Fire Guide

INTRODUCTION (1st Edition)
Eng / Ali Hassan Mohamed

(fire fighting & plumbing design engineer)
22-12-2018
FIRE MATRIX
• Fire Protection Major Goals:
Continuity
of
operation
Goals
Life safety
Property
protection
FIRE MATRIX
• Fire Protection component:
FIRE
PROTECTION
COMPONENT
Passive fire Active fire

Education
protection protection
Fire detection Fire fighting &

Architecture Smoke
& alarm extinguishing Civil defense
Engineer Evacuation
systems systems
Electrical Mechanical HVAC

Engineer Engineer Engineer
FIRE MATRIX
• Fire Protection component:
Fire rated wall Fire detection & alarm system
Fire fighting system Fire fighters
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE TRIANGLE
*OXYGEN (14-16% at least to start combustion)
FUEL Heat 0C
FIRE MATRIX *Refer to NFPA 921-2001ed-sec 3.1.1.2

• FIRE TETRAHEDRON :
 The fire tetrahedron represents the addition of a component, the chemical

chain reaction, to the three already present in the fire triangle. Once a fire
has started, the resulting exothermic chain reaction sustains the fire and
allows it to continue until or unless at least one of the elements of the fire is
blocked.
FIRE MATRIX *Refer to NFPA 921-2001ed-sec 3.1.1.2
• Fire extinguishment methods :
TO
EXTINGUISH
FIRE
Cut fuel supply or

Suffocating remove Cooling down
oxygen combustible fire
material
Water based
Gas systems Foam system
system Why?
FIRE MATRIX
• Fire extinguishment methods cont. :
 Why we use water as extinguishing agent:
1. cheap & available.

2. Large specific heat (Cp = 4.2 kJ/kg.K) .
3. Large latent heat of vaporization (2257 KJ/kg) .
specific heat (Cp ) Latent heat of vaporization

The amount of thermal energy required The amount of thermal energy required
to raise unit mass of a substance by one to change unit mass of a substance
degree, and its units are kJ/kg·K from phase to another, and its units are
kJ/kg
FIRE MATRIX
• Some definitions used in fire codes :
Item Definition
UL Under writers laboratories.
FM Factory Mutual research.
Shall Indicates a mandatory requirement .
Should Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not
required.
Approved Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.
Authority Having An organization , office, or individual responsible for enforcing the
Jurisdiction (AHJ). requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment,
materials, an installation, or a procedure.
FIRE MATRIX
• Some definitions used in fire codes :
 Common approvals :
Factory Mutual research Under writers laboratories
American
approvals
The Loss Prevention Germany approval

Certification Board
European
approvals
FIRE MATRIX
• Classifying Fires
*North
Type of Fire Australia European
America
Fires that involve flammable solids such as wood, cloth, rubber, paper, and
Class A Class A Class A
some types of plastics.
Fires that involve flammable liquids or liquefiable solids such as
Class B Class B
petrol/gasoline, oil, paint, some waxes & plastics, but not cooking fats or oils
Class B
Fires that involve flammable gases, such as natural gas, hydrogen, propane,
Class C Class C
butane
Fires that involve combustible metals, such as sodium, magnesium, and

Class D Class D Class D
potassium
(Class E)
Fires that involve any of the materials found in Class A and B fires, but with the now no
introduction of an electrical appliances, wiring, or other electrically energized longer in
Class E1 Class C
objects in the vicinity of the fire, with a resultant electrical shock risk if a the
conductive agent is used to control the fire. European
standards
Fires involving cooking fats and oils. The high temperature of the oils when on
fire far exceeds that of other flammable liquids making normal extinguishing Class F Class F Class K
agents ineffective.
FIRE MATRIX *Refer to NFPA 10-2010ed-sec 5.2

• FIRE FIGHTING CODES :
1. AMERICAN CODES :
CODE NO TITLE
NFPA 1 Uniform Fire Code
NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers
NFPA 11 Standard for Low-Medium-and High-Expansion Foam
NFPA 12 Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems
NFPA 15 Standard for water spray fixed system for fire protection
NFPA 16 Standard Installation of foam-water sprinkler and foam-Water
spray system
NFPA 20 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire
Protection
NFPA 24 Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains
and Their Appurtenances
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE FIGHTING CODES cont. :
CODE NO TITLE
NFPA 25 Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of
Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
NFPA 220 Standard on Types of Building Construction
NFPA 409 Standard on aircraft hangar
NFPA 418 Standard for helipad
NFPA 750 Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems
NFPA 2001 Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems
2. BRITISH CODE :
-Fire offices committee (FOC)
-British standard (BS)
3. EGYPTIAN CODE: ‫اﻟﻜﻮد اﻟﻤﺼﺮى ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ‬-
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS
FIRE MATRIX
• Course Contents:
FIRE FIGHTING
SYSTEMS
AUTOMATIC MANUAL
WATER BASED WATER BASED

GAS SYSTEMS GAS SYSTEM
SYTEMS SYSTEMS
SPRINKLER FIRE HOSE FIRE FIRE

FOAM SYSTEM CLEAN AGENT CO2 Aerosol FIRE HYDRANT MONITORS
SYSTEM CABINET EXTINGUISHER EXTINGUISHER
CLOSED HEAD OPEN HEAD LOW

HALOCARBON CLASS I
SPRINKLER SPRINKLER EXPANSION
DELUGE MEDIUM
WET INERT gases CLASS II
SYSTEM EXPANSION
WATER HIGH
DRY CLASS III
CURTAIN EXPANSION
PREACTION WATER MIST
Combined dry &

preaction
FIRE MATRIX
• Course objectives :
1) Good knowledge about fire fighting systems.
2) Full design for water based systems.
a) Sprinklered system (dry –wet – preaction-deluge).
b) Water curtain system.
c) Foam systems.
d) Water spray systems. Advanced
e) Water mist systems.
f) Standpipe systems.
g) Fire hydrant.
h) Monitors.
3) Full design for gas based systems.
a) Clean agent system (inert gas-halocarbon).
b) CO2 system.
c) Aerosol system.
4) Fire extinguishers.
FIRE MATRIX
• Course objectives cont. :
5) Selection of proper fire protection system for different application.
6) How to use codes to get design data.
7) How to use calculation software (ELITE) for hydraulic calculation.
8) Full design (drawing & calculation) for project.
FIRE MATRIX
• MAIN SYSTEM COMPONENTS :
A) Reliable water source & pumps
B) Piping network
C) Initiation and control equipment
D) Discharge devices
FIRE MATRIX
• A) Reliable water source & pumps
Ground tank Elevated tanks (gravity tanks)
Rivers & lakes Fire pumps
FIRE MATRIX
• B) PIPING NETWORK
Fire protection pipes Fire protection fittings
Hangers & supports
FIRE MATRIX
• C) Initiation & Control Equipment
Valves in Pump Room. Alarm Check Valve
Pressure Switch Flow switches
FIRE MATRIX
• C) Initiation & Control Equipment
Supervisory Switches Pressure Reducing Valves
Pressure Relief Valves Control Panels
FIRE MATRIX
• D) DISCHARGE DEVICES
Sprinklers, Nozzles Hose valves, Hydrants
Monitors Foam generator , Foam chambers
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
• *Classifying OCCUPANCIES
A) Light hazard
B) Ordinary hazard (group 1)
C) Ordinary hazard (group 2)
D) Extra hazard (group 1)
E) Extra hazard (group 2)
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 5.1

A) LIGHT HAZARD
1) Animal shelters (‫)ﻣﻼﺟﺊ ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت‬
2) Churches
3) Clubs
4) Educational
5) Hospitals
6) Institutional
7) Kennels (‫)ﺑﯿﻮت ﻛﻼب‬
8) Libraries , except large stack rooms
9) Museums
10) Nursing homes
11) Offices
12) Residential
13) Restaurant seating area
14) Theaters , excluding stages & prosceniums
15) Unused attics ( ‫)ﺳﻨﺪرات ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A5.2

B) ORDINARY HAZARD (GROUP 1)
1) Automobile parking and showrooms
2) Bakeries
3) Beverage manufacturing (‫)ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوﺑﺎت‬
4) Canneries (‫)ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ طﻌﺎم‬
5) Dairy products manufacturing & processing (‫)ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻻﻟﺒﺎن‬
6) Electronic plants (‫)ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺎت‬
7) Glass & glass products manufacturing
8) Laundries
9) Restaurant service area (kitchens)

C) ORDINARY HAZARD (GROUP 2)
1) Agricultural facilities
2) Barns & stables (‫)اﻟﺸﻮﻧﺎت & اﻻﺳﻄﺒﻼت‬
3) Cereal mills (‫)ﻣﻄﺎﺣﻦ اﻟﺤﺒﻮب‬
4) Chemical plants
5) Confectionery products (‫)ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﺤﻠﻮﻳﺎت‬
6) Distillers (‫)ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻘﻄﯿﺮ‬
7) Dry cleaners
8) Exterior loading docks (‫)رﺻﯿﻒ ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ‬
9) Feed mills (‫)ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﻠﻒ‬
10) Leather goods manufacturing
11) Libraries – large stack room area
12) Machine shops
13) Metal working
14) Paper & pulp mills

C) ORDINARY HAZARD (GROUP 2) cont.
16) Paper process plants (‫)ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﻮرق‬
17) Plastic fabrication (‫)ﻣﺼﻨﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺑﻼﺳﺘﯿﻚ‬
18) Post offices
19) Printing & publishing
20) Racetrack stables / kennel area (‫)اﻣﺎﻛﻦ اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻗﺎت اﻻﺣﺼﻨﺔ & اﻟﻜﻼب‬
21) Repair garages
22) Resin application area (‫)ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺼﻤﻐﯿﺔ‬
23) Textile manufacturing (‫)ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﻨﺴﯿﺞ‬
24) Tire manufacturing
25) Tobacco products manufacturing (‫)ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻟﺘﺒﻎ‬
26) Wood machining
27) Wood products assembly
28) Mercantile (Malls – markets….)

D) EXTRA HAZARD (GROUP 1)
1) Aircraft hangers (except as governed by NFPA 409)
2) Combustible hydraulic fluid area
3) Die casing (‫)ﺳﺒﺎﻛﺔ‬
4) Metal extruding
5) Plywood and particleboard manufacturing (‫)ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﻛﺒﺲ اﻟﺨﺸﺐ‬
6) Printing (using inks with flash point <1000F)
7) rubber material manufacturing
8) Saw mills
9) textile material manufacturing (‫)ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻊ ﺧﺎم اﻟﻨﺴﯿﺞ‬
10) Upholstering with plastic foam (‫)اﻟﺘﻨﺠﯿﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﻳﺒﺮ‬

D) EXTRA HAZARD (GROUP 2)
1) Asphalt saturating
2) Flammable liquids spraying
3) Flow coating (‫)دھﺎن‬
4) Open oil quenching (‫)ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬
5) Plastic manufacturing (‫)ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻊ ﺧﺎم اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﯿﻚ‬
6) Solvent cleaning ( ‫)ﻣﺬﻳﺒﺎت ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻒ‬
7) Varnish & paint dipping (‫)اﻟﺪھﺎن ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻤﺮ‬

• SPRINKLERED SYSTEMS
1) Sprinklers :
 Sprinkler parts:
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 3.6.1

• SPRINKLERED SYSTEMS
1) Sprinklers :
Classified according to:
A. Thermal sensitivity
B. Temperature rating
C. K-factor
D. Installation orientation
E. Special service conditions

• A- Thermal sensitivity
• A measure of the rapidity with which the thermal element operates as
installed in a sprinkler assembly , one measure of thermal sensitivity is
response time index (RTI)
When RTI = 50 (ms)0.5 fast response
When RTI ≥ 80 (ms)0.5 standard
•Sensitive element may be glass bulb or fusible link

• B- Temperature rating
• The temperature at which sprinkler is activated
• Indicated by color coding may be for glass bulb or frame arms
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table 6.2.5.1

• C- k-factor
Is factor used to calculate the flow required by sprinkler
Q=K√P
Q : flow in GPM
P : pressure in psi

• C- k-factor (according to ceiling height)
In NFPA there isn’t any instruction that connect sprinkler K- factor and ceiling
height only reference mention that is FM-global(3-26).
Ceiling up to 9m Ceiling from 9-18m Ceiling above 18m

K-factor 5.6 8 25.2
FIRE MATRIX
• D- sprinkler orientation
Pendent sprinkler Upright sprinkler
Sidewall sprinkler
FIRE MATRIX
• D- sprinkler orientation
 Pendent sprinkler installation types
FIRE MATRIX
• E- special service condition
Corrosion resistant sprinkler Dry sprinkler
Institutional sprinkler Rack storage sprinkler
FIRE MATRIX
• E- special service condition cont. :
Decorative sprinkler Pilot line detector
FIRE MATRIX
• Other sprinkler types (design , performance)
Control mode specific application Early suppression fast
sprinkler (CMSA) (large drop) response sprinkler (ESFR)
Extended coverage sprinkler Conventional sprinkler
FIRE MATRIX
• Other sprinkler types cont.
Residential sprinkler Open head sprinkler
Quick response sprinkler Standard sprinkler (K = 5.6)
FIRE MATRIX
• Get sprinkler data from deflector
Standard spray
sprinkler pendent
FIRE MATRIX
• Stock of Spare sprinklers
No. of sprinklers in system No. of spare sprinklers
< 300 6
≥ 300 & < 1000 12
> 1000 24
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 6.2.9.5

• 2) piping :
Gridded system Looped system Tree system
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A.3.4.6,7

• 2) piping cont. :
A. Pipe Materials
B. Pipe dimension
C. Joining methods
D. Hangers
E. valves
A. Pipe materials
I. Aboveground (common: seamless black steel sch.40 – galvanized steel)
II. Underground (common: HDPE - ductile iron)
FIRE MATRIX
I. Aboveground
pipes Fitting
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 6.3 ; 6.4

II. Underground
pipes Fitting
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 10.1 ; 10.2

II. Underground depth of cover
 Underground Fire pipe minimum depth
90cm 80cm
120cm

• B. Pipe dimension :
Steel pipe
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A.6.3.2

• B. Pipe dimension cont. :
copper pipe

• C. Joining methods :
Threaded pipe & fittings Welded pipe & fittings
Groove joining method (Victaulic coupling) Brazed & soldered
FIRE MATRIX
• C. Joining methods cont. :
Remarks :
 Threaded joints (a) :
I. Thread joining permitted for schedule 40 for sizes less than 8 in.
II. Thread joining permitted for schedule 30 for sizes 8 in. and larger.
 Applicable threaded joints for size ≤ 2 in. , welding or flanged and

grooved for sizes > 2 in.
 Pipe bending (b) :

I. For schedule 40 and copper tubing
For 2 in. and smaller radius of bend ≥ 6 pipe diameter
For 2 ½ in. and larger radius of bend ≥ 5 pipe diameter
II. For other steel pipes
For all sizes radius of bend ≥ 12 pipe diameter
 Galvanized pipe shall not be bent or welded.

FIRE MATRIX a. Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 6.5
b. Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 6.3.7.9
• D. Hangers
Requirements :
A) Support 5 times the weight of water
-filled pipe + 114kg.
B) Hangers component shall be

ferrous.
C) Hangers shall not be fastened to

gypsum ceiling or other soft material.
D)Distance between hanger and center of

upright sprinkler > 76 mm to not to be an
obstruction.

 Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 9.2.3.3
• D. Hangers cont. (Trapeze)
A shared support structure is a hanger or support designed for use by multiple
systems. Commonly, this is a trapeze that is arranged to support many lines,
such as chilled water lines, conduits, piping, or ductwork. With some building
structures, these shared supports are the most efficient way to support the
gravitational load of systems installed in the building.
FIRE MATRIX
• D. Hangers cont. (Trapeze)

• D. Hangers cont. (Rod sizes)

• D. Hangers cont. (Fasteners in concrete)
Horizontal vertical  Post-installed anchors shall be
installed in horizontal position.
 May be installed in vertical under

one of below condition:
A. When concrete having gravel&

can support 4in or less in diameter.
B. When alternated with hangers
connected directly to structural
members such that trusses or side
of beams.
C. When spaced not more than 3m
apart (for ≥ 4in).

• D. Hangers cont. (Fasteners in concrete cont.)
Powder driven studs:
• Representative samples of concrete into
which studs are to be driven shall be
tested to determine that the studs will
hold a minimum load of (341 kg) for 2
in. or smaller pipe ; (454 kg) for 2 1/2
in. , 3 in. pipe ; and (545 kg) for 4 in.
• Holes for bolts ≥ Bolt diameter+1.6 mm
• Bolts shall be provided with flat washer
& nut.

• D. Hangers cont. (Fasteners in steel)
• Welding studs or other hanger parts shall
not attached by welding with steel have
thickness < 2.78 mm.
• Holes for bolts ≥ Bolt diameter+1.6 mm
• Bolts shall be provided with flat washer
& nut.

• D. Hangers cont. (location of hangers)

• D. Hangers cont. (location of hangers cont.)
Requirements :

• D. Hangers cont. (location of hangers cont.)
Hanger supported on I-beam Unobstructed armover to up sp.
(A) Flexible sprinkler hose fitting

Riser supported with pipe clamp (Unobstructed armover < 1.8m)
FIRE MATRIX (A) Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 9.2.1.3.3
• SPRINKLERED SYSTEM TYPES :
1) Wet system
FIRE MATRIX
• SPRINKLERED SYSTEM TYPES CONT. :
1) Wet system cont.
• A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers attached to a piping

system contains water and connected to water supply so that water
discharge immediately from sprinklers opened by heat from afire.
• Generally used wherever there is no danger of the water in the pipes

freezing and no special conditions requiring one of other systems.
• Areas such as hotels , offices , hospitals …. etc.

2) Dry system
FIRE MATRIX
2) Dry system cont.

system contains air or nitrogen under pressure , when fire occur the
sprinkler open making air release so the pressure of water can open the dry
valve and out through opened sprinklers.
• Generally used wherever there is danger of the water in the pipes freezing.
(where temperature reaches below 40 0F (4.4 0C) )
• Areas subject to freezing such as parking garages , coolers , freezers ..etc.
• Gridded dry pipe system shall not be installed.
• Dry valve shall maintained at temperature ≥ 4 0C

2) Dry system cont.
• Time needed to deliver water & most remote sprinkler
1. Time of water delivery don’t apply for systems ≤ 500 gallon.

2. Time of water delivery don’t apply for systems ≤ 750 gallon with accelerator.
3. For dwelling unit water delivery time ≤ 15 sec (don’t apply EXH. 1 or 2)
4. We can use accelerator valve to reach required time.
5. *Design area must be increase by 30% of wet system without changes in
density.

 *Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 11.2.3.2.5
2) Dry system cont.
• The air supply shall have capacity of restoring normal air pressure in the
system within 30 minutes.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 7.2.6.3.2

3) Preaction system
FIRE MATRIX
3) Preaction system cont.

system contains air that may or may not be under pressure , with
supplemental detection system opens a valve that permits water to flow into
the sprinkler system and to be discharged from any opened sprinkler.
• Areas where is a concern about accidental discharge such as electronic

rooms and libraries ….etc.
• System may be activated by:

I. single interlock (admits water to sprinkler piping when detector activated)
II. Non interlock (admits water to sprinkler piping when detector activated or
automatic sprinkler)
III. Double interlock (admits water to sprinkler system when detector &
automatic sprinkler activated)
2) Preaction system cont.
• Time needed to deliver water & most remote sprinkler
•
• Time of water delivery don’t apply for systems ≤ 500 gallon.

• We can use accelerator valve to reach required time.
• *For double interlock pre.system the design area must be increase by 30%
of wet system without changes in density.
• For single & non interlock system one preaction valve with max.1000
sprinklers (this with respect to permitted area according to hazard).

 *Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 11.2.3.2.5
4) Deluge system
FIRE MATRIX
4) Deluge system cont.
• A sprinkler system employing open sprinklers attached to a piping system

connected to water supply through a valve that is opened by the operation
of detection system in the same area as the sprinklers.
• When this valve opens water flow into piping system and discharges from
all sprinkler attached there.
• Areas where fast fires anticipated and the intent is to quickly discharge a
lot of water like transformers , aircraft hangars , flammable liquid use and
storage areas … etc.

5) Combined dry & preaction system.

system contains air or nitrogen under pressure with supplemental detection
system when operate , actuates tripping device that open dry valve and air
exhaust valve at the end of the feed main.
• If there is failure in detection system it will operate as dry system.
• Combined dry pipe and preaction systems are not as common as they were
several decades ago. Such systems are intended to be applied to unusual
structures, such as piers or wharves, which require unusually long runs of
pipe.

6) Antifreeze system.
• Used in small unheated areas

Remarks :
• For dwelling units (hotels , motels…) we don’t use sprinkler in :
I. Bathrooms with area don’t exceed 5.1 m2.

II. Closets and pantries with area don’t exceed 2.2 m2.
III.Balconies.
• For hospital we don’t use sprinkler in clothes closets don’t exceed 0.55 m2.

7) Water curtain :
• Is a system used to protect walls , windows and roofs from exposure fires.
• The directional discharge produce a flat 1800 fan shaped spray pattern.
FIRE MATRIX
7) Water curtain cont. :
• Find building severity :
FIRE MATRIX
 Refer to NFPA 80A-2001ed-sec 4.3
• Find building width & height & opening percentage
 Building to building separation= guide No. X lesser dimension + 1.5m
FIRE MATRIX
 Refer to NFPA 80A-2001ed-sec 4.3
7) Water curtain :
• Find application rate
FIRE MATRIX
 Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 23.7.1
7) Water curtain :
• Nozzle distribution and calculate flow rate
• Flow rate (1) (gpm) =zone (1) application rate X zone (1) area
• Total flow = flow rate (1+2+3)
FIRE MATRIX
• If building to building less than calculated fire protection shall be provide.
• Nozzles spaced not more than 2.44 m.
• Water curtain piping connected to deluge or manual operating system.
• Minimum residual pressure is 0.5 bar.
• The water supply shall be capable of simultaneously supplying the total
demand of sprinklers along an exposure to a maximum length of 300 ft
(91.4 m) with duration 60 min.

FIRE MATRIX
8) Commercial kitchens:
FIRE MATRIX
8) Commercial kitchens cont. :
 Wet chemical system for hoods
FIRE MATRIX
• E. valves
Classification :
Flow control valves Flow control valves
OS&Y gate valve Zone control station
Butterfly valve Backflow prevention valves
Post indicator valve Drain valve
Sectional valve Test valve
Fire department connection
dry valve Pressure control valves
Wet alarm valve
Relief valve
Deluge valve
Pressure reducing valve (PRV)
Preaction valve
Accelerator
Check valve
FIRE MATRIX
• E. valves
A. OS&Y gate valve
Remarks :
I. when working pressure > 12.1 bar
extra heavy valves must be used.
II. Tamper switch used to prevent

valve from locking (give alarm).
III. We may be use chain with lock to

confirm that no one can close it.
FIRE MATRIX
• E. valves
B. Butterfly valve
Remarks :
I. valve may be with hand lever so the
space for operation need to be
checked.


IV. when working pressure > 12.1 bar

FIRE MATRIX
• E. valves
C. Post indicator valve (PIV)
Remarks :
I. when working pressure > 12.1 bar


FIRE MATRIX
• E. valves
D. sectional valve

• E. valves
D. sectional valve
Large private fire service main systems shall have sectional controlling valves
at appropriate points in order to permit sectionalizing the system in the event
of a break or for the making of repairs or extensions.

• E. valves
E. Fire department connection (Siamese connection)
Remarks :
I. Shall consist at least of 2×2 1/2 in.
II. Single inlet only accepted for riser with
diameter ≤ 3in.
III. Shall be approved. (UL – FM)
IV.Shall be located between 457-1200 mm
above grade level.
V. There shall be no shut off valve .
VI.Pipe size ≥ 4 in. for engine connection.
VII.Pipe size ≥ 6 in. for boat connection.
VIII.Pipe size shall not less than riser size.
IX.When system pressure < 150psi sign shall
not be required.

 Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 8.17.2.3
• E. valves
E. Fire department connection (Siamese connection) cont.
Remarks :
X= 457 – 1219 mm

• E. valves

• E. valves
Remarks :
• Systems shall not required FDC:
A. Building located in remote area that are

inaccessible for fire department support.
B. single story building with area < 186m2.
C. large capacity deluge system that

exceed the pumping capacity of fire
defense.

• E. valves
F. Dry valve
FIRE MATRIX
• E. valves
G. wet alarm check valve
Remarks :
 Located at the pump room.
 One alarm check for all
building risers.
 Have two devices for alarm
a.Water motor with gong.
b.Pressure switch.
FIRE MATRIX
• E. valves
H. Deluge valve
FIRE MATRIX
• E. valves
I. Preaction valve
FIRE MATRIX
• E. valves
J. Accelerator
Remarks :
I. Used for reducing time of dry and

preaction valve opening (< 60 sec).
II. shall be located as close as practical to

the dry pipe valve.
III. Antiflooding devices associated with a

dry pipe valve accelerator are activated
when the dry pipe valve trips.
IV. May be mechanical or electrical.

• E. valves
J. Check valve
Remarks :
I. May be swing or butterfly check valve.
II. Must be used after Siamese connection.
III. Must be used after fire pump (electric or

diesel or jockey pump)
FIRE MATRIX
• E. valves
K. Zone control station
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A.8.17.4.2

 Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A.8.17.5.2.2
• E. valves
K. Zone control station (Cont’d)
Remarks :
I. Multistory buildings exceeding two stories in height shall be provided with
a zone control station on each floor level.
II. Zone control station shall not be required where sprinklers on the top level
of a multistory building are supplied by piping on the floor below.
III. Zone control station shall not be required where the total area of all floors
combined does not exceed the system protection area limitations.
unit Light hazard Ordinary hazard Extra hazard
Maximum protection ft2 52000 52000 25000

area by one floor ZCS m2 4831 4831 2323

• E. valves
L. Backflow prevention
Remarks :
I. Used when private fire system connected
to public water
II. Backflow prevention devices are not a

requirement of NFPA 13 and serve no
benefit to the sprinkler system. Backflow
prevention devices are typically required
by public health authorities for non–fire
protection purposes.
III. Means shall be provided downstream of

all backflow prevention valves for flow
tests at system demand.

• E. valves
L. Backflow prevention cont.
Remarks :
III. Used with antifreeze systems.
IV. Used when there is cross connection

between fire system and potable water.

• E. valves
M. Drain valve
Remarks :
I. Drain valves shall be approved.

• E. valves
M. Drain valve cont.
Remarks :
III. In dry pipe & preaction systems , branch

lines shall be pitched at least 4 mm/m ,
and mains shall be pitched at least 2
mm/m in non refrigerated areas.
IV. Where subject to freezing, a minimum

1.22 m of exposed drain pipe shall be
in a heated area between the drain valve
and the exterior wall when drain piping
extends through the wall to the outside.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 8.16.2.3.1

 Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 8.16.2.4.8
• E. valves
N. Test valve

• E. valves
N. Test valve cont.

• E. valves
O. Pressure Relief Valves
Remarks :
Shall be installed with diesel drive

pump when 121% of shutoff (churn)
pressure plus static pressure exceed.
component rating pressure.
Shall be installed between the pump

and discharge check valve.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 20-2013ed-sec4.18.1.2

 Refer to NFPA 20-2013ed-sec4.18.3
• E. valves
P. Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV)
Remarks :
I. In portions of systems where all

P1 P2 components are not listed for pressure
greater than 175 psi (12.1 bar) and the
potential exists for normal water
pressure in excess of 175 psi (12.1
bar), a listed pressure-reducing valve
P2 < P1 shall be installed.
II. Used with fire hose cabinet to avoid

exceeding the maximum permissible
pressure.

• F. Water flow alarm devices
Flow switch Water motor &Gong
FIRE MATRIX
Installation REQUIREMENTS
FIRE MATRIX
A. Standard sprinkler
FIRE MATRIX
• Installation REQUIREMENTS :
A. Standard upright & pendant sprinkler coverage
Max. sprinkler protection ft2 200 130 90

area (pipe schedule) m2 18.6 12.1 8.4
Max. sprinkler protection ft2 225 130 100

area (hydraulic calc.) m2 20.9 12.1 9.3
Maximum distance ft 15 15 12
between sprinkler m 4.6 4.6 3.7
Minimum distance ft 6 6 6
between sprinkler m 1.8 1.8 1.8

 Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.6.3.4
A. Standard upright & pendant sprinkler
Remarks :
 L=room length
 W=room width
 X = distance between sprinkler , wall.
 2X = distance between sprinklers.
 Y = distance between deflector , ceiling
 X ≥ 4 in.
 For upright sprinklers :
For unobstructed ceiling 1 in. < Y < 12 in.
 Minimum distance between sprinklers

is 1.8 m to avoid intercooling.

 Exhibition : Small Rooms
 Small room exhibition limited to light hazard and have area ≤ 74.3m2 and wall opening
width doesn’t exceed 2.4m for each.

• Installation REQUIREMENTS CONT. :
 (sprinkler performance)
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-secA.8.7.5.5

 Obstructed ceiling
1) Beams (spaced 0.9 : 2.3m) 2) Concrete Tee
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-secA.3.7.1

 Obstructed ceiling (cont’d)
3) Wood Joist

 For obstructed ceiling
Option - 1 Option - 2
I - Install sprinkler below structural II - Install sprinkler in each bay.

member.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.6.4.1.2

A. Standard upright & pendant sp.
 For obstructed ceiling (cont’d)
Option - 3
III - Install sprinkler at or above

structural member.

Option - 4
IV - Install sprinkler below wood

joists.

 Wood truss

A. Standard upright & pendant sprinkler May be pipe
with D ≥ 3in.
 Wood truss

 Wood truss

Remarks :
ceiling  Sprinklers shall be installed under
fixed obstructions over 4 ft (1.2 m)
wide, such as ducts, decks, open
grate flooring, cutting tables, and
Duct overhead doors.

 For obstructed Floor

 For vertical change in ceiling

 For ceiling pockets
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.6.7

 For pitched roof

 For pitched roof (cont’d)

 For pitched roof

 For skylight
 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from skylights not exceeding 32

ft2 (3 m2) in area, regardless of hazard classification

A. Standard upright and pendant sprinkler
 The sprinkler system shall extend at least 24 ft (7.2 m) into the space
above the ceiling.
A. Standard Sidewall sprinkler coverage
Light hazard Ordinary hazard
Noncombustible Noncombustible
Combustible
Combustible or limited or limited
Unit ceiling finish
ceiling finish combustible combustible
ceiling finish ceiling finish
Max. distance ft 14 14 10 10
along the wall m 4.3 4.3 3 3
Max. room ft 12 14 10 10
width m 3.7 4.3 3 3
ft2 120 196 80 100
Max. protection
area m2 11.2 18.2 7.4 9.3
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table8.7.2.2.1

A. Standard sidewall sprinkler
Remarks :
 L=room length
 W=room width
 H = distance between deflector , ceiling
 X ≥ 4 in.
 For sidewall sprinklers :
4 in. < H < 6 in.
Otherwise listed for > 6in.

Remarks :
I. From ceiling sidewall sprinkler 4 to 6 in.
II. From walls sidewall sprinkler min. 4 in.
III. From wall at which sidewall sprinkler
mounted may be less than 4 in.



May be pipe
A. Standard sidewall sprinkler with D ≥ 3in.

 For obstructed Floor

B. CONTROL MODE SPECIFIC
APPLICATION (CMSA)
FIRE MATRIX
B. CMSA upright & pendant sprinkler
Construction type Protection area Maximum spacing
ft2 m2 ft m
Noncombustible unobstructed 130 12.1 12 3.7
Noncombustible obstructed 130 12.1 12 3.7
combustible unobstructed 130 12.1 12 3.7
combustible obstructed 100 9.3 10 3.1
Rackstorage combustible obstructed 100 9.3 10 3.1
Rackstorage combustible
100 9.3 12 3.7
unobstructed , noncombustible
COMMON

Remarks :
 L=room length
 W=room width
 X ≥ 4 in.
For Unobstructed ceiling … 6 in. < Y < 8 in.
 Minimum distance between deflector and
storage is 36in.
6in to
12in.
Max.
22in.
I - Install sprinkler below ceiling. II - Install sprinkler below wood

joists.

Option - 3

structural member.




B. CMSA upright & pendant sprinkler May be pipe
 For obstructed ceiling (cont’d) with D ≥ 2in.
A ≤ 24in.

C. EARLY SUPRESSION
FAST RESPONSE (ESFR)
FIRE MATRIX
C. ESFR upright & pendant sprinkler
Construction type Ceiling/Roof Height ≤ 9.1m Ceiling/Roof Height > 9.1m
Protection area Max. spacing Protection area Max. spacing
ft2 m2 ft m ft2 m2 ft m
100 9.3 12 3.7 100 9.3 10 3.1

Remarks :
 L=room length
 W=room width
 X ≥ 4 in.
obstructed ceiling ……. 3 in. < Y < 12 in.
 Minimum distance between deflector and
storage is 36in.
 Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.12.3.4.1

D. EXTENDED COVERAGE
SPRINKLER (ECS)
FIRE MATRIX
D. Extended coverage upright & pendant sprinkler coverage
Construction type Light hazard Ordinary hazard
Protection area spacing Protection area spacing
400 37.2 20 6.1 196 18.2 14 4.3
Construction type Extra hazard High piled storage
196 18.2 14 4.3 196 18.2 14 4.3

Remarks :
 L=room length
 W=room width
 X ≥ 4 in.
For unobstructed ceiling …1 in < Y < 12 in.


 Sprinkler performance

I - Install sprinkler below structural II - Install sprinkler in each bay.

member.

Option - 3
8.8.5.2

structural member.

 For obstructed ceiling (cont’d) May be pipe
with D ≥ 3in.

Remarks :
ceiling  Sprinklers shall be installed under
fixed obstructions over 4 ft (1.2 m)
wide, such as ducts, decks, open
grate flooring, cutting tables, and
Duct overhead doors.

 For obstructed floor

 For vertical change in ceiling
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.8.4.1.1.4

 For ceiling pockets

 For skylight
 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from skylights not exceeding 32

ft2 (3 m2) in area, regardless of hazard classification

D. Extended coverage sidewall sprinkler coverage
Construction type Light hazard Ordinary hazard
Unobstructed , ft2 m2 ft m ft2 m2 ft m

smooth , flat 400 37.2 28 8.5 400 37.2 24 7.3

D. Extended coverage sidewall sprinkler coverage
Remarks :
 L=room length
 W=room width
 X ≥ 4 in.
4 in. < H < 6 in. Otherwise listed for > 6in.
 No sprinklers shall be located within the

maximum protection area of any other
sprinkler
D. Extended coverage sidewall sprinkler coverage CONT.


• Installation REQUIREMENTS CONT. : May be pipe
with D ≥ 3in.

Remarks :
I. From ceiling sidewall sprinkler 4 to 6 in.
II. From walls sidewall sprinkler min. 4 in.
III. From wall at which sidewall sprinkler
mounted may be less than 4 in.

E. RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLER
FIRE MATRIX
E. RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLER upright & pendent sprinkler
Specification Value
Protection area According to manufacturer
Maximum spacing According to manufacturer
Minimum spacing 2.44 m

E. RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLER upright & pendent sprinkler (cont’d)
Remarks :
 L=room length
 W=room width
For unobstructed ceiling …1 in < Y < 4 in.
Otherwise listed for > 4in.




 Ceiling obstruction

 Ceiling obstruction (cont’d)

 Floor obstruction

E. RESIDENTIAL sidewall SPRINKLER
Remarks :
 L=room length
 W=room width
4 in. < H < 6 in. Otherwise listed for > 6in.


E. Residential sidewall sprinkler (cont’d)
 Ceiling obstruction




F. Dry SPRINKLER
FIRE MATRIX
F. Dry sprinkler

F. Dry sprinkler cont. :

G. Pilot sprinkler
FIRE MATRIX
G. Pilot sprinkler
Item Outdoor Indoor
Maximum horizontal spacing 2.5m 3.7m
Maximum vertical spacing 5.2m ------
Maximum distance below ceiling ------ 0.56m

H. General & Special
installation requirement
FIRE MATRIX
 Return bend
Remarks :
I. Shall be used when water supplied from

raw water – mill pond – open tank.
II. Shall not be required for deluge systems.
III. Shall not be required with dry pendant

sprinkler.
IV. Shall not be required with sprinklers

have k-factor ≥ 11.2.

 Return bend cont. :
(Max. 4in.)

 Above and below ceiling sprinkler :
Remarks :
Ceiling US  When above ceiling sprinkler shall
be installed :
 According to NFPA 13 requirement :

False ceiling PS
I. If ceiling constructed from
combustible material like wood.
II. If concealed space used for storage.
III. If concealed spaces used for

maintenance (like hygienic places..).

 Above and below ceiling sprinkler (cont’d) :
Remarks :
Ceiling US  When above ceiling sprinkler shall
be installed :
> 80cm
 According to British codes:
False ceiling PS
I. If ceiling depth larger than 80cm.
II. Concealed space contain combustible
material.
FIRE MATRIX
 Escalator Draft stop sprinkler

 Library Stack Areas and Medical Record Storage.
FIRE MATRIX
 Library Stack Areas and Medical Record Storage cont.
Remarks :
I. Classified as ordinary hazard group II.
II. Where Y ≥ 18 in. sprinklers installed without

regard to aisles.
III. Where Y < 18 in. there is two situations:
• If there is complete dividers , sprinklers

shall installed in every aisle and tier with
spacing ≤ 3.7 m.
• With non complete dividers sprinkler shall
be staggered.
 Library Stack Areas and Medical Record Storage.

 Elevator Hoistways and Machine Rooms.
Remarks :
I. Sidewall spray sprinklers shall be installed at the

bottom of each elevator hoistway not more than
0.61 m above the floor of the pit.
II. If hoistway enclosed with noncombustible shaft
(don’t contain hydraulic fluids) shall not required
sprinkler at the pit.
III. Upright or pendent or sidewall sprinkler shall be
installed at the top of hoistway.
IV.If hoistway is non or limited combustible and car
enclosure material according to ASME A17.1
shall not required sprinkler at the top.
(except if belt is combustible)
 Elevator Hoistways and Machine Rooms.
FIRE MATRIX
 Sprinklers & fans.
I. Fan up to 1.5m diameter :
Sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed without regard to the blades of ceiling
fans less than 60 in. (1.5 m) in diameter.
II. High volume low speed fan (HVLS) :

The installation of HVLS fans in buildings equipped with sprinklers, including
ESFR sprinklers, shall comply with the following:
a) The maximum fan diameter shall be 24 ft (7.3 m).
b) The HVLS fan shall be centered approximately between four adjacent
sprinklers.
c) The vertical clearance from the HVLS fan to sprinkler deflector shall be a
minimum of 3 ft (0.9 m).
d) All HVLS fans shall be interlocked to shut down immediately upon
receiving a waterflow signal from the alarm system.
FIRE MATRIX
II. High volume low speed fan (HVLS) cont. :
FIRE MATRIX
PIPE SIZING
FIRE MATRIX
A. PIPE SCHEDULES
FIRE MATRIX
• Pipe schedules :
1) LIGHT HAZARD:
Light hazard Light hazard above and below ceiling
Steel Copper Steel Copper
Pipe No. of No. of
size (in) sprinklers sprinklers Pipe No. of No. of
size (in) sprinklers sprinklers
1 in. 2 2
1 in. 2 2
1 ¼ in. 3 3
1 ¼ in. 4 3
1 ½ in. 5 5
1 ½ in. 7 5
2 in. 10 12
2 in. 15 18
2 ½ in. 30 40
2 ½ in. 50 65
3 in. 60 65
3 ½ in. 100 115
4 in. ------ ------ Max. 30sp above or below
 Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table23.5.2.4
 Remarks :
I. Maximum no of sprinkler per branch is 8 sprinklers.
II. No of sprinkler per branch may be increased to 9 sprinklers by making
the two end lengths 1 in. and 1 1/4 in. respectively, and the sizes
thereafter standard.
III. Ten sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed on a branch line, making
the two end lengths 1 in. and 1 1/4 in. respectively, and feeding the tenth
sprinkler by a 2 ½ in. pipe.
IV. For light hazard if sprinkler No. exceeding 100 sprinklers sizing then
according to ordinary hazard.
V. For above & below ceiling if sprinklers exceed 50 then sizing is increased
to 3 in. then according to standard schedule for the number of sprinklers
above or below a ceiling, whichever is larger.
VI. For above and below ceiling max .No of sprinklers is 8 for above and 8
for below ceiling.

2) ORDINARY HAZARD:
Ordinary hazard
Pipe No. of No. of Pipe No. of No. of

size (in) sprinklers sprinklers size (in) sprinklers sprinklers
1 in. 2 2 5 in. 160 180
1 ¼ in. 3 3 6 in. 275 300
1 ½ in. 5 5 8 in. ------- -------
2 in. 10 12
2 ½ in. 20 25
3 in. 40 45 o If distance between sprinklers or
branches ≤ 3.7m
3 ½ in. 65 75
4 in. 100 115
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table23.5.3.4
2) ORDINARY HAZARD CONT. :
No. of sprinklers – greater than 3.7m ordinary hazard above and below ceiling
separation (branches or sprinklers)
Steel Copper
Steel Copper
Pipe No. of No. of
Pipe No. of No. of size (in) sprinklers sprinklers
size (in) sprinklers sprinklers
1 in. 2 2
2 ½ in. 15 20
1 ¼ in. 4 4
3 in. 30 35 1 ½ in. 7 7
3 ½ in. 60 65 2 in. 15 18
2 ½ in. 30 40
Max. 40sp above or below 3 in. 60 65
(separation ≤ 3.7)
 Remarks :
I. Maximum no of sprinkler per branch is 8 sprinklers.
II. No of sprinkler per branch may be increased to 9 sprinklers by
making the two end lengths 1 in. and 1 1/4 in. respectively, and
the sizes thereafter standard.
III. Ten sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed on a branch line,
making the two end lengths 1 in. and 1 1/4 in. respectively, and
feeding the tenth sprinkler by a 2 ½ in. pipe.
IV. For above & below ceiling if sprinklers exceed 60 then sizing is
increased to 4 in. then according to standard schedule for the
number of sprinklers above or below a ceiling whichever is larger.
V. For above and below ceiling max .No of sprinklers is 8 for above
and 8 for below ceiling.

3) EXTRA HAZARD :
Extra hazard
Pipe No. of No. of Pipe No. of No. of
size (in) sprinklers sprinklers size (in) sprinklers sprinklers
1 in. 1 1 5 in. 90 100
1 ¼ in. 2 2 6 in. 150 170
1 ½ in. 5 5
Remarks :
2 in. 8 8 This table is reprinted only as a
2 ½ in. 15 20 guide for existing systems.
3 in. 27 30
3 ½ in. 40 45
4 in. 55 65
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-tableA.23.5.4
• Project Design Stages :
Schematic design
and basis of
Concept design. Developed design.
design report
(BODR).
Shopdrawings. Tender document. Detailed design.
As built (after
construction).
FIRE MATRIX
• Project Design Procedure:
1. Find NFPA 101 or NFPA 5000 fire extinguishment requirements for your
building (with respect to local codes or AHJ).
2. Determination the building hazard .
3. Locating non sprinklered spaces. (ex. Rooms need gas systems) then calculate
gas volume required for extinguishment.
4. Distribution for sprinklers according to hazard requirement .
5. Determination No. of risers and standpipe needed for sprinklers and FHCs.
6. Pipe routing .
7. Pipe sizing by pipe schedule according to material and hazard.
8. Locating the design area (most demand flow and pressure) .
9. Hydraulic calculation for pump sizing .
10. Pump selection .
11. Tank capacity calculation .
12. Pump room design .
13. If there is room need foam system (ex. Generator room) calculate foam
concentrate quantity.
14. Fire extinguisher distribution.
FIRE MATRIX
B. Hydraulic calculation
FIRE MATRIX
• Hydraulic calculations :
 Calculation steps :
1. Identification of Hazard.
2. Determination No. of system main control valve.
3. Determination air supply specification for dry and preaction systems.
4. Determination of Max. Area of Operation (design area)
5. Determination of Discharge Density.
6. Estimation of Sprinklers Flow rate.
7. Determination of Hose Stream Allowance.
8. Calculation of Pump Flow rate.
9. Calculation of Pump Head.
10. Tank Sizing.
FIRE MATRIX
1. Identifying building hazard
A) Light hazard
B) Ordinary hazard (group 1)
C) Ordinary hazard (group 2)
D) Extra hazard (group 1)
E) Extra hazard (group 2)
2. Determination No. of system main control valve
Maximum protection ft2 52000 52000 25000

area by one valve m2 4831 4831 2323
FIRE MATRIX
 Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-chart11.2.3.1
2. Determination No. of system main control valve (cont’d)
Example : a project (light hazard) have floor area 5000 m2

1. For wet system : No. of zone control station = 2.
2. For preaction system (single or non interlock) : No. of preaction valve = 2.
3. For dry system (or double interlock preaction) :
No. of dry (preaction valve) determined by floor area & delivery time limitation
with respect to system volume.
FIRE MATRIX
 Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table 7.2.3.6.1
2. Determination No. of system main control valve (cont’d)
3. For dry system (or double interlock preaction) (cont’d):
4. For deluge system : No. of deluge valves = 5000/139 = 36
FIRE MATRIX
 Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table A-7.2.3
3. Determination air supply specification for dry and preaction
systems.
1. Calculate system volume from previous table .

2. Determine required air pressure from below table.
Nitrogen Cylinders Data

Volume (cf) Pressure (psi)
122 1900
225 2100
280 2300
FIRE MATRIX
 Refer to viking design data catalogue
3. Determination air supply specification for dry and preaction
systems (cont’d).
4. Calculate compressor flow or nitrogen cylinder volume
FIRE MATRIX
 Refer to viking design data catalogue
4. Determination of Max. Area of Operation (design area)
a) For wet pipe system
Area of sprinkler ft2 1500 1500 2500

operation (design area) m2 139.35 139.35 232.26
b) For dry or preaction pipe system design area increased by 30%.
ex: 1500 + (1500×30%) = 1950 ft2
c) For deluge system design area is entire protected area.
d) Most remote area to determine max. head.
e) Area With higher Hazard to determine max. flow rate.
f) For ESFR hydraulic calculation based on area include most remote 12 sp.
FIRE MATRIX
4. Determination of Max. Area of Operation (design area) (cont’d)
a) For wet pipe system (cont’d)
FIRE MATRIX
 Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-A23.4.4
4. Determination of Max. Area of Operation (cont’d).
c) For quick response design area reduced according to below chart
For wet system only.

Max. ceiling height 6m.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-chart11.2.3.2.3

 Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-chart11.2.3.2.5
5. Determination of Discharge Density.
FIRE MATRIX
6. Estimation of Sprinklers Flow rate
Method #1 : Q1 = density (gpm/ft²) X Area of Operation (ft²)
Method #2 : Q2 = flow per sprinkler X No. of design sprinklers
No. of design sprinklers = Design Area/Area per Sp. If the fire system
Flow per Sprinkler = k √P connected to city
main or private
7. Hose stream allowance & duration fire hydrant

8. Calculation of Pump Flow rate
 According to NFPA 13 :
Q Pump = Q Sprinklers + Q Hose Allowance
+ =
FIRE MATRIX
9. Calculation of pump head
pump head = Static Head + Residual Head + Friction Losses.
• 1bar = 10m water column.

FIRE MATRIX
9. Calculation of pump head
 For hydraulic calculation min. residual pressure is 7 psi.

FIRE MATRIX
9. Calculation of pump head (CONT’D)
FIRE MATRIX
9. Calculation of pump head (CONT’D)
Losses
+
FIRE MATRIX
10. Tank sizing
Tank Volume = Total Flow Rate (Gpm) x Duration (Min.)
TANK = x
• Calculations Summary:
Need Isometric
Calculation DWG
Manual Hydraulic
Q1 = flow per sprinkler X No. of design sprinklers

No. of design sprinklers = Design Area/Area per Sp.
Flow per Sprinkler = k √P Software
Manual
Q2 = Hose Allowance (Elite)
Q pump = Q1 + Q2
pump head = Static + Residual + Friction Losses.
Friction Losses taken 1 : 2 bar
Pump power = (Q pump X Head) / (3960 X eff.)
Pump eff. = 0.65
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
Storage sprinkler protection system:
 Storage fire protection codes :
Code Title
NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 30 Flammable and combustible liquids
FM-Global Mutual insurance company
FIRE MATRIX
 To design storage fire protection system you should answer the
following questions :
1) What product you want to store ?

2) What is the type of packaging ?
3) What is the storage method ?
4) What is the storage height ?
5) What is the ceiling height ?
6) What is the clearance height ?
FIRE MATRIX
1) What product you want to store ?
FIRE MATRIX
2) What is the type of packaging ?
a. Cartoned b. Wooden box or crates c. Shrink wrapped
FIRE MATRIX
a. Palletized b. Bin box c. Solid pilled
FIRE MATRIX
d. Shelf e. Back to back shelf f. Racks
FIRE MATRIX
A. Shelf B. Racks
Item SHELF RACK

DEPTH ≤ 0.76m ≤1.8m
Access method By hand By machine (ex:fork lift)
Aisle width ≥ 0.76m ≥ 1.1m
FIRE MATRIX
A: Shelf depth
B: Shelf height
E: storage height
F: commodity
H: rack depth
L: longitudinal flue space
T: transverse flue space
FIRE MATRIX
 Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-secA.3.9.3.7
3) What is the storage method ? (For Tires)
On Side – Portable Rack Laced On Side – Fixed Rack
Pyramid On Tread – Fixed Rack
FIRE MATRIX
 Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-secA.3.9.4
3) What is the storage method ? (For Rolled Paper)
Rolled Paper On Rolled Paper On

Vertical Horizontal (nested)

4) What is the storage height ?
5) What is the ceiling height ?
6) What is the clearance height ?
FIRE MATRIX
 Commodity classification:
 Commodity = Product + packaging
Class I,II,III,IV
Plastic
Rolled Paper
Tires
Idle Pallets
Carton Records
Balled Cotton
Flammable liquids
FIRE MATRIX
 Class I : noncombustible product at one of the following condition
1. Placed directly on wood pallets .

2. Placed in single-layer corrugated cartons, with or without single-
thickness cardboard dividers, with or without pallets .
3. Shrink-wrapped or paper-wrapped as a unit load with or without
pallets .

 Class I examples :
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table A.5.6.3.1

 Class II : noncombustible product at one of the following condition
1. In slatted wooden crates .

2. In solid wood boxes .
3. In multiple-layered corrugated cartons, or equivalent combustible
packaging material, with or without pallets .

 Class II examples :

 Class III :
1. A Class III commodity shall be defined as a product fashioned from

wood, paper, natural fibers, or Group C plastics with or without
cartons, boxes, or crates and with or without pallets.
2. A Class III commodity shall be permitted to contain a limited
amount (5 percent by weight or volume or less) of Group A or Group
B plastics.

 Class III examples :

 Class IV : defined as a product, with or without pallets, that meet one of

the following criteria :
1. Constructed partially or totally of Group B plastics .

2. Consists of free-flowing Group A plastic materials .
3. Contains within itself or its packaging an appreciable amount
(5 percent to 15 percent by weight or 5 percent to 25 percent by volume)
of Group A plastics. The remaining materials shall be permitted to be
metal, wood, paper, natural or synthetic fibers, or Group B or Group C
plastics.

 Class IV examples :

 Class IV examples : free flowing plastic group A
• Those plastics that fall out of their containers during a fire, fill flue
spaces, and create a smothering effect on the fire. Examples include
powder, pellets, flakes, or random-packed small objects [e.g., razor
blade dispensers, 1 oz to 2 oz (28 g to 57 g) bottles].
1oz bottle Razor dispenser Plastic powder flakes

 Plastic commodities
plastic
Group B Group C
Group A
(class IV) (class III)
Free flowing
expanded Nonexpanded
(class IV)

 Plastic commodities : I. Group A
a) Expanded (Foamed or Cellular) Plastics. Those plastics, the density
of which is reduced by the presence of numerous small cavities (cells),
interconnecting or not, dispersed throughout their mass.
b) Nonexpanded plastics . Those plastic formed into shapes of drums –

toys- container …. etc.
a) Free flowing plastics .

 Plastic commodities :
I. Group A (materials)

 Plastic commodities : I. Group A (examples)

II. Group B (materials)
Natural rubber Nylon 6
Cellulose acetate Silicon rubber

III. Group C (materials)
PVDF PCTFE
Urea formaldehyde Melamine

 paper commodities
Heavyweight Density : 9.1kg/92.9m2

Paper
Mediumweight Density : 9.1-4.5kg/92.9m2
Lightweight
Density : 4.5kg/92.9m2
Tissue
 paper commodities (examples)
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table A.5.6.5

 For plastic pallets :
1. For unreinforced plastic pallet the commodity shall be increased one
class (This applied for Class I Up to Class IV)
Commodity With Unreinforced Plastic Pallets

Class I Class II
Class II Class III
Class III Class IV
Class IV Cartoned unexpanded Group A
 For ceiling protected only if K=16.8 no increasing in class.

 For plastic pallets :
2. For reinforced plastic pallet the commodity shall be increased two
classes (This applied for Class I Up to Class IV)
Commodity With Unreinforced Plastic Pallets

Class I Class III
Class II Class IV
Class III Cartoned unexpanded Group A
Class IV Cartoned unexpanded Group A
 For ceiling protected only if K=16.8 no increasing in class.

FIRE MATRIX
1. According to commodity and storage method select design
chapter
Plastic & rubber
• Other than rack
Class I up to IV (ch.15)
• Other than rack • Rack (ch.17)
Rubber tire
(ch.14) (ch.18)
• Rack (ch.16)
Miscellaneous Rolled Paper

(ch.13) (ch.19)
General design Special designs

NFPA 13
(ch.12) (ch.20)
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed

2. Select sprinkler type used in storage area:
Sprinkler
CMDA CMSA ESFR
 CMDA : Control mode density area .

 CMSA : Control mode specific application .
 ESFR : Early suppression fast response .
FIRE MATRIX
2. Select sprinkler type used in storage area (cont’d) :
Item CMDA CMSA ESFR
K . FACTOR ≥8 ≥ 11.2 ≥ 11.2

Area Coverage (m2) 9.3 9.3 9.3
Systems we can use with it Dry;wet;preaction Dry;wet;preaction Wet only
Area of most remote Area of most
From charts &
Design area no. of design Hydraulically
tables
sprinklers from tables 12 sprinklers
Maximum Ceiling Height (m) Unlimited 12 14

 K-factor (vs) density For CMDA:
a. for density ≤ 0.2gpm/ft2 K ≥ 5.6

b. for density > 0.2 ; ≤ 0.34gpm/ft2 K ≥ 8
c. for density > 0.34gpm/ft2 K ≥ 11.2
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-sec12.6

 Steel column fire protection (for steel structure building)

I. Use 1hr fireproofing.
II. Use sidewall sprinklers at the top of column or 4.6m level which ever
is lower. (flow from these sprinklers omitted from demand)
III. Use CMSA or ESFR for ceiling protection.

 ESFR restrictions :
I. If there are heat or smoke vents shall be high temperature rated .
II. Draft curtain shall not be used with sprinklers except separating
ESFR sprinklers at system breaks or control mode sprinklers or
hazard areas .

 ESFR restrictions :
FIRE MATRIX
3. Get duration and hose allowance from chapter 12 (except
modified by commodity design chapter).
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table12.8.6

4. Get deign area and density and K-factor if CMDA sprinkler used.

 Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table18.4(a)
5. Get No. of design of sprinklers and K-factor and residual
pressure for both ESFR or CMSA if used.

 Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table18.4©
6. Check if there are in-rack sprinklers and get design data for them
including (No. of design in-rack , k-factor , flow or residual
pressure).

7. Get sprinkler installation data like arrangement , orientation and
spacing between sprinklers and from walls and ceiling and study
obstructions (from chapter 8 and commodity design chapter)

8. Study fixation methods and pipe load effect on building structure
which shall be coordinated with str. Engineer.

 Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table9.2.2.1
9. In some cases civil defense require the design data for sprinklers
for warehouse based on FM-Global (which have design criteria
differ than NFPA )
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to Fm global-2010ed-Part 8.9 Table 8

10. Hydraulic calculations to get pump characteristics and check pipe
size.
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Total water flow required = sprinklers demand + hose stream allowance
 Total water storage = total water flow X duration
inside + outside
For inside hose only

allowance :
I. 50gpm for single hose.

II. 100gpm for more than
one hose.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table 12.8.6

 System design :
 Idle pallets .
 May be stored : a. indoor .
b. outdoor .
c. detached structure.

 System design :
 Idle pallets (wood pallets) .
 May be stored : a. indoor (protected by CMDA)
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table12.12.1.2(a)

 System design :
 May be stored : a. indoor (protected by CMSA)
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table12.12.1.2(b)

 System design :
 May be stored : a. indoor (protected by ESFR)
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table12.12.1.2(c)

 System design :
 Idle pallets (plastic pallets) .
 May be stored : a. indoor (protected by ESFR)
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table12.12.2.2.3

FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Miscellaneous storage .
 Storage that does not exceed 3.7m in height, is incidental to another
occupancy use group, does not constitute more than 10 % of the
building area or 372 m2 of the sprinklered area, whichever is greater,
does not exceed 93m2 in one pile or area, and is separated from other
storage areas by at least 7.62m .

 System design :
 Miscellaneous storage .
 This chapter shall apply to any of the following situations :
(1) Miscellaneous storage of Class I through Class IV commodities up to

3.7m in height.
(2) Miscellaneous storage of Group A plastics up to 3.7m in height.
(3) Miscellaneous storage of rubber tires up to 3.7m in height.
(4) Miscellaneous storage of rolled paper up to 3.7m in height.
(5) Storage of Class I through Class IV commodities up to 3.7m in height
as directed by 14.2.3.1 and 16.2.1.2.1.
(6) Storage of Group A plastics up to 1.5m in height as directed by 15.2.1
and 17.2.1.1.

 System design :
 Miscellaneous storage (CLASS I TO IV DESIGN TABLE)

 System design :
 Miscellaneous storage (DESIGN CURVES)

 System design :
 Miscellaneous storage (In rack sprinklers)
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Miscellaneous storage (In-rack sprinklers)
 Minimum in rack sprinklers pressure is 1 bar and k ≥ 5.6 .

 For hydraulic calculation based on most 4 in-rack sprinklers.
 In-rack sprinklers shall be located at the first tier level at or above
one-half of the storage height.
 Horizontal spacing of in-rack sprinklers shall not exceed 2.4m.

 System design :
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
Water shield Guards
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Class I to class IV
Class I up to
IV
Palletized-bin box- Other than Storage method

shelf- solid pilled racks
CMSA ESFR
CMDA Sprinkler type
Table (14.3.1) Table (14.4.1)
Storage Storage
height ≤ 3.7m height > 3.7m Storage height
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Class I to class IV protected by CMDA sprinklers (palletized –
solid pilled – bin box - shelf)
CMDA
Storage height ≤ 3.7m Storage height > 3.7m
miscellaneous
Nonencapsulated Encapsulated Encapsulated (over
(up to 9m height) (Less than 4.6m) 4.6m to 6.1m)
Charts 14.2.4.1 to .14.2.4.3 Table 14.2.5

FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
solid pilled – bin box – shelf - back to back shelf)
 For storage > 3.7m (Nonencapsulted (up to 9m))
 For storage > 3.7m (encapsulated (up to 4.6m))
Ordinary Temp. Sprinkler 57-77 0C High Temp. Sprinkler 121-149 0C

 System design :
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13 HB-2016ed-sec14.2.4

 System design :
 No reduction for back to

back shelf.

 System design :
 For storage > 3.7m (encapsulated (over 4.6m))
Commodity class Density gpm/ft2 Design area ft2 K-factor

Class I 0.46 2000 ≥ 11.2
Class II 0.53 2000 ≥ 11.2
Class III & IV 0.6 2000 ≥ 11.2
 Encapsulated shall be limited to palletized and solid pilled storage .

FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Class I to class IV protected by CMSA sprinklers (palletized –
solid pilled )
 Be noted that maximum storage height is 11m and ceiling 12m
Q = K√P

FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Class I to class IV protected by ESFR sprinklers (palletized –
solid pilled )
 Be noted that maximum storage height is 12m and ceiling 14m
Q = K√P

 System design :
 Class I to class IV protected by CMSA & ESFR sprinklers
 Q = K √P
 Q = flow in GPM ; K = factor ; P = pressure in PSI
 Total flow required = Q X NO. of design sprinklers (1 + Hose allowance (2
 For hydraulic calculation in elite you need density

 Density = Q / Area protected by one sprinkler (3
1) For ESFR No. of design sprinklers is 12.

2) Hose allowance from table 12.8.6.1
3) Area protected by one sprinkler for CMDA & ESFR & CMSA 100ft2
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 We have a display of products for sale on shelves. The products have just
enough plastic to be considered Group A rather than Class IV commodity.
Should this situation be protected in accordance with the ordinary hazard
Group 2 rules for retail sales, the miscellaneous storage rules of Chapter
13, or the Group A plastics storage rules of Chapter 15?
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13 HB-2016ed-sec15.2

 System design :
 Plastic & rubber commodities :
Plastic &
Palletized-bin box- rubber
shelf- solid pilled
Other than
racks
racks
Storage method
CMSA ESFR
CMDA Sprinkler type
Table (15.3.1) Table (15.4.1)
Limited for palletized & solid pilled
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
V. Plastic & rubber commodities :
CMDA
Storage
height Storage height >1.5m
≤1.5m
Miscellaneous Back to back

Solid pilled Palletized Shelf Bin Box
design shelf
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Plastic & rubber protected by CMDA sprinklers (palletized – solid
pilled – bin box - shelf) – Decision Tree

 System design :
pilled – bin box - shelf) – Decision Tree
 Remarks :
 Pile Stability : measure the rapidity of pile collapse.
 Stable Pile : Pile doesn't collapse with in 1-2minutes after sprinkler
operation
 Unstable Pile : Pile Collapse before sprinkler operation.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13 HB-2016ed-sec3.9.2.4

 System design :
pilled – bin box - shelf)
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table15.2.2.5

 System design :
pilled – bin box - shelf)
 Remarks :
 Design area is 232m2 except for EH1, EH2.
 For EH1 (if K=8 the design area reduced by 25%). Not less
 For EH1,EH2 (if K ≥ 11.2 the design area reduced by 25%). than 186m2

 System design :
 Plastic & rubber protected by CMDA sprinklers (back to back
shelf)

 System design :
 Plastic & rubber protected by CMDA sprinklers with high
expansion foam system
 A reduction in ceiling density to one-half that required for Class I through

Class IV commodities, idle pallets, or plastics shall be permitted without
revising the design area, but the density shall be no less than 0.15 gpm/ft2
(6.1 mm/min).

FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Plastic & rubber protected by CMSA sprinklers :
Q = K√P

FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Plastic & rubber protected by ESFR sprinklers :
Q = K√P

 System design :
 Plastic & rubber protected by CMSA & ESFR sprinklers
 Q = K √P
 Q = flow in GPM ; K = factor ; P = pressure in PSI
 Total flow required = Q X NO. of design sprinklers (1 + Hose allowance (2
 For hydraulic calculation in elite you need density

 Density = Q / Area protected by one sprinkler (3
1) For ESFR No. of design sprinklers is 12.

2) Hose allowance from table 12.8.6.1
3) Area protected by one sprinkler for CMDA & ESFR & CMSA 100ft2
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Class I to class IV (Racks)
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
Class I up to IV (Rack)
CMDA CMSA ESFR
Storage Storage Storage Storage Storage

Storage height ≤ 7.6m height > height ≤ height > height ≤ height >
7.6m 7.6m 7.6m 7.6m 7.6m
Storage Storage
height ≤ height >
3.7m 3.7m
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Class I to class IV (Racks) – Storage height >3.7 & ≤ 7.6m
Ceiling
protection
CMDA CMSA ESFR
Table 16.2.2.1 Table 16.2.3.1

Single/double Multiple
Row ROW
Remember that : For
Table 16.2.1.3.2 Storage Height ≤3.7m
Rack depth ≤ Rack depth >
Design According To
4.9m 4.9m Ch.13
Table 16.2.1.3.3.1 Table 16.2.1.3.3.2

FIRE MATRIX
 System design : (ceiling protection by CMDA for single/double raw)

 System design : (ceiling protection by CMDA for multiple raw-rack depth ≤4.6m)
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table16.2.1.3.3.1

 System design : (ceiling protection by CMDA for multiple raw-rack depth >4.6m)

 System design : (ceiling protection by CMDA for single/double/multiple raw)
Design Chart

Density Reduction (vs) Storage height

 In-rack sprinkler design
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13 HB-2016ed-sec16.8 – 16.9


 System design : (ceiling protection by CMDA for multiple raw)

Commodity No of in-rack No. of design Minimum
sprinklers levels sprinkler pressure (PSI)
I;II;III One level 6 15
10 (5on each
I;II;III More than one level 15
tow top level)
IV One level 8 15
14 (7 on each
IV More than one level 15
tow top level)
 Total in-rack sprinkler water demand (Q) =K X √P X No. of design sp.

 Q = flow in GPM ; K = factor ; P = pressure in PSI
 K may be 5.6 or 8 (standard or quick response)
FIRE MATRIX
 System design : (ceiling protection by CMSA for single/double/multiple raw)
Q = K√P

Commodity Maximum sprinkler No. of design Minimum

spacing (m) sprinkler pressure (PSI)
I;II;III;IV 2.4 8 15
 Where required by Table 16.2.3.1, in-rack sprinklers shall be installed at

the first tier level at or above one-half of the storage height.


FIRE MATRIX
 System design : (ceiling protection by ESFR for single/double/multiple raw)
Q = K√P
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table 16.2.3.1

Commodity Maximum No. of design Minimum

sprinkler sprinkler flow/in-rack
spacing (m) sprinkler (gpm)
 In-rack sprinklers shall be K-8.0 or K-11.2 quick-response, ordinary-

temperature sprinklers.
 Total in-rack sprinkler water demand (Q) = min. flow X No. of design sp.
= 8 X 60 = 480gpm

FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Class I to class IV (Racks) – Storage height >7.6m
Storage
height >
7.6m
Ceiling
protection
CMDA CMSA ESFR
Table 16.3.2.1 Table 16.3.3.1

Single/double Multiple
Row Row
Table 16.3.1.1 Table 16.3.1.2

FIRE MATRIX
 Class I to class IV (Racks) – Storage height > 7.6m




 Remarks :
I. Water shields required.

II. All in-rack sprinkler spacing dimensions start from the floor.
III. Install sprinklers at least 3 in. (76.2 mm) from uprights.
IV. For encapsulated commodity, increase density 25 percent.

sprinklers levels sprinkler flow (gpm)
I;II;III One level 6 30
10 (5on each
I;II;III More than one level 30
tow top level)
IV One level 8 30
14 (7 on each
IV More than one level 30
tow top level)
 Total in-rack sprinkler water demand (Q) =30 gpm X No. of design sp.
 K may be 5.6 or 8 or 11.2 (standard or quick response)
FIRE MATRIX




 K may be 5.6 or 8 or 11.2 (standard or quick response)
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-section16.3.2.7

FIRE MATRIX



= 8 X 60 = 480gpm
 System design : (ceiling protection by CMDA/CMSA/ESFR)
 In-rack sprinkler design for solid shelves
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Plastic and Rubber Commodities (Racks)
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :

 System design :
Plastic and Rubber Commodities (Racks)
CMDA CMSA ESFR
Storage Storage Storage Storage Storage

Storage height ≤ 7.6m height > height ≤ height > height ≤ height >
7.6m 7.6m 7.6m 7.6m 7.6m
Storage Storage Remember that : For Storage Height

height ≤ height >
1.5m 1.5m ≤1.5m Design According To Ch.13
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Plastic and Rubber (Racks) – Storage height >1.5 & ≤7.6m
Ceiling protection
CMDA CMSA ESFR
Nonexpanded Expanded Nonexpanded Expanded Nonexpanded Expanded
Not Not
Exposed Cartoned Exposed Cartoned Exposed Cartoned Exposed Cartoned
permitted permitted
FIRE MATRIX
 Plastic and Rubber (Racks) – Storage height >1.5 & ≤ 7.6m
Cartoned Unexpanded
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13 HB-2016ed-sec17.2.1.2

Exposed Unexpanded


sprinklers levels sprinkler pressure (PSI)
One level 8 15
Plastic and
Rubber 14 (7on each
More than one level 15
tow top level)


FIRE MATRIX
Q = K√P


Plastic and
1.5 8 15
Rubber


FIRE MATRIX
Q = K√P


Plastic and
1.5 8 60
Rubber

= 8 X 60 = 480gpm
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Plastic and Rubber (Racks) – Storage height >7.6m
Ceiling protection
CMDA CMSA ESFR
Nonexpanded Expanded Nonexpanded Expanded Nonexpanded Expanded
exposed
Not
Exposed Cartoned Cartoned (Not Exposed Cartoned Exposed Cartoned Exposed Cartoned
permitted
permitted)
FIRE MATRIX
Not
permitted

Not
permitted


sprinklers levels sprinkler flow/in-rack
sprinkler (gpm)
One level 8 30
Plastic and
Rubber 14 (7on each
tow top level)


FIRE MATRIX
Q = K√P


Plastic and
1.5 8 15
Rubber

FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
Q = K√P


Plastic and
1.5 8 60
Rubber

= 8 X 60 = 480gpm
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Rubber Tire
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Rubber Tire storage methods
On Side – Portable Rack Laced On Side – Fixed Rack
Pyramid On Tread – Fixed Rack
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
 System design : (ceiling protection by CMDA)
 Rubber Tire
Not
permitted
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table18.4(a)

System design : (ceiling protection by CMDA)
 Rubber Tire
 Where high-expansion foam systems are installed in accordance with
NFPA 11, a reduction in sprinkler discharge density to one-half the
density specified in Table 18.4(a) or 0.24 gpm/ft2 (9.8 mm/min),
whichever is higher, shall be permitted.

 Rubber Tire (for palletized portable and fixed racks)
Not
permitted
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table18.4(b)

FIRE MATRIX
 System design : (ceiling protection by CMSA)
 Rubber Tire
Q = K√P
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table18.4(c)

FIRE MATRIX
 System design : (ceiling protection by ESFR)
 Rubber Tire
Q = K√P
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table18.4(d)

 System design : (ceiling protection by CMDA/CMSA/ESFR)
 Rubber Tire

Plastic and
2.4 12 30
Rubber


FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Roll Paper
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Roll paper storage methods
Rolled Paper On Rolled Paper On

Vertical Horizontal (nested)
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Roll paper storage definitions

FIRE MATRIX
 Roll paper
Not
permitted

 Roll paper
 Remarks :
1. Storage of heavyweight or mediumweight classes of rolled paper up to 3.0 m in

height shall be protected by sprinklers designed for ordinary hazard Group 2
densities.
2. Storage of tissue and lightweight classes of paper up to 3.0 m in height shall be

protected by sprinklers in accordance with extra hazard Group 1 densities.
3. High-temperature sprinklers shall be used for installations protecting

roll paper stored 4.6 m or higher.

System design : (ceiling protection by CMDA)
 Roll paper
 Where high-expansion foam systems are installed in heavyweight class
and mediumweight class storage areas, sprinkler discharge design
densities shall be permitted to be reduced to not less than 0.24 gpm/ft2
(9.8 mm/min) with a minimum operating area of 2000 ft2 (186 m2).

FIRE MATRIX
 Roll paper
Not
permitted

FIRE MATRIX
 Roll paper
Not
permitted

FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Special Designs (Baled Cotton – Carton Records – High Bay
Records – Plastic Motor Vehicle Components Storage)
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Special Designs (Plastic Motor Vehicle Components Storage)
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2016ed-Table20.2

FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Special Designs (Baled Cotton Storage)

FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Special Designs (Carton Records With Catwalks)
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :

 System design :

 System design :
 In-rack sprinkler design for catwalks
Commodity No of catwalks levels No. of design Minimum
sprinkler flow/in-rack
sprinkler (gpm)
One level 6 30
Carton
records 10 (5 on each
tow top level)
 In-rack sprinkler spacing is 3m.
 Sprinklers installed below each catwalk level shall be staggered
vertically and horizontally.
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Special Designs (High Bay Records Storage)
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Special Designs (High Bay Records Storage)
Commodity Sprinkler Sprinkler No. of Minimum

Type Orientation design Residual
sprinkler Pressure (psi)
High Bay
Records ESFR Pendent 12 40
Storage
 No in-rack sprinklers required with solid shelf only in this case.

FIRE MATRIX
I. Introduction
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 Foam systems Codes:
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 Working theory :
Foam definition :
A stable aggregation of bubbles of
lower density than oil or water

• Foam systems:
 Foam extinguish flammable liquids in four ways:
1. Excludes air from the flammable vapors.

2. Eliminates vapor release from fuel surface.
3. Separates the flames from the fuel surface.
4. Cools the fuel surface and surrounding metal.
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 Foam physical characteristics:
 Knockdown Speed and Flow : this refers to the time required for the foam
blanket to spread across a fuel surface or around obstacles in order to achieve
complete extinguishment.
 Heat Resistance : foam must be able to resist the effects of heat from any
remaining fire from the liquid’s flammable vapor or heated objects.
 Fuel Resistance : effective foam minimizes fuel pick-up so that the foam does
not become saturated and burn.
 Vapor Suppression : a vapor-tight blanket must be capable of suppressing the

flammable vapors and minimize the rise of reigniting.
 Alcohol Resistance : foam blankets are more than 90% water. Because of this,
foam blankets that are not alcohol resistant will not last very long
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 Any foam system consist of :
1- Foam concentrate 2- Water supply
3- Proportioning device 4- Discharge device
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 Any foam system consist of (cont’d):
5- Piping & fittings
 For foam concentrate : 1- Brass
2- Bronze.
3- Stainless Steel.
 Galvanized or carbon steel shall not be used with foam concentrate.
 Foam solution: 1- Stainless Steel.

2- Galvanized Steel.
3- Carbon or black steel.

• Foam systems:
I. Foam concentrate types :
 Protein Foam Concentrates (RP)
 Fluoroprotein Foam Concentrates (FP)
 Film Forming Fluoroprotein Foam Concentrates (FFFP)
 Aqueous Film Forming Foam Concentrates (AFFF)
 Alcohol-Resistant Foam Concentrates (AR-AFFF and AR-FFFP)
 Synthetic Detergent Foam (Mid and High Expansion)

 Refer to Kidde guide to foam
• Foam systems:
I. Foam concentrate types (cont’d):
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
II. Expansion rates : The ratio of final foam volume to original foam
solution volume
Expansion ratio
 Low expansion < 20:1
 Medium expansion > 20:1 & < 200:1
 High expansion > 200:1

• Foam systems:
 Proportioning device :
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 Combustible & flammable liquid classification:
1. Combustible flash point ≥ 37.8°C.

2. Flammable flash point < 37.8°C.
• Combustible liquids:
 combustible Liquid Class II : Any liquid that has a flash point

>37.8°C & < 60 °C.
 combustible Liquid Class IIIA : Any liquid that has a flash point
≥60°C & < 93 °C.
 combustible Liquid Class IIIB : Any liquid that has a flash point
≥93°C.

• Foam systems:
 liquid classification cont.:
• Flammable Liquid Class I : Any liquid that has a flash point < 37.8°C
and subclassified as:
 Flammable Liquid Class IA : Any liquid that has a flash point below
22.8°C and a boiling point below 37.8°C.
 Flammable Liquid Class IB :Any liquid that has a flash point below
22.8°C and a boiling point at or above 37.8°C.
 Flammable Liquid Class IC : Any liquid that has a flash point at or

above 22.8°C but below 37.8°C.

II. Foam Systems
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 Proportioning systems: 1- Premix foam system
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to kidde fire manual for foam

• Foam systems:
 Proportioning systems: 2- Venturi type proportioning

• Foam systems:
 Proportioning systems: 3- Portable line Proportioning

• Foam systems:
 Proportioning systems: 4- Pressure Proportioning

• Foam systems:
 Proportioning systems: 5- Bladder tank Proportioning

• Foam systems:
 Proportioning systems: 6- Balanced pressure Proportioning

• Foam systems:
 Proportioning systems: 7- inline Balanced pressure Proportioning

• Foam systems:
 Proportioning systems: 8- around the pump Proportioning
(typically 10 to 40 GPM)

• Foam systems:
 Proportioning systems: 9- Portable nozzle Proportioning

• Foam systems:
 Proportioning systems: 10- Jet pump proportioning

• Foam systems:
 Proportioning systems: [Comparison]

• Foam systems:

• Foam systems:

• Foam systems:

III. Applications
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 hazards that medium and high expansion foam shall be permitted to
protect :
1.Ordinary combustible.
2.Flammable and combustible liquids.
3. combination of (1) & (2).
4.Liquefied natural gas (high expansion foam only).
 hazards that medium and high expansion foam shall not be used:
1.Chemicals like cellulose nitrate that release oxygen to sustain combustion.

2.Electrical unenclosed electrical equipment.
3.Water reactive metals like sodium or potassium.
4.Liquefied flammable gas (except natural gas or tests that indicate
acceptability)

• Foam systems:
2. High Expansion Foam Applications
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 hazards that low expansion foam shall be permitted to protect :
1.outdoor storage tanks.

2.Interior flammable liquid hazards.
3.Loading racks.
4.Diked areas.
5.Nondiked spill areas.

• Foam systems:
1. Low Expansion Foam Applications
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
1. Low Expansion Foam Applications
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 Design Concept (Data Required)
Foam Discharge
Application Discharge Application
Concentration Time
Area (ft2) Device Rate (gpm/ft2)
(%) (minute)
FIRE MATRIX
1- low expansion foam app.
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
1. Flammable liquid tanks:
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
1. Flammable liquid tanks cont.: for extinguishing we use
1- foam chamber & pourer 2- foam monitors
3- subsurface & semisubsurface 4- dike protection
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
1. Flammable liquid tanks cont.: for extinguishing we use cont.
5- foam hose cabinet 6- cooling sprinklers
7- water shield 8- portable foam system
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 Tank classification according to roof type :
Fixed roof Floating roof(internal or external)
FIRE MATRIX
A- FIXED ROOF TANK
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
1) Protection for fixed roof tank :
Protection
 Protection methods : - methods
Primary supplementary
Monitor or
Foam Chamber Subsurface Semisubsurface Foam FHC
Handline
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 11-2016ed-table5.2

• Foam systems:
1) Protection for fixed roof tank :
 Design steps:
A. Calculate fuel surface area

The circular area of the exposed fuel at the upper level of the tank
Area = (л /4 ) D2
B. Determine application rate (R) and discharge time (T) (Tables)

C. Calculate minimum foam discharge rate
Dgpm=(Area) (Rate)
D=foam discharge rate (gpm)

A=tank surface area (Step #A)
R=application rate
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
1) Protection for fixed roof tank cont. :
 Design steps cont.:

D. Calculate foam concentrate quantity
Q = Dgpm (T) (%)
D = foam discharge rate (gpm)

T = discharge time.
% = concentrate percentage for foam selected.
1% (0.01) , 3% (0.03) , 6% (0.06)
E. Determine the number of foam application outlets. (Tables)

F. Determine supplementary protection requirements. (Tables)
G. Determine total foam discharge rate.
H. Determine total foam concentrate quantity.
I. Determine water quantity.
J. Hydraulic calculation.
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:

 Foam chamber:
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:

1) No. of foam chambers

• Foam systems:

2) Application rate and discharge time

• Foam systems:

2) Application rate and discharge time (cont’d)

• Foam systems:

 subsurface foam. :
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:

 subsurface foam (cont’d)

• Foam systems:

1) No. of subsurface

• Foam systems:

1) No. of subsurface (cont’d)
FIRE MATRIX
 Refer to ANSUL catalogue
• Foam systems:


• Foam systems:

 Subsurface foam (remarks) :
1) Subsurface injection systems shall not be used for protection of Class IA

hydrocarbon liquids or for the protection of alcohols, esters, ketones,
aldehydes, anhydrides, or other products requiring the use of alcohol-
resistant foams.
2) Fluoroprotein foam, AFFF, and FFFP for subsurface injection shall have
expansion ratios between 2:1 and 4:1.
3) The foam velocity at the point of discharge into the tank contents shall not
exceed 3 m/sec for Class IB liquids or 6 m/sec for other classes of liquids
unless actual tests prove that higher velocities are satisfactory.
4) Where two or more outlets are required, they shall be located so that the
foam travel on the surface cannot exceed 30 m (100 ft).

• Foam systems:

 Semisubsurface foam
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:

 Semisubsurface foam
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 11-2016ed-FigureA.5.2.7

• Foam systems:

1) No. of semisubsurface
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 11-2016ed-tableA.5.2.7(b)

• Foam systems:

 Application rate is 4.1 L/min.m2 (0.1 gpm/ft2).
 Shall not used with floating roof tank
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 11-2006ed-secA.5.2.7(a)

• Foam systems:

 Monitors and handlines:
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 Monitor/handline design steps :
a. Calculate surface area.

b. Determine application rate (R) and discharge time (T)
c. Calculate total monitor flow = R × AREA
d. Calculate No. of monitors = Total monitor flow/flow per one monitor
(Typical monitor flow is 300 & 400 & 500 & 750 & 1000 &1250 gpm)
e. Total foam solution required (Q) = No. of monitors X flow per monitor
e. Calculate foam concentrate quantity
V = Q (T) (%)
Q = Total foam solution required (gpm)

T = discharge time.
1% (0.01) , 3% (0.03) , 6% (0.06)
f. Calculate required water supply = Q (T) (1-%)
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:


• Foam systems:
 Monitors and handlines (remarks) :
 Monitor nozzles shall not be considered as the primary means of protection

for fixed-roof tanks over 18 m in diameter.
 Foam handlines shall not be permitted to be used as the primary means of

protection for fixed-roof tanks over 9 m in diameter or those over 6 m in
height.
 For alcohol resistant foam operation time shall be 65 minutes.

• Foam systems:

 Hose stream. :
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:

 No. of FHC and discharge time
 Solution foam minimum flow is 50gpm.

B- FLOATING ROOF TANK
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
2) Protection for floating roof tank :
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 Protection methods : -
Protection
methods
Primary supplementary
Fixed foam Handlin Foam FHC

outlets
Above seal Below Seal

• Foam systems:
 Protection methods : -
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to ANSUL foam manual

• Foam systems:
1) Protection for floating roof tank cont. :
 Design steps :
 Application Area
30-60cm

• Foam systems:
2) Protection for floating roof tank cont.:
A) Top of seal: (Application rate & discharge time & spacing)

• Foam systems:
B) Below the seal: (Application rate & discharge time & spacing)
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 11-2016ed-table5.3.5.3.6.1

• Foam systems:
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 11-2016ed-Figure.3.5.3.1

• Foam systems:
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 11-2016ed-Figure.3.5.3.1

• Foam systems:

• Foam systems:
 Remarks :
 Below seal foam system shall not be used with combustible secondary seal.

• Foam systems:

 Hose stream. :
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:

 No. of FHC and discharge time
 Solution foam minimum flow is 50gpm.

• Foam systems:
Remarks cont. :
 Monitors shall not be used as the primary means of floating roof seal fire
extinguishment because of the difficulty of directing foam into the annular space
and the possibility of sinking the roof.
 Subsurface and semi-subsurface injection shall not be used for protection of

open-top or covered floating roof tanks because of the possibility of improper
distribution of foam at the fuel surface.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 11-2016ed-sec5.3.7,5.3.3.1

• Foam systems:
2) Protection for floating roof tank cont. : (Rim Seal Unit)
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
Premixed Foam
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
No. of Units Required = Total Foam Solution Volume / Unit Volume
 Unit volume available = 150 & 200 Liter

 Total Foam Solution volume get from below seal design as indicated in previous
slides.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 11-2016ed-sec5.3.7,5.3.3.1

C- Diked Area
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
3) Diked area:
 Some flammable liquid storage facilities consist of a number of small
tanks within a common diked area. The diked area, rather than the
individual storage tanks, may be considered the hazard to be protected
and a fixed system using monitors or floating roof foam makers is
required.
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
3) Diked area:
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
3) Diked area cont.:
 protected by:
 Low-level foam discharge outlets.
 Foam monitors or foam hoselines.
 Foam water sprinklers or nozzles. Refer to NFPA-16

D- Nondiked Spill Area
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
4) Nondiked spill area :
 Protected by tow methods:

a) Foam Nozzle
b) Foam Monitors.
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
4) Nondiked spill area :

• Foam systems:
4) Nondiked spill area : (according to manufacturer)
Item Flow (gpm) Water Pressure (psi) Hose Size (in) Hose Length (m)
Foam cart 95 200 1.5 15
Foam Monitor 350 : 2000 50 : 150 N/A N/A
FIRE MATRIX
E- Loading Racks
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
5) Loading rack:
 Within the scope of this standard, loading racks shall be defined as being
either truck or rail car types for the purpose of loading or unloading
product.

• Foam systems:
5) Loading rack:
 Protected by tow methods:

a) Deluge Foam sprinkler system.
b) Foam Monitors.
A. Foam sprinklers
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
5) loading rack cont.:
 Deluge system design 1. Deluge valve.
2. Isolating valve.
3. Diaphragm supply valve.
4. Manual control station.
5. Automatic shut-off valve.
6. Automatic drain valve.
7. Pressure switch.
8. Water motor gong.
9. Releasing panel.
10. Spray nozzle.
11. Smoke/heat detector.
12. Solenoid valve.
13. Foam proportioner.
14. Foam bladder tank.
15. Foam concentrate.
16. Hydraulic ball valve.
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 Deluge system design
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 16-2015ed-secA.5.14

• Foam systems:
 Deluge system design
 Foam – water wet and dry and preaction systems:
Sprinkler protection Sprinkler

design area density
area spacing
ft2 m2 ft2 m2 ft m Gpm/ft2
5000 465 100 9.3 12 3.7 0.16
 Design area for deluge system is entire area.(all sprinkler operated)

 Duration 10 minutes.
 Temperature rating : 1- At the roof or ceiling (121-149 0C) .
2- At intermediate level (57-77 0C) .

 Refer to NFPA 16-2015ed-sec7.3.2;3
B. Foam monitors
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:

• Foam systems:
5) loading rack cont.: protected by dry chemical
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
6) Machinery spaces :
 Protected by low expansion foam :

 May be by monitor or dike protection
Unit Low expansion
Application rate (R) Gpm/ft2 0.16

Duration rate minutes 5
Foam depth in. 6

2- HIGH EXPANSION FOAM APP.
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems: (High expansion foam App.)
1. For extinguishing we use foam generators
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
1. High & medium expansion foam principle

• Foam systems:
1. Types of foam generator
1- Aspiring type 2- Blower type

• Foam systems:
 Design steps:
A. Calculate surface area.
B. Determine application rate (R) and discharge time (T)
 Cn = 1.15 & 1 < CL <1.2 & Rs = S × Q

 S = 0.0748 m3/min .L/m = 10 cfm/gpm foam breakdown of sprinkler discharge.
 Q = total discharge from sprinklers expected to operate
= design area × density

• Foam systems:
 Design steps:
 V= Area × Submergence depth
 Submergence depth = 1.1 H for H ≥ 6 m (H is protected height)
= 0.6 m + H for H < 6 m
 T = submergence time taken form table 6.12.7.1.
C. Calculate No. of generator = total foam discharge rate / rate per available generator.
D. Calculate foam concentrate quantity
Q = R1 (T) (%)
R1 = foam discharge rate (gpm)

T = discharge time (25minutes or 4times submergence time which ever is less but in no
case not less than 15minutes).
1% (0.01) , 3% (0.03) , 6% (0.06)

• Foam systems:
 Design steps:
E. Determine supplementary protection requirements.

F. Determine total foam discharge rate.
G. Determine total foam concentrate quantity.
H. Determine water quantity.
I. Hydraulic calculation.
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 Design steps:
A B
A. Light or unprotected steel construction.

B. Heavy or protected or fire resistive construction.
• Foam systems:
 Design steps: for electrical application .
Remarks :
I. BIL : basic insulation level.
II. This table for altitude < 1000m

with higher add 1% per 100m.
III. For uninsulated parts clearance not

less than values in the table.
IV.Applicable there is DE-energized

system for electrical lines before
foam activation.

• Foam systems:
 Aircraft hangars:
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 Classification of aircraft hangars:
1) Group I.
2) Group II.
3) Group III.
4) Group IV.
 Group I:
H > 8.5m & L > 8.5m & single fire area > 3716m2

• Foam systems:
 Group II:
H < 8.5m & single fire area according to
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 409-2016ed-table4.1.2

• Foam systems:
 Group III:
H < 8.5m & single fire area according to
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 409-2016ed-table4.1.3

• Foam systems:
 Group IV:
rigid steel frame covered by membrane.
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 Fire protection systems for group I,II,III
Fire protection
systems
Deluge foam
Automatic Automatic
system +
sprinklers + low sprinklers + high
supplementary
expansion foam expansion foam
systems
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
1) Deluge system & supplementary systems: (above & below wings protection)
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
1) Deluge system & supplementary systems:
 Design of deluge system:
Sprinkler Density with Density with

Area per one Sprinkler
protection open head air aspirating
deluge valve spacing
area sprinkler sprinkler
ft2 m2 ft2 m2 ft m Gpm/ft2 Gpm/ft2
15000 1394 100 12 12 3.7 0.16 0.2
 Duration 10 min.
 Common used AFFF foam type.
 Detectors for actuating foam systems shall
be rate of rise, fixed temperature, or rate
compensation types.

• Foam systems:
 Design of deluge system:
• Water supply assumed to be capable to operate all systems in range 30m
from any fire point in every draft curtain with duration 60 minutes.
• Draft curtain protection area 697m2.
Fire
point
30m

 Refer to NFPA 409-2016ed-sec5.17
• Foam systems:
 Design of supplementary:
Monitors or fixed nozzles
Low expansion Low expansion
Unit
(AFFF) (RP–FP)
Application rate (R) Gpm/ft2 0.1 0.16
Duration rate minutes 10 10
Generator
Unit High expansion

Application rate (R) m3/min.m2 0.9
Duration rate minutes 12
• Foam systems:

 Design of supplementary remarks:
• Supplementary protection shall be installed when wings area > 279 m2.
• Actuation of any deluge foam sprinkler shall simultaneously operate
supplementary systems.

• Foam systems:

2) Closed head water sprinkler systems with low or high expansion foam:
Sprinkler
Area per one Sprinkler Sprinkler
group protection Density
zone valve spacing type
area
Quick
ft2 m2 ft2 m2 ft m Gpm/ft2
response
I 15000 1394 100 9.3 12 3.7 0.17 K = 5.6 or 8
II ,III 5000 464.5 100 9.3 12 3.7 0.17 K = 5.6 or 8
 Low or high expansion foam system is the same which used with
deluge system.

• Foam systems:

2) Hose systems:
 Shall be used with deluge or closed sprinkler systems.
Water hose Foam hose

Shops – offices-non Aircraft Surface &
Places UNIT
aircraft storage area storage area
Size in. 1 ½ or 2 ½ 1 ½ or larger
Minimum duration minutes 30 20
Minimum Flow gpm NFPA 14 60
No. of design hoses NFPA 14 2

• Foam systems:
 Fire protection systems for group IV
 Water duration minimum 45minutes. Fire
protection
systems
Area > 1115 m2 Area ≤ 1115 m2
Fueled Unfueled Automatic sprinklers
Low expansion High expansion Low expansion High expansion Automatic sprinklers
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 409-2016ed-sec9.14.1;2;3

• Foam systems:
 Heliports :
FIRE MATRIX
• Foam systems:
 Heliports :
 Helicopter classification:
Unit H1 H2 H3
Length m < 15.2 ≥ 15.2 & < 24.4 ≥ 24.4 & < 36.6
Critical fire area m2 34.8 78 133.8
MIN.
Fire extinguisher rating 4A & 80B 10A & 120B 30A & 240B
ONE
 Fire protection methods (one of the following):
a) Foam monitor (using total landing pad area to find solution flow rate).
b) Foam hose lines (using critical fire area to find solution flow rate )
 Exceptions :
1. Heliports on parking garages, unoccupied buildings do not require
the installation of a low expansion foam system.
2. For H1 may be protected only by 2 fire extinguisher have minimum
rating 20A & 160B.
• Foam systems:
 Heliports :
 Foam type and its application rates :
 The foam discharge rate for the fire-extinguishing system shall be 0.10
gpm/ft2 (4.1 L/min・m2) for aqueous film forming foam (AFFF).
 Minimum duration is :
a) For hose 2minutes.
b) For monitors 10minutes.
 Typical flows of foam hose is (60 & 95 & 125 gpm).

 Typical flows of monitors ( 300 & 400 & 500 & 750 & 1000 & 1250 gpm).
 Fire extinguisher with minimum rating 30A,240B must be installed.

FIRE MATRIX
• Standpipe system:
Landing valve Hose cabinet
FIRE MATRIX
 Standpipe Types :
1) Automatic wet.
2) Automatic dry.
3) Semiautomatic dry (single or double or non interlock).
4) Manual wet.
5) Manual dry.
6) Combined system.

 Standpipe Types (Cont’d):
1) Automatic wet.
FIRE MATRIX
1) Automatic dry.
FIRE MATRIX
1) Semiautomatic dry.
FIRE MATRIX
1) Manual wet.
FIRE MATRIX
1) Manual dry
FIRE MATRIX
1) Combined.
FIRE MATRIX
 Fire hose classification :
1) According to size :
Class I (2 ½ in.) Class II (1 or 1 ½ in.) Class III (1 ½ + 2 ½ in.)

 Classification :
2) According to hose position:
Hose rack (for 2.5” & 1.5”) Hose reel (for 1” only)
FIRE MATRIX
 Classification :
3) According to location from the wall:
FIRE MATRIX
 Water supply requirement :
Unit Class I& III Class II
Maximum Flow / Hose Gpm 250 100

Minimum residual pressure Bar 6.9 4.5
Maximum residual pressure Bar 12.1 6.9
Travel distance m 45.7 39.7
Applicable travel distance m 30 30
Minimum standpipe size in. 4 -----
 For combined system minimum standpipe size is 6 in.
 Branch lines ≥ 2 ½ in.
 Factors in determining amount of water
1) Number of streams
2) Probable duration of use
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 14-2013ed-sec7.6;7.2.3
 Refer to NFPA 14-2013ed-sec7.8.1;7.3.2
 According to NFPA 14 :
I. For building has floor area > 7432 m2 :
1) Unsprinklered building
500gpm for 1st standpipe + 500gpm for 2nd standpipe + For class I
250gpm for additional standpipe. & class III
2) Sprinklered building
500gpm for 1st standpipe + 500gpm for 2nd standpipe.
II. For building has floor area ≤ 7432 m2 :

1) Sprinklered building
500gpm for 1st standpipe + 250gpm for additional standpipe
, max. 1000gpm.

 According to NFPA 14 :
II. For building has floor area ≤ 7432 m2 :
2) Unsprinklered building
500gpm for 1st standpipe + 250gpm for additional standpipe ,
max. 1250gpm. For class I
& class III
3) For horizontal standpipe supplying 3 or more hose
connection ,flow shall be 750gpm + 250gpm for additional
standpipe , max. 1000gpm(sprinklered) ; 1250 (unsprinklered).
III. For class II hose cabinet flow 100gpm and no additional flow for
additional standpipe.
 Duration :
 The water supply shall be capable to provide class( I or II or
III) water demand for at least 30minute
 Refer to NFPA 14-2013ed-sec 9.2
Fire main
FIRE MATRIX
Fire main
FIRE MATRIX
Fire water
main
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
 Fire hose cabinet location:
 Hose cabinet shall be installed at height (X) = 0.9 to 1.5m (from center line
of hose valve) above finished floor level.

 Class II location:
 in corridors or any where at which can trained people use it.
 Class I : used by fire department men.
 Fire department connection sizes shall be based on the standpipe system

demand and shall include one 2 1 ⁄ 2 in. (65 mm) inlet per every 250 gpm
(946 L/min).
 Check valve shall be located after Siamese connection for both wet and dry
standpipe systems.
 For dry system piping shall be galvanized (other than pipe filled by water
black steel permitted).
 High-rise buildings shall have at least two remotely located fire department
connections for each zone.
FIRE MATRIX
 Class I & III location:
1) At the main floor landing in exit stairways.
2) On each side of the wall adjacent to the exit openings of horizontal exits
3) In other than covered mall buildings, in each exit passageway at the
entrance from the building areas into the passageway.
4) In covered mall buildings, at the entrance to each exit passageway or exit
corridor, and at the interior side of public entrances from the exterior to the
mall.
5) At the highest landing of stairways with stairway access to a roof, or on
roofs with a slope of less than 4 in 12 where stairways do not access the
roof
6) Hose connections shall be permitted to be located at the highest
intermediate landings between floor levels in exit stairways where required
by the AHJ.

FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
130
200

FIRE MATRIX
 Pressure regulating valve:
 Used when residual pressure at hose exceed permissible pressure.
FIRE MATRIX
 Single and multi zone systems:

 Multi zone systems:
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
I. Introduction
FIRE MATRIX
• WATER SPRAY SYSTEM:
 Water Spray Systems Code :
FIRE MATRIX
ITEM sprinkler Water spray Water mist
Drop diameter >1mm 0.3 to 1mm 0.15 to 0.3mm
One liter quantity 1900 5700000 1900000000
One liter surface area 6m2 20m2 60m2
One liter time to steam 6 0.002 0.0000006
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to viking water mist guide

FIRE MATRIX
PSI
FIRE MATRIX
 Water spray effective for :
(1) Extinguishment of fire

(2) Control of burning
(3) Exposure protection
(4) Prevention of fire
 Extinguishing Methods :
(1) Surface cooling

(2) Smothering by produced steam
(3) Emulsification (for material not miscible with water)
(4) Dilution (for material miscible with water)
FIRE MATRIX
II. System Components
FIRE MATRIX
 Water spray System Components :
A) Reliable water source & pumps C) Initiation and control equipment

B) Piping network D) Discharge devices
FIRE MATRIX
A) Reliable Water Source & Pumps
Fire Tanks Fire pumps
End Suction Pump Inline Pump

FIRE MATRIX
B) Piping Network
Fire protection pipes Fire protection fittings
Hangers & supports
FIRE MATRIX
C) Initiation and control equipment
FIRE MATRIX
Detectors
C) Initiation and control equipment cont’d
24VDC
Manual-Release
220VAC
Flash lamb
Deluge Valve
Bell Solenoid
FIRE MATRIX
D) Discharge Device
FIRE MATRIX
 Water spray System Actuation:
 System actuation valves shall be provided with manual means of actuation
independent of the automatic release system and detection devices.
Operation
Manual Automatic
Remote Command Detectors (Heat /
Emergency Manual
Local Push Button By Operator in Flame / Pilot
Valve
Control Room Sprinkler)

III. Applications
FIRE MATRIX
 Applications: 1- Conveyor belt

 Applications: 2- Cable Tray
FIRE MATRIX
 Applications: 3- vessels

 Applications: 3- vessels cont.

 Applications: 3- vessels cont.
FIRE MATRIX
 Applications: 4- Transformers

 Applications: 4- Transformers cont.

 Applications: 5- Metal pipe & conduit

 Applications: 6- Tunnels
FIRE MATRIX
 Applications: 7- Mechanical equipment (pumps – compressors)
FIRE MATRIX
IV. System Design
FIRE MATRIX
 Design steps :
1) Find shape , dimension , area for the application.
2) Calculate water required =
Application area X Application rate (from table).
3) Assume nozzle pressure.
4) Select the most probable nozzle arrangement :
a. Nozzle angle.
b. Distance of nozzle from surface (common 0.6m).
c. Nozzle direction.
d. No. of nozzles = application circumference / coverage distance per nozzle.
5) Calculate water required per nozzle =
Total water required / No. of nozzles.
6) Select proper nozzle capacity ( K=Q/√P).
7) Determine the required nozzle pressure.
8) Hydraulic calculation.
FIRE MATRIX
 Design steps :
1) Find the protection area: a-Horizontal Tank.
 Shell Area = Л x D x L
A. Spherical ends B. Hemispherical ends C. Flat Ends

(concave or convex)
Ae = Л x D2 + h2 ) Ae = Л x D2 Ae = Л x D2
( 2 4
4
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to viking water spray guide

 Design steps :
1) Find the protection area: b- Vertical Tank.
A. Flat or Conical Top B. Spherical Top C. Spherical Tank

Flat : At = Ab = Л x D2 At = Л x ( D2
+ h2 + DL/3) At = Ab = Л x D2
4 4
2
Conical : Ae = Л x ( D2
+ h2 ) Ab = Л x ( D2
+ h2 )
4 4
Shell Area = Л x D x L Shell Area = Л x D x L

 Design steps :
1) Find the protection area: c-Transformer.
 Top Area = W x L
 Sides Area = 2 H x (W + L)
 Bottom Area = W x L [if h>0.3m]
 Grade Area =
((L+0.9) x (W+0.9)) – Bottom Area
[If grade surface is non absorbing like
concrete or asphalt , Grid Area=0]

 Design steps :
1) Find the protection area: d-cable tray
 Area = L x W
[Taken area per one deluge valve 232m2
to avoid excess water demand]

 Design steps :
1) Find the protection area: e- Conveyor Belt
 Top Belt Area = Bottom Belt Area = L x W

 L = belt length
 Drive Equipment Area

[variable from project to another]

 Design steps :
1) Find the protection area: f- Machinery Space
 Machinery Pad Area = L x W

 W = pad width

 Design steps :
1) Find the protection area: c-for legs or supports.
 No protection required for supports ≤ 0.3m in height.

 Application rates:
Application Unit Application rate

Cable trays Gpm/ft2 0.3
Vessels Gpm/ft2 0.25
Exterior surface Gpm/ft2 0.25
Transformers
ground Gpm/ft2 0.15
Conveyor belts Gpm/ft2 0.25
Drive unit Gpm/ft2 0.25
Pumps & compressors Gpm/ft2 0.5
Flammable liquid pools Gpm/ft2 0.3
Structural Horizontal Gpm/ft2 0.1
members vertical Gpm/ft2 0.25

 Remarks :
1) Minimum residual pressure for water spray nozzle is 20 psi (1.4 bar).
2) Maximum distance between nozzles vertically or horizontally 3m.
3) Pilot sprinkler used as outdoor detector.
4) For pilot sprinkler maximum spacing is 2.5m.
5) Maximum distance between pilot sprinkler levels is 5.2m.
6) Operating duration minimum 1 hour.
7) Hose allowance is 250gpm must be added to system flow rate.
8) Response time not more than 40 sec.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 15-2012ed-sec8.1.2;6.5.2.4.8

 Refer to NFPA 15-2012ed-sec10.4.2.1;7.2.3.1.4
 Water spray pipe fixation:
 Using pipe stand and U-bolt

 Water spray pipe fixation cont. :

 Water spray pipe drain : (piping slope = 25mm/3m length or 0.8%)

 No Of Spare Pilot Sprinklers If Used :
No. of sprinklers in system No. of spare sprinklers

< 300 6
≥ 300 & < 1000 12
> 1000 24

 Ultra high speed water spray system cont. :
 Ultra-high-speed water spray systems shall be used for the extinguishment or control of
deflagrations in open, unconfined areas or within process equipment.
FIRE MATRIX




Not Required
 Ultra high speed water spray system:
 Used for explosion hazards. (local or space application)
 System requirements :
Item Unit Value

Application rate for area application Gpm/ft2 0.5
Min. flow per nozzle for local application Gpm 25
Residual pressure Bar 3.4
Duration Minute 15
Response time Millisecond 100
System Volume Limitation (per one actuation valve) Gal 500
 System capacity shall be permitted to exceed 500 gal if response time <100ms.

FIRE MATRIX
I. Introduction
FIRE MATRIX
• WATER MIST SYSTEM:
 Water Mist Systems Code :
FIRE MATRIX
ITEM sprinkler Water spray Water mist
Drop diameter >1mm 0.3 to 1mm 0.15 to 0.3mm
One liter quantity 1900 5700000 1900000000
One liter surface area 6m2 20m2 60m2
One liter time to steam 6 0.002 0.0000006

1. Cooling both the flame and surrounding gases by evaporation.

2. Displacing oxygen by evaporation.
3. Attenuating radiant heat by the small droplets themselves.
 Water mist compared with sprinkler and gas systems :
1. Immediate activation
2. High efficiency in the suppression of a wide variety of fires
3. Minimized water damage
4. Environmentally sound characteristics
5. No toxic problems
6. Lower overall system weight
7. Less water consumption
8. Better penetration into the seat of the fire
FIRE MATRIX
 Water Volume :

Water Mist Classification
Pressurizing
Pressure Media Types Application Operation Construction
Method
Low Single Local Wet Gas Cylinders Engineered
Medium Twin Total Compartment Dry Pumps Pre-engineered
High Zoned Preaction
Occupancy Deluge
FIRE MATRIX
 System pressure :
1) Pressure ≤ 12.1 bar Low

2) Pressure > 12.1 & ≤ 34.5 bar Medium
3) Pressure > 34.5 bar High
 Media system types :

Twin fluid Single fluid
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 750-2015ed-sec3.3.10;11;12

 Media system types cont. : 1- single fluid

 Media system types cont. : 2- Twin fluid

 Applications :
1) Local application for object protection.
2) Total compartment application for space protection.
3) Zoned application for portion of space by the activation of a selected
group of nozzles.
4) Occupancy
FIRE MATRIX
 Operation : 1-Wet 2-Dry 3-Deluge 4-Preaction
FIRE MATRIX
 Water pressurizing methods:
1- Pressurized gas cylinders 2- Water pumps
FIRE MATRIX
 Water pressurizing methods cont. :
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to TOMCO water mist guide

 Water pressurizing methods cont. :
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to TOMCO water mist guide

 System Construction :
1- Engineered System : Those systems that need individual calculation and design to
determine the flow rates, nozzle pressures, pipe size, area, or volume protected by each
nozzle, discharge density of water mist, the number and types of nozzles, and the nozzle
placement in a specific system
2- Pre-engineered System : Those systems that have predetermined pipe and tube
sizes, maximum and minimum pipe lengths, number of fittings and numbers and types of
nozzles, nozzle pressures, atomizing media, and water storage quantities and that do not
require additional hydraulic calculations.

II. Components
FIRE MATRIX
 Water mist system component:

1- Nozzles 2- Piping or tubing & Fitting
FIRE MATRIX
2- Piping or tubing & Fitting
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
2- Tubing & Fitting cont’d : (stainless steel AISI 316L)
Flare connection for D > 38mm Cutting ring connection for D ≤ 38mm
FIRE MATRIX
3- Water supply 4- Valves
FIRE MATRIX
4- Valves cont’d : Selector Valve
FIRE MATRIX
4- Valves cont’d : Fire Department Connection (FDC)
[For High & Medium Pressure]

[For Low Pressure]

 Shall not be required if :
(1) Systems protecting less than 200 m2 (2000 ft2).

(2) Systems with design pressures in excess of 12 bar (175 psi) and
supplied only by storage cylinders.
(3) Systems where the atomizing medium is essential for fire suppression.

 Water Mist System Components :
Detectors
C) Initiation and control equipment cont’d
24VDC
Manual-Release
220VAC
Flash lamb
Deluge Valve
Bell Solenoid
FIRE MATRIX
6- Hose systems
FIRE MATRIX
 Deluge Water Mist System Actuation:
Operation
Manual Automatic
Remote Command
Emergency Manual Detectors (Heat /
Local Push Button By Operator in
Valve Flame / Smoke)
Control Room
FIRE MATRIX
III. Applications
FIRE MATRIX
 Applications :
1) Gas jet fires.

2) Flammable and combustible liquids.
3) Hazardous solids, including fires involving plastic foam furnishings.
4) Protection of aircraft occupants from an external pool fire long enough to
provide time to escape.
5) Ordinary (Class A) combustible fires such as paper, wood, and textiles
6) Electrical hazards, such as transformers, switches, circuit breakers, and
rotating equipment.
7) Electronic equipment, including telecommunications equipment.
8) We can use it in museums having large area because of small pipe size of
water mist system which can be recessed.
9) Highway and railway tunnels.
10) Libraries
FIRE MATRIX
 Applications :
1- Transformer Room 2- Switchgear Room
3- Museums 4- Libraries
FIRE MATRIX
 Applications :
5- Highway Tunnel 6- Flammable Liquid room
7- Turbines 8- Data Centers
FIRE MATRIX
IV. System Design
FIRE MATRIX
 System Design :
 Full design including nozzles (including distribution and models) and pipe
sizing and pumping method according to manufacturer.
 Shall be noted that there isn’t any water mist system applicable for all
applications but is accepted for specific application according to testing.
FIRE MATRIX
 System Design : Example
 This design for machinery spaces up to 260m3.

 Machinery include (housing hazards such as oil pumps and / or reservoirs,
fuel filters, gear boxes, drive shafts, lubrication skids, internal combustion
engine test cells, or spaces with incidental storage of flammable liquids
like class I or II or III)
FIRE MATRIX
 There are 2 models used as water mist unit
Pressure
Regulator
Item 70Gal 107Gal

Width (m) 0.7 0.7
Length (m) 1.2 1.2
Height (m) 1.7 2.7
N2 cylinder Volume (lit.) 67.2
N2 H2O N2 Pressure (psi) 1850 - 1980

Water Volume (gal) 70 107
Maximum No. Of Nozzle 6 9
Duration (minutes) 10
FIRE MATRIX
 System Nozzles
Item Specs
Max. Nozzle Spacing (m) 2.44
Max. Nozzle To Wall (m) 1.22
Max. Nozzle To Ceiling (m) 0.3
Pressure at each Nozzle In Grid (psi) 310 (+15)
-
Nozzle Size (in) 0.5
Nozzle Normal Flow (gpm) 2.1
FIRE MATRIX
 System Pipe Routing
FIRE MATRIX
 System Pipe Sizing :
1. Maximum pressure drop from water mist unit to any nozzle doesn’t
exceed 20 psi.
2. Assume pipe sizes as following
No. of Nozzle Tube Size (in)
Up to 2 0.5
>2 0.75
3. Get pipe length for every pipe section according to pipe routing.
4. Get equivalent length for every fitting on pipe section (table). -
5. Sum both length and equivalent length for every section.
6. Multiply every section total length in it’s pressure drop according to no
nozzle carried by that pipe (table).
7. Sum total pressure drop up to water mist unit and static head (shall be
less than 20psi)
FIRE MATRIX
 System Pipe Sizing :
o Maximum pressure drop from water mist unit to any nozzle doesn’t
exceed 20 psi.
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE HYDRANT:
FIRE
HYDRANT
OPERATION INSTALLTION water supply
GROUND
WET Public
MOUNTED
WALL
DRY private
MOUNTED
Underground
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE HYDRANT:
 Operation methods :
1- Dry barrel 2- Wet barrel
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE HYDRANT:
 Mounting methods :
1- ground mounting 2- wall mounting
3- Underground
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE HYDRANT:
 Water supply :
1-private source 2-public source
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE HYDRANT:
 Private and Public fire hydrant :
Difference Private Hydrant Public Hydrant
Scope (Infra. + mech.) engineer Infra. engineer
Min. pressure (NFPA) 6.9 bar (100 psi) 1.4 bar (20 psi)
Min. pressure (Egyptian 4 bar (60 psi) N.A

code)
Flow required & duration 250 gpm /outlet. According to fire flow
(NFPA) 30 minutes (table I.3)
Flow required & duration N.A According to fire flow
(Egyptian code) (table 7-1)
Pumping method Private pump station Fire engine
Water source Private Fire tank Municipality
Minimum Egyptian 6 in (150mm) N.A

inlet pipe
size NFPA 6 in (150mm) 6in , main pipe not less than 6 in for
looped and 8 in for not looped
 Refer to NFPA 24-2013ed-sec7.2.3;7.1
 Refer to NFPA 24-2013ed-secC.4.1.1
 Refer to NFPA 1141-2017ed-sec9.3.9.
• FIRE HYDRANT:
 Private and Public fire hydrant :
Difference Private Hydrant Public Hydrant
Location (NFPA Shall be located not less than 12m from the No and distance between two
code) building or use wall hydrant with AHJ. hydrants is according to fire flow
Height between outlet centerline and finished (table I.3).
grade (0.45-0.9 m). Height between outlet centerline and
finished grade (0.45-0.9 m).
Distance from Siamese not more
than 30.5m.
Location (Egyptian At least two fire hydrant not more than 30m  Maximum distance between two
code) from building main entrance must be installed. fire hydrant not to exceed 100 m.
At least one fire hydrant not more than 25m  Height between outlet centerline
from other building sides must be installed. and finished grade (0.45 m).
Height between outlet centerline and finished
grade (0.45 m).
Other requirement Valves in the hydrant connection shall be installed the hydrant should be placed within
(NFPA) within 6.1 m of the hydrant. 1.8m of the pavement.
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE HYDRANT:
 Color coding : [for public hydrant only]
 For private hydrant with any flow the color is red.

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 24-2013ed-secD.5.1.2
• FIRE HYDRANT:
 Installation requirement:
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE HYDRANT:
 Installation requirement cont. : (min. & max. height)

• FIRE HYDRANT:
 Installation requirement cont. :

• FIRE HYDRANT:
 Egyptian fire code
 Fire flow according to population

and application type
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to Egyptian code 102/1

• FIRE HYDRANT:
 NFPA 1 code
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 1-2006ed-secI.3

• FIRE HYDRANT:
 NFPA 1 code
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 1-2006ed-secH.5.1

• FIRE HYDRANT:
 NFPA 220 code

• FIRE HYDRANT:
 (according to NFPA 24 , 1 , 220 )
 For one and two family dwelling units have fire flow area ≤ 334.5
m2 minimum fire flow 1000gpm for 1hr duration.
 If sprinklered fire flow reduced to 50%.
 The fire flow area shall be the total floor area of all floor levels of
a building except as the fire flow area of a building constructed of
Type I (443), Type I (332), and Type II (222) construction shall be
the area of the three largest successive floors.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 1-2006ed-secH.4.3

 Refer to NFPA 1-2006ed-secH.5.1
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE PUPMS:
FIRE
PUMPS
CONSTRUCTION PIPING DRIVER
SPLIT CASE PIPES ELECTRIC
IN-LINE FITTING DIESEL
VERTICAL
STEAM
SHAFT VALVES
TURBINE
TURBINE
END
SUCTION
Positive
displacement
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE PUPMS:
 Classification according to construction :
1- split case pump 2- vertical shaft turbine pump
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE PUPMS:
 Classification according to construction :
3- in-line pump 4- positive displacement pump 5- end suction pump
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE PUPMS:
 Classification according to driver :
1- Electric pump 2- diesel pump
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE PUPMS:
Pump type Benefits Drawbacks
 Available in a wide flow and head  Large floor space requirement.
range.  Restricts mechanical room layout
1-horizontal split due to direction of rotation.
 Serviceable without disturbing
case pump  More costly.
piping or driver.
 Available in electric or diesel drive.  More difficult to service.
 Compact  Only available up to 1500GPM
2-vertical inline  Serviceable  Electric Drive Only
pump  Reliable  Requires suction strainer
 Cost Effective
 Moderate floor space requirement  Only available up to 1500gpm
 Flexibility in mechanical room  Single suction design limits
3-End suction layout hydraulic efficiency
pump  Available in electric or diesel drive
 Serviceable
 Will operate under suction lift  More costly

4-vertical turbine  Available in electric or diesel drive  More difficult to service and install
pump  Available over wide flow and head
range
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE PUPMS:
 Fire pump capacity calculation:
1- Fully sprinklered building 2- Partial sprinklered building
Q (pump) = Q (sprinklers) + Hose Allowance Q (pump) = Q (sprinklers) + Q (Hose)

(OR) (OR)
Q (pump) = Q (Hose) + 150gpm (light hazard)
Q (pump) = Q (Hose) Q (pump) = Q (Hose) + 500gpm (ordinary)
Whichever is greater Whichever less
 Refer to NFPA 14-2013ed-sec7.10.1.3.2
• FIRE PUPMS:
 Available fire pump capacities:

• FIRE PUPMS:
 Piping of fire pumps:

• FIRE PUPMS:
 Piping of fire pumps cont. :

• FIRE PUPMS:
1) Suction side : a-anti vortex plate

• FIRE PUPMS:
1) Suction side : b-valves
1- Gate valves 2- check or back flow preventer
 If required by AHJ or other

standard.
 Check Shall be installed not less than
10D from pump suction flange
For B.F.P with butterfly valves not less
than 15.2m from pump suction flange

• FIRE PUPMS:
1) Suction side : c-fittings (joined by flanges or grooved coupling)

• FIRE PUPMS:
1) Suction side : c-fittings (joined by flanges or grooved coupling)

• FIRE PUPMS:
1) Suction side : d-suction screening and strainer
1- suction screening 2- strainer
 Opening area shall be 1in2/1gpm.
 Strainer installed at least 10D

from pump suction flange.
• FIRE PUPMS:
1) Suction side : e-strain relief (flexible coupling)
 Installed when pump and suction supply are on separate foundations
with rigid interconnection.
 Maximum flow velocity in suction pipes ≤ 15 ft/s.

• FIRE PUPMS:
2) Discharge side : a-relief valve
1- circulating relief valve (required for each pump)
 used for prevent the pump from

overheating when operating with
no discharge.
 Size according to pump flow:
a. ¾ in. for pump up to 2500 gpm.
b. 1 in. for pump 3000-5000 gpm.
• FIRE PUPMS:
2) Discharge side : a-relief valve
2- Main relief valve : (spring or pilot type)
Shall be installed with diesel
drive pump when 121% of shutoff
(churn) pressure plus static
pressure exceed. component
rating pressure.
Shall be installed between the

pump and discharge check valve.

• FIRE PUPMS:
2) Discharge side : a-relief valve cont.
1- Main relief valve :

• FIRE PUPMS:
2) Discharge side : b-gate & check valves
1- Gate valves 2- check or back flow prevention
 A listed check valve or back flow

preventer Shall be installed in the
pump discharge assembly.

• FIRE PUPMS:
2) Discharge side : c-hose valve header
 A listed gate or butterfly valve shall be installed in the line between

the pump & the hose valve header.
 We can use hydrants or stand pipe with sufficient numbers and sizes
for pump test.

• FIRE PUPMS:
2) Discharge side : d-pressure sensing lines
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE PUPMS:
2) Discharge side : d-pressure sensing lines cont.

• FIRE PUPMS:
2) Discharge side : d-pressure sensing lines cont.
 Remarks :
 For all pump installations, including jockey pumps, each controller shall
have its own individual pressure sensing line.
 The pressure sensing line shall be made between pump’s discharge check
valve and discharge isolation valve.
 The pressure sensing line shall be brass, rigid copper pipe Types K, L, or
M, or Series 300 stainless steel pipe or tube, and the fittings shall be of
1⁄2 in. (15 mm) nominal size.
 Maximum flow velocity in discharge pipes ≤ 20 ft/s

• FIRE PUPMS:
3) Pump casing: a-air release valve.
 Minimum size is ½ in.

 Shall not be used with end suction and
Vertical pumps
• FIRE PUPMS:
4) Sizing for piping & valves.

• FIRE PUPMS:
4) Sizing for piping & valves.
 Remarks :
1. For discharge pipe if there is more than one elbow the next larger size
shall be used.
2. For hose header if pipe length between pump discharge and hose
header exceed 4.6m the next larger size shall be used.
3. Where the system riser is also a part of the fire pump discharge
piping, a flexible pipe coupling shall be installed at the base of the
system riser.

 Refer to NFPA 20-2013ed-sec4.20.3.4;4.28.3.2
• FIRE PUPMS:
 Typical pump installations : a-vertical turbine

• FIRE PUPMS:
 Typical pump installations cont. : foam & water mist pumps

• FIRE PUPMS:
 Pump rotation direction:

• FIRE PUPMS:
 Pump room/house:
1- indoor 2- outdoor
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE PUPMS:
 Pump room/house:
 Any pump room shall contain :-
1) Main pump (electric drive connected to the building normal power).

2) Standby pump (diesel drive or electric with alternate power source).
3) Jockey pump (electric drive connected to the building normal power
and no alternate power required).
4) Each pump shall have individual control panel.
5) Batteries for diesel engine starting or other starting methods and for
pump room control equipment.
6) If there is diesel pump fuel tank shall be installed with capacity at
least 1gallon per 1hp plus 10% of volume .
7) Pump room floor shall be sloped and have drainage system.
8) Pump room shall have ventilation system.
9) Equipment related to domestic water distribution shall be permitted
to be located within the same room as the fire pump equipment.
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE PUPMS:
 Typical pump room:
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE PUPMS:
 Pump room/house
 Pump rooms enclosing diesel pump drive and day tank shall be
protected by automatic sprinklers and classified as extra hazard G2.
 Fire pump rooms not directly accessible from the outside shall be
accessible through an enclosed passageway from an enclosed stairway
or exterior exit with fire rated not less than for the pump room.
• FIRE PUPMS:
 Pump room/house
 Exhaust shall be piped outside the pump room

 Exhaust pipes shall be installed with clearances of at least 9 in.
(229 mm) to combustible materials.
• FIRE PUPMS:
 Pump room/house
 Jockey pump :-
 Flow rate don’t exceed flow

required by one sprinkler.
 For water mist system flow rate

don’t exceed half flow required by
one nozzle.
 Pressure equal to main pump

pressure plus 5psi.

FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE PUPMS:
 Pump room/house
 Pumps in-series:-
a) No more than three pumps shall be allowed to operate in series.

b) No pump in a series pump unit shall be shut down automatically for any
condition of suction pressure.
c) No pressure reducing or pressure regulating valves shall be installed
between fire pumps arranged in series.
d) Butterfly valve shall not be installed between pumps in-series

• FIRE PUPMS:
 Pump selection :

• FIRE PUPMS:
 Pump Testing :
To
Tank
Manufac. Manufac.
10 x pipe D

• FIRE PUPMS:
 Pump Bypass :
 Where the suction supply is of sufficient pressure to be of material value
without the pump, the pump shall be installed with a bypass.
 For multistage multiport pumps, a bypass shall be installed between the pump
suction and the first outlet port and between sequential outlet ports wherever
the bypass can provide pressure that is of material value without the impeller.
 The size of the bypass shall be at least as large as the pipe size required for
discharge pipe.

• FIRE PUPMS:
 Pump Testing :
 Hydrostatic pressure test :

 Suction and discharge piping shall be hydrostatically tested at not less
than 200 psi (13.8 bar) pressure or at 50 psi (3.4 bar) in excess of the
maximum pressure to be maintained in the system, whichever is greater.
 The pressure required shall be maintained for 2 hours.

FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE TANKS:
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE TANKS:
 Tank types :
1- Gravity/elevated tank 2- Pressure tank
3- Ground tank 4- Underground tank
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE TANKS:
 Tank types :
1- Concrete 2- Steel
3- Fiberglass reinforced 4- Coated fabrics

plastic (GRP)
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE TANKS:
 Tank sizes :
Tank material Unit Standard size

Reinforced concrete gal 10000-500000
Prestressed concrete gal 10000-1000000
wood gal 5000-100000
steel gal 5000-500000
GRP gal ---------
Coated fabric gal 100000-1000000
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE TANKS:
 Tank Design :
Tank Volume = Total Flow Rate (Gpm) x Duration (Minutes) x factor
TANK = OR x
Application Hazard Duration (minutes)

Sprinkler Light 30
Ordinary (G1 & G2) 60 - 90
Extra (G1 & G2) 90 - 120
FHC (Class I,II,III) Any 30
Factor :Adding 10-20% of water volume for above water level piping
 Refer to NFPA 14-2013ed-sec 9.2
• FIRE TANKS:
 Remarks :
1) Tank filling duration ≤ 8 hours.

2) Filling pipe size ≥ 2 in.
3) Filling pipe location not less than 2 in. from the tank top.
4) Filling pipe shall have check valve and bypass not less than 2 in.
5) Overflow pipe diameter ≥ 3 in.& shall be located below inlet level.
6) Vent pipe shall have cross section area not less than one half discharge area.
7) Discharge pipe : a- 6 in. For tank capacity ≤ 25000 gal.
b- 8 in. For tank capacity ≥ 30000 & ≤ 100000 gal.
c- 10 in. For tank capacity > 100000 gal.
8) Control valve attached to the tank shall be OS&Y gate valves.

9) Antivortex plate located ½ diameter of discharge pipe from tank bottom but
not less than 6 in.
10) Tank drain not less than 2 in.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 22-2013ed-sec14.4.2;14.6.1;14.7.4.1
 Refer to NFPA 22-2013ed-sec14.4.6.2;14.2.2.2
• FIRE TANKS:
 Remarks :
11) For concrete tanks all piping shall be with puddle flanged pieces (wall
piece)
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE TANKS:
 Typical tank installations :
1- Underground tank 2- Pressure tank
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE TANKS:
 Break tank :
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE TANKS:
 Break tank :
 Applications :
(1) As a backflow prevention device between the city water supply and the
fire pump suction.
(2) To eliminate pressure fluctuations in the city water supply and provide
a steady suction pressure to the fire pump.
(3) To augment the city water supply when the volume of water available
from the city is inadequate for the fire protection demand.
 Sizing :
 Shall have a capacity of 150% of pump capacity for 15 minutes

minimum.

• FIRE TANKS:
 Break tank :
 Filling line :
1) If tank capacity ≤ 30 minutes of system demand dual automatic refill

line shall have 110-150% of pump capacity.
2) If tank capacity > 30 minutes of system demand automatic refill line
shall have 110% of pump capacity.

• FIRE TANKS:
 High rise building:
 Remarks :
1) Building have heights above 23m classified as high rise building.
2) High rise building shall have two or more tank or tank with 2
compartment each have 50% of the demand.
3) For tank serves domestic and fire demands the domestic connection
shall be above the fire level demand.

FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
• GAS SYSTEMS :
GAS SYSTEMS
AEROSOL CLEAN AGENT CO2
HALOCARBONS INERT GASES
FIRE MATRIX
• GAS SYSTEMS :
 Codes:
GAS SYSTEMS
AEROSOL CLEAN AGENT CO2
FIRE MATRIX
• GAS SYSTEMS :
Note : FM-200 effectiveness is
80% for heat adsorption
20% for chemical chain reaction
FIRE MATRIX
• GAS SYSTEMS : (agent features)
Agent
shall extinguish fires (without damage)
shall be acceptable for the environment
shall be safe for human
FIRE MATRIX
 Agent And Environment
Atmospheric
life time
Global
Ozone
warming
depletion
potential
FIRE MATRIX
 Agent And Environment : Global Warming Potential (GWP)
GWP is a measure of how much a given mass of greenhouse gas is estimated to
contribute to global warming. It is a relative scale that compares the gas in question
to the same mass of carbon dioxide whose GWP is by convention equal to 1.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 2001-2015ed-A.6.1

 Agent And Environment : Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
The ODP of an agent provides a relative comparison of the ability to react with
ozone at altitudes within the stratosphere. ODP values are reported relative to the
same mass CFC-11 (R-11) , which has an ODP equal to 1.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 2001-2015ed-A.6.1

 Agent And Environment : Agent Comparison
INERGEN NOVEC-1230 FM-200® HFC-125 Co2

ODP 0 0 0 0 0
GWP 0 ≤1 3350 3170 1
ALT (years) N/A N/A 34.2 29.0 5-200
 ODP : Ozone Depletion Potential

 GWP : Global Warming Potential
 ALT : Atmospheric Life Time
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to IPCC (intergovernmental

panel on climate change)
 Agent And human safety : Agent Comparison
FIRE MATRIX
 Agent And human safety :
No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL). The highest concentration at

which no adverse toxicological or physiological effect has been observed.
Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL). The lowest concentration at

which an adverse physiological or toxicological effect has been observed.
 LC50
LC stands for "Lethal Concentration". Used if the lethal effects from breathing
a compound are to be tested.
LC50 is the concentration of a chemical in air that kills 50% of the test animals
in a given time (usually four hours).
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 2001-2015ed-3.3.18

 Refer to NFPA 2001-2015ed-3.3.24
 Agent And human safety :
GAS TYPE NOAEL(% vol.) LOAEL(% vol.) LC50
FM-200 9 10.5 >80

NOVEC-1230 10 >10 >10
FE-25 7.5 10 >70
INERT GASES 43 52 N/A
CO2 lethal
NOTE : The maximum

exposure time in any case
shall not exceed 5 minutes.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 2001-2015ed-table 1.5.1.2.1(a)

 Refer to NFPA 2001-2015ed-3.3.24
• GAS SYSTEMS : (clean agent & co2 systems)
FIRE MATRIX
 System components : (For Clean agent & Co2 systems )
a. Gas cylinder set (cylinders, brackets).
b. Piping (nozzles,hoses,manifold,check valves,actuators,pressure switch)
c. Control panel.
d. Automatic detectors such as :
I. Smoke detectors (Ionization or optical).
II. Flame detector.
III. Heat detector (rate of rise/fixed temperature or linear).
(Detector coverage area is 25m2 & if air change/minute exceed 1
coverage will be 12.5m2).
e. Manual release device used to manually discharge the system.
f. Abort switch located within the protected area (not more than 1.2m above
F.F.L ) used to bypass a pending discharge and must be continually
depressed, Releasing the abort switch cause time delay to restart.
[Abort switches shall not be used with CO2 systems]
e. Audible and visual alarm devices (Horn – flash lamps – strobe – bells).
f. Warning signs (Inside – outside)
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 2001-2013ed-CH4
a. Gas cylinder set
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 2001-2013ed-CH4

a. Gas cylinder set
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to TYCO design manual

a. Gas cylinder set
For cylinder slave

For pressure switch

a. Gas cylinder set
Actuator
Sapphire
Outlet Piston
Piston Outlet
Cylinder Cylinder

a. Gas cylinder set

a. Gas cylinder set

a. Gas cylinder set

a. Gas cylinder set

b. Piping

b. Piping (pressure switch)
reset button
¼" NPT femal

½" NPT male

b. Piping
 Discharge pattern
 180º
 360º
 Material
 Aluminum
 brass or stainless steel optional
 Nozzle drills
 drill size determines the agent quantity

c. Alarm System Detectors
Manual- Pressure
Release switch
24VDC
Abort-
Switch
220VAC
Flash lamb
Bell Strobe Exit Sign Actuator

FIRE MATRIX
 System components :
c. Alarm System
 The secondary (standby) power supply shall automatically transfer to
operate the system within 30 seconds of the loss of the primary (main)
power supply.
 The secondary (standby) supply shall be capable of operating the system

under maximum normal load for 24 hours and then be capable of
operating the system continuously for the full design discharge period.

c) Alarm System (detectors)
Detectors
Smoke Heat Flame Aspirating

Gas Detector
Detector Detector Detector Detector
Ionized Fixed Temp.
Optical Rate Of Rise
Beam Linear
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
c) Alarm System (detectors) - [Ionization smoke detector]
FIRE MATRIX
c) Alarm System (detectors) - [Optical smoke detector]
FIRE MATRIX
c) Alarm System (detectors) - [Beam smoke detector]
FIRE MATRIX
c) Alarm System (detectors) - [Fixed Temp. Heat Detector]
 Usually working at temp. of 550C

FIRE MATRIX
c) Alarm System (detectors) - [Rate Of Rise Heat Detector]
 Usually working at rate of 100C/minute

FIRE MATRIX
c) Alarm System (detectors) - [Linear Heat Detector]
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
d) Alarm System (Wiring)
FIRE MATRIX
 System operation :
 The automatic operation of each protected area shall be as follows:
 Actuation of one (1) detector, within the system, shall:
I. Illuminate the "ALARM" lamp on the control panel,

II. Energize an alarm bell and visual indicator located inside protected
areas,
III. Activate two (2) sets of 10 Amp rated auxiliary contacts which shall
operate door holders / activate fire curtains, transmit a signal to fire
alarm panel and to shutdown HVAC equipment / dampers.
FIRE MATRIX
 System operation :
 Actuation of a second detector, within the system, shall:
I. Illuminate a "PRE-DISCHARGE" lamp on the control panel,

II. Energize an alarm horn / strobe device located outside protected areas,
III. Start time-delay sequence (not to exceed 30 second),
IV. Shut down the HVAC system and / or close dampers,
V. Activate the relevant directional valves.
 After completion of the time-delay sequence, the agent shall be

discharged and the following shall occur:
I. Illuminate a "SYSTEM FIRED" lamp on control panel,

II. Shut down of all power to equipment.
FIRE MATRIX
CO2 & Inert Gases Halocarbon Agents
- High Concentration (e.x.50%) - Less Concentration (e.x.7%) Volume &
- Large Gas Volume. - Small Gas Volume. Concentration
- Large Space for Cylinders - Small Space for Cylinders.
- Is available in most of the markets. - Is not available all the markets. Market
- Don't need a stand-by Cylinders. - Needs stand-by cylinders. Availability
(Refilling of Cylinders is possible).
- Cheap - Expensive Costing
The extinguishing is performed by The extinguishing is performed by stopping Extinguishing
reducing the percentage of oxygen to be the Inhibiting Chain Reaction as for gases Method
below the normal percentage of oxygen FM-200/FE227/HALON 1301/FE13/ NAF S-
that generates fire as for gases III OR by reducing the ambient room
Nitrogen/Inergen/Argonite/ Co2. temperature as for gases FM-200/ NOVEC
1230/ ECARO-25.
The air pressure inside room increase as The air pressure inside room doesn't Air Pressure
the extinguishing gas is immersed with increase as the extinguishing gas is Inside Rooms
high volume. immersed with low volume.
Could be used in rooms occupied with Could be used in rooms occupied with Application
persons except for CO2. persons.
FIRE MATRIX
 Applications :
1) Electrical and electronic hazards
2) Subfloors and other concealed spaces
3) Flammable and combustible liquids and gases
4) Other high-value assets
5) Telecommunications facilities
 Not applied for : (unless satisfied for AHJ)

1) Certain chemicals or mixtures of chemicals, such as cellulose nitrate
and gunpowder, that is capable of rapid oxidation in the absence of air.
2) Reactive metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium,
titanium, zirconium, uranium, and plutonium.
3) Metal hydrides.
4) Chemicals capable of undergoing auto thermal decomposition, such as
certain organic peroxides and hydrazine.

 Applications examples for clean agents :
1) Electronic data processing (EDP facilities)
2) Data vaults (server rooms – records – IT rooms).
3) Cell sites (telecommunication).
4) Control rooms.
5) Air traffic control center.
6) Hospitals (CT scan room , MRI room , Data center , File Storage).
7) Satellite stations.
8) Archives (for documentations , attics).
9) Fire command center.
10) GSM rooms (telecommunication).
 Applications examples for co2:
1) Electric rooms.
2) Rotating machinery.
3) Dust collector areas.
4) Transformer and substation rooms.
FIRE MATRIX
A. Clean Agent gases
FIRE MATRIX
• GAS SYSTEMS : (clean agent)
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
I. Total clean agent amount (kg) =

Flooding factor (kg/m3) X Room volume (m3) X Correction factors
II. Cylinder standard size selection (according to manufacturer).

III. No. of cylinders = total clean agent amount / standard cylinder size.
IV. Gas cabinet dimension according to cylinder dimension and

spacing between cylinders.
V. Clean agent flow rate (kg/s) =

Total clean agent amount (kg) / Discharge time (sec).
VI. Clean agent nozzle selection(according to manufacturer).

VII. No. of nozzles = clean agent flow rate / flow rate per nozzle
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
I. Total clean agent amount (kg) =

Flooding factor (kg/m3) X Room volume (m3) X Correction factors
Design Room Flooding

Concentration Temperature Factor
Altitude Tees Correction

Correction Correction Factor
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Minimum design concentration:
NOVEC-1230
FE-125
FM-200
FE-13
INERGEN
ARGONITE
NITROGEN
• MEC: Minimum Extinguishing Concentration.

FIRE MATRIX
 Refer to NFPA 2001-2015ed-secA.5.4.2.2b
 System design : (Flooding factor)
1) Novec 1230 (FK-5-1-12)

2) NAF-S-III (HCFC Blend A)

3) FE-241 (HCFC-124)

4) FE-25 (HFC-125)

5) FM-200 (HFC-227ea)

6) FE-13 (HFC-23)

7) TRIODIDE (FIC-13II)

8) HALOTRON I (HFC Blend B)

9) ARGOTEC (IG-01)

10) N-100 (IG-100)

11) INERGEN (IG-541)

12) ARGONITE (PROINERT) (IG-55)

 System design : (Correction factor = Atmospheric +Tees corr. factors)
1) Tees correction factor 2) Atmospheric correction factor

 System design : cylinder sizes
 Cylinder Sizes For FM-200 (According To manufacturer such as KIDDE)
FM-200 CYLINDERS DATA
CYLINDER CYLINDER EMPTY WEIGHT HEIGHT DIAMETER

MINIMUM FILL MAXIMUM FILL
SIZE (Ib) SIZE (KG) (KG) (m) (m)
10 4.5 11.0 14 16 0.44 0.18
20 9.1 14.0 18 23 0.64 0.18
40 18.1 17.0 25 35 0.68 0.23
70 31.8 24.0 38 56 0.99 0.23
125 56.7 45.0 69 101 0.92 0.33
200 90.7 60.0 100 151 1.34 0.33
350 158.8 92.0 160 251 1.49 0.41
600 272.2 165.0 281 637 1.47 0.56
900 408.2 230.0 895 639 1.78 0.61
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to Kidde Design manual

 System design : (Discharge time)
I. For space protection system
Clean agent Fire classification Discharge time (sec.)

Halocarbon All types 10
Inert gas A 60
Inert gas B&C 120
II. For local protection system
Clean agent Fire classification Discharge time (sec.)

Halocarbon All types 10
Inert gas All types 30
 Duration of protection : 85% of design concentration for 10 minutes.

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 2001-2013ed-sec5.7.1.2;5.6
 System design : nozzles
 Nozzles For FM-200 (According To manufacturer such as KIDDE)

 System design : pipe sizes
 Pipe Sizes For FM-200 (According To manufacturer such as KIDDE)

 System design : pipe material
 Piping material :
 Seamless galvanized steel. Corrosion resistance material
 Stainless steel. prevent clogging nozzle with scale
 Fitting material :
 Ductile iron.
 Forged steel.
 Joining :
 Threaded or flanged or welded or grooved .

 System design :
 Pressure limitations: (1-inert gases)

 System design :
 Pressure limitations: (2-halocarbon gases)

 System design :
 Pressure boosting :
FIRE MATRIX
 Room integrity and strength :
FIRE MATRIX
 Room integrity and strength :
 The protected enclosure shall have the structural strength and integrity
necessary to contain the agent discharge.
 If the developed pressures present a threat to the structural strength of the
enclosure, venting shall be provided to prevent excessive pressures.
 Designers shall consult the system manufacturer’s recommended procedures
relative to enclosure venting.

B. Co2 system
FIRE MATRIX
• GAS SYSTEMS : (CO2 system)
FIRE MATRIX
 System types :
A. According to application type Co2 system
Total Local
Flooding Application
Surface Deep
Fire Seated Fire
FIRE MATRIX
 System types :
B. According to gas source:
 Low pressure system: up to 300 psi (20.68 bar).
 High pressure system : up to 850 psi (58.6 bar).
1- High pressure (cylinders) 2- Low pressure (storage unit)

• GAS SYSTEMS : (CO2 system – Total Flooding)
 System Design :
A. Surface Fires
 Minimum design concentration is 34%.
Loss
Material High / low
Basic CO2 through un- Loss due to
Conversion temperature Co2 Quantity
Quantity closable ventilation
if C>34% allowance (Kg)
(Q1) openings (Q4)
(Q2) (Q5)
(Q3)
 Note : C is concentration
FIRE MATRIX
 System Design :
A. Surface Fires
1. Minimum Co2 Concentration Required
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 12-2015-table 5.3.2.2

 System Design :
A. Surface Fires
1. Minimum Co2 Concentration Required Based on 34% design concentration
 Q1 in Kg
 Volume in m3
 Flooding Factor in Kg/m3
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 12-2015-table 5.3.3

 System Design :
A. Surface Fires
2. Material Conversion if Concentration >34%
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 12-2015-Chart 5.3.4

 System Design :
A. Surface Fires
3. Loss through un-closable openings
H
A [ft²]
 Time = 1 minute.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 12-2015-Annex-E Chart 5.3.4

 Refer to NFPA 12-2015-sec 5.3.5.1
 System Design :
A. Surface Fires
4. Loss due to ventilation
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 12-2015-sec 5.3.5.2

 System Design :
A. Surface Fires
5. High/Low Temp. Allowance
6. Total co2 amount (kg) = Q2 + Q3 + Q4+ Q5
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 12-2015-sec 5.3.5.3

 System design :
B. Deep Seated Fires
 Minimum design concentration is 50%
 Adding quantities for temperature and ventilation and opening as
described in surface fires.
 Total Co2 amount (kg) = Flooding factor (kg/m3) X Room Volume (m3)

 System design :
 Discharge time: NOTE: Used to find nozzle and pipe size
Application Discharge time (minute)

Total Surface fire 1
flooding Deep-seated fire 7 (100% Concentration)
2 (30% Concentration)
 Surface fire : like flammable liquids , gases , solids

 Deep seated fire : solids subject to smoldering
 For deep-seated fires, the design concentration shall be achieved
within 7 minutes, but the rate shall be not less than that required to
develop a concentration of 30 percent in 2 minutes.
 Co2 concentration shall be maintained minimum 20minutes in place.
 System design :
1) Calculate total Co2 amount (kg).
2) Cylinder standard size selection.
3) No. of cylinders = Total Co2 amount / standard cylinder size.
4) Gas cabinet dimension according to cylinder dimension and spacing
between cylinders.
5) Get Co2 flow rate to have nozzle and pipe sizes
 For Deep Seated fires

Co2 flow rate (kg/s) = 30% of total co2 amount (kg) / Discharge time (2 minutes).
 For Surface fires
Co2 flow rate (kg/s) = total co2 amount (kg) / Discharge time (1 minutes).
6) Co2 nozzle selection (according to manufacturer).

7) No. of nozzles = Co2 flow rate / flow rate per nozzle.
8) Pipe sizes with respect to Co2 flow rate (according to manufacturer).
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Nozzles : (according to manufacturer such as KIDDE)
 Maximum Spacing: 20 ft. (6.1 m)

 Maximum Coverage Area : 30 m2
 Flow Rate:
 Up to 55 kg/min per nozzle with size : 0.5 in
 Up to 110 kg/min per nozzle with size : 0.75 in
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to KIDDE Co2 Design Manual

• GAS SYSTEMS : (CO2 system - Local Application)
 System Design Methods :

Local
Application
Automatic Manual
Rate By Rate By
Area Volume
FIRE MATRIX
 System Design Steps :
 Local application design is based on :

1. Nozzle location, orientation, and coverage area.
2. Rate of discharge.
3. Duration of liquid discharge.
4. Co2 quantity.
5. Piping.
6. Fire detection and alarm.
FIRE MATRIX
 System Design Steps : W

A. Rate by area
L
 L : Application length (m)

 W: Application Width (m)
 S : Nozzle Side Square (m) (From table)
 NW : No. of nozzles along width
 NL : No. of nozzles along length
 NT : Total no. of nozzles
 QT : Total Co2 Flow (kg/min)
 QN : One nozzle Co2 flow (kg/min) (From table)
 W : Co2 amount (kg)
 t : Discharge time (minutes) [0.5 minute]
 Refer to KIDDE Co2 Design Manual

A. Rate by area (0.75 in nozzle)








A. Rate by area


B. Rate by volume (Assume enclosure 0.6m from hazard edges)
 QV : discharge rate per unit volume (kg/min.m3)

 A0 : Open area of assumed enclosure (m2)
 AW : Total area of assumed enclosure (m2) H
 N : No of nozzles W
 QN : One nozzle Co2 flow (kg/min) (From table) L
 t : Discharge time (minutes) [0.5 minute]
 Notes :
 QV= 16 kg/min.m3 for enclosure with no walls.
 QV= not less than 4 kg/min.m3 where actual walls completely surrounding hazards

C. Manual Co2 Hand Hose Line
 A hand hose line shall have a quantity of carbon dioxide to permit its use for at
least 1 minute.

(according to application refer to previous slides)
 t : Discharge time (minutes) [1 minute]

• GAS SYSTEMS : (CO2 system – Local Application)
 System design :
1) Get Co2 flow rate to have pipe sizes.
2) Calculate total Co2 amount (kg).
3) Cylinder standard size selection.
4) No. of cylinders = Total Co2 amount / standard cylinder size.
5) Gas cabinet dimension according to cylinder dimension and spacing

between cylinders.
6) Co2 nozzle selection (according to manufacturer).
7) Pipe sizes with respect to Co2 flow rate (according to manufacturer).
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Standard cylinder size: common
(2.3, 4.5, 6.8, 9.1, 11.4, 15.9, 22.7, 34.1, 45.4, or 54.4 kg)
 Cylinder dimension according to manufacturer such as KIDDE
Cylinder capacity (kg) Height (mm) Diameter (mm)

45.3 1570 267
34 1520 233
22.6 1396 215
15.8 997 215
11.3 750 215

 System design :
 Cylinder Straps: (according to manufacturer such as KIDDE)

 System design :
 Piping material :
 Black or galvanized (seamless or electric welded) or stainless steel.
 Use schedule 40 for low pressure system.
 Use schedule 40 for high pressure system up to ¾ in.
 Use schedule 80 for high pressure system from 1in. through 4in.
 Fitting material :
 Ductile iron up to 2in. for high pressure system , forged steel for larger sizes.
 Ductile iron up to 3in. For low pressure system , forged steel for larger sizes.
 Stainless steel for all sizes.
 Joining :
 Threaded or flanged or welded or grooved .

 System design :
 Pipe Sizes : (according to manufacturer such as KIDDE)

C. AEROSOL SYSTEM
FIRE MATRIX
• GAS SYSTEMS : (Aerosol system)
 Extinguishing method:
OXYGEN
CHEMICAL
REACTION
FUEL Heat 0C
FIRE MATRIX
 Extinguishing method cont. :
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
 Aerosol generators:
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Calculation and distribution according to manufacturer.

 For example : (Firepro company)
 Total flooding quantity (gr) =
protected volume(m3) X design density(gr/m3) X additional design factor
FIRE MATRIX
 System design :
 Additional Design Factors.
 The designer shall assign and document other design factors for each of the
following:
1. Non- closable openings and their effects on design application density
2. Height of protected volume (As per maximum height related to each
generator)
3. Re-ignition from heated surfaces
4. Fuel type, configurations, scenarios not fully accounted for in the
extinguishing application density, enclosure geometry, and obstructions and their
effects on distribution.
FIRE MATRIX
 Applications :
I. Industry & Commerce.

II. Electricity Substations, Electrical Cabinets/Panels, Transformer Rooms,
Server Rooms, Control Rooms, Data Centers.
III. Warehouses, Archives, Engine Rooms.
 Advantages for installation aerosol gas system
I. No need for Valves, piping, robust supports, brackets.

II. No need for Periodic testing, maintenance..
III. No need for Re-filling.
IV. More space not required because the installation at the ceiling or wall.
V. Less installation times and low installation costs.
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE EXTINGUISHER :
 Fire types:

 Fire types:
FIRE MATRIX
 Fire extinguisher types:
Dry DRY
Water Foam Co2 Wet chemical
chemical POWDER
FIRE MATRIX
 Fire extinguisher components :
FIRE MATRIX
 Fire extinguisher color code :
FIRE MATRIX
 Fire extinguisher rate No. :
FIRE MATRIX
 Fire extinguisher rate No. :
 Only fire extinguisher class A & B have rate No.
 The A rating is a water equivalency rating. Each A is equivalent to 1 1/4

gallons of water. 4A = 5 gallons of water.
 The B rating is equivalent to the amount of square footage that the

extinguisher can cover, handled by a professional. 20 B = 20 square feet of
coverage.
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE EXTINGUISHER : (Portable FE)
 Portable fire extinguisher travel distance :
I. Class A fire extinguisher II. Class B fire extinguisher

 Portable fire extinguisher travel distance :
III. Class C fire extinguisher : are required where energized electrical

equipment is directly involved in or surrounding electrical equipment.
IV. Class D fire extinguisher : maximum travel distance 75ft.
V. Class K fire extinguisher : maximum travel distance 30ft.
 Fire extinguisher available capacities:
 1-2-4-6-9-12-18 ...... Kg.

 6kg is suitable for all applications because of ease of use.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 10-2010ed-sec6.4;6.5;6.6

 Portable fire extinguisher installation :
 X≤1.5m for fire extinguisher

have capacity ≤ 18kg.
 X≤1m for fire extinguisher

have capacity >18kg.
 In general Y > 4in. (102mm).

 Installed with or without cabinet.

 Over 12kg provided with trolley
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE EXTINGUISHER : (Automatic FE)
 Automatic fire extinguisher types :
Suspended FE Fire trace Ball FE
FIRE MATRIX
I. Suspended fire extinguisher :
 Distributed according to manufacturer

instruction.
 For example
Common used
 No. of needed of AFE = room area / coverage area per 1FE
FIRE MATRIX
II. Fire trace / Fire search :
FIRE MATRIX
II. Fire trace / Fire search :

For engines For electrical cabinet
FIRE MATRIX
III. Ball fire extinguisher : (available capacity is 900 gm dry powder)
FIRE MATRIX
 fire blanket:
 Shall be provided in kitchens and pantries.
 Made from fire resistant material like Kevlar.
 Can resist high temp. up to 9000C
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
• FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS :
FIRE MATRIX
 Codes :
FIRE MATRIX
Fire Alarm
System
Component
Alarm Fire Alarm

Initiating Notification Other Systems Supervising Wiring &
Signaling Control Panel
Devices Devices Control Station Piping
System (FACP)
Fire Retardant
Automatic Audible Modules Alarm Signal Central Station Conventional
Wire
Supervisory Proprietary Analogue Fire Resistant

Manual Visual Door Holder Station
Signal Addressable Wire
Textual Fire Phone Trouble Signal Remote Station Addressable EMT
Tactile Wireless
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
1) Initiating Devices
Initiating
Devices
Automatic Manual
Flow Tamper
Detectors Call Point Pull cord
Switch Switch
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
1) Initiating Devices (Automatic)
a) Detectors
Detectors
Smoke Heat Flame Gas Combination

Detector Detector Detector Detector Detector
Fixed Carbon
Ionized UV
Temp. monoxide
Rate Of Other
Optical IR
Rise gases
Beam Linear UV + IR
Aspirating
Detector
Duct
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Ionization smoke detector]
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Optical smoke detector]
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Beam smoke detector]
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Aspirated air sampling smoke detector]
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Duct smoke detector for both supply and return & air
handling unit]
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Duct smoke detector for both supply and return & air
handling unit]
 Duct smoke detector location requirement :

 Supply duct of AHU more than 2,000 cfm.
 Return duct of AHU more than 15,000 cfm.
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 90A-2016ed-sec6.4
a) Detectors [Video smoke detector]
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Carbon monoxide detector]
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Carbon monoxide detector]
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Gas detector]
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Fixed temperature heat detector]
 Usually working at temp. of 550C

FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Rate Of Rise Heat detector]
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Rate Of Rise Heat detector]
 Usually working at rate of 100C/minute

FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Linear Heat detector]
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Linear Heat detector]
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Flame detector – Ultraviolet (UV)]
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Flame detector – Infrared (IR)]
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Applications]
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Applications]
Place Detector Type
Telecom Rooms Multiple Detector (S+H)
Electric Rooms Multiple Detector (S+H)
Offices Smoke Detector
Bed Rooms Smoke Detector
Garages Heat Detector
Enclosed Kitchens Heat Detector
Open Kitchens Heat or Smoke Detector
Diesel Tank Room Flame Detector
Elevators Lobbies Smoke Detector
Sauna & Showers Heat Detector
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Installation]
FIRE MATRIX
Max ceiling (m)
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
a) Detectors [Installation - Beam smoke detector]
H= Max 25m
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
b) Flow switch
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
c) Tamper switch
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
1) Initiating Devices (Manual)
a) Pull Station – Call point – Break Glass
Single Action Double Action Break Glass
FIRE MATRIX
a) Pull Station – Call point – Break Glass
1.5m
1 : 1.2m
 Manual fire alarm boxes shall be located within 1.5m of each exit
doorway on each floor
 Maximum travel distance between two call points is 61m
 Manual fire alarm boxes shall be mounted on both sides of grouped
openings over 12.2m in width, and within 1.5m of each side of the
grouped opening.
b) Pull cord (for disabled people)
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
2) Notification Devices
Notification
Audible Visual Textual Tactile
Flashing
Bells Exit Signs Bed Shaker
light
Horns Strobe light
Speakers
Sirens
FIRE MATRIX
a) Audible
Bells Horns
Sirens Speakers
FIRE MATRIX
a) Audible
 The maximum sound level should not exceed 120dB(A)

FIRE MATRIX
a) Audible
 Decibel loss occurs through doors: Approximately -20dB(A) through

a normal door, and approximately -30dB(A) through a fire door.
FIRE MATRIX
a) Audible
≥ 2.3m
FIRE MATRIX
b) Visual
Rotary Flash Lamb Flash Strobe
Flash With detector
FIRE MATRIX
b) Visual
FIRE MATRIX
c) Textual
 Visible notification appliances shall be located not more than 4.57m

from the end of the corridor with a separation not greater than 30.5m
between appliances.
FIRE MATRIX
c) Textual
 These applied for rooms protected by gas system
FIRE MATRIX
c) Tactile
 Useful for deaf people
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
3) Other Systems Control
a) Modules
Modules
Control Module
Monitor Module
(Relay)
FIRE MATRIX
a) Modules (Control module)
Smoke Evacuation &
Move Lifts To Safe Floor Shutoff Elec. Panels Stair Pressurization
Fans
FIRE MATRIX
a) Modules (Monitor module)
Flow Switch
Pressure Switch
Tamper Switch
FIRE MATRIX
b) Door Holder/Releaser
Door Holder
Door Closer
 Keep door open in normal case and close it in case of fire

FIRE MATRIX
c) Fire Phones
Phone Station -Jack Phone Station -Handset
 Reach the emergency contacts in easy way.

FIRE MATRIX
c) Fire Phones
 In buildings provided with a two-way telephone communications
system, at least one telephone station or jack shall be provided at the
following locations:
(1) Each floor level

(2) Each notification zone
(3) Each elevator cab
(4) Elevator lobbies
(5) Elevator machine room(s)
(6) Emergency and standby power room(s)
(7) Fire pump room(s)
(8) Area(s) of refuge
(9) Each floor level inside an enclosed exit stair(s)
(10) Other room(s) or area(s) as required by AHJ

c) Fire Phones
FIRE MATRIX
4) Alarm Signaling
Signal Type Definition Examples

Alarm Signal Signal given by fire detection Signals from detectors ,
and alarm system when there manual call point , water
is a fire condition detected. flow switch.
Supervisory Signal Signal given by fire detection Signal from tamper
and alarm system when switch
monitored condition detected
in the system is off-normal.
Trouble Signal Signal given by fire detection Loss of primary power ,
and alarm system when power removal of an initiating
failure or other malfunction device like smoke
occurs. detector.
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
5) Supervising station alarm systems
 A facility that receives signals from protected premises fire alarm
systems and at which personnel are in attendance at all times to respond
to these signals.
Supervising Station
Central Station Proprietary Station Remote Station
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 72-2016ed-sec.3.3.280

 central station system :
 is a listed supervising station that

monitors the status of protected
premises alarm systems and provides
inspection, testing, and maintenance
through contracted services
FIRE MATRIX
 Proprietary system :
 A proprietary supervising station is

a supervising station under the
same ownership as the buildings
protected by the fire alarm systems.
At a proprietary supervising station,
personnel are constantly in
attendance to supervise and
investigate fire alarm system
signals.
FIRE MATRIX
 Remote station :
 A listed supervising station that

monitors the status of protected
premise alarm systems through
contracted services is called a
remote receiving station. Remote
receiving stations do not provide
inspection, testing, or maintenance
services.
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
6) Fire alarm control panel (FACP)
 A component of the fire alarm
system, provided with primary
and secondary power sources,
which receives signals from
initiating devices or other fire
alarm control units, and processes
these signals to determine part or
all of the required fire alarm
system output function(s).
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
Conventional
Fire Alarm
Wireless
Control Analogue
Panel Addressable
(FACP)
Addressable
FIRE MATRIX
FACP Type Definition Application
Conventional A conventional system is the simplest type of protected Small projects with
premises alarm system. When an alarm-initiating device, limited cost budget
such as a smoke detector, sends a signal to the FACU, all of like garages and
the alarm-signaling devices operate simultaneously hangars
Analogue Detectors in an analog addressable system become “sensors” Moderate projects
addressable that relay information to the control panel regarding how with limited no of
much smoke or heat the detector is sensing. floors or devices
Addressable Addressable alarm systems display the location of each High projects with
initiating device on the FACU and an annunciator panel if multiple floors and
provided rooms
Wireless Wireless Fire Alarm Systems are ideal for fire alarm systems Important places
requiring a quick installation. These Wireless Fire Alarms like museums and
require no cables installing between the panel and ancient palaces
devices. This also means that the decoration within the
building does not need to be affected during the installation
process.
FIRE MATRIX
a) Conventional FACP
FIRE MATRIX
b) Addressable FACP
FIRE MATRIX
b) Addressable FACP (addressing methods)
I. By addressing card
FIRE MATRIX
II. By decimal switch
FIRE MATRIX
III. 7-bit binary or hexadecimal DIL switch
FIRE MATRIX
IV. Dedicated address programmer
FIRE MATRIX
V. Automatic, according to physical position on the loop
FIRE MATRIX
b) Addressable FACP (Signaling line circuit (SLC) - Zone)
 Remarks
 SLC Zones. A single fault on a pathway connected to the addressable

devices shall not cause the loss of the devices in more than one zone.
 For the purpose of this section, each floor of the building shall be considered
a separate zone.
 For the purpose of this section, if a floor of the building is subdivided into
multiple zones by fire or smoke barriers and the fire plan for the protected
premises allows relocation of occupants from the zone of origin to another
zone on the same floor, each zone on the floor shall be considered a separate
zone.

 Remarks
 A single zone could be designated in the following ways:
(1) By floor where an SLC would not span multiple floors

(2) By floor area, where a large floor would be split into multiple zones based
on a maximum floor area size (e.g., 22,500 ft2)
(3) By fire barrier or smoke barrier compartment boundaries, which an SLC
would not cross
(4) By maximum length or circuit, where an SLC would not be longer than a
predetermined length (e.g., 300 ft)
FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 72-2016ed-secA23.6.1

FIRE MATRIX
b) Addressable FACP (No. of devices per loop)
 No. of devices per one loop according to manufacturer.

FIRE MATRIX
b) Addressable FACP (Isolators for short circuit faults)
 Put isolator at each floor entry and every 10 devices in the same floor
FIRE MATRIX
b) Addressable FACP (Isolators for short circuit faults)
 Today there are built-in isolator in each device.

FIRE MATRIX
c) Wireless FACP
FIRE MATRIX
 Power supply
 at least two independent and reliable power supplies shall be
provided, one primary and one secondary.
1. Primary power sources

(1) Electric utility.
(2) An engine-driven generator or equivalent in accordance with where
a person trained in its operation is on duty at all times
(3) An engine-driven generator or equivalent arranged for cogeneration
with an electric utility where a person trained in its operation is on
duty at all times

 Power supply
2. Secondary power sources
Battery capacity (amp-hour) = [24hr (non alarm) + 5min (alarm)] * 1.2

 Location
 FACP should be located in an area with low fire risk on ground floor
 FACP location shall be familiar for building users.
 FACP shall be accessed easily by fire department.
 For example for FACP location is :
 Reception like hotels.
 Fire command center.
FIRE MATRIX
 Wiring
FIRE MATRIX
 Led and buttons (Fire Event)
FIRE MATRIX
 Led and buttons (Supervisory Event)
FIRE MATRIX
 Led and buttons (Trouble Event)
FIRE MATRIX
 Led and buttons (Monitor Event)
FIRE MATRIX
 Led and buttons (Ground Fault Event)
FIRE MATRIX
 Led and buttons (Service Detector Event)
FIRE MATRIX
 Led and buttons (Signal Silence)
FIRE MATRIX
 Led and buttons (Acknowledge / Panel Silence)
FIRE MATRIX
 Led and buttons (Reset)
FIRE MATRIX
 Led and buttons (Drill)
FIRE MATRIX
 Led and buttons (Remote Disconnect)
FIRE MATRIX
 Other control panels
Control Repeater Panel
Panels
Mimic Panel
Elevators Monitoring Panel
Generator Status Panel
Sprinklers Annunciation Panel
Fire Telephone Panel
Emergency Voice Evacuation Panel
HVAC System Control Panel
Central Monitoring Station Panel
FIRE MATRIX
a) Repeater (Annunciator)
 Connected to main fire alarm control panel (FACP)
 Used with addressable alarm system and required if there is remote
place from main FACP.
 Repeater panel shall be located in security house / fire station to alert
fire fighting / security personnel.
 Display same alarm information as main FACP with limited control.
FIRE MATRIX
b) Mimic panel
 Required in fire command center
FIRE MATRIX
c) Elevator monitoring panel
FIRE MATRIX
d) Generator status monitoring panel
FIRE MATRIX
e) Sprinkler annunciation panel
FIRE MATRIX
f) Fire telephone panel
FIRE MATRIX
g) Fire fighting control panels (connected to main FACP)
FIRE MATRIX
h) Emergency voice evacuation panels
FIRE MATRIX
i) HVAC system control panel
FIRE MATRIX
j) Central Monitoring Station Panel (monitor central
battery unit for emergency lights)
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
7) Fire alarm wiring
Fire Retardant
Wire
Wiring &
Piping
Fire Resistant
EMT
Wire
FIRE MATRIX
 Fire resistant cable
 is cable which will continue to operate normally in the presence
of prolonged fire for a specified time under defined conditions.
Fire resistance cable shall pass test.
 Can resist temperature up to 750C , 950C , 1050C
 Flame retardant cable:

 are not rated to continue to operate under fire circumstance but it
will resist the propagate of fire into a new area by having
behavior in fire under defined conditions which is proven by
passing the test.
 Can resist temperature up to 105C
FIRE MATRIX
 Fire resistant cable
 Provided with sizes 2x0.8 –
2x1.5 – 2x2.5 – 2x4mm2.
 Most common is 2x1.5mm2
 Avoid using long run of cables
than provided by datasheet to
avoid voltage drop.
FIRE MATRIX
7) Fire alarm wiring inside electric metallic tubing (EMT)
FIRE MATRIX
FIRE MATRIX
 Fire zoning chart and evacuation plan (At each stair)
FIRE MATRIX
 Fire Command Center (FCC room)
FIRE MATRIX
 Room Components

 Typical layout
FIRE MATRIX
 Fire alarm symbols
FIRE MATRIX
Ali Hassan Mohamed
Fire & plumbing design engineer
(+02)01001737218
[email protected]
FIRE MATRIX

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INTRODUCTION (1st Edition)

Eng / Ali Hassan Mohamed

Passive fire Active fire

Fire detection Fire fighting &

Electrical Mechanical HVAC

Fire fighting system Fire fighters

*OXYGEN (14-16% at least to start combustion)

FIRE MATRIX *Refer to NFPA 921-2001ed-sec 3.1.1.2

 The fire tetrahedron represents the addition of a component, the chemical

Cut fuel supply or

1. cheap & available.

specific heat (Cp ) Latent heat of vaporization

The Loss Prevention Germany approval

Fires that involve combustible metals, such as sodium, magnesium, and

FIRE MATRIX *Refer to NFPA 10-2010ed-sec 5.2

3. EGYPTIAN CODE: ‫اﻟﻜﻮد اﻟﻤﺼﺮى ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﻖ‬-

WATER BASED WATER BASED

SPRINKLER FIRE HOSE FIRE FIRE

CLOSED HEAD OPEN HEAD LOW

PREACTION WATER MIST

Combined dry &

6) How to use codes to get design data.

7) How to use calculation software (ELITE) for hydraulic calculation.

8) Full design (drawing & calculation) for project.

Rivers & lakes Fire pumps

Hangers & supports

Pressure Switch Flow switches

Pressure Relief Valves Control Panels

Monitors Foam generator , Foam chambers

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 5.1

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A5.2

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A5.3

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A5.3

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A5.3

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A5.4

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A5.4

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 3.6.1

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 3.6.1

When RTI = 50 (ms)0.5 fast response

When RTI ≥ 80 (ms)0.5 standard

•Sensitive element may be glass bulb or fusible link

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 3.6.1

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table 6.2.5.1

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table 6.2.3.1

Ceiling up to 9m Ceiling from 9-18m Ceiling above 18m

Institutional sprinkler Rack storage sprinkler

Extended coverage sprinkler Conventional sprinkler

Quick response sprinkler Standard sprinkler (K = 5.6)

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 6.2.9.5

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A.3.4.6,7

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 6.3 ; 6.4

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 10.1 ; 10.2

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 10.4.3

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A.6.3.2

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A.6.3.5

Groove joining method (Victaulic coupling) Brazed & soldered

 Applicable threaded joints for size ≤ 2 in. , welding or flanged and

 Pipe bending (b) :

 Galvanized pipe shall not be bent or welded.

B) Hangers component shall be

C) Hangers shall not be fastened to

D)Distance between hanger and center of

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 9.1

FIRE MATRIX  Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 9.1.1.7