to change. To suggest the way light
reveals form, artists use changes in value.

P. E

Physical Fitness as Defined

A person who is free from illnesses and can do physical or sports activities and still
has an extra energy to do more activities is considered to be physically fit. Physical fitness is
a combination of health fitness and body fitness. Health fitness refers to your body’s ability to
fight off diseases. Body fitness, on the other hand, is refers to the ability to do strenuous
physical or sports activities without getting tired easily. It is not enough for someone to only
look good and feel good in order to be called physically fit. An individual should also take into
consideration his kind of lifestyle including the food he takes every day because it can lead
him to better health.

Health Related Fitness

This is primarily associated with disease prevention and functional health.
Participating in regular health-related fitness helps you control your weight, prevents diseases
and illness, improves mood, boosts energy and promotes better sleep.

Health Related Fitness Components

A. Body Composition – is the body’s relative amount of fat to fat-free mass.
How to find body composition?
1. Body Mass Index (BMI)- kg/m2

BODY MAS INDEX RANGE CATEGORY

Below 18.5 Severely Wasted
18.5 - 24.9 Normal
25 - 29.9 Overweight
30 and above Obese
 B. Flexibility – is the ability of the joints and muscles to move through its full range of
motion.
 Zipper Test Purpose to test the flexibility of the shoulder girdle.

C. Cardiovascular Endurance is the ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to
deliver oxygen to working muscles and tissues, as well as the ability of those muscles
and tissues to utilize the oxygen. Endurance may also refer to the ability of the
muscles to do repeated work without fatigue.
 3-Minute Step Test

D. Strength- is the ability of the muscles to generate force against physical objects.
 Push Ups

SKILLS-RELATED FITNESS
A. Speed – is the ability to perform a movement in one direction in the shortest period of
time.
 40- Meter Sprint

B. Power – is the ability of the muscle to transfer energy and release maximum force at
a fast rate.
 Standing Long Jump

C. Agility is the ability to move in different directions quickly using a combination of

balance, coordination, speed, strength and endurance.
 Hexagon Agility Test

D. Reaction Time – The amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus.

 Stick Drop Test
E. Coordination– The ability to use the senses with the body parts to perform motor
tasks smoothly and accurately.

 Juggling

F. Balance – is the maintenance of equilibrium while stationary or while moving.

 Stork Balance Stand Test

Specific Components of Physical Fitness

1. Agility –The ability of the individual to change direction or position in space with
quickness and lightness of movement while maintaining dynamic balance.
 2. Balance – The ability to control organic equipment neuro-muscularly; a state of
equilibrium.

3. Coordination - The ability to integrate the body parts to produce smooth motion.

4. Endurance – The ability to sustain long continued contractions where a number of

muscle groups are used; the capacity to bear or last long in a certain task without
undue fatigue.

5. Power – The ability of the muscles to release maximum force in the shortest period of
time.

6. Speed – The ability to make successive movements of the same kind in the shortest
period of time.

7. Strength – The capacity to sustain the application of force without yielding or

breaking; the ability of the muscles to exert efforts against resistance.
Lifestyle as Defined
The way in which an individual life is called lifestyle. This includes the typical patterns of
an individual’s behavior like every day routine at home, in school, or at work; eating, sleeping,
and exercise habits, and many others.

Managing your lifestyle entails making modifications in your routine especially in those
aspects that elevate health risks. Food choice, physical activity, and eating habits are some of
the aspects of your lifestyle that can modify to improve it. These modifications should be done
gradually, like reducing the intake of fatty food, getting up to reach for something instead of
asking someone to get it for you, or walking faster and more often. The idea is that for health
risks to be reduced, changes in your lifestyle should be made.

Risk factors are variables in your lifestyle that may lead to certain diseases. Many
aspects of your lifestyle can be considered risk factors. Aside from genetics or heredity, age
and physical make-up are some of the factors to gain more benefits. For instance, you cannot
stop aging process, but you can delay the signs of aging from showing by being more active
and avoiding vices.

The other variables in your lifestyle, however, can be modified to achieve a healthier life.
Such variables include nutrition, body weight, physical activity, and health habits. What should
be kept in mind is that these variables bring with them risk factors that are serious concerns.
Some of the risk factors associated with lifestyle variables include hypertension / high blood

pressure, overweight and obesity, excess body fat, high level of stress, lack of exercise
and sedentary lifestyle, smoking, unhealthy dietary practices and alcohol consumption.
 An unhealthy lifestyle brings with it certain diseases that can shorten your lifespan. These
diseases, known as non-communicable diseases (NCS’s), are not transmitted from person to
person, yet kill more than 36 million people each year. Also called chronic diseases, they are
of long duration, and are generally of slow progression. The four main types of NCD’s are
cardiovascular diseases (like enlargement of the heart and hypertension), cancer, chronic
respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructed pulmonary disease and asthma), and
diabetes.

All age groups are affected by NCD’s, although they are often associated with older age
groups. Evidence show that more than nine million of all deaths attributed to NCD’s occur
before the age of 60. Children and adults are all vulnerable to the risk factors that lead to non-
communicable diseases, whether from unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, exposure to tobacco
smoke, or the harmful effects of alcohol.

What is consumer health?

Consumer health is not just about buying health products and

services. It is also about making decisions and having a clear and
deeper understanding to make wise choices.

Consumer health has three components: health information, health products,

and health services. Health information plays a big role in the life of individuals. It gives
details that people can use to make informed decisions about their health and of others.

What is Health Information?

Health information is any concept, step, or advice that various sources

give to aid the health status of an individual. The type of information varies
depending on various considerations such as but not limited to health history,
drugs and alcohol consumption, and eating disorders

All information about the health products is included in this area. It gives
the materials used in manufacturing the product, date, uses, expirations,
and even cautions.
 Example:

Product Manufacturer Uses Ingredients Date of Expiration

Manufacturing Date
Tomas Milk Phil. Inc., To Water, January 5, 2019 January 21,
Milk Candon City enhance skimmed milk 2021
I.S growth powder,
and pasteurized
stronger yoghurt
immunity powder,
sugar,
apple juice
concentrate
Tsarap Magic Phil. For Iodized salt, December 5, April 19,
Magic Inc., Vigan Seasoning garlic, 2019 2021
City, I.S sugar, onion,
spices,
chicken meat

People acquire health information and products from various sources such as
authorized person, media, and technology. It is important to identify the reliability of these
sources.

Some Reliable Sources of information

1. Medical and health professionals (Family and school doctors, dentists,

nurses, health science educators)
2. Government agencies like Department of Health (DOH), Food and
Drug Administration (FDA), Bureau of Food and Drugs (BFAD),
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
3. Websites ending in gov, edu, and org.
4. Local health officials
5. Educational institutions

Some Unreliable Sources of Health Information

1. Out-dated customs, practices, and superstitions without scientific basis

2. Information based on ignorance and prejudice
3. Commercialized health information
4. Personal options and incomplete information
 5. Quack or pseudo healers.

Guide Questions or criteria in Assessing Health

Information

The following questions are the things to consider before buying

health products or availing health services.

What are Health Products?

Health products are food, drugs, cosmetics, devices, biologicals,

vaccines, in-vitro diagnostic reagents, and household/urban hazardous
substances and/or a combination of and/or a derivative thereof (FDA Act,
2009). These products may be purchased from various places like
supermarkets, pharmacies, and hospitals.
Examples: eyeglasses, appliances, medicines, grooming aids, car,
etc.

What is a Healthcare Service?

Healthcare services refer to the furnishing of medicines, medical or surgical
treatments, nursing, hospital service, dental service, optometric service, and complementary
health services. These are often connected to healthcare. These programs aim to appraise
the health conditions of individuals through screening and examinations, cure and treat
disorders, prevent and control the spread of diseases, provide safety, emergency care, and
first aid, and ensure a follow-up program for individuals who have undergone treatments.
Examples: medical and dental consultation and treatment, services from beauty parlors and
barber shops, etc.

Guidelines on the Purchase of Goods and Services

1. Evaluate which products and services will be beneficial, harmful or useless.
2. Know the local laws and regulations that protect consumers.
3. Locate dependable medical, dental and nursing services.
4. Apply knowledge acquired with respect to personal and environmental health in
the purchase of personal goods and services

Some Tips on how to be a Wise Consumer

1. Gather correct and sufficient information–get as much information by reading
critically the details on the nutritional quality of the food. Be aware that being
knowledgeable of the laws will protect you as a consumer.

2. Compare and contrast details of available products – compare and contrast the
products and services available before you purchase. Judge for yourself which
among the products are most effective. You can use the questions in assessing the
health information as your initial guide.

3. Inquire for more and review if possible – ask direct questions from sales personnel
if there are things about the product that are not clear to you before buying it.
Clarifying things will make you more confident as a consumer. You can also get some
information from other consumers regarding the product.

Health services are usually offered by healthcare providers. “A healthcare provider is a

trained professional who provides people with healthcare”. Health services are offered by
health service providers. There are three types, as follows:

I. Health Professionals. These are individuals who are licensed to practice medicine
and other allied health programs and work in the medical profession.
Examples: doctor, nurse, nutritionist, etc.
II. Healthcare Facilities – These are places or institutions that offer healthcare services.
Examples: hospitals, walk-in surgery center, health center, extended healthcare facility.

III. Health Insurance - It is a financial agreement between an insurance company and an

individual or group for the payment of healthcare costs.

Philippine Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) is a government-owned and

controlled corporation (GOCC) created through Republic act 7875 also known as the National
Health Insurance (NHI) Act of 1995. It aims to provide health insurance coverage for all
Filipinos and ensure affordable, acceptable, available, and accessible health care services for
all citizens of the Philippines (Learner's Material on the Philippine Health Insurance
Corporation (PhilHealth) - Grade 10 2017).

The vision statement of PhilHealth

“Bawat Pilipino Miyembro,

Bawat Miyembro Protektado,
Kalusugan ng Lahat Protektado”

PhilHealth ensures that every Filipino is a member by covering them under different
membership programs which are categorized according to various sectors of our society.

Classifications of PhilHealth Members

Employed or Members in - Employees in the government and private sectors.

the Formal Economy - household helpers
- family drivers
- owners of small, medium and large enterprises
How to enroll?
- Members should be enrolled by their respective
employers.
Employed or Members in - Workers who are not covered by formal contracts and whose
the Informal Economy premium contributions are self-paid or subsidized.
- migrant workers (documented and undocumented OFW)
- workers: sea-based and land-based
- Informal sector (street hawkers, market vendors, pedicab and
tricycle drivers, small construction workers, and home-based
industries
- Filipino with dual citizenship
- Naturalized Filipino citizen
- Citizens of other countries on/and residing in the Philippines
 - applies membership on their own

How to enroll?
Indigent Members - People who have no visible means of income as
identified by the Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD) based on specific criteria.

How to enroll? - The Department of Social Welfare and Development

(DSWD) is tasked by the National government to
facilitate their enrollment.
Sponsored Members - Members whose premium contributions are paid for by
another individual, government agency or private entity.
- orphans, abandoned and abused minors, out of school
youths, persons with disability, battered women under DSWD
custody, barangay health workers, barangay tanods and
other barangay workers and volunteers.
Lifetime Member - Those who have reached the age of retirement and have
made 120 monthly contributions.

How to enroll? - Need to apply for membership to qualify under this

category.
Senior Citizens - elderly who are not covered under the National Health
Insurance Program (NHIP).

How to enroll? - Need to apply for membership to qualify under this

category.

PRAC CHEM

ATOM, BASIC UNIT OF MATTER

The History of Atomic Theory
ATOM

An atom is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element.
Atoms are extremely small, typically around 100 picometers across.

SUBATOMIC PARTICLE

PROTON
ELECTRON
NEUTRON
The atomic model has changed throughout the centuries, starting in 400 BC, when it

looked like a billiard ball →

Who are these men?

In this lesson, we’ll learn about the men whose quests for knowledge about the fundamental nature
of the universe helped define our views.

Democritus

This is the Greek philosopher Democritus who began the search for a description of
matter more than 2400 years ago.
He asked: Could matter be divided into smaller and smaller pieces forever, or was
there a limit to the number of times a piece of matter could be divided?

Atomos
- His theory: Matter could not be divided into smaller and smaller pieces forever,
eventually the smallest possible piece would be obtained.
-This piece would be indivisible.
- He named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.”

- To Democritus, atoms were small, hard particles that were all made of the same
material but were different shapes and sizes.
- Atoms were infinite in number, always moving and capable of joining together.
- This theory was ignored and forgotten for more than 2000 years!

Why?
The eminent philosophers of the time, Aristotle and Plato, had a more respected,
(and ultimately wrong) theory.

Aristotle and Plato favored the earth, fire, air and water approach to the nature of
matter. Their ideas held sway because of their eminence as philosophers. The
atomos idea was buried for approximately 2000 years.

Dalton’s Model
- In the early 1800s, the English Chemist John Dalton performed a number of
experiments that eventually led to the acceptance of the idea of atoms.
- He deduced that all elements are composed of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and
indestructible particles.
- Atoms of the same element are exactly alike.
- Atoms of different elements are different.
- Compounds are formed by the joining of atoms of two or more elements.
- his theory became one of the foundations of modern chemistry.

Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model

- In 1897, the English scientist J.J. Thomson provided the first hint that an atom is
made of even smaller particles.
- He proposed a model of the atom that is sometimes called the “Plum Pudding”
model.
- Atoms were made from a positively charged substance with negatively charged
electrons scattered about, like raisins in a pudding.
- Thomson studied the passage of an electric current through a gas.
- As the current passed through the gas, it gave off rays of negatively charged
particles.
- This surprised Thomson, because the atoms of the gas were uncharged. Where had
the negative charges come from?

Thomson concluded that the negative charges came from within the atom.

A particle smaller than an atom had to exist.

The atom was divisible!

Thomson called the negatively charged “corpuscles,” today known as electrons.

Since the gas was known to be neutral, having no charge, he reasoned that there
must be positively charged particles in the atom.

But he could never find them.

Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

- In 1908, the English physicist Ernest Rutherford was hard at work on an experiment
that seemed to have little to do with unraveling the mysteries of the atomic
structure.

-Rutherford’s experiment Involved firing a stream of tiny positively charged particles

at a thin sheet of gold foil (2000 atoms thick)
- Most of the positively charged “bullets” passed right through the gold atoms in the
sheet of gold foil without changing course at all.
- Some of the positively charged “bullets,” however, did bounce away from the gold
sheet as if they had hit something solid. He knew that positive charges repel positive
charges.

- This could only mean that the gold atoms in the sheet were mostly open space.
Atoms were not a pudding filled with a positively charged material.
- Rutherford concluded that an atom had a small, dense, positively charged center
that repelled his positively charged “bullets.”
- He called the center of the atom the “nucleus”
- The nucleus is tiny compared to the atom as a whole.
- Rutherford reasoned that all of an atom’s positively charged particles were
contained in the nucleus. The negatively charged particles were scattered outside
the nucleus around the atom’s edge.

Bohr Model
- In 1913, the Danish scientist Niels Bohr proposed an improvement. In his model, he
placed each electron in a specific energy level.

-According to Bohr’s atomic model, electrons move in definite orbits around the
nucleus, much like planets circle the sun. These orbits, or energy levels, are located
at certain distances from the nucleus.

Erwin Schrӧdinger
- Schrӧdinger stated that electrons do not move in set paths around the nucleus, but
in waves. It is impossible to know the exact location of the electrons; instead, its
have ‘clouds of probability’ called orbitals, in which its more likely to find an
electron.
Wave/Quantum Model

- Today’s atomic model is based on the principles of wave mechanics.

- According to the theory of wave mechanics, electrons do not move about an atom
in a definite path, like the planets around the sun.

- In fact, it is impossible to determine the exact location of an electron. The probable

location of an electron is based on how much energy the electron has.
- According to the modern atomic model, at atom has a small positively charged
nucleus surrounded by a large region in which there are enough electrons to make
an atom neutral.

Electron Cloud:
- Depending on their energy they are locked into a certain area in the cloud.
- Electrons with the lowest energy are found in the energy level closest to the
nucleus
- Electrons with the highest energy are found in the outermost energy levels, farther
from the nucleus.
Information Sheet 2
STATES OF MATTER
1. Solids
• Definite shape and volume
• The particles tightly packed together
• Vibrate in a fixed position
• High densities and can expand only
slightly when heated.
2. Liquid
• No definite shape but has definite volume
• The particles are not arranged in a rigid
or orderly manner.
• Expand slightly when heated.
• Generally, have medium densities
3. gas
• No definite shape and definite volume
• The particles are usually much farther
apart than those in a liquid
• Easily compressed into a smaller volume
• Greatly expand when heated
• Low densities
4. Plasma
• Formed by heating and ionizing a gas
• Made up of groups of negatively and
positively charged particles
• It has neither a definite volume nor a
definite shape
• Often observed in ionized gases, aurora
borealis, lightning, and comet tails
5. Bose-Einstein Condensate
• Produced when a cloud of bosons (a type of an elementary particle of
matter) is cooled to
temperatures very close to absolute zero such that a large fraction of the
bosons
condenses.
• Bose-Einstein Condensate include superfluids like cold liquid helium, and
superconductors
like the nucleons inside a neutron star.

Macroscopic View - anything seen with the naked eye.

Microscopic View - things not seen with the naked eye.