INQURIES, INVESTIGATION, AND IMMERSION Q1

EXAMINATION

Introduction
Inquiries – act of asking information
 Seeking or requesting for truth, info, or truth
Investigations – action of investigating something or someone
 Observe or study by close/formal examination & systematic inquiry
Immersion – instruction based on extensive exposure to surroundings
Research – study or investigation, purpose is to achieve knowledge & helping solve situational
problems
CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Systematic – well defined designs, orderly procedure
2. Empirical – measurable & observable things or phenomenon
3. Scientific – can be tested
4. Logical – justifiable & acceptable by reason
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
1. Discover new knowledge
2. Help solve situational problems
Inquiry
 Quest for truth, info, or knowledge through questioning
THINGS TO CONSIDER IN CHOOSING AN AREA TOPIC FOR RESEARCH
1. Identify a research area based on your interest and need – must be related to ur strand
2. Have some knowledge of the area of study and experience – must have a little
background on the topic
3. Narrow the area sufficiently so that it’s not too broad nor to narrow – focus on the
certain variable u want to work on
4. Identify an area in which you can get easily – make sure u can easily manipulate all the
data & variables
BASIC CRITERIA IN CHOOSING TOPIC
1. Interest in the topic – be interested to ur topic & must be interesting for the readers
2. Availability of data – must have lots of resources to support ur research paper
 3. Ability to handle – ur responsible to take control on ur research
4. Relevance of the topic – relevant, timely, & significant
PARTS OF RESEARCH PAPER
CHAPTER 1 – problem & its background
 Overview for the readers to know what is your research about
 Serves as a guide
1. Background of the study – purpose & reason behind the conduct of the study,
introduction
2. Statement of the problem – main problem that u are trying to solve, follows formulation
of the title & should be faithful to it
3. Significance of the study – who will benefit from the research & how they will be
benefitted, match with recommendations
4. Assumption of the study – expected outcome of the research
5. Scope & limitations of the study – coverage of the study & all things that it will not
cover
6. Definition of terms – defines technical terms, aims to provide the readers or future
researchers w/ the basic terminologies that are important to understand the paper
CHAPTER 2 – review of related literature
 Where u will use ur note cards
 Serve as the foundation of research
 Own work & should not directly lift words from other sources
 Summarizing, paraphrasing & writing indirect speeches
STEPS:
1. Organize your note cards on how you would want them to appear
2. Begin writing the chapter while including the surnames of authors
3. Edit. Rewrite

CHAPTER 3 - method & procedures

 discuss chosen method & formula in gathering data

 instruments used

CHAPTER 4 - presentation, analysis, & interpretation of data

 histogram (commonly used)

 more on numerical data, formula, computation (quanti)

CHAPTER 5 - summary, conclusions, & recommendations

 based on the findings of the data

  dapat magkakaparehas

PLAGIARISM

 using others' ideas and words without clearly acknowledging the source of that
information
 can be intentional or unintentional

HOW TO AVOID?

You Must Give Credit,

 use another person's idea, opinion, or theory

 present any facts, data, or any pieces of info that are not common knowledge
 cite portion of another person's actual spoken or written words
 summarize or paraphrase another person's spoken or written words

COMMON FORMS OF PLAGIARISM

1. Clone - submitting another's work, word-for-word

2. Ctrl + C - lifting the significant portion of the text from a single source without
alternations
3. Find-replace - changing key words & phrases but retaining the essential content of the
source
4. Remix - using multiple source and making them fit together
5. Recycle - borrowing generously from the writer's previous work without citations
6. Hybrid - combining perfectly the cited sources with copied passages without citation
7. Mush-up - copying material from multiple sources and mixing them

BOOLEAN LOGIC

 use in writing rrl

 approach that shows the relationship between terms in a search. You can use these
operators to create a very broad or very narrow search
 the way to put terms together in a search by using conjunctions (and ,or, not)

WHEN TO USE AND, OR, NOT

Using And - when u use AND u will be looking for articles containing 2 or more words within
each article

 combines search terms so that each search result contains all of the terms
 use when u are searching for concepts and want to be more specific in your research
 articles that have the same result
 always accompanied with the word “both"
  contains all search terms

Ex. Travel and Europe finds articles that contain both travel and Europe

Ex. Employee and motivation would retrieve articles with both words in article

Using OR - u will be looking for articles containing either one word or the other word

 combines search result contains at least one of the terms

 Ex. College or University finds results that contain either college or university
 Ex. Employee or staff
 discussing the least and most important
 contains at least 1 search term

Using NOT - u will be looking for one term but not the other

 exclude terms so that each search result does not contain any of the terms that follow it
 Ex. Television not cable finds results that contain television but not cable
 Ex. You might search for broadband not wireless
 disregarding the least important
 we will know what is the least important after the word “not"
 result do not contain the specified terms

LITERATURE REVIEW
 Plays vital role in doing research
 Account of what has been published by previews researchers/investigators
 Systematic, explicit, & reproducible method for identifying (Fink)
PURPOSE
 Avoid duplication
1. Provide overview of what is known about the topic & assess the strength of the evidence
2. Helps to distinguish what researchers have been made & identify area that need further
research
CHARACTERISTICS:
 Must be relevant
 Must be recent as possible (atleast 10 years)
FUNCTIONS OF A RRL:
1. Provides justification of the proposed project & enables researchers to define the
boundaries (credibility)
 2. Prevents duplication of previous study
SOURCES:
 Publish or General materials – published works like scholarly journals, laws, books
 Grey literature – not yet published, available in internet, pdf form like working papers,
seminars, manuscripts.

RESEARCH DESIGN
- Refers to the framework of market research methods and techniques that are chosen by a
researcher.
- The design that is chosen by the researchers allow them to utilize the methods that are
suitable for the study and to set up their studies successfully in the future as well.
What is the difference between Research Design and Approach?
Research Design
- Is the overall framework, or outline, or structure of a research proposal.
- Demonstrates how your selected research design or method is applied to tackle a specific
research question
Research Approach
- Incorporates various tools, techniques, procedures, or processes utilized to collect or
review data or information.
- Utilizes different methods to answer different research questions.
Types of Quantitative Research Designs
o Experimental Research Design – this allows the research to control the situation. In doing
so, it allows the researcher to answer the question. “What causes something to occur?”
A. Pre- experimental Design – a type of research applies to experimental design that
with least internal validity. One type of pre-experiment, the simple group, pretest-
post-test design, measures the group two times, before and after the intervention.
B. Quasi-experimental Design – in this design, the researcher can collect more data,
either by scheduling more observations or finding more existing measures. It involves
selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested, without any random pre-selection
processes.
a. Non -Equivalent Control Group – refers to the chance failure of random
assignment to equalize the conditions by converting a true experiment into
this kind of design, for purpose of analysis.
b. Interrupted Time Series Design – it employs multiple measures before and
after the experimental intervention. It differs from the single group pre-
experiment that has only one protest and one post-test.
 C. True-experimental Design – it controls for both time-related and group-related
threats. Two features mark true experiments: two or more differently treated groups
and random assignment to these groups. These features require that the researchers
have control over the experimental treatment and the power to place subjects in
groups.
o Non-Experimental Research Design – In this kind of design, the researcher observes the
phenomena as they occur naturally, and no external variables are introduced. In this research
design, the variables are nit deliberately manipulated nor is the setting controlled.
o Descriptive Research Design – main purpose is to observe, describe and document aspects
of a situation as it naturally occurs and sometimes to serve as a staring point for hypothesis
generation or theory development.
o Surveys – it is used to gather information form groups of people by selecting and studying
samples chosen from a population.
o Correlational – it is conducted by researchers whose aim would be to find out the direction,
associations and/or relationship between different variables or groups of respondents under
study.
o Bivariate Correlational Studies – it obtains score from two variables for each subject, and
then uses them to calculate a correlation coefficient.
o Prediction Studies- it uses correlation coefficient to show how one variable (the predictor
variable) predicts another (the criterion variable).
o Multiple Regression Prediction Studies – all variables in the study can contribute to the
over-all prediction in an equation that adds together the predictive power of each identified
variable.
o Ex-post Facto – Casual Comparative – it is conducted by researcher whose aim would be
to find out the direction, associations and/or relationship between different variables or
groups of respondents under study.
o Comparative – it involves comparing and contrasting two or more samples of study subjects
on one or more variables, often at a single point of time.
o Normative – it describes the norm level if characteristics for a given behavior.
o Evaluative – it is process used to determine what has happened during a given activity or in
an institution.
o Methodological – in this approach, the implementation of a variety of methodologies forms
a critical part of achieving the goal of developing a scale matched approach, where data from
different disciplines can be integrated.

METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA:

1. Interview – oral exchange of questions & answer by the researcher & respondents; pure
& raw answer but time consuming
2. Questionnaire – a set of questions; easy but not sure if respondents answer honestly, can
be a subject for cheating
3. Document – data previously gathered & stored may be available by researcher; not
reliable because data is not new, plagiarism
4. Observation – acquired on actual situation & recorded through direct observation; come
up with a conclusion
5. Experiment – gathered through experimentation process