C-Sci 1 - Research Written Output - 2ndquarter

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE: EXCELLENCE (ABM & HUMSS 12)
CHILDREN'S FIRST SCHOOL

NAME: CABACUNGAN, ANDREI PLAZA SECTION: 12-STEWARDSHIP
(HUMSS)
Questions:
How does mating take place?
Mating is the pairing of either opposite-sex or hermaphroditic organisms for the
purposes of sexual reproduction. Fertilization is the fusion of two gametes. Copulation is the
union of the sex organs of two sexually reproducing animals for insemination and
subsequent internal fertilization. Mating may also lead to external fertilization, as seen
in amphibians, fishes and plants. For the majority of species, mating is between two individuals
of opposite sexes. However, for some hermaphroditic species, copulation is not required
because the parent organism is capable of self-fertilization (autogamy) example for this
is banana slugs.
What is/are the method(s) of reproduction? E.g., number of mates? length of

gestation? How does the animal give birth?
The methods of reproduction:
1. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION - is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion
of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. The offspring that arise by asexual
reproduction from either unicellular or multicellular organisms inherit the full set of genes of
their single parent. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single-celled
organisms such as archaea and bacteria. Many eukaryotic organisms including plants, animals,
and fungi can also reproduce asexually. In vertebrates, the most common form of asexual
reproduction is parthenogenesis, which is typically used as an alternative to sexual
reproduction in times when reproductive opportunities are limited.
* number of mates - Only one parent is needed in asexual reproduction. There is no fusion of
gametes so genetic material does not mix, which means that the offspring produced through
this process are genetically identical clones to the parent. Asexual reproduction uses the
process of mitosis to create the identical copies (clones) of the parent cell.
* length of gestation - Asexual reproduction is completed in a very short period of time.

* How does the animal give birth - a new individual is formed by the involvement of a single
parent without the involvement of the gamete formation. The individuals produced are
genetically and morphologically similar. It occurs in unicellular organisms. The cells divide by
mitotic division and no fertilization takes place. The division occurs very rapidly.
2. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in
which a gamete (such as a sperm or egg cell) with a single set of chromosomes (haploid)
combines with another to produce a zygote that develops into an organism composed
of cells with two sets of chromosomes (diploid). Sexual reproduction is the most common life
cycle in multicellular eukaryotes, such as animals, fungi and plants. Sexual reproduction does
not occur in prokaryotes (organisms without cell nuclei), but they have processes with similar
effects such as bacterial conjugation, transformation and transduction, which may have been
precursors to sexual reproduction in early eukaryotes.
* number of mates - Sexual reproduction requires two parents. Each parent contributes
a gamete - a sex cell that has half of the normal DNA of a regular body cell. When these
two gamete combine during fertilization, the result is a zygote, which then continues to
develop into an embryo.
* length of gestation - Sexual reproduction can take several months to complete.
* How does the animal give birth - It occurs in following steps:
- Sperms or male gametes are produced by male parent and sperm contains long tail i.e.
flagellum for movement.
- Ova, eggs or female gametes are produced by female parent which is a bigger cell than the
sperm having a lot of cytoplasm.
- The sperm enters in to the ovum or egg and fuses to form a new cell called ‘zygote’. This
process is known as fertilisation. So, the zygote is fertilized ovum.
- The zygote then divides again and again to form a large number of cells, ultimately grows and
develops to form a new baby.
Do parents care for the young?

Females are typically the ones who bear the burden of the costs in animals that provide
parental care. They spend their time laying eggs, making egg casings, guarding eggs or
larvae, constructing nests, incubating and brooding young, carrying young (gestation),
nursing young (lactation), and then feeding and defending progeny.
Any interesting facts?
Elephants Are Pregnant for Nearly 2 Years, Dogs Can Experience False Pregnancies,
Orangutans Nurse for Six Years, the 6-Foot Drop of Being Born Is What Severs the
Giraffe's Umbilical Cord, Spiders Can Choose Which Sperm to Use.
What are the advantages/disadvantages of such a method of reproduction?
The benefits of sexual reproduction include: producing genetic variation in children;
species can adapt to new surroundings as a result of variation, giving them a survival
advantage; and a disease is less likely to impact everyone in a community. The
drawbacks of sexual reproduction include the time and energy required to find a mate,
as well as the fact that an isolated individual cannot reproduce.
Asexual reproduction has several advantages, including the ability to rapidly increase
the population when conditions are favorable. Only one parent is required, which saves
time and energy because there is no need for a mate. It is also faster than sexual
reproduction.
Asexual reproduction has a number of drawbacks, including the lack of genetic variation
in a population and the possibility that a species is solely adapted to one l ocation. A
sickness can harm everyone in a population.
***Asexual reproduction does not involve sex cells or fertilisation. Only one parent is
required, unlike sexual reproduction which needs two parents. Since there is only one
parent, there is no fusion of gametes and no mixing of genetic information. As a result,
the offspring are genetically identical to the parent and to each other. They are clones.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Asexual reproduction is well suited for organisms that remain in one place and are unable
to look for mates, in environments that are stable. It is usually used by simple organisms
such as bacteria. However, asexual reproduction does not lead to variation between
organisms, meaning that entire groups can be wiped out by disease, or if the stable
environment changes.
Sexual reproduction allows for variation, the most fundamental element of evolution. It
therefore creates species that can adapt to new environments and that cannot be wiped out
by a single disease. However, sexual reproduction requires significant energy on the part of
the organism to find a mate. It is not well suited to organisms that are isolated or stuck in
place.
Number of One parent needed Two parents are required to

organisms mate
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

involved
Cell division Cells divide by mitosis or Cells divide by Meiosis

fission, budding, or regeneration
Types Budding, vegetative reproduction, Syngamy and conjugation

fragmentation, spore formation
Advantages Time Efficient; no need to search Variation, Unique., organism

for mate, requires less energy is more protected
Disadvantages No variation - if the parent has a Requires two organisms,
genetic disease, offspring does requires more energy
too.
Evolution There is very little chance of Sexual reproduction leads to

variation with asexual genetic variation in new
reproduction. Mutations generations of offspring. This
in DNA can still occur but not is fundamental to evolution.
nearly as frequently as in sexual
reproduction.
Involvement of No formation or fusion of gametes Formation and fusion of

sex cells (sex cell) gametes (sex cell) occurs
Found in Lower organisms Higher invertebrates and all

vertebrates
Unit of May be whole parent body or a bud Gamete

reproduction or a fragment or a single somatic
cell
Time taken Asexual reproduction is completed Sexual reproduction can take

in a very short period of time. several months to complete.
Number of Two or more One or more

offspring
Types
There are several different types of asexual reproduction. These include budding, where
the offspring grows out of the body of the parent, and gemmules, where the parent releases
a specialized mass of cells that will become a new individual.
There are two types of sexual reproduction. Syngamy is the permanent fusion of two
haploid gametes to create a zygote. In humans, this is called fertilization. Conjugation, on
the other hand, is temporary fusion using a cytoplasmic bridge. This is particularly seen in
bacteria, which pass DNA across the bridge.
Process
Asexual reproduction is reproduction that occurs without any interaction between two
different members of a species. Cells divide using mitosis, in which each chromosome is
copied before the nucleus divides, with each new cell receiving identical genetic
information.
Cell division in asexual and sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is reproduction that requires a male and a female of the same species
to contribute genetic material. Special cells called gametes are produced through meiosis,
which halves the number of chromosomes in each resulting cell. These cells are called
haploid gametes. Fertilization occurs when two gametes – one from a male and one from a
female – combine, producing a diploid zygote with its own individual genetic makeup.
Examples
Asexual reproduction is used by many plants, e.g. spider plants, bacteria, hydra, yeast, and jellyfish. It is
also involved in the creation of identical twins, when one zygote splits into two identical copies.
Sexual reproduction is used by most mammals, fish, reptiles, birds and insects.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Asexual reproduction is well suited for organisms that remain in one place and are unable
to look for mates, in environments that are stable. It is usually used by simple organisms
such as bacteria. However, asexual reproduction does not lead to variation between
organisms, meaning that entire groups can be wiped out by disease, or if the stable
environment changes.
Sexual reproduction allows for variation, the most fundamental element of evolution. It
therefore creates species that can adapt to new environments and that cannot be wiped out
by a single disease. However, sexual reproduction requires significant energy on the part of
the organism to find a mate. It is not well suited to organisms that are isolated or stuck in
place.

C-Sci 1 - Research Written Output - 2ndquarter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

C-Sci 1 - Research Written Output - 2ndquarter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE: EXCELLENCE (ABM & HUMSS 12)

CHILDREN'S FIRST SCHOOL

What is/are the method(s) of reproduction? E.g., number of mates? length of

* length of gestation - Asexual reproduction is completed in a very short period of time.

Do parents care for the young?

Advantages and Disadvantages

Number of One parent needed Two parents are required to

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Cell division Cells divide by mitosis or Cells divide by Meiosis

Types Budding, vegetative reproduction, Syngamy and conjugation

Advantages Time Efficient; no need to search Variation, Unique., organism

Evolution There is very little chance of Sexual reproduction leads to

Involvement of No formation or fusion of gametes Formation and fusion of

Found in Lower organisms Higher invertebrates and all

Unit of May be whole parent body or a bud Gamete

Time taken Asexual reproduction is completed Sexual reproduction can take

Number of Two or more One or more

Cell division in asexual and sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction is used by most mammals, fish, reptiles, birds and insects.

Advantages and Disadvantages

You might also like