12th Bio QB Chap5
12th Bio QB Chap5
1
*************†******†*******************************
Q.2 Short answer questions.
1 Define the term ‘Mendelian population
Ans. The populations occur in small groups of ‘interbreeding
populations’. Such small interbreeding group of a population is
referred as ‘Mendelian population’.
2 Define Gene pool.
Ans. The total genetic information encoded in sum total of
genes in a Mendelian population is called gene pool.
3 Name the ancestor of human also known as man with ape
brain.
Ans. Australopithecus is ancestor of human also known as man
with ape brain.
4 Name the ancestor of human nicknamed as Handy man
Ans. Homo habilis is ancestor of human nicknamed as Handy
man.
5 Whose fossils were discovered at the site of Shivalik hills,
India?
Ans. Ramapithecus is fossils were discovered at the site of
Shivalik hills, India.
*********************†******************************
Q.3 long answer questions.
2
1. any two developments in human which helped him to move
around safely on land.
Ans.i.Bipeal locomotion.
ii.Erect posture.
iIi.stereoscopic.
2 Distinguish New world and old world monkeys based on
their tail along with their examples.
Ans.
New World monkey Old world monkey
The new world monkey s have The old monkeys have a short
along non-prehonsible tail. prehonsible tail.
E.g squirrel monkey spider E.g Baboons, macaques etc.
monkey.
3
hands for holding objects effectively and development of motor
skills etc.
4
7 Distinguish between Homo erectus and Neanderthal man
Ans.
****************************************************
5
occupy separate habitats so that potential mates do not
meet.
ii. Seasonal or temporal isolation : Members of a population
living in the same geographic region but are sexually mature
at different years or different times of the year.
iii. Ethological isolation : Due to specific mating behaviour
the members of population do not mate.
iv. Mechanical Isolation : Members of two population have
difference in the structure of reproductive organs.
6
4 Write down the three main concepts of modern synthetic
theory.
Ans. The modern synthetic theory gives imporlance 1o both
mutations and natural selection. The factors involved in
Modern synthetic theory can be broadly divided into three
main concepis i.e. genetic variali0n, natural sclcction and
isolation.
Genetie variations: They are causcd due to various aspects of
mulafion, recombination and migration. The change in gene
and gene frecquencies is known as genetie variation.
Genetic variations are caused by factors such as Gene
mutation, genetic recombination, gene flow, genetic drifi,
chromosomal aberrations.
Natural selection: Nalural selcction is the process by which
bette: ndapted organisms grow and produce more number of
offsprings ir the population. It is the main driving force behind
evolution. It states that the fittest organism will gct sclected by
nature and produce more offsprings than organisms that did no
adapt to the as per th conditions.
brings about evolutionary changes by savouring differentia
reproduction of genes that bring about changes in gene
frequcnc from one generation to another. Natural sclection
invariably cncourages those gencs that assur highest degrec of
adaptive cfficicncy betwcen a population and i environment.
7
Isolation: It is the separation of the population of a particular
specie into smaller units which prevents interbreeding betwcen
them. A barricr which prevents gene flow or cxchange of genes
bctweci isolated populations, is called isolating mechanism. A
number of isolating mechanisns are operated in nature an
therefore divergence and speciation may occur. The isolating
mechanisms are of two types namely, geographica isolation
and reproductive isolation.
5 What is chromosomal aberration? Give any two types of
aberrations found in population.
Ans. Definition: The structural and morphological change in
chromosome due to rearrangement is celled chromosomal
aberrations. It change the genes arrangement (order or
sequence) that results in the variation. Chromosomal
abcrrations occur due to the followings reasons:
Deletion: Loss of genes from chromosome.
Duplication: Genes are repeated or doubled in number o
chromosome.
Inversion: A particular segment of chromosome is broken and
get reattached to the same chromosome in an inverted position
due to 80 twis1. Thera is no loss or gain of gene complement of
the chromosome.
Translocation: Transfer (transposition) of a part of chromosome
or set of genes to a non-homologous chromosome is calls irons
8
location. It is affected naturally by 1he transposons present in
the.
6 Complete the table based on the special features of Human
ancestors showing their cultural and social development.
Ans.
9
1 What is genetic variation? Explain any three factors
responsible for genetic variation.
Ans. Definition: Genetic variations are caused due to various
aspics of mutation. recombination and variration.
The change in gene and gene frequencies is known as genetic
variation.
Genetic variations are caused by following factors:
Gene Mutation: Sudden permanent heritable change is called
mutation. Mutation can occur in the gene.
in the chromosome and in the chromosome number.
Mutation that occurs within the single gene is called point
mutation or gene mutation.
Mutation leads to the change in the phenotype of the
organism. causing variation
Genetic recombination: In sexualy reproducing organisms,
during gamete formation, exchange of genetie material occurs
between non- sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes.
This is called crossing over. It produces new genetic
combinations which result in variations Fertilization between
opposite mating gametes leads to various recombination’s
resulting into the phenotypic variations causing change in the
frequencies of alleles Gene flow: Gene flow is movement of
genes into or out ofa population. Gene movement may be in
the form of migration of organism, or gametes (dispersal of
10
pollens) or segments of DNA (transformation). Gene low also
alters gene frequency causing evolutionary changes Genetic
drift: Any random fluctuation (alteration) in allele frequency
Occurming n the natural population by pure chance, is called
genetic drift.
11
Translocation: Transfer (transposition) of a part of
chromosome or a set of genes to a non-homologous
chromosome is called translocation. It IS affected naturally by
the transposons present in the cell.
2 Explain the concept of Natural Selection with the example of
Industrial Melanism.
Ans. Natural selection encourages those genes or traits that
assure highest degree of adaptive efficiency between
population and its environment.
Industrial melanism is one of the best examples for natural
selection.
In Great Britain, before industrialization (1845) grey white
winged moths (Biston Carbonaria) were more in number than
black-wingcd moth (Biston Carbonaria ).
These moths are nocturnal and during day time they rest on
trek trunk. White-winged moths were camouflaged (hide in the
background) well with the lichen covered trees that helpcd
them to escape from the predatory birds. However, the black-
winged moth resting on lichen covered tree trunks were easy
victims for the predatory birds and their number was reduced.
During industrial revolution. large number of industries came
up in Great Britain.
The industries released black sooty smoke that covered and
killed the lichens growing on trec and turn the trek black duc to
pollution. This change became an advantage to the black
12
winged moths that camouflaged well with the black tree trunks
and their number increased The while-winged moths however
became victims to predatory birds due to which their number
reduced. Thus, natural selection has resulted in the
establishment of a phenotypic trait in the changing
environmental conditions.
*********”*********************************”********
The end
13