Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PROJECT WORK TO PRINT (Edited)
PROJECT WORK TO PRINT (Edited)
INTRODUCTION
1
Children’s delinquent behaviour has been constantly heard in the news and hardly
a week passes without a report in any of the National dailies of serious anti-social
acts which have been committed by school children. Consequently, there is often
an official pronouncement, which expresses anxiety about growing incidence of
juvenile crimes.
The risk factors for delinquency and criminal behaviour are complex and
inter connected and can include lack of attachment to school, chronic school
failure, criminal behaviour in the family, family history of mental illness, drug use,
experiencing violence or trauma or other issues.
Statistics have shown over and again that juvenile delinquency is a serious
problem to society due to the high number of arrest and crimes being committed.
Not only does delinquency affect the youth population but also the whole family
and entire neighborhood, they also risk their future of obtaining a higher education
when involved in crimes.
There are several factors that have led to increased juvenile delinquency
among the youth in Nigeria such as Poverty (a state in which a family lives with no
2
possessions at all and cannot afford to put food on the table. It may be a temporary
situation where a family has entered into debt, for example by borrowing money it
cannot afford to repay, or by acquiring goods and defaulting on repayments.), lack
of access to education (children who are denied access to education (for example,
because of the costs involved, geographical factors or insufficient resources) or
whose experience of the neighbourhood school is negative (poor quality teaching,
abusive or absence of teachers) tend to get involved in juvenile delinquency to a
large extent), dysfunctional families (It is thought that the loosening of bonds
among family members may result in more criminal involvement. In most cases,
delinquents have been viewed as individuals who come from less-intact families
often referred to as “broken homes”
Since parents and peer group play an important role in the management of
juvenile delinquency, adequate and deliberate efforts are to be used in the control
of the prevalent issue of juvenile delinquency for effective educational
development in youths.
3
Statement of the Problem
Juvenile delinquency has been linked with students who are in secondary
Schools who cause a lot of problems in our society and the issue of juvenile
delinquency cannot be over emphasized. Most of influencing factors for juvenile
delinquency tend to be caused by a mix of both genetic and environmental factors.
One of the leading factors responsible for juvenile delinquency is peer group
influence. Research has shown that young people who associate with peers and
groups with the right attitude always tend to foster good attitudes and shun
delinquent behaviours, while on the other hand, young people who spend more
time associating with peers with negative attitudes always end up fostering volatile
relationships that may give rise to delinquent behaviours.
4
In view of the above stated problems, juvenile delinquency therefore calls for
concern as it has devastating effects in the maintenance of peace and orderliness in
our society, hence the researcher believes that these problems caused by Juvenile
delinquency can be properly managed if there is parental guidance and association
with the right peer group.
Research Questions
To find out how parents and peer groups influence the conduct of
juveniles.
5
Significance of the Study
The information from this study will help parents and teachers understand
the concept of Juvenile delinquency.
It will also provide information on how peer group can contribute to the
management of juvenile delinquency.
Finally, the result of this work will be of great help to future researchers as
this work will be a source of reference, research material or empirical data
for them.
This investigation shall be carried out in some selected secondary schools in Ovia
North East |Local Government Area in Edo state where some families and home
conditions and the peer group with whom the delinquents associate shall be
examined.
Juvenile: This refers to a person who has attained the age of 14 but is under
17years. That is, a young person who is not yet an adult.
Delinquent: It is a person who deviates from or violated the stipulated law that
guides code of conduct of a particular country or society.
6
Juvenile Delinquency: It is defined as any societal norms which results in contact
with law enforcement agents. It is an act committed by a young person which
violated the stipulated law of that country.
Peer Group: These are group of people who are approximately the same age and
status, especially if they have the same interests.
Parent: This refers to one of the two persons from whom one is immediately
biologically descended; a mother or father.
7
CHAPTER TWO
This chapter focuses on the review of related literature. And it will be discussed
under the following sub-headings:
Young people are usually considered as the future of their nation, and if
these youths are prone towards antisocial behaviour, then they will become a great
risk for social institutions, especially their respective families. It is no longer news
that there is an increasing rate of juvenile crimes in Nigeria today and many social
institutions such as the government is struggling to curb this problem as it has
constituted a serious barrier to the country’s socio-economic development since
many young ones who represent the nation’s future and human capital are
enmeshed in moral decadence. Juvenile delinquency is therefore viewed as a major
setback to socio-economic progress and a significant threat to national
development and security.
8
Meaning of Juvenile Delinquency
According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2001), the
term “juvenile” is defined with respect to young people who are not yet adults.
While “delinquency” refers to criminal activities of young people. In the same
vein, Merriam Webster’s College Dictionary clearly defined delinquency “as
conduct that is out of accord with accepted behaviour or the law”
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home, drinking alcohol in public, associating with disrepute persons - criminals,
prostitutes, smoking etc.
11
Social learning theory also posits that juveniles or children learn to engage in
delinquency through association with or exposure to others. This implies that
individuals learn delinquency from others. The theory explains that it is very
possible for a child to pick up and inculcate behaviours that they never once had
just by simply observing and imitating others and imagining the consequences of
their own behaviour.
12
for the police (belief), lack of aspiration towards measures of legitimate success
(commitment), and activities driven by boredom (involvement).
Robert Merton believed that there were five ways a person could adapt to
anomie which include: (1) conformity, which is the acceptance of socially
approved goals and legitimate means to obtain them; (2) innovation, or the pursuit
of illegitimate means to achieve acceptable goals such as stealing or selling drugs
to afford the cars or homes desired; (3) ritualism, where individuals are unable to
reach socially approve goals thus embracing the rules to the point where the people
lose sight of their larger goals in order to feel respectable (4) retreatism, or a
lifestyle that rejects both cultural goals and means, letting the person in question
“drop out” – for example, alcoholics and drug addicts. They are considered
according to Merton as true deviants, as they commit acts of deviance to achieve
things that do not always go along with society’s values (5) rebellion, or an attempt
to replace accepted goal and means with new standards that provides more
opportunity for all members of society.
13
The Roles of Parents in the Management of Juvenile Delinquency
The way parents train a child plays a remarkable role in the management of
juvenile delinquency. A child is formed over time as they interact with their
immediate environment which constitute majorly of the father, mother and family
members. However, it is very important to note that parental influences on a child
begins to drop as the child matures and grows older when the child begins to get
exposed to other agents of socialization beyond the watch of their immediate
environment. This realization is further buttressed by Thompson & Lagattuta,
(2006).
As children mature into young adults, they are in the process of picking up
new ideologies and are exposed to all kinds of information beyond their control
hence a great challenge arises for parents to regulate the influences of the ‘outside”
world on their children.
Additionally, studies have also found that parents can also become negative
influences on their own children and this is seen in the cases where there is the lack
of parental supervision during childhood, which is considered as one of the major
causes of antisocial behaviour.
This lack of parental supervision and care that becomes missing in the early
stages of a child development leads children and teenagers to express their
emotional and psychological deficiencies in several ways that become antisocial to
other teenagers like them. While some teenagers have some control over their
emotional needs and deficiencies, others lose total grip and express their irrational
and sometimes explosive ways that leads to inflicting physical injuries on others,
stealing, fighting, bullying and more. Parental behaviour refers to parental
negligence, parental monitoring, and parental nurturance, all of which are utilized
to manage a child’s socialization and moral education (Baumrind, 1996). Positive
parental behaviour can guard against antisocial behaviour.
14
Moreover, positive parental monitoring also prevents and reduce the chances
of externalizing delinquent behaviour. Additionally, it is a known fact that the
family is the foundation of human society and the most important agent of
socialization. It is in the family that children are first taught to eschew
unacceptable behaviour, to delay gratification and to respect the rights of others.
Onyewadume (2004) and Otuadah (2006) clearly observed that when parents
make the habit of spending little or no time at home to assist in the upbringing of
the children, it affects the children in a most negative way. They claim that a lower
level of parental involvement and monitoring is one of the major factors that leads
to problems with a child’s behaviour. Lack of parental monitoring not only
develops juvenile antisocial behaviours but also contributes to the link with deviant
peer association. The children invariably fall into evil association.
15
Another significant factor that must be considered in the management of
juvenile delinquency is the financial status of the parents. It has been clearly
observed that majorly poor families find it difficult training their children and
children from poor families turn out to become delinquent as this could result to
child being exposed to the adult world. A poor family that lives in only a room
could be doing harm to the child as privacy would be abused. Some research
reports have shown that a large percentage of all juvenile delinquents come from
homes that lacked normal parental love and care. Attention, love and warmth go a
long way in assisting the child’s emotional development and adjustment
(Odebunmi 2007). Children at adolescence stage require parental love, care,
warmth and serious attention to adjust adequately in the environment in which
he/she finds him/herself.
Generally, parents have major roles to play in the adjustment and shaping
process of adolescent youths and it is no longer news that the behavioural problems
of most deviants are rooted in their homes. Otuadah (2006) noted that when the
relationship between the parents and the adolescent is warm, it creates a healthy
environment for the development of the adolescent. Adolescents exhibiting traits of
friendliness, cheerfulness, positive emotions and good maturity traits, show
evidently, that such adolescents come from homes where they are accepted and
loved.
Okpako (2004) noted that a child well brought up will remain a source of joy
and happiness for such family. The neglected adolescent gradually becomes a drug
addict, hardened criminal, aggressive, restive, armed robber, cultist, ritualist, rapist
etc. The required parental monitoring and control for adolescents‟ development
may be hindered due to parents‟ serious involvement in economic activities to
meet up with family financial commitments thereby neglecting the emotional and
psychological needs of the child.
16
Parenting styles is again another factor that determines the management of
juvenile delinquency in young people. Loromeke (1997) is of the view that parents
bring up their children according to the training they also received from their own
parents. For instance,a majority of parents who grew up in the strict environment
end up creating such for their own children. African tradition strongly believes that
the only way to shape a child’s character is the use of high control, authority and
that punishment plays a role in bringing out the best out of a child.
Although the use of force, high control and punishment has its own positive
role it plays in shaping the values and culture of a child but the challenge is that
most African parents find it really difficult to find a point of balance as to when to
use high control parenting style and when to apply love and care. The abuse or
overuse of this harsh parenting technique often causes more harm than good to a
child and consequently forges the heart to become hardened and sometime
insensitive to love and care. It has been showed over and again to be a very
negative atmosphere to raise a child that will become an asset to the society.
Parenting styles are categorized under three major forms: the authoritarian, the
authoritative or democratic, and the permissive or laissez-faire or self-indulgence
or un-involving (Baumrind, 1991).
The authoritarian parenting style constitutes parents who are often strict,
harsh and not responsive to the child’s needs. They impose their will over the child
and have no atom of sensitivity to how the child feels. They are also often
aggressive in drilling instructions or knowledge to the child. Authoritative parents
are flexible and responsive to the child’s needs but still enforce reasonable
standards of conduct. While permissive or laissez-faire parents are those who
impose few restrictions, rules or limits on their children. Reports had shown that
authoritarian parenting styles has negative connotation in literature because of the
negative behaviour outcomes of adolescents and children.
17
Utti, (2006) reported that permissive or laissez faire parenting without well-
defined or clear-cut goals can also cause grave damage to the formation of a child
and may lead to delinquent or deviant behaviours. Also, in a research conducted on
relationship between parenting styles and students’ academic achievement also
found that laissez-faire parenting had more negative effects on the students’
academic achievement.
Umukoro (1997), in his research found that adolescents who are exposed to
higher level of warmth, induction and monitoring parenting background would less
likely be delinquents. Darlington (2007) reported that parenting style predicts child
well-being in the domains of social competence, academic performance,
psychosocial development and problem behaviour. Children and adolescents
whose parents are authoritative rate themselves and are rated by objective
measures as more socially and instrumentally competent than those whose parents
are non-authoritative. All these will enhance and promote proper growth and
development of adolescents in their environment. It was also observed that harsh
parenting (which involves yelling, threatening, misbehaving, violence, or
aggression, exhibited by parents) is associated with psychological problems like
conduct disorders, low self-esteem, and depression. Using punishments as a
parenting strategy is greatly linked with negative behavioural outcome in children
(Deater, 2003).
Parental nurturance refers to parental support and warmth, these parental
behaviours are more important in the early years of a child’s life. Parental warmth
is associated with parental care, love and attention. It is usually measured through
parents giving respect to a child’s suggestions, how carefully they listen to their
child’s point of view, and how they help and motivate their child (Maccoby, 1983).
Higher levels of parental warmth can to a very large extent help to decrease the
history of antisocial behaviours in teenage children today in our society. If parents
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begin to learn the impact they can make on their children’s life and social
behaviours, it will foster a saner environment in our society where juvenile
delinquency will become almost nonexistent.
The Roles of Peer Groups in the Management of Juvenile Delinquency
Peer association is defined as a small group of similar-aged, high intimacy,
fairly close friends and in general they consist of two to twelve friends in a group,
whereas, a child joins a peer group because they need security and a feeling of
identity (Singh, 2017).
Children who try to follow their friends are often as unpredictable. They feel
uncomfortable with ties and rigid values that bind them with an old generation,
sometimes they feel that their parents are inhibiting more than supporting. Being
with a friend is a most important aspect of a child’s school life and relational
problems within peer group occur during this particular period (Muñoz, 2008).
Deviant peer association has been linked to delinquent behaviour. It has been
established already in this discourse that families play an imperative role in the
socialization and development of children, but peer groups are important because
children spend most of time with friends rather than parents, consequently, their
behaviour is modified by friends and effectively influences parental decision
making hence children learn to gradually build more networks with people outside
of their family. (Pardini, 2005).
Peer association without parental supervision is closely linked with
antisocial behaviour. Contrarily, intensive interaction with parents reduces the
probabilities of peer delinquency (Bahr, 2005). Also, children who have exposure
to strong parental monitoring and bounding are rarely engaged in peer deviant
behaviour. Negative peer and media influences have also consistently been found
to contribute to delinquency as smoking, gang fights, and truancy are usually
19
committed in groups. Early exposure to pornographic materials such as books and
videos were reported by adolescents involved in sexual delinquencies.
Summary of Literature Reviewed
Although the subject of juvenile delinquency is an age long problem,
however, with the effective engagements of the various agents of socialization of
the young child, the cases of juvenile delinquency in Nigeria can be greatly
reduced if not totally eradicated. The government must make proper provisions for
the correction of behaviours in young children and adults alike by the involvement
of professionals such as counselors who are passionate about changing the lives of
young people that the society have considered delinquent and are written off. The
remand homes must be well equipped to serve these victims of the society and
actively engage them so they do not become nuisance to the society.
Parents who of course are the first agents of influence to their children must
make quality time to understand their children. They must know what parenting
styles work best for their children. The issue of spending quality time with their
children to understand their emotional and psychological needs cannot be over
stressed. Parents need time out with their children. Children need to feel that they
are loved and cared for otherwise this emotional and psychological starvation will
force the child to display attitudes that are against a healthy social life. Churches,
non-governmental organizations and child formative centers must also play active
roles in the fight against juvenile delinquencies. Young people need to know the
grave dangers of keeping negative associations early enough in life so they can
steer clear and not cause damage to their lives and others.
If all of these can be done then the anti-social behaviours often associated
with the juvenile delinquency, such vices as vandalism, drug abuse, weapon
carrying, alcohol abuse, rape, examination malpractices, school violence, bullying,
20
cultism, truancy, school drop-outs, to mention but a few can be effectively
managed if all social institutions play their roles effectively.
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CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with the methods adopted in this study. It shall be discussed
under the following subheadings:
Research Design
Population of the Study
Sample and Sampling Technique
Research Instruments
Validity of the Instrument
Method of Data Collection
Method of Data Analysis
Research Design
The research design used for this study is the descriptive survey design, a
method used for the investigation of the opinion of people in public senior
secondary school students.. This is a method of collecting information by
interviewing or administering a questionnaire to a sample of individuals. This type
of research design is also useful when collecting information about people’s,
attitudes, opinions, and habits.
The population of the study for this research work consists of the fifteen (15)
public senior secondary schools in Ovia North East Local Government Area.
22
Sample and Sampling Technique
Research Instrument
23
Method of Data Collection
The data obtained from the respondents were coded, analyzed and finally
tabulated using the percentage method to provide answers to the research
questions. The information gathered was presented in tables, organized according
to the research questions drawn.
24
CHAPTER FOUR
This chapter presents the results of the data collected from the sample used
for this study as well as discussion of findings. The analysis covers the purpose of
the study and the research questions. Section A of the questionnaires covers the
demographic data of the respondents while Section B comprises questions on “the
Roles of parents and peer groups in the management of juvenile delinquency in
secondary schools in Ovia North East Local Government area” which is the core
and nucleus of this research work. Data was collected from the 50 questionnaires
that were administered to students from five selected senior secondary schools
which include: Nifor Secondary School, Iguadolor Secondary School, Ekosodin
Secondary School, Army Day Secondary School Isihor, Army Day Secondary
School Ekehuan, in Ovia North east Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria.
The results obtained from the data collected from the questionnaire are presented
in the table below:
Presentation of Results
25
Table 1: shows that 56% of the respondents were male students, while 44% of the
other respondents were female students. This reveals that male respondents were
more than female respondents
Table 2: shows the age distribution of respondents. The respondents who were
within the ages of 13-15 years were 30 in number, which represent 60 percent. The
respondents who were within 16-18 years were 17 in number, which represent 34
percent. The respondents who were within the ages of 19-21 years were 3 in
number, which represent 6 percent.
26
Table 3: shows how each class was represented. The respondents in SS-1 were 29
in number, which were represented by 58 percent. The respondents in SS-2 were
21 in number, which were represented by 42 percent.
Table 4: shows how each school was equally represented. 10 respondents were
from each school, which were represented by 20 percent for each of the five
schools.
Section B:
27
Table 1: The roles of parents in the management of juvenile delinquency for
effective educational development of youth
Students
(n=50)
Items
No. of Percentage
Responses (%)
S/ Yes No Yes No
N
1 Do you feel comfortable discussing your 30 20 60 40
personal life, challenges and problems
with your parents?
2 Do your parents monitor and supervise 35 15 70 30
your movements, friends you keep and
general behavior?
3 Do your parents spend time with you in 28 22 56 44
family discussions and outings?
4 My parents listen to my suggestions and 40 10 80 20
make me feel my opinions count
5 My parents always warn me about the 37 13 74 26
dangers of keeping bad friends, premarital
sex, and other social vices
Source: fieldwork, 2021
Table 1: In the data collected, 60% of the students feel comfortable discussing
their personal life, challenges and problems with their parents. Whereas, 40% feel
otherwise. Table 1 reveals that 70% of the students agreed that their parents
monitor and supervise their movements, friends they keep and general behavior.
28
While 30% of the students disagreed. The percentages of students with the opinion
that their parents spend time with them in family discussions and outings is 56%.
While 44% of students have contrary opinion. However, in the data analysis, 80%
of students affirmed that their parents listen to their suggestions and make them
feel that their opinions count, while 20% of students disagreed. 74% of the students
agreed that their parents always warn them about the dangers of keeping bad
friends, premarital sex, and other social vices, while 26% of them disagreed.
Research Question 2: What are the roles of peer group in the management of
juvenile delinquency for effective educational development of youths?
Table 2: The roles of peer group in the management of juvenile delinquency for
effective educational development of youths
Students
(n=50)
Items
No. of Percentage
Responses (%)
S/ Yes No Yes No
N
6 I have friends that put me on the right 15 35 30 70
track when I am tempted to compromise
my personal values
7 The interest and attention to my academic 45 5 90 10
greatly improved because I had serious
friends around me
8 My behaviors positively changed when I 48 2 96 4
started making and keeping good friends
in school
9 I had been reported to my parents at home 31 19 62 38
or authorities in school by my friends
when I misbehave
10 I once felt motivated to take my studies 41 9 82 18
seriously because my friends passed with
flying colors while I performed poorly in
my academics
29
Source: fieldwork, 2021
Table 2: reveals that 30% of the students agreed that they have friends that put
them on the right track when they are tempted to compromise their personal
values. While 70% of the students disagreed. In the data analysed, 90% of the
students accepted that they show interest and pay attention to their academics and
it greatly improved because they had serious friends around them. Whereas, 40%
of the students said otherwise.
The percentages of students with the opinion that their behaviours positively
changed when they started making and keeping good friends in school is 96%.
While 4% of students have contrary opinion. However, in the data analysis, 62% of
students affirmed that they had been reported to their parents at home or authorities
in school by their friends when they misbehave, while 38% of students disagreed.
82% of the students agreed that they once felt motivated to take their studies
seriously because their friends passed with flying colors while they performed
poorly in their academics, while 18% of them disagreed.
Research Question 3: Do parents and peer groups influence the mode of conduct
of juveniles?
Table 3: The influence of parents and peer group on the conduct of juveniles
Students
(n=50)
Items
No. of Percentage
Responses (%)
S/ Yes No Yes No
N
11 My parents treat me harshly, using 26 24 52 48
violence, threats and yelling when they
discipline me
30
12 I feel lonely, rejected and neglected by my 13 37 26 74
parents because my parents are too busy
Discussion of Findings
The result of this study has been quite instructive, informative and revealing.
Based on the analysis of data or information collected from the opinion of the
31
respondents on: the roles of parents and peer groups in the management of juvenile
delinquency in secondary schools in Ovia Northeast Local Government Area of
Edo state.
The analysis of research question one reveals that the way parents train a child
plays a remarkable role in the management of juvenile delinquency. The research
showed that parents have major roles to play in the adjustment and shaping process
of adolescents as it is no longer news that the behavioural problems of most
deviants are rooted in their homes. Otuadah (2006) noted that when the
relationship between the parents and the adolescent is warm, it creates a healthy
environment for the development of the adolescent. Okpako (2004) noted that a
child well brought up will remain a source of joy and happiness for such family.
The neglected adolescent gradually becomes a drug addict, hardened criminal,
aggressive, restive, armed robber, cultist, ritualist, rapist e.t.c
In the second research question, the study shows that peer group play a role in
the management of juvenile delinquency for effective educational development of
secondary school students. Being with a friend is the most important aspect of a
child’s school life and relational problems within peer group occur during this
particular period. Deviant peer association has been linked to delinquent
behaviour. Out of 50 students in this study, 48 of them confirmed that their
behaviors have changed positively when they started making and keeping good
friends in their school. Also, majority took their studies seriously because their
friends passed with flying colors while they performed poorly in their academics.
In the third research question, it shows that combined effects of parents and
peer group influence juveniles’ mode of conduct and has synergistic effect, which
necessitates good mode of conduct in juveniles. the majority (82%) of the
respondents said they had not been exposed to smoking, drinking, premarital sex,
32
fights, carrying of weapons, stealing, bullying and disobedience to
parents/authorities because of the positive influence of friends. That is to say, there
is good conduct in the various students investigated. In their review of many
studies investigating relationships between socialization in families and juvenile
delinquency, Loeber and Stouthamer-Loeber (1986) concluded that parental
neglect had the largest impact. Wisdom (1989) and McCord (1983) both found that
children who had been neglected were as likely as those who had been physically
abused to commit violent crimes later in life. The influence of peers varies
depending on the influence of parents.
33
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary
The purpose of this research was to find out the roles of parents and peer
groups in the management of juvenile delinquency in secondary schools in Ovia
North East Local Government Local Area of Edo state, Nigeria. The researcher
made effort in analyzing the roles of parents in the management of juvenile
delinquency for effective educational development of youth, the roles of peer
group in the management of juvenile delinquency for effective educational
development of youths, the influence of parents and peer group on the conduct of
juveniles, all of which have been discussed in details under the review of literature.
Conclusion
Following the analysis of the data collected and findings made, the following
conclusions were drawn
34
2. Peer group has a positive influence in the management of juvenile delinquency
for the effective educational development of youths. Whereas, negative peer and
media influences have also consistently been found to contribute to delinquency as
smoking, gang fights, and truancy are usually committed in groups
Recommendations
Based on the conclusion drawn from the findings, the following recommendations
are drawn from the findings of the study:
1. Parents should monitor and supervise the movement, and kind of friends their
children keep and their general behaviour. Parents should also warn their children
about the dangers of premarital sex and other social vices.
2. Students should join peer association that will motivate them to pay close
attention to their academics and keep good friends that will influence their
behaviour positively.
4. The current national Code of Conduct for learners should be revised and
embedded in the envisaged policy. Intervention programs such as mediation, use of
guidance counsellors and mentors as well as conflict resolution programmes
should be made mandatory for secondary schools.
35
References
Friday, P. C., & Ren, X. (Eds.). (2006). Delinquency and juvenile justice systems
in the non-western world. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press
36
Glueck, S., & Glueck, E.T. (1950). Unraveling juvenile delinquency. New York:
Common Wealth Fund
Glueck, S., & Glueck, E.T. (1962). Family environment and delinquency. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin
Haskell, M. R., & Yablonsky, L. (1982). Juvenile delinquency, (3rd ed.) Boston:
Houghton Mifflin
37
Mqadi, L.P. 1994. Juvenile delinquency among secondary school children with
reference to the influence of the family: a socio-criminological approach.
Doctorate. University of Zululand
Nye, F.I. (1958). Family relationships and delinquent behavior. New York: Wiley
Patchin, W.J. (2006). The family context of childhood delinquency. New York:
LFB Scholarly Publishing
Rutter, M., & Giller, H. (1983). Juvenile delinquency: Trends and perspectives.
Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin
Shoemaker, D.J. (2009). Juvenile delinquency. Lanham, Md: Rawson & Littlefield
Publishers
Yablonsky, L., & Haskell, M.R. (1988). Juvenile delinquency (4th ed.). New York:
Harper & Row
38
Zenzile, E. (2008). Juvenile delinquency among secondary school pupils in
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39
APPENDICES
UNIVERSITY OF BENIN
FACULTY OF EDUCATION
I humbly solicit for your objective responses to the questions in this paper as
this would give soundness and validity to this research work.
This questionnaire is purely for academic research purpose. Please read the
questions carefully and give responses to each of the items as best as you can.
Your responses will be treated with strict confidentiality. Mark ( √ ) in the
appropriate box.
4. Class: …………………………………………
40
SECTION B
41
RQ3 The Influence of Parents and Peer Group on the
Mode of Conduct in Juveniles.
11 My parents treat me harshly, using violence, threats
and yelling when they discipline me.
12 I feel lonely, rejected and neglected by my parents
because my parents are too busy to give me their
attention.
13 I had been pressured to steal/give out my body because
my parents are not financially stable to sponsor my
education and welfare.
14 I had skipped school many times to hang out with my
friends without the knowledge of my parents or
teachers.
15 I had been exposed to smoking, drinking, premarital
sex, fights, carrying of weapons, stealing, bullying and
disobedience to parents/authorities because of the
negative influences of friends.
42