Learning Module 5 - Forensic Chem
Learning Module 5 - Forensic Chem
MODULE OVERVIEW
Welcome to Module 5! This module focuses its discussion with toxins and poisons. It also
deals with serological fluids such as blood, saliva, semen and seminal fluids.
MODULE OBJECTIVES
PRE-ASSESSMENT
DIRECTION: Choose and encircle only the letter of the best answer.
1. A branch of science that treats the form and quantity of medicine to be administered within a
certain period.
A. Toxicology C. Oncology
B. Petrology D. Posology
2. A branch of science that treats of poison, their origin, physical and chemical properties,
physiological action, treatment of their noxious effect and methods of detection.
A. Toxicology C. Oncology
B. Petrology D. Posology
3. A substance capable of producing noxious effect when introduced into the body and is
absorbed through the blood stream.
A. Nutrients C. poison
B. drugs D. mineral
4. A substance that acts chiefly upon the spinal column producing such spasmodic and
continuous contraction of muscles.
A. Neurotics C. depressants
B. tetanics D. corrosives
5. A kind of poisoning in which there is gradual deterioration of functioning of tissues and may
or may not result in death.
A. Acute poisoning
B. chronic poisoning
C. suicidal poisoning
D. sub-acute poisoning
6. Which of the following reagents is/are used in the precipitin test for blood?
A. precipitin C. both a and b
B. antiserum D. none of these
7. It is a test for blood useful for the demonstration and measurement of blood
corpuscles.
A. microscopic test C. spectroscopic test
B. microchemical test D. all of these
8. Which of the following tests for blood uses sodium chloride (table salt) as
reagent?
A. Teicmann test C. Precipitin test
B. Takayama test D. Benzidine test
9. The standard test used to determine whether the blood stain is of human or
animal origin.
A. Preliminary test C. Precipitin test
B. Confirmatory test D. Blood grouping test
10. It is the most delicate and reliable test for the determination of the presence
of blood in both old and recent stains.
A. Microscopic test C. Spectroscopic test
B. Microchemical test D. None of these
12. The following are examinations applied for seminal fluid and seminal stains
except:
A. Physical C. Chemical
B. Microscopic D. None of these
13. Which of the following is used as chemical test for seminal fluid and seminal
stain?
A. Florence Test C. Barberio’s Test
B. Acid-Phosphatase Test D. All of these
15. Which of the following is used to locate invisible seminal stain in clothing?
A. Spectroscope C. Florence Test
B. Ultraviolet light D. Microscopic examination
Lesson 1: Toxicology and Posology
INTRODUCTION
Forensic toxicology is the study of poisons to the elucidation of question that arise in judicial
proceedings. It deals with the origin of poisons, physical and chemical properties of poisons,
physiological actions of poisons, symptoms of poisoning, lethal doses of poisons, proper antidotes
of poisons, specific identification and quantification of poisons, and evaluation and interpretation of
the results of poison examination. This lesson discusses on the definition of toxicology and
posology, the classifications of poisons, and the kinds of dose and types of poisoning. You are given
five hours to complete this lesson.
LESSON OBJECTIVES
TIME FRAME
Direction: Based on stock knowledge, make a short list of chemicals with their effects.
Chemical Effects
• Water • Dehydrate humans and other living things
• Essential use for humans
• Chlorine • irritates the skin, the eyes, and the respiratory system. On
the other hand, it also disinfects, kills bacteria, viruses, and
other microorganisms that cause disease and immediate
illness.
• Lead • Anemia, weakness, and renal and brain damage are all
possible side effects. Lead poisoning can be fatal in
excessive doses. Because lead can pass through the
placental barrier, pregnant women who are exposed to it risk
exposing their unborn child. The neural system of a
developing newborn can be harmed by lead.
• Gasoline • nose and throat irritation, headaches, dizziness, nausea,
vomiting, confusion and breathing difficulties.
•
• Battery acid difficulty breathing and tightness in your chest, dizziness or
nausea.
• Chemical acid • cause damage if it comes into contact with your lungs, eyes,
stomach, or skin. chemical burns. scarring.
1. Poisons and toxins are… Poisons are compounds that cause harm to organisms when
consumed, breathed, or absorbed in large enough quantities. Toxins are harmful substances
produced by living organisms or cells. The presence of toxins is indicated by this indicator. Both
can bring harm to the body and other living organism. It attacks the tissues and cells to lessen
their functional ability and it not treated immediately it can lead to death.
2. It is difficult to eliminate poisons and toxins because they attack the tissues of the organ that
makes them unable to function well. Poisons and toxins damage the tissues of internal and
external organ it also penetrates the cell that works to keep us alive.
3. Poisons can be eliminated through Respiration, Feces, Urine, Milk, Sweat, Saliva, Tears. It
can also be diluted by having the patient drink any of the following: milk, beaten eggs, a
suspension of flour and a glass of water.
APPLICATION
DIRECTION: Make a survey of at least five products containing poisonous chemicals (pesticides,
other related products) that are currently on sell in the local market. Output should submitted
using the following format.
ATRAZINE, 50 g/L 0%
PARAQUAT,
INSECTICIDE METHYL BROMIDE,
CHLOROPICRIN,
CHLORPYRIFOS,
ABAMECTIN,
BIFENTHRIN,
OXAMYL,
TEFLUTHRIN,
LAMBDA-
CYHALOTHRIN AND
DIPHACINONE.
HYDROCARBO 20-50 g/L 0%
GASOLINE NS
DICLOROBENZ 50 g/L 0%
AIR ENE,
FRESHENER ACETALDEHY
DE, BENZENE,
D-LIMONENE
REFLECTION
• Among the lessons I have learned were poisonous chemicals and their antidotes. There
are many products on the market that are harmful to our health. In addition, I learned
that many of the chemicals we use have long-term effects on our health.
• I faced various challenges in this topic, but I was able to conquer them with the help
of the internet and the abstractions offered.
• In terms of forensic chemistry, I can apply this subject to actual police work. The lesson
is about chemicals that are found in our market or society, and they can also be found
in police work in some situations. We can use this information and apply it to actual
police activity while investigating cases.
Lesson 2: Blood and Blood Stains
INTRODUCTION
Blood is considered as one the very common physical evidence found in a crime scene in
many different forms and kinds of crime. This lesson discusses on blood and blood stain, its
definition, composition, and importance. It also tackles on the different blood groupings and the
chronological test for blood.
LESSON OBJECTIVES
TIME FRAME
Aurea Aunt A
Merlyn Aunt AB
Ramil Uncle O
ANALYSIS
1. Based on the above survey, which blood type is dominant in your immediate family members?
In your first-degree relatives?
The dominant blood type in my immediate family members and my first degree relative is blood
type B. The blood type of my father is the dominant type in my immediate family.
2. Relate the result of your survey to your blood type. What do you think is the reason of
obtaining such result?
Based on the survey, the blood type of my father is the dominant blood type of my family. I think
my father's gene is more active than my mother.
3. Why blood is considered a serological fluid?
Blood is considered a serological fluid because it is a body fluid found in human body. It is also
classified as a serological fluid since it is a biological fluid that is regularly identified at crime
scenes. Serology is a technique for identifying and classifying blood.
4. Why blood is important physical evidence? In what cases where blood can be used as
physical evidence?
➢ Blood is important physical evidence because it will be use as a circumstantial or
corroborative evidence against or in favor of the perpetrator.
➢ Blood is crucial physical evidence because it can establish a solid connection between a
person and a perpetrator. Blood can also be used to confirm or reject a witness statement
or any words spoken by the suspect in the instance of homicide or murder.
APPLICATION
DIRECTION: Assume that you are the lead investigator in a certain murder case of a business
tycoon. Supposing that there is no other major physical evidence found except for blood, how
will you proceed with the investigation process? Create a list of steps to be followed using the
format below.
TO DO LISTS
• Properly and correctly collect the blood, then take it to the
laboratory for testing.
• Perform preliminary test to identify whether if it is a real blood
or other substance.
• Proceed to confirmatory test, to determine if the stains really
contain blood If it is a real blood, do a precipitin test to determine
if it is a human blood or animal blood.
• Next is blood grouping test to determine the type of blood, it will
also determine if that blood is from the victim or not.
• If the blood is not the victim's blood there is a big possibility that
it belongs to the suspect or any people involve in the incident.
• Using the blood next step is narrow down the blood type to easily
identify the suspect.
• Blood contains DNA so it would be easier to identify the suspect
using those DNA.
• Check for possible matches.
• After finding a match, check for his whereabouts and alibi on the
day the incident happened.
• If proven guilty the suspect would be locked in prison.
REFLECTION
• When it comes to investigating crimes, I've learnt the value of blood or even
stains. I also discovered that any type of blood may be identified.
• Since some of my relatives and family members didn't know their blood types, I
had problems recognizing their blood types, but I eventually got around it by
only including those members of my family who knew their blood type.
• It is definitely linked to police activity since it contains the most up-to-date and
essential information to aid in the investigation of the crime. It will be a great
help in the investigation if we can uncover a blood stain or any other evidence
left at the crime scene that could lead to the suspect.
Lesson 3: Semen and Seminal Stains
INTRODUCTION
Semen is an important physical evidence primarily in rape cases. This lesson discusses on
the definition and composition of semen. It also enumerates the formed cellular elements. Most
importantly, it discusses on the cases which involved semen and seminal stains.
LESSON OBJECTIVES
TIME FRAME
LEARNING TASK
Direction: Find the words that relates to semen and seminal stain.
A D L E S O D O Y A L
F G I H P S X T U N C
B N I S E M S E N R L
Q S F E R I X S Z N Y
S M J Y M N I T S O V
T E V I D E K N C E W
A S M E K G P S A C B
I Q T I U J O L H K Y
N P X A N E F T H I J
O L P D A A E Y B H P
R A P E J F F L U I D
M N O F U S A E R J F
ANALYSIS
Direction: Find the words that relates to semen and seminal stain.
1. Semen and seminal stain are important because… Identifying a stain in seminal fluid is the first
phase in DNA profiling. The DNA analyst must then identify whether there are any sperm in the
fluid. It's crucial to know if sperm is present because it includes a lot of DNA that could help identify
the suspect. Also, the presence of sperm and semen in a crime scene can be crucial. In the case
of a suspected rape, the visual detection of sperm can provide evidence. In addition, the genetic
material found in sperm can be examined and utilized to identify a suspect as a genetic fingerprint.
2. The cases which involved semen and seminal stains are… Seminal stains are examined
generally in rape cases, Sodomy, Bestiality, Buccal coitus and in cases of Sexual perversions.
APPLICATION
After watching, make your reaction and write it on the space provided below.
REFLECTION
• This course taught me a lot, including how to recognize seminal fluids and blood stains, as
well as how to recognize their structure. This lesson provided me with a lot of information that
I can utilize in the future.
• Everything was challenging at first because it was all new to me, but after listening and
evaluating everything, I was able to come up with a solution and complete this module.
• When investigating crimes involving blood stains, sperm, and other related concerns, this
lesson can be applied to actual police work. We'll learn how to identify blood stains of any
shape, as well as seminal fluids, which can be utilized as evidence at a crime scene and lead
to a suspect.
POST-ASSESSMENT
DIRECTION: Choose and encircle only the letter of the best answer.
1. A whitish fluid of the male reproductive tract consisting of spermatozoa
suspended in secretion of accessory glands.
A. Seminal stain C. Semen
B. Phlegm D. Saliva
1. A substance capable of producing noxious effect when introduced into the body and is
absorbed through the blood stream.
A. mineral C. drugs
B. poison D. Nutrients
2. A branch of science that treats of poison, their origin, physical and chemical properties,
physiological action, treatment of their noxious effect and methods of detection.
A. Toxicology C. Oncology
B. Petrology D. Posology
4. Which of the following reagents is/are used in the precipitin test for blood?
A. precipitin C. both a and b
B. antiserum D. none of these
5. It is a test for blood useful for the demonstration and measurement of blood
corpuscles.
A. microscopic test C. spectroscopic test
B. microchemical test D. all of these
6. Which of the following tests for blood uses sodium chloride (table salt) as
reagent?
A. Teicmann test C. Precipitin test
B. Takayama test D. Benzidine test
8. The standard test used to determine whether the blood stain is of human or
animal origin.
A. Preliminary test C. Precipitin test
B. Confirmatory test D. Blood grouping test
9. A substance that act chiefly upon the spinal column producing such spasmodic and
continuous contraction of muscles.
A. Neurotics C. depressants
B. tetanics D. corrosives
10. A kind of poisoning in which there is gradual deterioration of functioning of tissues and may
or may not result in death.
A. Acute poisoning
B. chronic poisoning
C. suicidal poisoning
D. sub-acute poisoning
11. It is the most delicate and reliable test for the determination of the presence
of blood in both old and recent stains.
A. Microscopic test C. Spectroscopic test
B. Microchemical test D. None of these
12. The following are examinations applied for seminal fluid and seminal stains
except:
A. Physical C. Chemical
B. Microscopic D. None of these
13. Which of the following is used as chemical test for seminal fluid and seminal
stain?
A. Florence Test C. Barberio’s Test
B. Acid-Phosphatase Test D. All of these
14. A branch of science that treats the form and quantity of medicine to be administered within
a certain period.
A. Toxicology C. Oncology
B. Petrology D. Posology
CLOSURE
LEAVE AN IMPRESSION
Direction: You need to end this module by living two impressions. Write it in the minimum of
50 words and maximum of 100 words each question.
SUMMARY
● Forensic toxicology is the study of poisons to the elucidation of question that arise in
judicial proceedings.
● A poison is any agent which may produce an injurious or deadly effect when introduced
into the living body.
● Blood is a complex connective tissue consisting of living blood cells (formed elements)
suspended in a non-living fluid matrix known as plasma.
● Semen is a whitish fluid of the male reproductive tract consisting of spermatozoa suspended
in the secretion of accessory glands.
● Semen can be found as fresh in vaginal or rectal contents of the victim, wet or dried condition
in hairs and skin around the genitals, or dry stains in underclothing and bed clothing.
REFERENCES