Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reviewer Q1
Reviewer Q1
The highest peaks in the world, such as Mount Everest ( 8, 848 meters above sea level ), can be
found in the Himalayas. For many years,
geologists tried to explain the presence of the
remains of tiny sea organisms at the top of
this mountain range. They found out that the
type of rock that caps Mount Everest, for
instance, is limestone. This is a type of rock
that forms at the bottom of warm shallow
seas and is composed primarily of fossilized
marine creatures, everything from plankton to
clams and fish.
Studies revealed that the Himalayas started forming about 40 million years ago, when the Indian plate
collided head-on with the Eurasian plate, shoving and folding rocks (formed below sea level) into lofty
peaks. Because the Indian plate is still moving northward, the Himalayas are still rising at a rate of
about one centimeter per year. Now, it is easier to explain why marine fossils are located at the top of
these tall mountains. It is the process of plate tectonics that continues to lift seafloor rocks to certain
heights.
Information Sheet 1
Plate Boundaries.
The interaction of plates at plate boundaries is responsible for many geologic features of the Earth. At
some boundaries, plates move together or converge, and others move away from each other or
diverge. Some plates move horizontally past one another.
Divergent Boundaries
A divergent boundary is a feature that exists when two tectonic plates move away from each other.
When Earth’s brittle surface is pulled apart, what happens to the space left between them? The result
of two diverging plates is a valley-like rift. This rift is a dropped zone where the plates are pulling apart.
Valleys and volcanoes form as the crust widens and thins. Streams and rivers can flow into the low
valleys, and long, narrow lakes are created.
Most of the divergent boundaries are found on the seafloor where they form ocean ridges. It is in its
central rift where seafloor spreading begins. The process of seafloor spreading along a divergent
boundary may cause an ocean basin to grow wider,which takes over millions of years. Some divergent
boundaries can form on continents other than the seafloor. A long and narrow depression, called a rift
valley. Is formed when the continental crust begins to stretch and separate. This rifting may eventually
lead to the formation of a new ocean basin.
Convergent Boundaries
A convergent boundary or destructive plate boundary is a place where two tectonic plates move
toward each other. As a result of pressure, friction and plate material melting in the mantle,
earthquakes and volcanoes are commonly experienced and found respectively near convergent
boundaries. There are three types of convergent boundaries, classified according to the type of crust
involved. (1.) oceanic crust converging with oceanic crust; (2.) oceanic crust converging with
continental crust; and (3.) continental crust converging with continental crust.
Oceanic-oceanic convergence
In an oceanic-oceanic boundary, one of the two plates is descending beneath the other. This process
is called subduction. When an oceanic plate, one that has become denser due to cooling, descends
below another plate, a subduction zone is formed. The descending plate reaches the mantle and then
melts, thereby recycling the oceanic crust formed at the ridge.
Oceanic-continental convergence
Subduction also occurs when an oceanic plate converges with a continental plate as you can see in
figure 1.1.8. This convergence produces a trench and a volcanic arc. However, a series of volcanic
eruptions along the edge of the continental plate can be observed. The result of this subduction is a
mountain range, with many volcanoes.
Continental-continental convergence
When two continental plates collide, a convergent boundary is formed. The ocean basin between
converging oceanic and the plates is entirely subducted. Because continental rocks are too bouyant to
be forced into the mantle, they cannot be subducted. As a result, the colliding edges of the continents
are crumpled and uplifted forming a mountain range. Note that the Himalayas have been formed this
way.
Transform Boundaries
A transfrom boundary is formed when two plates slide past each other, horizontally, as shown in figure
1.1.10
You can compare a transform boundary to diveregnt and convergent boundaries. In a divergent
boundary, a new crust is formed at ridges, In convergent boundaries, old crust is destroyed by
subduction. In a transform boundary, the crust is deformed or fractured. It is characterized by long
faults that extend to hundreds of kilometers. Most transform boundaries offset sections of ocean
ridges, and they rarely occur on the continent.
“Plates cover the entire Earth, and their boundaries play a key role in geologic events. The
movement of these plates on top of a thick, fluid “mantle” is known as plate tectonics. The
movement of the plates is the source of volcanoes and earthquakes.”
The theory of plate tectonics states that Earth’s crust and its rigid upper mantle are broken into
enormous slabs called plates. There are more than a dozen major plates and several smaller ones
How fast are these plates moving? These plates are all moving in different directions and at
different speeds from two cm to 10 cm per year, about the speed at which your fingernails grow.
Adjacent plates can crash together, pull apart, or sideswipe each other. The place where two plates
meet is called a plate boundary. Boundaries have different names, depending on how the two
plates are moving relative to each other.
1. What is plate tectonics? A section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the
asthenosphere, carrying pieces of continental and oceanic crust.
2. What are tectonic plates made of? Earth’s crust and upper mantle (Lithosphere)
3. What are the three types of boundaries?
Divergent Boundaries
Convergent Boundaries
Transform Boundaries
Three types of boundaries
Divergent boundaries
A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other.
RIFTING causes SEAFLOOR SPREADING
Helpful Hints…
Divergent is like “dissecting” or “dividing”
If you pull warm bubble gum or silly putty, it will thin in the middle until it is stressed so much that it
breaks.
Happens on land & under H2O
Convergent Boundaries
Type 1
Ocean plate colliding with a less dense continental plate
Subduction Zone: The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back
into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary.
The less dense plate slides under the more dense plate creating a subduction zone called a TRENCH
Example; Aleutian Islands, Alaska
Type 3
A continental plate colliding with another continental plate
Have Collision Zones:
A place where folded and thrust faulted mountains form.
May form Mountain Ranges.
Example; These are Folded Mountains, like the Himalayas or the Rockies.
What happens when the rock is squeezed from the Stress of Compression?
A REVERSE FAULT
Rock is forced upward as it is squeezed.
Helpful Hints…
Convergent = “Connecting” boundaries
May work like a trash compactor smashing rock.
Rock goes crunches up to make folded mountains.
Rock goes down “under” @ subduction zone.
Transform boundaries
A plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite direction.
What happens when the rock is sheared (or “cut”) from the Stress of Shearing?
A STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
Rocks on each side of the fault slip past each other as they break.
Helpful Hints…
Shearing means cutting (“Shears” are like scissors)
Transform boundaries run like trains going past each other in different directions & they shake the
ground!
DEFINITION
Plate Boundaries.
The interaction of plates at plate boundaries is responsible for many geologic features of the Earth. At
some boundaries, plates move together or converge, and others move away from each other or
diverge. Some plates move horizontally past one another.
Tectonic plates
A section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the asthenosphere, carrying pieces of continental
and oceanic crust.
Converge
a place where two tectonic plates move
toward each other. As a result of pressure, friction and plate material melting in the mantle.
Diverge
a feature that exists when two tectonic plates move away from each other.
Ocean trench
Rift
Fault line
Mountain range
Mantle
Continental crust
Oceanic crust
Subduction
Plate tectonics is no longer a mystery because of the numerous studies that have been conducted by geologists.
The rate of movements and their direction have been measured by sophisticated methodologies. However,
there was one question left unanswered since Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift. What
causes plates to move? This area of research is yet to be fully understood. There are many theories, but the
leading hypothesis is that the large scale motion in the mantle drives the movement of tectonic plates.
Mantle Convection
Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of heated matter. It is the most efficient type of
heat transport mechanism, commonly observed in many natural settings. When we boil water in a pot, for
instance, convection occurs. Heated from below, the water closer to the flame or heat source heats up and rises
because it expands and has a lower density.
Heat Convection
Hot water is likewise less dense
than cold water and rises,
causing convection currents
which transport energy.
Convection can also lead to
circulation in a liquid, as in
the heating of a pot of water
over a flame. Heated water
In the same manner, many geologists believe that heat transport between the planet core and the solid surface
is the same as the principles of hot water convection. A convection current is thought to be the driving
mechanism for plate movements. Even though the mantle is solid, a part of it called the asthenosphere flows
like a soft and pliable plastic. A convection current therefore, is set in motion by Earth’s hot interior and cool
exterior.
The movement of the plates can likewise bring about hot, rocky materials from inside Earth to
travel through cracks in these plates. This movement can create volcanoes.
"ridge push" The lithosphere thickens with distance (and time) away from the midocean ridge. This is
because it cools as it moves away from the ridge and the boundary between the solid lithosphere and slightly
molten asthenosphere becomes deeper - the boundary between the lithosphere and asthenosphere is essentially
a temperature boundary. The result of this thickening with distance from the ridge is that the
lithosphere/asthenosphere boundary slopes away from the ridge. The weight of the lithosphere on this
sloping
surface produces a downslope
force. And since the asthenosphere
is weak, the weight of the
lithosphere near the ridge sliding
down the "slippery slope" of the
asthenosphere "pushes" the older
part of the plate in front of it. Note
that as the lithosphere slides down
away from the ridge, tensional
forces and normal fault
earthquakes occur at the ridge axis
where two plates are sliding
(pulling) apart. Figure 1.2.3 Ridge push and slab pull
"slab pull" As lithospheric plates move away from midocean ridges they cool and become denser. They
eventually become more dense than the underlying hot mantle. After subducted, cool, dense lithosphere sinks
into the mantle under its own weight. This helps to pull the rest of the plate down with it.
resisting forces The main effect of the underlying mantle is to produce a shearing or frictional force
resisting the motion of lithospheric plates. And for newly subducting slabs, the resisting force of the mantle as
the slab tries to force its way through is stronger than the shearing on the top and bottom of the descending
slab. Friction between the converging plates and also the force required to bend a plate resist the movement of
the plate at subduction zones.
It seems likely that gravity drives the plates and the motions of the plates help to stir the mantle, rather than the
convection of the mantle driving the plates.
However, mantle flow may be important locally with respect to the motion of continents with deep keels
(thickened lithosphere, especially in old orogenic belts), but not for oceanic lithosphere.
FILIPINO
Ang salitang mitolohiya ay nangangahulugang agham o pag-aaral ng mga mito/myth at alamat. Tumutukoy sa kalipunan
ng mga mito mula sa isang pangkat ng tao sa isang lugar na naglalahad ng kasaysayan ng mga diyos-diyosan noong
unang panahon na sinasamba, dinarakila at pinapintakasi ng mga sinaunang tao. Ang mitolohiya ay salitang mito/myth
ay galing sa salitang latin na mythos at mula sa Greeks na muthos na ang kahulugan ay kuwento. Ang muthos ay
halaw pa sa mu, na ang ibig sabihin ay paglikha ng tunog sa bibig. Sa klasikal na mitolohiya ang mito/myth ay
representasyon ng marubrob na pangarap at takot ng mga sinaunang tao. Nakatutulong ito upang maunawaan ng mga
katangian ng iba pang mga nilalang. Ipinaliliwanag din dito ang nakatatakot na puwersa ng kalikasan sa daigdig.
Karaniwang may kaugnayan ito sa teolohiya at ritwal. Sa Pilipinas naman, ang mito ay kinabibilangan ng mga
kuwentong-bayang naglalahad ng tungkol sa mga anito, diyos at diyosa, mga kakaibang nilalang at mga pagkakagunaw
ng daigdig noon. Maaaring matagpuan ang mga mitong ito sa mga kuwentong-bayan at epiko ng mga pangkat-etniko sa
kasalukuyan.
Ito ang mga gamit ng mitolohiya
1. Ipaliwanag ang pagkakalikha ng daigdig
2. Ipaliwanag ang puwersa ng kalikasan.
3. Maikuwento ang mga sinaunang gawaing panrelihiyon
4. Magturo ng mabuting aral
5. Maipaliwanag ang kasaysayan
6. Maipahayag ang marubrob na pangarap, matinding takot at pag-asa ng
sangkatauhan.
ALAM MO BA?
Ang Isarael ay isang bansa sa kanlurang Asya na kabilang sa tinatawag na Rehiyon ng Meditteranean dahil ito ay
matatagpuan sa bahagingn timog-silangan ng Dagat Mediterranean. Ang Israel ay isa sa mga bansa sa Gitnang
Silangan na kinikilalang Holy Land o Banal na Lupain hindi lamang ng mga Kristiyano kundi maging ng mga Hudyo,
Muslim, at mga Baha’i. Sa maraming bahagi ng Israel, partikular sa lungsod ng Herusalem, namuhay at nangaral si
Hesus. Ang marami sa mga parabulang ginamit niya sa panganagaral ay sa lugar na ito ang tagpuan. Sa maraming
pagkakataon, ginamit ni Hesus sa kanyang mga parabula ang pagpapakasal
ng binata at dalagang Hudyo noong unang siglo upang bigyang-diin ang kanyang relasyon at pagmamahal sa ating
mga mananampalataya. Sa parabulang mababasa mo sa araling ito ay maraming tradisyon ng kasalang Hudyo ang
iyong malalaman.
Sa mga hudyo nang unang siglo, sinusundo ng binate ang dalagang pakakasalan bago ang kasal at pagkatapos ay
babalik sila sa buhay ng binata ang dalagang pakakasalan bago ang kasal at pagkatapos ay babalik sila sa bahay ng
binata para ipagdiwang ang maringal na kasalang umabot nang kung ilang araw. Sa pagpasok ng mga ikakasal ay
tanging ang mga taong nag-aabang at may dalang sulo ang pinapapasok upang maiwasang makapasok ang mga hindi
imbitado o mga gatecrasher. Dito binigyang-diin ni Hesus ang kahalagahan ng kahandaan ang
mga mananampalataya sa kanyang pagbabalik. Kailangang manatiling may langis ang ating mga “ilawan” sapagkat
hindi natin alam ang araw o oras man ng kanayang muling pagparito.
Pangatnig-
mga kataga, salita, o pariralang nag-uugnay ng dalawang salita, parirala,
sugnay, o payak na pangungusap.
Halimbawa:
PANDIWA
Ang pandiwa ay bahagi ng pananalitang nagsasaad ng kilos o galawt nag bibibgay-buhay sa lipon ng mga salita.ito’y
binubuo ng salitang-ugat at ng isa o higit pang panlapi. Ang mga panlaping ginagamit sa pandiwa ay tinatawag na
panlaping ginagamit sa pandiwa ay tinatawag na panlaping makadiwa.
Uri ng pandiwa
Ang pandiwa ay maaaring mauri sa dalawa; ang palipat at ang katawanin.
Palipat - may tuwirang layong tumatanggap sa kilos. Ang layon ay karaniwang kasunod ng pandiwa at
pinangungunahan ng mga katagang ng, mga, sa , sa mga, kay, o kina.
Katawanin- ang pandiwa kapag hindi na ito nangangailangan ng tuwirang layong tatangga ng kilos at nakakatayo na
itong mag-isa.
pandiwa
HALIMBAWA; nabuhay si pandora.
Pandiwang naglalahad lamang ng kilos, gawain o pangyayari.
Aspekto ng pandiwa
Ang pandiwa ay may tatlong aspektong nagpapakita kung kailan naganap, nagagana, o magaganap ang kilos na
ipinahahayag nito.
2. Aspektong nagaganap o imperpektibo - ang kilos ay kasalukuyang nangyayari o kaya’y patuloy na nangyayari.
HALIMBAWA; araw- araw na nagpapadala si epimetheus sa kanyang asawa.
3. Aspektong magaganap o kentemplatibo - ito’y nagsasaad na ang kilos ay hindi pa isinasagawa o gagawin palang
HALIMBAWA; darating ang pag-asa basta’t maghihintay ka lamang
TLE
Structure
Shell. The egg’s outer covering, the shell, accounts for about 9 to 12 % of its total weight depending on egg size. The
shell is the egg’s first line of defense against
bacterial contamination. The shell is produced by the shell gland (uterus) of the oviduct, and has an outer coating, the
bloom or cuticle. The cuticle somewhat
seals the pores and is useful in reducing moisture losses and in preventing bacterial penetration of the egg shell.
Air cell. This is the empty space between the white and shell at the large end of the egg which is barely existent in
newly laid egg. When an egg is first laid, it is warm.
As it cools, the contents contract and the inner shell membrane separate from the outer shell membrane to form the air
cell
Albumen/Egg white. Albumen, also called egg white, accounts for most of an egg’s liquid weight, about 67%. This is
produced by the oviduct and consists of four alternating layers of thick and thin consistencies. From the yolk outward,
they are designated as the inner thick or chalaziferous white, the inner thin white, the outer thick white and the outer
thin white. The outer thin white is a narrow fluid layer next to the shell membrane. The outer thick white is a gel that
forms the center of the albumen. The inner thin white is a fluid layer located next to the yolk. The inner thick white
(chalasiferous layer) is a dense, matted, fibrous capsule terminates on each end in the chalazae, which are twisted in
opposite directions and serve to keep the yolk centered.
Chalaza. This is the ropey strands of egg white at both sides of the egg, which anchor the yolk in place in the center of
the thick white. They are sometimes mistaken for egg imperfections or beginning embryos, which of course they are
not. The twist in the chalaza is meant to keep the germinal disc always on top whichever way the egg may turn. The
more prominent the chalazae the fresher is the egg.
Germinal Disc. This is the entrance of the latebra, the channel leading to the center of the yolk. The germinal disc is
barely noticeable as a slight depression on the surface of the yolk. When the egg is fertilized, sperm enter by way of the
germinal disc, travel to the center and a chick embryo starts to form. Since table eggs are not fertilized, this is not as
easy to recognize as when the egg is fertilized.
Membranes. There are two kinds of membranes, one just under the shell and the other covering the yolk. These are
the shell membrane and the vitelline membrane. Just inside the shell are two shell membranes, inner and outer. The air
cell formed due to the contraction of egg as it cools, is found between the two layers of this shell membrane. The outer
membrane sticks to the shell while the inner membrane sticks to the albumen. During storage, the egg losses water by
evaporation, causing the
air cell to enlarge. The vitelline membrane is the covering that protects the yolk from breaking. The vitelline membrane
is weakest at the germinal disc and tends to
become more fragile as the egg ages. Every cook has experienced that the yolk of eggs that are no longer fresh easily
break.
Yolk. The yolk or the yellow to yellow- orange portion makes up about 33% of the liquid weight of the egg. The egg yolk
is formed in the ovary. On the surface of the yolk, there is a small white spot about 2 mm in diameter. This is the
germinal disc and it is present even if the egg is infertile. In infertile eggs, the germinal disc contains the genetic
material from the hen only but when fertilized, it contains the
zygote that will eventually develop into a chick. The yolk material serves as a food source for embryonic development. It
contains all the fat in the egg and a little less than half of the protein. The main protein in the egg yolk is vitelline, a
lipoprotein. It also contains phosvitin which is high in phosphorus and has antioxidant properties, and livetin which is
high in sulfur.
Composition of an Egg
1. Egg contains high quality or complete protein with essential amino acids.
2. Source of Energy – large supplies 75 calories
3. Vitamins , Vitamin A Vitamin D, Vitamin B- Complex Vitamin E
4. Minerals , Phosphorus , Zinc , Folate – important for the prevention of birth defects and heart disease for the elderly
5. Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
6. Lutein – reduces cataracts
Egg quality
Egg quality has two general components: shell quality (exterior quality) and interior egg quality. Interior egg quality has
direct bearing on the functional properties of eggs while shell quality has direct influence on microbiological quality.
Egg Grading. Grading is a form of quality control used to classify eggs for exterior and interior quality. In the
Philippines, the grade designations are A, B, C, and D.
Egg Size. Several factors influence the size of the egg: breed, age of hen, weight, feed and environmental factors.
Native chickens have much smaller eggs than commercial breeds. Some commercial breeds have bigger eggs than
others. Of the same breed, new layers tend to have smaller eggs compared to older hens. Pullets that are significantly
underweight at sexual maturity will also produce small eggs. Better fed hens lay larger eggs than underfed ones. The
environmental factors that lead to smaller eggs are heat, stress and overcrowding. The egg sizes are Jumbo, Extra
Large, Large, Medium, Small and Peewee. Medium, Large, and Extra Large are the sizes commonly available.
Characteristics of fresh Eggs
1. The shell is white, thick, and rough
2. The air cell is regular.
3. The egg white is clear, firm and thick.
4. It sinks when placed in water.
5. The yolk is round, firm, well-centered and free from defects.
Egg is considered a breakfast food. For sure, that is because of when we usually serve it, and that is in the morning,
isn’t it? And you could possibly say that egg is a complete food already for it has most of the important vitamins and
protein that our body need. And have you tried cooking it? Or maybe use egg as one of your useable ingredients? What
is your favorite dish for eggs, if you have any? Have you prepared it yourself, or mother does? How was the
experience? Isn’t it amazing preparing something that is very easy to prepare? Would you like to have a delectable
breakfast made easily and quickly? Well, below are some tips to enjoy your egg dishes.
There are three market forms of eggs namely: fresh, dried (whole, egg whites/egg yolks), and frozen (whole, egg
whites/egg yolks).
1. Fresh Eggs or shell eggs may be purchased individually, by dozen or in trays of 30 pieces.
2. Frozen Eggs – are made of high quality fresh eggs.
They come in the form of whole eggs with extra yolks
and whites. Frozen eggs are pasteurized
3. Dried Eggs – are seldom used. Their whites are used for preparing meringue. Dried eggs are used primarily as
ingredients in food industry. They are not commonly sold directly to consumers.
Egg substitutes may be entirely egg-free or may be produced from egg whites with dairy or vegetable
products substituted by yolks. These substitutes are important for people with reduced-cholesterol diet requirements.
Egg is cooked in many ways. It can be the main protein dish; it can be a main or accessory ingredient in dishes
from appetizers to desserts. It can be cooked by dry heat, moist heat, with or without oil, as simply or as elaborately as
one’s inclination for the moment. Indeed it can be eaten anywhere.
Due to reaction between the iron in the yolk and the hydrogen sulfide liberated from the sulfur
containing ferrous sulfide.
Uses of Egg
1. Cooked and served “as is”
In the shell – Soft cooked (5 minutes simmering) or Hard cooked (15 minutes simmering)
Poached – cooked in simmering water: addition of salt and vinegar hastens coagulation.
Fried – keep low to moderate temperature.
Scrambled – addition of sugar delays coagulation; addition of liquids and acids decreases
coagulation point.
2. Eggs as emulsifier
Lecithin and lysolecithin are responsible for the remarkable ability of an egg yolk to act as
emulsifying agent; both are phopoproteins containing polar and non-polar ends such that the polar
ends hold water while the non-polar ends holds the fat, thus, prevent oil droplets in suspension
from coalescing.
3. As Binding
Eggs are useful as binding , thickening, and gelling agents because it contains protein that is easily
denatured by heat.
Using whole egg requires lower coagulation temperatures resulting in a stiffer gel.
Addition of sugar, raises coagulation temperature producing softer, weaker gel
Softer gel is produced with the addition of scalded milk and acid
In cooking custards, Bain Marie, double boiler or steamer is used to avoid boiling which can
produce a porous custard
Soft custards are produced by constant stirring.
4. As foam
When egg is beaten albumen is denatured, air is incorporated as white is stretched into thin films
With continued beating, the air cells are subdivided and volume is increased
Protein network dries up and stabilizes the gas or air foams
If only egg whites are used, the color turns white and soft peaks are formed. The egg
proteins collect at the air/liquid interface of the air bubble and undergo surface
denaturation.
If whole eggs or only egg yolks are used, the color becomes pale yellow with continued
beating; volume is increased (but not as much as when only whites are used); no surface
denaturation occurs.
With further beating of egg whites, liquid drains out, air bubbles coalesce and foam
breaks.
The same changes occur when the foam is allowed to stand too long.
Maximum stability is reached at soft stage while maximum volume attained is at stiff
stage
ESP
1. May kamalayan sa sarili. May kakayahan angtao na magnilay o gawing obheto ng kaniyang isipang
kaniyang sarili. Dahil dito, alam niya na alamniya o hindi niya alam. Nagiging mundo ang kaniyangkapaligiran
dahil sa kaniyang kakayahan na pag-isipan ang kaniyang sarili. Halimbawa, itinuturing ngisang guro bilang
kaniyang mundo ang anumang tao o bagay na may kaugnayan sa kaniyang pagtuturo, tuladng mag-aaral,
banghay-aralin, pisara, at silid-aralan.Samantala, walang mundo ang hayop dahil lagi niyangdala ang
kaniyang kapaligiran sa kaniyang organismo.
2. May kakayahang kumuha ng buod o esensiya ng mga umiiral. Ito angkakayahang kumuha ng buod o
esensiya ng mga partikular na umiiral. May kakayahansiyang bumuo ng konklusiyon mula sa isang
pangyayari. Halimbawa, noong nakita niBuddha ang apat na lalaki - isang matanda, may ketong, bangkay, at
pulubi, nakabuosiya ng buod ng buhay: Ang buhay ay isang pagdurusa. Sa kabilang dako, hindi alamng
gagamba na ang lamok na hindi dumikit sa kaniyang sapot ay pareho sa lamok namakakain niya na tumama
sa kaniyang sapot (Scheler, 1974, ph.43).
Nakikita ng tao ang esensiya ng mga umiiral (essence of existence) kunghumahanga at namamangha
na siya sa kagandahan ng mga bagay sa kaniyangpaligid, nauunawaan na niya ang layunin ng pag-iral ng
mga ito, at ang kaugnayan ngmga ito sa kaniyang pag-unlad. Ang paghanga o pagkamanghang ito ay
magbubungang kaniyang pagkamalikhain, pag-unawa, at pagiging mapanagutan sa mga bagay-bagay sa
kaniyang buhay. Nalilinang ang kaniyang kakayahan na makita angesensiya ng isang upuan at ang pagka-
upuan nito, ang narra at ang pagkapuno nito,ang kaniyang guro sa EsP at ang pagka-guro nito.
3. Umiiral na nagmamahal (ens amans). Ang pagtugon ni Buddha ay kilos ngpagmamahal. Ang umiiral na
nagmamahal ang pinakamahalagang katangian ngtao bilang persona. Ang ens amans ay salitang Latin na
ang kahulugan ay umiiralna nagmamahal. Ang tao ay may kakayahang magmahal dahil ang puso niya
aynakalaang magmahal. Lahat ng mabuting kilos ay kilos ng pagmamahal. Kumikilosang tao para sa
kabutihan dahil siya ay umiiral na nagmamahal.
`
Ang pagmamahal ay galaw ng damdaminpatungo sa mga tao at iba pang bagay na may halaga.Ito
ang pinakapangunahing kilos dahil nakabatay ditoang lahat ng pagkilos ng tao at ang tunguhin ng lahat
ngmabuting kilos ay pagmamahal. Halimbawa, napansin mong tumutulo ang gripo sa palikuran ng
inyongpaaralan. Nangamba ka na baka lumaki ang bayarinng paaralan sa tubig, kaya ipinaalam mo ito sa
inyongguro upang maipaayos ang gripo. Ang pagmamalasakit mo ay patunay ng iyongpagmamahal, na
ipinakita mo sa isang mabuting kilos - ang pagsasabi ng sirang griposa inyong guro.
May kilala ka bang personalidad na nagtagumpay dahil isinabuhay niya angmga katangian ng
pagpapakatao? Narito ang apat na halimbawa ng personalidad:sina Cris Valdez, Roger Salvador, Joey
Velasco, at Mother Teresa.Sa kaniyang murang edad, nagpamalas ng pagiging personalidad si Cris“Kesz”
Valdez. Tumanggap siya ng International Children’s Peace Prize noong 2012isang pagkilala sa mga
kabataang nagpakita ng bukod-tanging paggawa at ideyaupang makatulong sa paglutas ng mga suliraning
kinakaharap ng mga kabataan sabuong mundo.
Nahubog ang pagka-persona ni Kesz sa kaniyangnatuklasang misyon sa buhay - ang pagkalinga
samga batang lansangan. Binuo niya ang “ChampioningCommunity Children” pagkatapos siyang sagipin
bilangbatang lansangan ni Harnin Manalaysay. Tinawag nilang“Gifts of Hope” ang ipinamimigay nila na mga
tsinelas,laruan, sipilyo, kendi, at iba pa. Tinuruan nila ang mgakabataang ito na maging malinis sa katawan,
kumain ngmasustansiyang pagkain at ipaglaban ang kanilang mga karapatan. Ipinaunawa rinnila ang
kahalagahan ng pagtutulungan at pagtuturo sa isa’t isa upang lumawak anganilang kaalaman at kasanayan.
Gamit ang kakayahang kunin ang buod o esensiya ng kahirapang kaniyang kinamulatan, nakita ni
Kesz angkaniyang misyong maging produktibo at makibahagi sa lipunan - sa pamamagitan ngpagkalinga sa
mga batang lansangan.
Isa rin sa mga nagpunyagi upang maging personalidad si Roger Salvador, isang magsasakana taga
Jones, Isabela. Nagpasiya siyang sakahinang lupaing minana niya sa kaniyang mga magulangpagkatapos
mamasukan sa isang bangko. Dahilkulang ang kasanayan sa pagtatanim at pag-aalagang baboy at manok,
nagsaliksik at kumunsulta siya samga teknikong pang-agrikultura.Dahil sa kaniyang dedikasyon sa trabaho at
pagiging bukas sa mga bagongkaalaman, napili siyang Farmer-Leader Extensionist ng Local Government
Unit ngJones, Isabela.
Tinuruan din niya ang kapwa magsasaka ng iba’t ibang istratehiyaat makabagong teknolohiya sa
agrikultura. Dahil dito, umani siya ng maraming pagkilala at parangal. Hinirang siyang “Most Outstanding
Corn Farmer” ng Rehiyon 2, Finalist sa National Level ng Gawad Saka Search, at “Most Outstanding
Isabelino.”Itinalaga siya sa iba’t ibang katungkulan upang pamunuan at matulungang umunladang kapwa
magsasaka. Kinilala siya bilang Farmer-Scientist ng mani sa CagayanValley Agriculture Resources Research
and Development (CVARRD). Isa siya sa mgaPilipinong tumanggap ng Asha Variety ng mani noong 2006
mula sa pangulo ng India.Dahil sa pagtaguyod niya nang mapanagutan sa kaniyangpamilya
nagingmatagumpay ang kaniyang mga anak. Bilang mamamayan, naitaas niya ang antas ng kabuhayan ng
kaniyang kapuwa magsasaka. Dahil sa kaniyang pagtitiyaga,pagsisikap, at pananampalataya sa Diyos,
nalampasan niya ang kahirapan, tumugonsiya sa tawag ng pagmamahal, at nakamit ang tagumpay sa buhay.
Isa ring personalidad si Mother Teresa ng Calcutta, isang madre na nagpakita ng napakalalim na
antas ngpagmamalasakit sa mga mahihirap. Sobra siyang naapektuhansa nakita niyang kahirapan ng mga
tao lalo na sa mga pulubina namamatay dahil sa matinding gutom at pagkakasakit sa lansangan. Sa
kaniyang pagninilay, narinig niya ang tawag ng paglingkod sa labas ng kumbento – ang tulungan ang mga
batang napabayaan, mga taong hindi minahal, at mga maysakit na hindi inalagaan. Ginamit niya ang
kaniyang kaalaman sa panggagamot at kakayahan sa pagtuturo upang tugunan ang pangangailangang
pisikal at espiritwal ng mga mahihirap.
Ipinadama niya sa kanila ang tunay na pagmamahal at pagpapahalaga na nararapat sa tao. Nagtatag
siya ngmaraming kongregasyon ng mga misyonerong nakibahagi sa kaniyang adhikaing marating ng kalinga
ang mga pinakamahirap na tao sa iba’t ibang sulok ng mundo.
Nakabuo siya ng 610 foundation sa 123 bansa sa buong mundo. Kinilala si Mother Teresa sa kaniyang mga
gawain kung kaya’t ginawaran siya ng iba’t ibang parangal, ang pinakamalaki ay Nobel Peace Prize noong
1979. Hanggang sa huling hininga ng kaniyang buhay ay hindi bumitiw sa kaniyang tungkulin. Namatay siya
noong September 5, 1997 at hindi nagtagal ang kaniyang puntod ay naging lugar ng pagdarasal at
paglalakbay ng mga taong may iba’t ibang pananampalataya, mga mayayaman, at mga mahihirap.
Tumanggap si Mother Teresa ng canonization noong December 20, 2002 at hindi magtatagal magiging
ganap na siyang santa.
ENGLISH
News Report: News reporting involves discovering all relevant facts, selecting and presenting the important facts and
weaving a comprehensive story. Reporting involves hard work, which in turn involves stamina and patience.
News: is information about current events. This may be provided through many different media: word of mouth,
printing, postal systems, broadcasting, electronic communication, or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to
events. Common topics for news reports include war, government, politics, education, health, the environment, economy,
business, fashion, and entertainment, as well as athletic events, quirky or unusual events. Government proclamations,
concerning royal ceremonies, laws, taxes, public health, and criminals, have been dubbed news since ancient times
Speech: -the expression of or the ability to express thoughts and feelings by articulate sounds. Example: He was
born deaf and without the power of speech
A demonstration speech explains how to do something. If you have ever sat through a lecture where a teacher
explained how to create a bibliography, then you have heard a demonstration speech. Like most informative speeches, a
how-to speech will likely use visual examples that show the audience how to move from step to step through a particular
activity.
An explanatory speech might give a description of the state of a given topic. As an example, consider the types
of speeches that are given at industry conferences. The goal of these speeches is for the speaker to inform the audience
on a particular part of an industry. Commonly, these will also utilize visualizations that give the audience a visual
representation of the particular data or statistics contained in the speech. This is one way to condense highly complex
information into an easily retainable package for the audience.
.
A descriptive speech creates a vivid picture in a person's mind regarding an object, person, animal, or place. An
archaeologist who has discovered a new temple in South America or a paleontologist who believes they have found a new
dinosaur may use a descriptive speech to inform an interested audience about their recent discoveries
.
A myth is an ancient story created to
explain natural events. Gods, goddesses, and
heroes are among the characters in myths. In
Oral Tradition addition to explaining events in nature, some
myths also present a lesson on how to live, or
serve as a warning to follow the rules of the
society.
“The story of Daedalus and Icarus”
The Text isa myth. It discusses adventures and mistakesof
heroes or characters
How does Icarus get himself into
Look For a difficult situation? As you read this myth,
look for what Icarus did to escape from the
Crete.
Nick Pontikis
created many objects that figure prominently in various myths. He had a beloved son named Icarus.
Among the many inventions and creations crafted by Daedalus were the wooden cow he constructed for Queen
Pasiphae, the Labyrinth of the Minotaur at Knossos on the island of Crete, artificial wings
for himself and his son Icarus, and he was even said to have invented images.The infamous Labyrinth was so
cunningly crafted that Daedalus himself could barely find his way out after constructing it. With countless winding
passages and turns that opened into one another, the Labyrinth appeared to haven neither beginning nor end.
Daedalus built the maze ton imprison the Minotaur, half man - half bull beast. His homeland was Athens but his
parentage is uncertain. Alcippe, Merope, and Iphinoe are all mentioned at different times as being his mother. His
father’s identity was never precisely established, but many claim that it was Metion, son of Erectheus.For a short
time, his apprentice was his sister’s son Perdix. But Daedalus was so proud of his achievements that he could not
bear the idea of a rival. His sister had placed her son Perdix under his charge to be taught the mechanical arts. Perdix
was an apt scholar and showed striking evidence of ingenuity. Walking on the seashore, he picked up the spine of a
fish. According to Ovid, imitating it, he took a piece of iron and notched it on the edge, and thus invented the saw.
Perdix also put two pieces of iron together, connecting them at one end with a rivet, and sharpening the other ends,
and made a pair of compasses. Daedalus was so envious of his nephew’s accomplishments that he seized an
opportunity to toss him from the hill of the Acropolis. As he was plunging to his death, however, the goddess
Athena turned Perdix into a partridge to save him. Other sources claim instead that his apprentice was his nephew
Talos. They say that it was Talos, at the age of twelve, who displayed a skill that nearly rivaled his mentor’s.
Daedalus, fearing that the boy would surpass him in talent, murdered the boy by tossing him from the Acropolis of
Athens. He was then tried at the Areiopagus, which was the ancien
Greek court, and banished from his home city of Athens. He fled to the island of Crete, where he
began to work at the court of King Minos and Queen Pasiphae, in themagnificent palace of Knossos.
It is said that Daedalus was the first to conceive masts and sails for ships for the navy of Minos, helping Crete
become a naval power. The statues he carved were so exquisite,they looked as if they were alive. It is said that they would
have escaped were it not for the chain that bound them to the palace wall.Daedelus also constructed a wooden cow for the
queen to hide in to satisfy her amorous longings for a white bull sent by Poseidon.When the dreadful Minotaur was born,
Daedalus built the Labyrinth to contain the monstrous half-man, half bull. For years, Minos demanded a tribute of youths
from Athens to feed the creature as punishment for the accidental killing of his son while he was visiting Athens.
Eventually, the Athenian hero Theseus came to Creteto attempt to slay the Minotaur. Princess Ariadne, daughter of King
Minos and Queen Pasiphae, fell in love with Theseus and asked Daedalus to help him. Daedalus gave her a flaxen thread for
Theseus to tie to the door of the Labyrinth as he entered, and by which he could find his way out after killing the monster.
Theseus succeeded, and escaped Crete with Ariadne. Minos, enraged at the loss of his daughter, not to mention the killing of
his pet Minotaur, shut Daedalus and his son Icarus into the Labyrinth, knowing that Theseus could not have accomplished
the deed without inside help. Daedalus managed to get out of the Labyrinth - after all, he had built it and knew his way
around. Daedalus decided that he and his son Icarus had to leave Crete and get away from Minos, before he brought them
harm. However, Minos controlled the sea around Crete. The King kept strict watch on all vessels, permitting none to sail
without being carefully searched by his soldiers. Since Minos controlled the land and sea routes, and there was no route of
escape there; Daedalus realized that the only way out was by air. But only the gods could fly! To escape, Daedalus built
wings for himself and Icarus, fashioned with feathers held together with wax. Daedalus tried the wings on himself first and
was satisfied that his plan would work. Before taking off from the island, Daedalus warned his son to follow closely behind
him. He
sternly cautioned Icarus not to fly too close to the sun, as it would melt his wings, and not too close tothe sea, as it would
dampen them and make it hard to fly. They successfully flew from Crete, but Icarus grew exhilarated by the thrill of
flying and began getting careless. The father and son passed the islands of Samos, Delos and Lekythos, and the further
away from Crete they flew, the cockier became Icarus. Forgetting his father’s stern advice, Icarus flew too close to the
sun god Helios,who was pulling the sun behind his chariot high in the sky. The wax holding together his wings softened
and melted from the heat and, try as he might, Icarus could not prevent the feathers from falling off his body. Furiously
he flapped his arms, but soon no feathers at all were left and he fell to his death, drowning in the sea, as his helpless
father watched his son perish with anguish.His father cried, bitterly lamenting his own arts, and called the land near the
place where Icarus fell into the ocean Icaria in memory of his child. The Icarian Sea, where he fell, was forever named
after him and it is said that the great hero Heracles (Hercules), who was passing by, gave him
proper burial. Daedalus grieved for his dead son and then continued to Sicily, where he came to stay at the court
of Cocalus in a place called Camicus. On the island’s south coast, Daedalus built a temple for Apollo, and hung
up his wings, as an offering to the Olympian god. But vengeful King Minos wasn’t quite done — he then went in
pursuit of Daedalus, hoping to locate and trick the great inventor into revealing himself. At each city he visited,
Minos offered a reward to whoever could thread a spiral seashell, a seemingly impossible task. Eventually,
Minos came to Camicus in Sicily and presented the contest at Cocalus’ court.Cocalus knew of Daedalus’ talents,
and gave the shell to him. The clever Daedalus tied thestring to an ant, placed the ant at one end of the shell, and
allowed the ant to walk through the spiral chambers until it came out the other end.When Minos saw that
someone had solved the puzzle, he demanded that Cocalus surrender Daedalus, for he insisted that only he would
have been inventive enough to solve the task. King Cocalus promised to do so, but he persuaded Minos to first
take a bath and stay for some entertainment. Minos agreed, and was consequently murdered by Cocalus’
daughters, who had been totally impressed by the toys and gifts which Daedalus had bestowed upon them.
Daedalus eventually left Camicus, much to the dismay of King Cocalus and his daughters, and ended up in
Sardinia with a group led by Iolaus, who was a nephew of Heracles.
Textual aids are educational instruments, could be written texts, or printed texts and other ways of emphasizing
the essential phrases, thoughts, graphs, and /or images.
Textual aids are tools or materials that provide support and facilitate understanding of texts. These aids are, most
of the time, graphical outlines or images that gives a general idea of a certain topic
Non –linear text-Unlike linear text wherein we need to read from beginning to the end, a nonlinear text refers to a text that
does not need to be read from beginning till the end. Examples are bar,
line or pie graph, flow charts, etc. This tests your ability to describe and compare data, identify significance
and trends in factual information, or to describe a process.
A graphic organizeris a visual and graphic display that depicts the relationship between facts, terms, and or ideas within a
learning task. Graphic organizers are also sometimes referred to as knowledge maps, concept maps, story maps, cognitive
organizers, advance organizers, or concept diagrams.
Examples of Graphic Organizers that show relationships:
Cause & Effect: This type of Graphic Organizer is used to help students identify the problem and come up
with possible solutions. It illustrates the problem solving process.
Fishbone: Analyzing the ways in which different aspects of a problem or issue are related. Can be used to
organize the main topics to subtopics, or to analyze the causes of something. Graphic Organizers that organize information
into Categories:
Concept Maps: Used to brainstorm concepts and identify how they relate to each other with the use of
labeled cells/bubbles.
Know-Wonder-Learn (KWL): Students can use KWL to identify their background knowledge on a topic
or issue (in the beginning of class), what they would like to learn (throughout the class) and what they have
learned (at the end of the class).
Mind Mapping: Students can use mind mapping to organize information in categories and make problemsolving
decisions.
Graphic Organizers that compare and contrast:
Compare & Contrast: Students can use it to compare and contrast the attributes of two or more ideas/concepts
Venn Diagram: To identify the differences and similarities between two or three ideas/concepts. It consists
two or three overlapping circles.
T-Charts: To list the prow and the cons of an idea/concept. Graphic Organizers that show sequence,
order or the development:
Flow Chart: Visual display of the sequence of a list of ideas. Various symbols can be used to illustrate
things such as direction of the flow or central points.
Ladder: Shows the order of a list of ideas or events.
Chain: It depicts a chain of events, timeline. Story Map: Maps out the elements of a story.
Cycle: Used to indicate how concepts relate to each other when there is no beginning or end (for
example,
lifecycle of caterpillar, butterfly, etc.)
AP
Panlipunan - ito ay mga isyu o mahahalagang pangyayari na may malaking epekto sa iba’’t ibang sektor ng
lipunan tulad ng pamilya, simbahan, paaralan, pamahalaan, at ekonomiya.
Pangkalakalan- mga suliraning may kinalaman sa globalisasyon at negosyo, kasama dito ang mga usapin o
isyung pang-ekonomiya. Halimbawa: import/export, online shopping, free trade, samahang pandaigan.
Pangkalusugan - ito ay mga isyu na may kaugnayan sa kalusugan na maaaring nakabubuti o hindi nakabubuti
sa mga tao sa lipunan.
Pangkapaligiran - ay tumutukoy sa mga isyung may kinalaman sa kapaligiran at mga usapin sa pagpapaunlad
at tamang paggamit sa ating kalikasan.
Ayon sa National Solid Waste Management Status Report (2008- 2018), ang municipal solid wastes
(MSW) ay nagmumula sa residensyal, komersyal, institusyunal, at instrustriyal na establisimyento.
Ayon sa ulat, pinakamalaking bahagdan nito ay mula sa
mga kabahayan (56.7%).
Ang mga basurang nagmumula sa mga kabahayan ay ang kitchen waste gaya ng tirang pagkain,
mga pinagbalatan ng gulay at prutas at mga garden waste tulad ng damo at mga dahon.
Binanggit din sa ulat na ang pinakamalaking uri ng tinatapong basura ay ang tinatawag na
biodegradable na may 52.31%.
Samantala, ang tinatawag namang mga recyclable waste ay kumakatawan sa 27.78 % ng MSW
gaya ng papel, plastik, bakal, bote, at bubog.
Nagkakaroon ng suliranin sa solid waste sa bansa dahil sa iba’t ibang dahilan. Marami ang walang
disiplina sa pagtatapon ng basura.
Marami ang nagtatapon ng basura mula sa tahanan kung saan-saan. Tone-toneladang basura ang
itinatapon sa mga ilog, estero, kalsada, at bakanteng lote na lalong nagpapalala sa pagbaha at
paglaganap ng mga insekto na nagdudulot naman ng iba’t ibang sakit.
Nakadadagdag pa sa suliranin sa basura ang kakulangan ng kaalaman o di kaya’y di pagsunod sa
tinatawag na waste segregation o pagbubukod ng basura lalo na ang pagbubukod ng basura sa
pinagmulan nito.
Kung mahigpit sanang ipinatutupad ito gaya ng patakarang “no segregation, no collection policy”
mas madali sana ang pamamahala sa mga basura. Mababawasan din ang trabaho ng mga waste
collector dahil hindi na nila kailangan pang magsagawa ng waste segregation bago dalhin ang mga
nakolektang basura sa mga dumpsite.
Ang hindi maayos na pagtatapon ng basura ay nakaaapekto sa kapaligiran at kalusugan. Dahil may
iba’t-ibang pinagmumulan ang basura, mapanganib para sa mga taong nakatira malapit sa mga
dumpsite ang mga ito. Maaaring makakuha sila ng iba’tibang uri ng sakit dala ng mga insekto at
pesteng naglipana sa mga basurahang ito.
Ang leachate o katas ng basura ay nakakokontamina sa tubig na maaring pagmulan din ng sakit ng
mga tao. Ang methane gas na galing sa mga dumpsites ay hindi lamang mapanganib sa kalusugan
ng mga tao kundi nagiging sanhi rin ng global warming.
• Recycling Industry
• Plastic Industry
• Non-Government Organization
Ang Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) ay ang pinaglalagyan ng mga nakolektang nabubulok na
basura upang gawing compost o pataba ng lupa. Dito rin pansamantalang inilalagak ang mga balik-
gamit (recyclables) na bagay tulad ng bote, plastic, papel, lata, at iba pa. Isinasagawa rin dito ang
pagbubukod ng mga basurang nakolekta mula sa pinagmulan.
Upang maayos ang pagapapatupad ng waste segregation at resource recovery, kinakailangang
maisagawa ang mga sumusunod:
•Kung may mga special waste o recyclable dapat alam kung saan ito dadalhin o pwedeng ibenta
• Pagsusunog ng basura
• Pagpapakolekta o pagpayag sa pagkolekta ng hindi pinaghiwa-hiwalay na basura
Dapat protektahan at isulong ng pamahalaan ang karapatan ng mga mamamayan sa isang balanse
at malusog na kapaligiran (Artikulo 2 Seksiyon 16 ng 1987 Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas). Ito ang
batayan sa paglikha noong Hulyo 27, 2009 sa Republic Act No. 9729 na kilala bilang Climate
Change Act of 2009. Ito ang sagot ng Pilipinas sa banta ng climate change, alinsunod sa pangako
sa ilalim ng United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC). Nakasaad sa
batas na ito ang pagbalangkas ng pamahalaan ng mga programa at proyekto, mga plano at
estratehiya,
mga patakaran, ang paglikha ng Climate Change Commission at ang pagtatatag ng National
Framework Strategy and Program on Climate Change.
Pinagtibay rin ang Republic Act No. 8749 na kilala bilang Philippine Clean Air Act noong 1999. Ito
ay naglalayong mapanatiling malinis at libre sa greenhouse gas emissions ang
hangin sa bansa. Ang Philippine Task Force on Climate Change (PTFCC) ay binuo upang pagaanin
ang masamang epekto ng climate change at magsagawa ng isang mabilis na pagsusuri ng mga
epekto nito sa bansa.
TERMINO KAHULUGAN
Ang Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 ay may dalawang pangunahing layunin:
1. Ang suliranin na dulot ng mga kalamidad at hazard ay dapat paghandaan at hindi lamang haharapin
sa panahon ng pagsapit ng iba’t ibang kalamidad; at
2. Mahalaga ang bahaging ginagampanan ng pamahalaan upang maiwasan at mapababa ang pinsala at
panganib na dulot ng iba’t ibang kalamidad. Ito ang naging batayan sa pagbuo ng Philippine Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Framework (PDRRMF).
Nakatuon ito sa paghahanda sa bansa at komunidad sa panahon ng kalamidad o anumang panganib upang mapababa o
maiwasan ang pinsala sa buhay at ari-arian. Mga Itinataguyod ng PDRRM Framework:
(CBDRM)
Ayon kina Abarquez at Zubair (2004) ang Community-Based Disaster Risk Management ay isang paraan
upang ang mga mamamayan ang siyang tutukoy, sususri, tutugon, susubaybay, at tataya sa mga risk na
maaari nilang maranasan lalo na ang mga pamayanang may banta ng hazard at kalamidad. Isa itong paraan
upang maiwasan ang malaking pinsala sa buhay at ari- arian at maisabuhay ng mga tao sa isang komunidad
ang kahalagahan ng pagiging handa. Binibigyang-diin ang bahaging dapat gampanan ng mamamayan sa
pagpaplano, pagdedesisyon, at pagsasakatuparan ng mga gawain na may kaugnayan sa disaster risk
management. Napakahalaga ang aktibong partisipasyon ng mga mamamayan dahil sila ang posibilidad na
makaranas ng mga epekto ng kalamidad at sakuna.
Ayon naman kina Shah at Kenji (2004), ang Community-Based Disaster and Risk Management Approach
ay isang proseso ng paghahanda na nakatuon sa kapakanan ng tao. Ang mamamayan ay nabibigyan ng
pagkakataon na alamin at suriin ang mga dahilan at epekto ng hazard at kalamidad sa kanilang lugar. Bahagi
nito ang pagsusuri sa mga nagpapalubha sa epekto ng hazard at kalamidad tulad ng estrukturang panlipunan,
pampulitika, at pang-ekonomiya.
Sa mga kahulugan na nabanggit ang tagumpay ng CBDRM Approach ay nakasalalay sa pakikilahok ng lahat
para sa matagumpay na pagsasakatuparan ng mga patakaran. Halimbawa na lang ang mga isyu at hamong
panlipunan, ang kabiguan nito ay maaaring dulot ng mga institusyon na hindi gumagawa ng kanilang mga
tungkulin. Ito ay maaaaring magpalubha sa epekto nito sa isang lugar. Kung kaya’t hinihikayat ang lahat na
makilahok para sa kaligtasan ng mga tao sa isang pamayanan. Pinagtibay ito ng isang ulat ng WHO (1989)
tungkol sa CBDRM Approach. Binigyang-diin dito na mahalaga ang aktibong pakikilahok ng lahat ng sektor
ng isang lugar upang:
(1) mabawasan o mapababa ang epekto ng mga hazard at kalamidad;
(2) magkaroon ng mas maayos na plano na tutugon sa panahon ng kalamidad upang mailigtas
ang mas maraming buhay at ari-arian sa halip na umasa lang sa tulong galing sa pambansang
pamahalaan; at
(3) mabigyan ng karampatang solusyon ang iba’t ibang suliranin na dulot ng kalamidad dahil sa
mas organisadong plano na gawa ng lahat ng sektor ng pamayanan.
Napakahalaga ang partisipasyon ng lahat ng sektor para sa mas matagumpay na disaster management plan.
Ito ay ipinaliwanag ni Sampath (2001) na kung hindi handa ang isang pamayanan, mas malala ang epekto ng
hazard at kalamidad. Ngunit kung mas alerto at pamilyar ang mamamayan sa kung ano ang mga dapat gawin,
mas bababa ang epekto nito.
Sa mga pagpapaliwanag na nabanggit sa mga kahulugan, alam kong naunawaan mo na ang bahaging dapat
mong gampanan bilang kabahagi ng isang lugar. Maging aktibo, makilahok, at gampanan kung ano ang
nararapat. Bago ka magpatuloy gawin mo muna ang susunod na gawain para mapatunayan mo na may
naintindihan ka sa iyong binasa.
Tandaan mo na walang pagbabago sa Public Storm Signal Warning ng lugar at nababawasan ang palugit
kung may bagong inilalabas na ulat panahon. Sa panahon ng bagyo, narito ang mga bagay na dapat mong
isaalang-alang para sa kaligtasan ng iyong kapamilya at ng buong pamayanan.
Pagkatapos ng Bagyo
1. Manatili sa loob ng bahay kung wala pang opisyal na balita na nakaalis na ang bagyo sa
bansa.
2. Kung lalabas, mag-ingat sa mga naputol na kable ng kuryente na nakakalat sa daan.
3. Makinig sa radyo o manood ng TV upang malaman ang pinakahuling balita tungkol sa bagyo.
4. Siguraduhin na walang buhay na kable o outlet na nakababad sa tubig. Itapon ang mga
naipong tubig sa mga gulong, lata, o paso upang hindi pamahayan ng lamok.
Ang lindol ay isang pangyayari na nagdudulot ng malaking pinsala. Ito ay biglaan at mabilis na paggalaw ng
lupa. Sanhi ito ng pagbibiyak at pagbabago ng mga bato sa ilalim ng lupa habang pinapakawalan nito ang
puwersa na naipon sa mahabang panahon.
Ang Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) ang namamahala sa mga kalagayan
ng mga bulkan, lindol at mga tsunami. Ang lindol ay nasusukat ayon sa lakas (intensity) na maaaring
ilarawan bilang halos di-maramdaman, biglaang nararamdaman, mahina, katamtaman ang lakas, malakas,
sobrang malakas, mapaminsala, sobrang mapaminsala, mapangwasak, at mapanggunaw.
Kaya’t pinapayuhan ang lahat na maging handa at alamin ang mga dapat gawin bago, habang, at pagkatapos
ng lindol. Ito ang mga 17 ilan sa mga dapat mong tandaan.
Bago Lumindol:
Habang Lumilindol:
• Umiwas sa mga puno, poste, linya ng kuryente, at estruktura kung sakaling nasa open area.
• Magtago sa isang matibay na mesa at manatili doon upang maprotektahan ang sarili sa
maaaring bumagsak na bagay na nasa loob ng gusali.
• Siguraduhin na laging pumunta sa ligtas na lugar.
• At napakahalaga na kalmado at maging alerto upang malaman ang dapat gawin sa mga
panahon na katulad nito.
Pagkatapos Lumindol:
1. Lumabas agad sa gusali, bahay, o paaralan kapag huminto na ang pagyanig. Siguraduhing
ligtas ang mga kasama at alamin kung may injury.
2. Magdala ng emergency kit kung kinakailangang lumikas.
3. Lumikas kung pinalilikas.
National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC)- nabuo upang mabawasan at
maagapan ang panganib na dulot ng kalamidad.
Ahensiyang Pang-impormasyon ng Pilipinas o Philippine Information Agency (PIA) -
nagbibigay ng mga update tungkol sa mga rescue efforts at relief lalo na sa mga lugar na
naapektuhan ng kalamidad.
Tanod Baybayin ng Pilipinas (Philippine Coast Guard ) - sakop nito ang pagbibigay ng
babala sa mga biyaheng pandagat kasama na ang rescue and search operations. Sinisiguro
nito ang kaligtasang pandagat.
ICT
Information Sheet 1
Workstation Computer - Workstation is the term used for a high-end type computer which has
much more memory and processing power than a normal desktop computer.
Server - A server is a high configuration special computer, which serves resources to clients.
Hub - A hub (Ethernet hub) is a network connectivity device used to connect clients during the early days of
computer networking. A network hub receives traffic from a device in the port where the device is connected.
Switch - A switch is another type of connectivity device widely used these days
Access Point - Access Points (AP) are used in wireless networks. Access Points (AP)
are used to connect wirelessly connected devices to wired network. 6
Firewall - A firewall is a network security device which is used to prevent unauthorized traffic.
Network Media - Network media is not a device, but it is used to connect different
devices in a network together.
Information Sheet 1
PUB SPK
Information Sheet 1
2. Message
The message is whatever a speaker communicates to someone else. Your
goal in public speaking is to have your intended message be the message that is actually
communicated. You must narrow your topic down to something you can discuss.
3. Channel
Means by which a message is communicated. When you pick up the phone to
call a friend, the telephone is the channel. Public speakers may use one or more of several
channels, will affect the message received by the audience
4. Listener The person who receives the communicated message. If you talk to a friend on the
phone, you have one listener. But in public speaking you have many listeners. To be an
effective speaker, we must be audience-centered.
5. Feedback
They send back messages of their own Affected by one’s frame of refence.
6. Interference
Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Have two kinds of
interference in public speaking. External and internal
7. Situation Time and place. Conversation always takes place in a certain situation. Public
speakers must also be alert to the situation Physical setting is also important.
Read your slides or verbatim from notes - true
Always frown all throughout the activity - false
Head looking down - false
Fold your arms while talking - false
Always repeat audience questions - true
Wondering about the stage - false
Contact on one or two members of the audience - false
Small hand and arm gesture - true
Make eye contact - true
Get to know the space that you will be presenting in - visit the space before
Form great public speakers and find out what they do right - watch the experts
Be ready for; no internet and lost power point - prepare for the unexpected
The mirror when you are practicing or record yourself - body language and
things that you should and not do during the activity - do’s and don’t s
have a strong knowledge base for the material that - know your material
Try to share one thing no one knows - content
Anyone who is willing to give you comments - get feedback
don’t fall short of their expectation - dress to impress
Run through your presentation on your own - practice
MATH
SEQUENCE
A succession of numbers in a specific
order.
Each number in a sequence is called a
term.
A sequence with a definite number of
terms is a finite sequence.
A sequence with no definite number of
terms is an infinite sequence.
It has a rule, which is a way to find the value of each term.
SERIES
The sum of the terms of the sequence.
Can be denoted as Sn, where n refers to the number of terms.
The simplified sum of a series for a specific value of n is called the value of the series.
Facts:
The difference between them is, a sequence is a particular format of elements in some definite order,
whereas series is the sum of the elements of the sequence.
SUMMATION
Addition of a sequence of any kind of numbers, called addends or
summands, the result is their sum or total.
Example:
Write in expanded form the summation of 2 n+1 ¿ n=0 ¿ n=4.
4
∑ (2 n+1)
n=0
Answer:
4
∑ (2 n+1 ) =¿
n=0
=( 0+1 ) + ( 2+1 ) + ( 4+1 ) + ( 6+1 ) +(8+1)
=1+3+5+7+ 9
=25
Study the number of distinct non-collinear points and the number of triangles formed in each figure.
The figure above shows the number of non-overlapping triangles that can be formed from 3, 4, and 5 distinct non-
collinear points on a plane. Following this pattern, can you guess the number of non-overlapping triangles that can be
formed when there are 10 distinct non-collinear points on a plane?
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
A sequence in which the difference between any two consecutive terms is the same.
A function whose domain is the set of counting numbers.
A sequence where every term after the first is obtained by adding a constant called the common difference.
A sequence with a common difference is an arithmetic sequence. The n th term of a sequence is:
a n=¿a +( n −1) d ¿
1
Where a 1 is the first term, n is the number of terms, and d is the common difference.
ARITHMETIC MEANS
Terms of an arithmetic sequence that are between two given terms.
In arithmetic sequence 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, there are three arithmetic means between 6 and 26. These are 11, 16,
and 21.
ARITHMETIC SERIES
Addition of a sequence of any kind of numbers, called addends or summands, the result is their sum or total.
Pity
Moral Obligations
Christian Faith
Pity
Christian Faith
Norm
Power
Doctrine
Morals
Summary
Light and shadow coexist in our country. Yet today, may Filipinos feel
that darkness seems to eclipse the light because they experience
more suffering than joy. All aspects of social life are infused with
problems.
God loves us. He wills that all human persons experience the fullness
of life.
Though He allows human suffering to exist, as it is a natural
consequence of human misuse or abuse of freedom, God does not
positively will it. He does not want anything that harms or destroys
the human body and spirit.
Summary
Jesus Christ’s mission was to reveal God’s love and build God’s
Kingdom on earth. Jesus calls us to know Him in loving God and our
neighbor.
Summary
The Church is a
community of people
cutting across all ages
and nations, united in
one faith in Christ and
His Spirit of love (cf CFC 1355)
A sacrament is a
material sign that
makes present a
spiritual reality.
Save the
Babies!
Acts of Charity
Structural Change
Acts of Charity
Structural
Change
Responding to according to
One’s Means and Capabilities.
Listening to Prophets
MAPEH
1. IMPRESSIONISM
Impressionism is a musical style that produces new indirect musical colors that lightly
overlapped in different chords with each other. It works on nature sounds like the splashing of
the waves, flowing river, chirping of the birds, and the
soft music evoked and its beauty, likeness, and
brilliance. Impressionism normally gives the feeling of
finality to a piece, moods and textures, harmonic
vagueness about the structure of certain chords, and
the use of a whole-tone scale. Among the most
famous impressionist composers in the world, both
developed particular styles of composition were
Claude Debussy and Joseph Maurice Ravel.
CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPRESSIONISM
2. EXPRESSIONISM
Expressionism was originally used in visual and literary arts. It was probably first
applied to music in 1918, especially to Schoenberg. Like the painter Wassily Kandinsky
(1866-1944) he veered away from “traditional forms of beauty” to convey powerful feelings in
his music. It is considered as a reaction to Impressionism.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPRESSIONISM
Dissonant Harmonies
High level of dissonance.
Extreme contrasts of dynamics.
Constantly changing textures.
‘Distorted' melodies and harmonies.
Angular melodies with wide leaps.
Extremes of pitch.
No cadence
ARTS
B. BALANCE
Balance is the condition in which acting influences are held in check by opposing forces
or what is in the left side should appear on the right side also in order to achieve equilibrium.
The near or exact matching of left and right sides of a three-dimensional form or a two-
dimensional composition is called symmetrical balance. Two sides which are not the same is
asymmetrical balance.
D. CONTRAST
The juxtaposition of strongly dissimilar elements is called contrast. Dark set against light,
large against small, bright colors against dull are examples of contrasts. Visual experience
becomes monotonous without contrast. Contrast can be seen also in the thick and thin areas
of a single brushstroke.
ELEMENTS OF ARTS
Medium and elements together are the materials the artist uses in creating a work of
art. The distinction between them is easy to see but hard to define. An element can be known
only in some medium, but as an element it is independent of medium. When we study
elements, we consider them with no attention to the means by which we can come into
contact with a work of art. The elements are its qualities or properties.
The seven elements of art are:
1. Line
2. Shape
3. Space
4. Value
5. Color
6. Texture
7. Perspective
A. LINE
Line is our basic means for recording and symbolizing ideas, observations, and feelings;
it is a primary means of visual communication. Lines always have direction. They are always
active.
B. SHAPE
Shape refers to the expanse within the outline of a two-dimensional area or within the
outer boundaries of a three-dimensional object. It may be geometric which tends to be precise
or regular (circles, triangles, squares) or organic which are irregular, often curving or rounded
and seem relaxed and more informal. Most common shapes in human-made world are
geometric while most shapes in nature are organic.
Mass is a physical bulk of a solid body material and it has a three-dimensional area.
C. SPACE
Space is the indefinable, general receptacle of all things. It is continuous, infinite, and
ever present. The visual arts are sometimes referred to spatial arts, because most of the art
forms are organized in space.
Architects are especially concerned with space. With three-dimensional objects such as
in architecture and sculpture, one has to move around to get a full experience of three-
dimensional space. With two-dimensional works, such as drawings, prints, photographs, and
paintings, the actual space is defined by its edges- usually the two-dimensions of height and
width. The illusion of thirddimension in two-dimensional works is spatial depth.
D. VALUE
Value refers to the lightness and darkness of surfaces. It ranges from white to various
grays to black. It can be a property of color or an element independent color.
Chiaroscuro is the use of gradations of light and shade, in which the forms are revealed
by the subtle shifting from light to dark areas. This technique was developed during the
Renaissance Period to create illusion that figures and objects depicted on a flat surface
appear as they do in the natural light conditions.
E. COLOR
Color is a component of light, affects us directly by modifying our thoughts, moods,
actions, and even our health. Color exists only in light, but light itself seems colorless to the
human eye. The so called “color” is the effect on our eyes of light waves of differing
wavelengths or frequencies.
Properties of a Color
Hue is particular wavelength of spectral color to which we give name.
In 1666, British scientist Sir Isaac Newton discovered that when the light of the sun
passes through a glass prism. It is separated into the bands of colors that make up the visible
spectrum. The sequence of the spectral colors is: red, orange, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
- Primary Hues are: Red, Yellow, and Blue
- Secondary Hues: Orange, Green, and Violet. This are produced by the mixture
of primary hues.
- Intermediate Hue are red-orange, yellow-green, blue-green, and red-violet. Each
are located between the primary and the secondary hues of which they are
composed.
Color affects our feelings about size and distance as well as temperature. Yellow-
green and red-violet are the poles dividing the color wheel into cool and warm hues. Cool
colors found at the blue-green side of the color wheel, while the warm colors at the red-
orange side, appear to expand and advance.
Objects that appear to be black absorbs all the colors; while objects that appear white
reflects all the colors of the spectrum. Black and white are not true colors and their
combination, gray is achromatic and they are often referred to as neutrals.
Value refers to the relative lightness and darkness from white through grays and
black.
Intensity also called saturation, refers to the purity of a hue or color. The pure hue is the
most intense form of a given color; the hue at its highest saturation; and the hue in its
brightest form.
F. TEXTURE
The textile qualities of surfaces or to the visual representation of those qualities are
referred to as texture, in visual arts. Actual textures are those we can feel by touching.
Simulated textures are those created to look like something other than pain on a flat surface.
Painters simulate texture, while sculptors and architects make use of actual texture.
G. PERSPECTIVE
Perspective is point of view. In visual arts, it can refer to any means of representing
three dimensional objects in space on a two-dimensional surface. It is a system designed to
depict the way objects in space appear to the eye. In linear perspective objects appear
smaller at a distance, because parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the
distance, and the last meeting of the lines on the horizon is called vanishing point.
Light
The source, color, intensity, and direction of light greatly affect the way things appear; as
light changes, surfaces illuminated by it also appear to change. To suggest the way light
reveals form, artists use changes in value.
P. E
C. Cardiovascular Endurance is the ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to
deliver oxygen to working muscles and tissues, as well as the ability of those muscles
and tissues to utilize the oxygen. Endurance may also refer to the ability of the
muscles to do repeated work without fatigue.
3-Minute Step Test
D. Strength- is the ability of the muscles to generate force against physical objects.
Push Ups
SKILLS-RELATED FITNESS
A. Speed – is the ability to perform a movement in one direction in the shortest period of
time.
40- Meter Sprint
B. Power – is the ability of the muscle to transfer energy and release maximum force at
a fast rate.
Standing Long Jump
Juggling
3. Coordination - The ability to integrate the body parts to produce smooth motion.
5. Power – The ability of the muscles to release maximum force in the shortest period of
time.
6. Speed – The ability to make successive movements of the same kind in the shortest
period of time.
Managing your lifestyle entails making modifications in your routine especially in those
aspects that elevate health risks. Food choice, physical activity, and eating habits are some of
the aspects of your lifestyle that can modify to improve it. These modifications should be done
gradually, like reducing the intake of fatty food, getting up to reach for something instead of
asking someone to get it for you, or walking faster and more often. The idea is that for health
risks to be reduced, changes in your lifestyle should be made.
Risk factors are variables in your lifestyle that may lead to certain diseases. Many
aspects of your lifestyle can be considered risk factors. Aside from genetics or heredity, age
and physical make-up are some of the factors to gain more benefits. For instance, you cannot
stop aging process, but you can delay the signs of aging from showing by being more active
and avoiding vices.
The other variables in your lifestyle, however, can be modified to achieve a healthier life.
Such variables include nutrition, body weight, physical activity, and health habits. What should
be kept in mind is that these variables bring with them risk factors that are serious concerns.
Some of the risk factors associated with lifestyle variables include hypertension / high blood
pressure, overweight and obesity, excess body fat, high level of stress, lack of exercise
and sedentary lifestyle, smoking, unhealthy dietary practices and alcohol consumption.
An unhealthy lifestyle brings with it certain diseases that can shorten your lifespan. These
diseases, known as non-communicable diseases (NCS’s), are not transmitted from person to
person, yet kill more than 36 million people each year. Also called chronic diseases, they are
of long duration, and are generally of slow progression. The four main types of NCD’s are
cardiovascular diseases (like enlargement of the heart and hypertension), cancer, chronic
respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructed pulmonary disease and asthma), and
diabetes.
All age groups are affected by NCD’s, although they are often associated with older age
groups. Evidence show that more than nine million of all deaths attributed to NCD’s occur
before the age of 60. Children and adults are all vulnerable to the risk factors that lead to non-
communicable diseases, whether from unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, exposure to tobacco
smoke, or the harmful effects of alcohol.
All information about the health products is included in this area. It gives
the materials used in manufacturing the product, date, uses, expirations,
and even cautions.
Example:
People acquire health information and products from various sources such as
authorized person, media, and technology. It is important to identify the reliability of these
sources.
2. Compare and contrast details of available products – compare and contrast the
products and services available before you purchase. Judge for yourself which
among the products are most effective. You can use the questions in assessing the
health information as your initial guide.
3. Inquire for more and review if possible – ask direct questions from sales personnel
if there are things about the product that are not clear to you before buying it.
Clarifying things will make you more confident as a consumer. You can also get some
information from other consumers regarding the product.
I. Health Professionals. These are individuals who are licensed to practice medicine
and other allied health programs and work in the medical profession.
Examples: doctor, nurse, nutritionist, etc.
II. Healthcare Facilities – These are places or institutions that offer healthcare services.
Examples: hospitals, walk-in surgery center, health center, extended healthcare facility.
PhilHealth ensures that every Filipino is a member by covering them under different
membership programs which are categorized according to various sectors of our society.
How to enroll?
Indigent Members - People who have no visible means of income as
identified by the Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD) based on specific criteria.
PRAC CHEM
An atom is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element.
Atoms are extremely small, typically around 100 picometers across.
SUBATOMIC PARTICLE
PROTON
ELECTRON
NEUTRON
The atomic model has changed throughout the centuries, starting in 400 BC, when it
Democritus
This is the Greek philosopher Democritus who began the search for a description of
matter more than 2400 years ago.
He asked: Could matter be divided into smaller and smaller pieces forever, or was
there a limit to the number of times a piece of matter could be divided?
Atomos
- His theory: Matter could not be divided into smaller and smaller pieces forever,
eventually the smallest possible piece would be obtained.
-This piece would be indivisible.
- He named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.”
- To Democritus, atoms were small, hard particles that were all made of the same
material but were different shapes and sizes.
- Atoms were infinite in number, always moving and capable of joining together.
- This theory was ignored and forgotten for more than 2000 years!
Why?
The eminent philosophers of the time, Aristotle and Plato, had a more respected,
(and ultimately wrong) theory.
Aristotle and Plato favored the earth, fire, air and water approach to the nature of
matter. Their ideas held sway because of their eminence as philosophers. The
atomos idea was buried for approximately 2000 years.
Dalton’s Model
- In the early 1800s, the English Chemist John Dalton performed a number of
experiments that eventually led to the acceptance of the idea of atoms.
- He deduced that all elements are composed of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and
indestructible particles.
- Atoms of the same element are exactly alike.
- Atoms of different elements are different.
- Compounds are formed by the joining of atoms of two or more elements.
- his theory became one of the foundations of modern chemistry.
Thomson concluded that the negative charges came from within the atom.
Since the gas was known to be neutral, having no charge, he reasoned that there
must be positively charged particles in the atom.
- This could only mean that the gold atoms in the sheet were mostly open space.
Atoms were not a pudding filled with a positively charged material.
- Rutherford concluded that an atom had a small, dense, positively charged center
that repelled his positively charged “bullets.”
- He called the center of the atom the “nucleus”
- The nucleus is tiny compared to the atom as a whole.
- Rutherford reasoned that all of an atom’s positively charged particles were
contained in the nucleus. The negatively charged particles were scattered outside
the nucleus around the atom’s edge.
Bohr Model
- In 1913, the Danish scientist Niels Bohr proposed an improvement. In his model, he
placed each electron in a specific energy level.
-According to Bohr’s atomic model, electrons move in definite orbits around the
nucleus, much like planets circle the sun. These orbits, or energy levels, are located
at certain distances from the nucleus.
Erwin Schrӧdinger
- Schrӧdinger stated that electrons do not move in set paths around the nucleus, but
in waves. It is impossible to know the exact location of the electrons; instead, its
have ‘clouds of probability’ called orbitals, in which its more likely to find an
electron.
Wave/Quantum Model
Electron Cloud:
- Depending on their energy they are locked into a certain area in the cloud.
- Electrons with the lowest energy are found in the energy level closest to the
nucleus
- Electrons with the highest energy are found in the outermost energy levels, farther
from the nucleus.
Information Sheet 2
STATES OF MATTER
1. Solids
• Definite shape and volume
• The particles tightly packed together
• Vibrate in a fixed position
• High densities and can expand only
slightly when heated.
2. Liquid
• No definite shape but has definite volume
• The particles are not arranged in a rigid
or orderly manner.
• Expand slightly when heated.
• Generally, have medium densities
3. gas
• No definite shape and definite volume
• The particles are usually much farther
apart than those in a liquid
• Easily compressed into a smaller volume
• Greatly expand when heated
• Low densities
4. Plasma
• Formed by heating and ionizing a gas
• Made up of groups of negatively and
positively charged particles
• It has neither a definite volume nor a
definite shape
• Often observed in ionized gases, aurora
borealis, lightning, and comet tails
5. Bose-Einstein Condensate
• Produced when a cloud of bosons (a type of an elementary particle of
matter) is cooled to
temperatures very close to absolute zero such that a large fraction of the
bosons
condenses.
• Bose-Einstein Condensate include superfluids like cold liquid helium, and
superconductors
like the nucleons inside a neutron star.